Job 9

Job 9 is the ninth chapter of the Book of Job in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.Template:Sfn The book is anonymous; most scholars believe it was written around 6th century BCE.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn This chapter records the speech of Job, which belongs to the Dialogue section of the book, comprising Job 3:1–31:40.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Text

The original text is written in Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 35 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).Template:Sfn Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 4Q100 (4QJobTemplate:Sup; 50–1 BCE) with extant verse 27.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BC; some extant ancient manuscripts of this version include Codex Vaticanus (B; $𝔊$^B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: $𝔊$^S; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; $𝔊$^A; 5th century).Template:Sfn

Analysis

The structure of the book is as follows:Template:Sfn

• The Prologue (chapters 1–2)
• The Dialogue (chapters 3–31)
• The Verdicts (32:1–42:6)
• The Epilogue (42:7–17)

Within the structure, chapter 9 is grouped into the Dialogue section with the following outline:Template:Sfn

• Job's Self-Curse and Self-Lament (3:1–26)
• Round One (4:1–14:22)
  • Eliphaz (4:1–5:27)
  • Job (6:1–7:21)
  • Bildad (8:1–22)
  • Job (9:1–10:22)
    • Being Righteous before God (9:1–4)
    • God's Power and Force (9:5–13)
    • The Difficulties of Litigation against God (9:14–20)
    • How Does God Rule the World? (9:21–24)
    • Exploring Other Options (9:25–35)
    • Transition to a Lament (10:1–2)
    • Three Sharp Questions (10:3–7)
    • Remember How You Made Me (10:8–12)
    • Now You Have Destroyed Me (10:13–17)
    • Closing Words of Despair (10:18–22)
  • Zophar (11:1–20)
  • Job (12:1–14:22)
• Round Two (15:1–21:34)
• Round Three (22:1–27:23)
• Interlude – A Poem on Wisdom (28:1–28)
• Job's Summing Up (29:1–31:40)

The Dialogue section is composed in the format of poetry with distinctive syntax and grammar.Template:Sfn

At this point of the book, the issues of righteousness and justice have been raised by Eliphaz (Job 4–5) and Bildad (Job 8), and Job responded in his first speech (Job 6–7) and now in second speeche (Job 9–10).Template:Sfn Eliphaz asked whether humans are righteous (Template:Lang, Template:Strong-number) before God (Job 4:17), but Job points out that it is his righteousness (Template:Lang, Template:Strong-number) that is at stake (Job 6:29).Template:Sfn Bildad asked whether God perverts justice (Template:Lang, Template:Strong-number) or righteousness (Template:Lang, Template:Strong-number; Job 8:3), so in this chapter Job asks how a person can be righteous (Template:Lang, Template:Strong-number) before God (Job 9:2), which refers back to Eliphaz's question in Job 4:17, but here in the sense of how one can "be in the right" before God, rather than "be declared to be right" by God.Template:Sfn

"Job Speaks with His Friends" in Doré's English Bible, by Gustave Doré (1866).

Template:AnchorJob contemplates a litigation against God (9:1–24)

As he questions his own righteousness (verse 2), Job contemplates a litigation with God (verse 3), which does not mean to usurp God's authority but rather to establish the trush of Job's righteousness before God (something that God already testified in Job 1:8 and 2:3, but at this time is unknown to Job and his peers),Template:Sfn but Job acknowledges the daunting prospect of this litigation in light of God's great power (verses 4–13).Template:Sfn Subsequently, Job lays out his case, in a section containing some legal terms (verses 14–20), along with a complaint that being legally right may not be enough to achieve a legal victory against God.Template:Sfn In all of his accusations he shares with his peers, Job places high regard to God as the "mighty" Creator (verses 4 and 19), as he tries to clarify to himself how God rules the universe.Template:Sfn The attachment to doctrine of retribution makes is difficult for Job to comprehend God's action, especially 'why the blameless and the wicked are not treated differently' (verse 22), while he continues to hold that God is 'in sovereign control of the world' (verse 24).Template:Sfn

Verse 9

[Job said:] "who made the Bear and Orion,

the Pleiades and the chambers of the south;"

The translation of Bear, Orion, Pleiades from (Hebrew: Ash, Kesil, and Kimah ) follows the familiar names of constellations derived from Greek tradition to substitute the Hebrew terms (cf. Job 38:31-33; Amos 5:8).Template:Sfn

• "Bear": from Hebrew Template:Lang, ʿash (cf. Template:Lang, ʿayish in Job 38:32), rendered as "Arcturus" in KJV, also suggested to be Aldebaran, a star in the constellation of Taurus, among many other suggestions.

Template:AnchorJob explores some options (9:25–35)

In this section, Job explores options regarding his contemplated litigation against God:Template:Sfn

1. The first option (verses 27–29) is to forget about his complaint, which may lead to condemnation, not vindication (verses 28b–29a).
2. The second option (verses 30–31) is to clean himself up (verse 30), but Job worries that 'God will throw him back into the muck' (verse 31)
3. The third option (verses 32–35) is to call for a mediator, arbiter or umpire (Hebrew: mokiah), which is the option Job really focuses on. It is unclear what kind of third party Job expects, whether it is an actual or a hypothetical figure.Template:Sfn Job pursues the possibility of an arbiter again in Job 16:18–22 and 19:23–27.Template:Sfn

Verses 30–31

[Job said:] Template:Sup"If I wash myself with snow

and cleanse my hands with lye,

Template:Sup yet you will plunge me into a pit,

and my own clothes will abhor me."

• "With snow": translated from the written Hebrew Template:Lang,vTemplate:Supmo, "(in) snow", whereas it is read as Template:Lang,vTemplate:Supme sheleg, "with water of snow", as supported by the Syriac versions and Targum; here apparently symbolizes "purification" (cf. Psalm 51:9 and Isaiah 1:18. The term sheleg (only appeared for "reading" not in "writing"), also rendered as “soap” (NIV, NRSV, NLT).
• "Lye": from Hebrew Template:Lang, bor ("lye", potash"), which has the same meaning as Template:Lang, borit, the alkali or soda made from the ashes of certain plants used as an ingredient to wash or to make (hands) pure or clean.
• "Pit": rendered based on the pointing in the Masoretic Text (Template:Lang, sakhat, also means "ditch"). A change in the pointing of the Hebrew word to Template:Lang, shukhot, obtains the equivalent of Template:Lang, sukhot or Template:Lang, sukhot, which means "filth" (Isaiah 5:25). M. H. Pope argues that the word "pit" in the Masoretic Text includes the idea of "filth", so an emendation is unnecessary.

See also

• Related Bible parts: Job 4, Job 6, Job 7, Job 38, Job 42, Isaiah 5, Amos 5

Sources

• Template:Cite book
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External links

• Jewish translations:
  • Iyov - Job - Chapter 9 (Judaica Press) translation [with Rashi's commentary] at Chabad.org
• Christian translations:
  • Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
• Book of Job Chapter 9. Various versions
• Template:Librivox book Various versions