Star number

The Chinese checkers board has 121 holes.

In mathematics, a star number is a centered figurate number, a centered hexagram (six-pointed star), such as the Star of David, or the board Chinese checkers is played on.

1		13		37

The nth star number is given by the formula S_n = 6n(n − 1) + 1. The first 45 star numbers are 1, 13, 37, 73, 121, 181, 253, 337, 433, 541, 661, 793, 937, 1093, 1261, 1441, 1633, 1837, 2053, 2281, 2521, 2773, 3037, 3313, 3601, 3901, 4213, 4537, 4873, 5221, 5581, 5953, 6337, 6733, 7141, 7561, 7993, 8437, 8893, 9361, 9841, 10333, 10837, 11353, and 11881. Template:OEIS

The digital root of a star number is always 1 or 4, and progresses in the sequence 1, 4, 1. The last two digits of a star number in base 10 are always 01, 13, 21, 33, 37, 41, 53, 61, 73, 81, or 93.

Unique among the star numbers is 35113, since its prime factors (i.e., 13, 37 and 73) are also consecutive star numbers.

Relationships to other kinds of numbers

Proof without words that the n-th star number is 12 times the (n−1)-th triangular number, plus one

Geometrically, the nth star number is made up of a central point and 12 copies of the (n−1)th triangular number — making it numerically equal to the nth centered dodecagonal number, but differently arranged. As such, the formula the nth star number can be written as S_n=1+12T_n-1 where T_n=n(n+1)/2.

Infinitely many star numbers are also triangular numbers, the first four being S₁ = 1 = T₁, S₇ = 253 = T₂₂, S₉₁ = 49141 = T₃₁₃, and S₁₂₆₁ = 9533161 = T₄₃₆₆ Template:OEIS.

Infinitely many star numbers are also square numbers, the first four being S₁ = 1², S₅ = 121 = 11², S₄₅ = 11881 = 109², and S₄₄₁ = 1164241 = 1079² Template:OEIS, for square stars Template:OEIS.

A star prime is a star number that is prime. The first few star primes Template:OEIS are 13, 37, 73, 181, 337, 433, 541, 661, 937.

A superstar prime is a star prime whose prime index is also a star number. The first two such numbers are 661 and 1750255921.

A reverse superstar prime is a star number whose index is a star prime. The first few such numbers are 937, 7993, 31537, 195481, 679393, 1122337, 1752841, 2617561, 5262193.

The term "star number" or "stellate number" is occasionally used to refer to octagonal numbers.

Other properties

The harmonic series of unit fractions with the star numbers as denominators is: $$\begin{array}{cc}\sum _{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}& \frac{1}{S_n}\\ & =1+\frac{1}{13}+\frac{1}{37}+\frac{1}{73}+\frac{1}{121}+\frac{1}{181}+\frac{1}{253}+\frac{1}{337}+\cdots \\ & =\frac{\pi }{2\sqrt{3}}\tan (\frac{\pi }{2\sqrt{3}})\\ & \approx 1.159173.\\ \end{array}$$

The alternating series of unit fractions with the star numbers as denominators is: $$\begin{array}{cc}\sum _{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}& (-1{)}^{n-1}\frac{1}{S_n}\\ & =1-\frac{1}{13}+\frac{1}{37}-\frac{1}{73}+\frac{1}{121}-\frac{1}{181}+\frac{1}{253}-\frac{1}{337}+\cdots \\ & \approx 0.941419.\\ \end{array}$$

See also

• Centered hexagonal number