Cereceda's conjecture

The 3-colorings of a path graph, which has degeneracy one. The diameter of this space of colorings is four: it takes four steps to get from either of the top two colorings to the bottom one.

In the mathematics of graph coloring, Cereceda’s conjecture is an unsolved problem on the distance between pairs of colorings of sparse graphs. It states that, for two different colorings of a graph of degeneracy Template:Mvar, both using at most Template:Math colors, it should be possible to reconfigure one coloring into the other by changing the color of one vertex at a time, using a number of steps that is quadratic in the size of the graph. The conjecture is named after Luis Cereceda, who formulated it in his 2007 doctoral dissertation.

Background

The degeneracy of an undirected graph Template:Mvar is the smallest number Template:Mvar such that every non-empty subgraph of Template:Mvar has at least one vertex of degree at most Template:Mvar. If one repeatedly removes a minimum-degree vertex from Template:Mvar until no vertices are left, then the largest of the degrees of the vertices at the time of their removal will be exactly Template:Mvar, and this method of repeated removal can be used to compute the degeneracy of any graph in linear time. Greedy coloring the vertices in the reverse of this removal ordering will automatically produce a coloring with at most Template:Math colors, and for some graphs (such as complete graphs and odd-length cycle graphs) this number of colors is optimal.Template:R

For colorings with Template:Math colors, it may not be possible to move from one coloring to another by changing the color of one vertex at a time. In particular, it is never possible to move between 2-colorings of a forest (the graphs of degeneracy 1) or between Template:Math-colorings of a complete graph in this way; their colorings are said to be frozen. Cycle graphs of length other than four also have disconnected families of Template:Math-colorings. However, with one additional color, using colorings with Template:Math colors, all pairs of colorings can be connected to each other by sequences of moves of this type. It follows from this that an appropriately designed random walk on the space of Template:Math-colorings, using moves of this type, is mixing. This means that the random walk will eventually converge to the discrete uniform distribution on these colorings as its steady state, in which all colorings have equal probability of being chosen. More precisely, the random walk proceeds by repeatedly choosing a uniformly random vertex and choosing uniformly at random among all the available colors for that vertex, including the color it already had; this process is called the Glauber dynamics.Template:R

Statement

The fact that the Glauber dynamics converges to the uniform distribution on Template:Math-colorings naturally raises the question of how quickly it converges. That is, what is the mixing time? A lower bound on the mixing time is the diameter of the space of colorings, the maximum (over pairs of colorings) of the number of steps needed to change one coloring of the pair into the other. If the diameter is exponentially large in the number Template:Mvar of vertices in the graph, then the Glauber dynamics on colorings is certainly not rapidly mixing. On the other hand, when the diameter is bounded by a polynomial function of Template:Mvar, this suggests that the mixing time might also be polynomial. In his 2007 doctoral dissertation, Cereceda investigated this problem, and found that (even for connected components of the space of colors) the diameter can be exponential for Template:Math-colorings of Template:Mvar-degenerate graphs. On the other hand, he proved that the diameter of the color space is at most quadratic (or, in big O notation, Template:Math) for colorings that use at least Template:Math colors. He wrote that "it remains to determine" whether the diameter is polynomial for numbers of colors between these two extremes, or whether it is "perhaps even quadratic".Template:R

Although Cereceda asked this question for a range of colors and did not phrase it as a conjecture, by 2018 a form of this question became known as Cereceda's conjecture. This unproven hypothesis is the most optimistic possibility among the questions posed by Cereceda: that for graphs with degeneracy at most Template:Mvar, and for Template:Math-colorings of these graphs, the diameter of the space of colorings is Template:Math.Template:R If true, this would be best possible, as the space of 3-colorings of a path graph has quadratic diameter.Template:R

Partial and related results

Although Cereceda's conjecture itself remains open even for degeneracy Template:Math, it is known that for any fixed value of Template:Mvar the diameter of the space of Template:Math-colorings is polynomial (with a different polynomial for different values of Template:Mvar). More precisely, the diameter is Template:Math. When the number of colors is at least Template:Math, the diameter is quadratic.Template:R

A related question concerns the possibility that, for numbers of colors greater than Template:Math, the diameter of the space of colorings might decrease from quadratic to linear.Template:R Template:Harvtxt suggest that this might be true whenever the number of colors is at least Template:Math.Template:R

The Glauber dynamics is not the only way to change colorings of graphs into each other. Alternatives include the Kempe dynamics in which one repeatedly finds and swaps the colors of Kempe chains,Template:R and the "heat bath" dynamics in which one chooses pairs of adjacent vertices and a valid recoloring of that pair. Both of these kinds of moves include the Glauber one-vertex moves as a special case, as changing the color of one vertex is the same as swapping the colors on a Kempe chain that only includes that one vertex. These moves may have stronger mixing properties and lower diameter of the space of colorings. For instance, both the Kempe dynamics and the heat bath dynamics mix rapidly on 3-colorings of cycle graphs, whereas the Glauber dynamics is not even connected when the length of the cycle is not four.