Singular integral

In mathematics, singular integrals are central to harmonic analysis and are intimately connected with the study of partial differential equations. Broadly speaking a singular integral is an integral operator

$T(f)(x)=\int K(x,y)f(y)dy,$

whose kernel function K : Rⁿ×Rⁿ → R is singular along the diagonal x = y. Specifically, the singularity is such that |K(x, y)| is of size |x − y|⁻ⁿ asymptotically as |x − y| → 0. Since such integrals may not in general be absolutely integrable, a rigorous definition must define them as the limit of the integral over |y − x| > ε as ε → 0, but in practice this is a technicality. Usually further assumptions are required to obtain results such as their boundedness on L^p(Rⁿ).

The Hilbert transform

The archetypal singular integral operator is the Hilbert transform H. It is given by convolution against the kernel K(x) = 1/(πx) for x in R. More precisely,

$H(f)(x)=\frac{1}{\pi }\underset{\epsilon \to 0}{\lim }\underset{|x-y|>\epsilon }{\int }\frac{1}{x-y}f(y)dy.$

The most straightforward higher dimension analogues of these are the Riesz transforms, which replace K(x) = 1/x with

$K_i(x)=\frac{x_i}{|x{|}^{n+1}}$

where i = 1, ..., n and $x_i$ is the i-th component of x in Rⁿ. All of these operators are bounded on L^p and satisfy weak-type (1, 1) estimates.

Singular integrals of convolution type

Template:Main A singular integral of convolution type is an operator T defined by convolution with a kernel K that is locally integrable on Rⁿ\{0}, in the sense that

Suppose that the kernel satisfies:

1. The size condition on the Fourier transform of K

   $\hat{K}\in L^{\mathrm{\infty }}({𝐑}^n)$

2. The smoothness condition: for some C > 0,

   $\underset{y\ne 0}{\sup }\underset{|x|>2|y|}{\int }|K(x-y)-K(x)|dx\le C.$

Then it can be shown that T is bounded on L^p(Rⁿ) and satisfies a weak-type (1, 1) estimate.

Property 1. is needed to ensure that convolution (Template:EquationNote) with the tempered distribution p.v. K given by the principal value integral

$\mathrm{p.v.}K[\varphi ]=\underset{ϵ\to 0^{+}}{\lim }\underset{|x|>ϵ}{\int }\varphi (x)K(x)dx$

is a well-defined Fourier multiplier on L². Neither of the properties 1. or 2. is necessarily easy to verify, and a variety of sufficient conditions exist. Typically in applications, one also has a cancellation condition

$\underset{R_1<|x|<R_2}{\int }K(x)dx=0,\mathrm{\forall }{R}_1,R_2>0$

which is quite easy to check. It is automatic, for instance, if K is an odd function. If, in addition, one assumes 2. and the following size condition

$\underset{R>0}{\sup }\underset{R<|x|<2R}{\int }|K(x)|dx\le C,$

then it can be shown that 1. follows.

The smoothness condition 2. is also often difficult to check in principle, the following sufficient condition of a kernel K can be used:

• $K\in C^1({𝐑}^n\setminus \{0\})$
• $|\mathrm{\nabla }K(x)|\le \frac{C}{|x{|}^{n+1}}$

Observe that these conditions are satisfied for the Hilbert and Riesz transforms, so this result is an extension of those result.

Singular integrals of non-convolution type

These are even more general operators. However, since our assumptions are so weak, it is not necessarily the case that these operators are bounded on L^p.

Calderón–Zygmund kernels

A function Template:Nowrap is said to be a Calderón–Zygmund kernel if it satisfies the following conditions for some constants C > 0 and δ > 0.

1. $|K(x,y)|\le \frac{C}{|x-y{|}^n}$

2. $|K(x,y)-K(x^{\prime },y)|\le \frac{C|x-x^{\prime }{|}^{\delta }}{(|x-y|+|x^{\prime }-y|{)}^{n+\delta }}\text{ whenever }|x-x^{\prime }|\le \frac{1}{2}\max (|x-y|,|x^{\prime }-y|)$

3. $|K(x,y)-K(x,y^{\prime })|\le \frac{C|y-y^{\prime }{|}^{\delta }}{(|x-y|+|x-y^{\prime }|{)}^{n+\delta }}\text{ whenever }|y-y^{\prime }|\le \frac{1}{2}\max (|x-y^{\prime }|,|x-y|)$

Singular integrals of non-convolution type

T is said to be a singular integral operator of non-convolution type associated to the Calderón–Zygmund kernel K if

$\int g(x)T(f)(x)dx=\iint g(x)K(x,y)f(y)dydx,$

whenever f and g are smooth and have disjoint support. Such operators need not be bounded on L^p

Calderón–Zygmund operators

A singular integral of non-convolution type T associated to a Calderón–Zygmund kernel K is called a Calderón–Zygmund operator when it is bounded on L², that is, there is a C > 0 such that

$\Vert T(f){\Vert }_{L^2}\le C\Vert f{\Vert }_{L^2},$

for all smooth compactly supported ƒ.

It can be proved that such operators are, in fact, also bounded on all L^p with 1 < p < ∞.

The T(b) theorem

The T(b) theorem provides sufficient conditions for a singular integral operator to be a Calderón–Zygmund operator, that is for a singular integral operator associated to a Calderón–Zygmund kernel to be bounded on L². In order to state the result we must first define some terms.

A normalised bump is a smooth function φ on Rⁿ supported in a ball of radius 1 and centred at the origin such that |∂^α φ(x)| ≤ 1, for all multi-indices |α| ≤ n + 2. Denote by τ^x(φ)(y) = φ(y − x) and φ_r(x) = r⁻ⁿφ(x/r) for all x in Rⁿ and r > 0. An operator is said to be weakly bounded if there is a constant C such that

$|\int T({\tau }^x({\phi }_r))(y){\tau }^x({\psi }_r)(y)dy|\le C{r}^{-n}$

for all normalised bumps φ and ψ. A function is said to be accretive if there is a constant c > 0 such that Re(b)(x) ≥ c for all x in R. Denote by M_b the operator given by multiplication by a function b.

The T(b) theorem states that a singular integral operator T associated to a Calderón–Zygmund kernel is bounded on L² if it satisfies all of the following three conditions for some bounded accretive functions b₁ and b₂:

1. $M_{b_2}T{M}_{b_1}$ is weakly bounded;
2. $T(b_1)$ is in BMO;
3. $T^t(b_2),$ is in BMO, where T^t is the transpose operator of T.

See also

• Singular integral operators on closed curves

References

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External links

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