Scale-free ideal gas

The scale-free ideal gas (SFIG) is a physical model assuming a collection of non-interacting elements with a stochastic proportional growth. It is the scale-invariant version of an ideal gas. Some cases of city-population, electoral results and cites to scientific journals can be approximately considered scale-free ideal gases.

In a one-dimensional discrete model with size-parameter k, where k₁ and k_M are the minimum and maximum allowed sizes respectively, and v = dk/dt is the growth, the bulk probability density function F(k, v) of a scale-free ideal gas follows

$F(k,v)=\frac{N}{\mathrm{\Omega }{k}^2}\frac{\exp [-(v/k-\bar{w}{)}^2/2{\sigma }_w^2]}{\sqrt{2\pi }{\sigma }_w},$

where N is the total number of elements, Ω = ln k₁/k_M is the logarithmic "volume" of the system, $\bar{w}=⟨v/k⟩$ is the mean relative growth and ${\sigma }_w$ is the standard deviation of the relative growth. The entropy equation of state is

$S=N\kappa \{\ln \frac{\mathrm{\Omega }}{N}\frac{\sqrt{2\pi }{\sigma }_w}{H^{\prime }}+\frac{3}{2}\},$

where $\kappa$ is a constant that accounts for dimensionality and $H^{\prime }=1/M\mathrm{\Delta }\tau$ is the elementary volume in phase space, with $\mathrm{\Delta }\tau$ the elementary time and M the total number of allowed discrete sizes. This expression has the same form as the one-dimensional ideal gas, changing the thermodynamical variables (N, V, T) by (N, Ω,σ_w).

Zipf's law may emerge in the external limits of the density since it is a special regime of scale-free ideal gases.