1 Samuel 21

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Template:Short description Template:Bible chapter 1 Samuel 21 is the twenty-first chapter of the First Book of Samuel in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or the first part of the Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible.Template:Sfn According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the prophet Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan,[1] but modern scholars view it as a composition of a number of independent texts of various ages from c. 630–540 BCE.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn This chapter contains the account of David's escape from Saul's repeated attempts to kill him.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn This is within a section comprising 1 Samuel 16 to 2 Samuel 5 which records the rise of David as the king of Israel.Template:Sfn

Text

This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 15 verses in English Bibles, but 16 verses in Hebrew Bible with different verse numbering.

Verse numbering

There are some differences in verse numbering of this chapter in English Bibles and Hebrew texts:[2]

English Hebrew
20:42b 21:1
21:1–15 21:2–16

This article generally follows the common numbering in Christian English Bible versions, with notes to the numbering in Hebrew Bible versions.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).Template:Sfn Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 4Q52 (4QSamTemplate:Sup; 250 BCE) with extant verses 1–3, 5–10.Template:Sfn[3]Template:Sfn[4]

Extant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint (originally was made in the last few centuries BCE) include Codex Vaticanus (B; 𝔊B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; 𝔊A; 5th century).Template:SfnTemplate:Efn

Old Testament references

New Testament references

Places

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Template:AnchorDavid in Nob (21:1–9)

David's visit in Nob (north of Jerusalem) is the first scene in a narrative of the priests providing support for David—not willingly like from Jonathan and Michal, but through deception—that continues with tragic consequences in 22:6–23.Template:Sfn David's surprise visit was suspicious, but quickly allayed by a concocted story of a secret mission.Template:Sfn.Template:Sfn The priest at Nob, Ahimelech, the grandson of Eli, was persuaded to give provision to David and his young men from 'holy bread' or 'bread of Presence' which was only reserved for priests (Leviticus 24:9), based on David's assurances that the young men were 'ceremonially clean' — through abstention from sex and that their 'vessels' (euphemism for 'sexual organs') were clean.Template:Sfn David also obtained Goliath's sword, which was 'wrapped in cloth behind the ephod' (verse 9), a significant omen for future successes.Template:Sfn

Verse 1

Now David came to Nob, to Ahimelech the priest. And Ahimelech was afraid when he met David, and said to him, “Why are you alone, and no one is with you?"[6]

  • "Ahimelech the priest" was brother to that Ahiah (1 Samuel 14:3), who was apparently dead at that time, both were the priests and sons of Ahitub.[7]

Verse 7

Now a certain man of the servants of Saul was there that day, detained before the Lord. And his name was Doeg, an Edomite, the chief of the herdsmen who belonged to Saul."[8]

The reference to Doeg the Edomite in this verse becomes meaningful in the next part of the plot (22:9–10,18), whose presence could also be related to the long-standing animosity between Israel and Edom (Genesis 25:25, 30; Numbers 20:1–21; Judges 3:7-11). His 'detention' in the sanctuary was probably connected with an act of penance,Template:Sfn or that he might be 'cultically unclean'.Template:Sfn

Template:AnchorDavid in Gath (21:10–15)

David planned to take refuge in Gath, but was recognized by the courtiers of Gath, who recited the words specifically connected with his successes against the Philistines, perhaps by the fact that he was carrying Goliath's sword. Being outside YHWH's territory and within reach of the Philistines (maybe because he had not consulted YHWH before fleeing to Gath), David acted quickly to feign madness. Achish, the king of Gath, was deceived and immediately let David go.Template:Sfn.Template:Sfn

Verse 11

And the servants of Achish said to him, “Is this not David the king of the land? Did they not sing of him to one another in dances, saying:
‘Saul has slain his thousands,
And David his ten thousands’?”[9]
  • "Did they not sing": the chant cited in 1 Samuel 18:7 apparently had become a popular song.[10]

See also

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Notes

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References

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Sources

Commentaries on Samuel

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General

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Template:First Book of Samuel

  1. ↑ Template:Cite web
  2. ↑ Note on 1 Samuel 21:1 in ESV
  3. ↑ Dead sea scrolls - 1 Samuel
  4. ↑ 4Q52 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 1 Samuel 21 Berean Study Bible. Biblehub
  6. ↑ Template:Bibleverse NKJV or Template:Bibleverse in Hebrew Bible
  7. ↑ Benson, Joseph. Commentary on the Old and New Testaments. 1 Samuel 21, accessed 9 July 2019
  8. ↑ Template:Bibleref2 NKJV
  9. ↑ Template:Bibleref2 NKJV
  10. ↑ Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. 1 Samuel 21. Accessed 28 April 2019.
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