Graph (topology)

Template:Short description In topology, a branch of mathematics, a graph is a topological space which arises from a usual graph $G=(E,V)$ by replacing vertices by points and each edge $e=xy\in E$ by a copy of the unit interval $I=[0,1]$, where $0$ is identified with the point associated to $x$ and $1$ with the point associated to $y$. That is, as topological spaces, graphs are exactly the simplicial 1-complexes and also exactly the one-dimensional CW complexes.

Thus, in particular, it bears the quotient topology of the set

$X_0\bigsqcup \underset{e\in E}{⨆}{I}_e$

under the quotient map used for gluing. Here $X_0$ is the 0-skeleton (consisting of one point for each vertex $x\in V$), $I_e$ are the closed intervals glued to it, one for each edge $e\in E$, and $\bigsqcup$ is the disjoint union.

The topology on this space is called the graph topology.

Subgraphs and trees

A subgraph of a graph $X$ is a subspace $Y\subseteq X$ which is also a graph and whose nodes are all contained in the 0-skeleton of $X$. $Y$ is a subgraph if and only if it consists of vertices and edges from $X$ and is closed.

A subgraph $T\subseteq X$ is called a tree if it is contractible as a topological space. This can be shown equivalent to the usual definition of a tree in graph theory, namely a connected graph without cycles.

Properties

• The associated topological space of a graph is connected (with respect to the graph topology) if and only if the original graph is connected.
• Every connected graph $X$ contains at least one maximal tree $T\subseteq X$, that is, a tree that is maximal with respect to the order induced by set inclusion on the subgraphs of $X$ which are trees.
• If $X$ is a graph and $T\subseteq X$ a maximal tree, then the fundamental group ${\pi }_1(X)$ equals the free group generated by elements $(f_{\alpha }{)}_{\alpha \in A}$, where the $\{f_{\alpha }\}$ correspond bijectively to the edges of $X\setminus T$; in fact, $X$ is homotopy equivalent to a wedge sum of circles.
• Forming the topological space associated to a graph as above amounts to a functor from the category of graphs to the category of topological spaces.
• Every covering space projecting to a graph is also a graph.

See also

• Graph homology
• Topological graph theory
• Nielsen–Schreier theorem, whose standard proof makes use of this concept.