Hammer retroazimuthal projection

The full Hammer retroazimuthal projection, 15° graticule, centered on the north pole.

The full Hammer retroazimuthal projection centered on Mecca, with Tissot's indicatrix of deformation. Back hemisphere has been rotated 180° to avoid overlap.

The Hammer retroazimuthal projection is a modified azimuthal proposed by Ernst Hermann Heinrich Hammer in 1910. As a retroazimuthal projection, azimuths (directions) are correct from any point to the designated center point. Additionally, all distances from the center of the map are proportional to what they are on the globe. In whole-world presentation, the back and front hemispheres overlap, making the projection a non-injective function. The back hemisphere can be rotated 180° to avoid overlap, but in this case, any azimuths measured from the back hemisphere must be corrected.

Given a radius R for the projecting globe, the projection is defined as:

$\begin{array}{cc}x& =RK\cos {\phi }_1\sin (\lambda -{\lambda }_0)\\ y& =-RK(\sin {\phi }_1\cos \phi -\cos {\phi }_1\sin \phi \cos (\lambda -{\lambda }_0))\end{array}$

where

$K=\frac{z}{\sin z}$

and

$\cos z=\sin {\phi }_1\sin \phi +\cos {\phi }_1\cos \phi \cos (\lambda -{\lambda }_0)$

The latitude and longitude of the point to be plotted are φ and λ respectively, and the center point to which all azimuths are to be correct is given as φ₁ and λ₀.

See also

• Craig retroazimuthal projection
• List of map projections

External links

• Description of Hammer Retroazimuthal front hemisphere.
• Description of Hammer Retroazimuthal back hemisphere.