Elliptic divisibility sequence

Template:Short description In mathematics, an elliptic divisibility sequence (EDS) is a sequence of integers satisfying a nonlinear recursion relation arising from division polynomials on elliptic curves. EDS were first defined, and their arithmetic properties studied, by Morgan Ward in the 1940s. They attracted only sporadic attention until around 2000, when EDS were taken up as a class of nonlinear recurrences that are more amenable to analysis than most such sequences. This tractability is due primarily to the close connection between EDS and elliptic curves. In addition to the intrinsic interest that EDS have within number theory, EDS have applications to other areas of mathematics including logic and cryptography.

Definition

A (nondegenerate) elliptic divisibility sequence (EDS) is a sequence of integers Template:Math defined recursively by four initial values Template:Math, Template:Math, Template:Math, Template:Math, with Template:Math ≠ 0 and with subsequent values determined by the formulas

$\begin{array}{cc}{W}_{2n+1}{W}_1^3& =W_{n+2}{W}_n^3-W_{n+1}^3{W}_{n-1},n\ge 2,\\ W_{2n}{W}_2{W}_1^2& =W_{n+2}{W}_n{W}_{n-1}^2-W_n{W}_{n-2}{W}_{n+1}^2,n\ge 3,\\ \end{array}$

It can be shown that if Template:Math divides each of Template:Math, Template:Math, Template:Math and if further Template:Math divides Template:Math, then every term Template:Math in the sequence is an integer.

Divisibility property

An EDS is a divisibility sequence in the sense that

$m\mid n⟹W_m\mid W_n.$

In particular, every term in an EDS is divisible by Template:Math, so EDS are frequently normalized to have Template:Math = 1 by dividing every term by the initial term.

Any three integers Template:Math, Template:Math, Template:Math with Template:Math divisible by Template:Math lead to a normalized EDS on setting

$W_1=1,W_2=b,W_3=c,W_4=d.$

It is not obvious, but can be proven, that the condition Template:Math | Template:Math suffices to ensure that every term in the sequence is an integer.

General recursion

A fundamental property of elliptic divisibility sequences is that they satisfy the general recursion relation

$W_{n+m}{W}_{n-m}{W}_r^2=W_{n+r}{W}_{n-r}{W}_m^2-W_{m+r}{W}_{m-r}{W}_n^2\text{for all}n>m>r.$

(This formula is often applied with Template:Math = 1 and Template:Math = 1.)

Nonsingular EDS

The discriminant of a normalized EDS is the quantity

$\mathrm{\Delta }=W_4{W}_2^{15}-W_3^3{W}_2^{12}+3W_4^2{W}_2^{10}-20W_4{W}_3^3{W}_2^7+3W_4^3{W}_2^5+16W_3^6{W}_2^4+8W_4^2{W}_3^3{W}_2^2+W_4^4.$

An EDS is nonsingular if its discriminant is nonzero.

Examples

A simple example of an EDS is the sequence of natural numbers 1, 2, 3,... . Another interesting example is Template:OEIS 1, 3, 8, 21, 55, 144, 377, 987,... consisting of every other term in the Fibonacci sequence, starting with the second term. However, both of these sequences satisfy a linear recurrence and both are singular EDS. An example of a nonsingular EDS is Template:OEIS

$\begin{array}{cc}& 1,1,-1,1,2,-1,-3,-5,7,-4,-23,29,59,129,\\ & -314,-65,1529,-3689,-8209,-16264,\dots .\\ \end{array}$

Periodicity of EDS

A sequence Template:Math is said to be periodic if there is a number Template:Math so that Template:Math = Template:Math for every Template:Math ≥ 1. If a nondegenerate EDS Template:Math is periodic, then one of its terms vanishes. The smallest Template:Math ≥ 1 with Template:Math = 0 is called the rank of apparition of the EDS. A deep theorem of Mazur implies that if the rank of apparition of an EDS is finite, then it satisfies Template:Math ≤ 10 or Template:Math = 12.

Elliptic curves and points associated to EDS

Ward proves that associated to any nonsingular EDS (Template:Math) is an elliptic curve Template:Math/Q and a point Template:Math ε Template:Math(Q) such that

$W_n={\psi }_n(P)\text{for all}n\ge 1.$

Here ψTemplate:Math is the [[division polynomial|Template:Math division polynomial]] of Template:Math; the roots of ψTemplate:Math are the nonzero points of order Template:Math on Template:Math. There is a complicated formula for Template:Math and Template:Math in terms of Template:Math, Template:Math, Template:Math, and Template:Math.

There is an alternative definition of EDS that directly uses elliptic curves and yields a sequence which, up to sign, almost satisfies the EDS recursion. This definition starts with an elliptic curve Template:Math/Q given by a Weierstrass equation and a nontorsion point Template:Math ε Template:Math(Q). One writes the Template:Math-coordinates of the multiples of Template:Math as

$x(nP)=\frac{A_n}{D_n^2}\text{with}\gcd (A_n,D_n)=1\text{and}{D}_n\ge 1.$

Then the sequence (Template:Math) is also called an elliptic divisibility sequence. It is a divisibility sequence, and there exists an integer Template:Math so that the subsequence ( ±Template:Math )_{Template:Math ≥ 1} (with an appropriate choice of signs) is an EDS in the earlier sense.

Growth of EDS

Let Template:Math be a nonsingular EDS that is not periodic. Then the sequence grows quadratic exponentially in the sense that there is a positive constant Template:Math such that

$\underset{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\lim }\frac{\log |W_n|}{n^2}=h>0.$

The number Template:Math is the canonical height of the point on the elliptic curve associated to the EDS.

Primes and primitive divisors in EDS

It is conjectured that a nonsingular EDS contains only finitely many primes However, all but finitely many terms in a nonsingular EDS admit a primitive prime divisor. Thus for all but finitely many Template:Math, there is a prime Template:Math such that Template:Math divides Template:Math, but Template:Math does not divide Template:Math for all Template:Math < Template:Math. This statement is an analogue of Zsigmondy's theorem.

EDS over finite fields

An EDS over a finite field F_{Template:Math}, or more generally over any field, is a sequence of elements of that field satisfying the EDS recursion. An EDS over a finite field is always periodic, and thus has a rank of apparition Template:Math. The period of an EDS over F_{Template:Math} then has the form Template:Math, where Template:Math and Template:Math satisfy

$r\le {(\sqrt{q}+1)}^2\text{and}t\mid q-1.$

More precisely, there are elements Template:Math and Template:Math in F_{Template:Math}^* such that

$W_{ri+j}=W_j\cdot A^{ij}\cdot B^{j^2}\text{for all}i\ge 0\text{and all}j\ge 1.$

The values of Template:Math and Template:Math are related to the Tate pairing of the point on the associated elliptic curve.

Applications of EDS

Bjorn Poonen has applied EDS to logic. He uses the existence of primitive divisors in EDS on elliptic curves of rank one to prove the undecidability of Hilbert's tenth problem over certain rings of integers.

Katherine E. Stange has applied EDS and their higher rank generalizations called elliptic nets to cryptography. She shows how EDS can be used to compute the value of the Weil and Tate pairings on elliptic curves over finite fields. These pairings have numerous applications in pairing-based cryptography.

Further material

• G. Everest, A. van der Poorten, I. Shparlinski, and T. Ward. Recurrence sequences, volume 104 of Mathematical Surveys and Monographs. American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 2003. Template:ISBN. (Chapter 10 is on EDS.)
• R. Shipsey. Elliptic divisibility sequences Template:Webarchive. PhD thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2000.
• K. Stange. Elliptic nets. PhD thesis, Brown University, 2008.
• C. Swart. Sequences related to elliptic curves. PhD thesis, Royal Holloway (University of London), 2003.

External links

• Graham Everest's EDS web page. Template:Webarchive
• Prime Values of Elliptic Divisibility Sequences.
• Lecture on p-adic Properites of Elliptic Divisibility Sequences.