Course-of-values recursion

Template:Short description Template:No footnotes In computability theory, course-of-values recursion is a technique for defining number-theoretic functions by recursion. In a definition of a function f by course-of-values recursion, the value of f(n) is computed from the sequence $⟨f(0),f(1),\dots ,f(n-1)⟩$.

The fact that such definitions can be converted into definitions using a simpler form of recursion is often used to prove that functions defined by course-of-values recursion are primitive recursive. Contrary to course-of-values recursion, in primitive recursion the computation of a value of a function requires only the previous value; for example, for a 1-ary primitive recursive function g the value of g(n+1) is computed only from g(n) and n.

Definition and examples

The factorial function n! is recursively defined by the rules

$0!=1,$

$(n+1)!=n!(n+1).$

This recursion is a primitive recursion because it computes the next value (n+1)! of the function based on the value of n and the previous value n! of the function. On the other hand, the function Fib(n), which returns the nth Fibonacci number, is defined with the recursion equations

$Fib(0)=0,$

$Fib(1)=1,$

$Fib(n+2)=Fib(n+1)+Fib(n).$

In order to compute Fib(n+2), the last two values of the Fib function are required. Finally, consider the function g defined with the recursion equations

$g(0)=0,$

$g(n+1)=\sum _{i=0}^{n}g(i{)}^{n-i}.$

To compute g(n+1) using these equations, all the previous values of g must be computed; no fixed finite number of previous values is sufficient in general for the computation of g. The functions Fib and g are examples of functions defined by course-of-values recursion.

In general, a function f is defined by course-of-values recursion if there is a fixed primitive recursive function h such that for all n,

$f(n)=h(n,⟨f(0),f(1),\dots ,f(n-1)⟩)$

where $⟨f(0),f(1),\dots ,f(n-1)⟩$ is a Gödel number encoding the indicated sequence. In particular

$f(0)=h(0,⟨⟩)$

provides the initial value of the recursion. The function h might test its first argument to provide explicit initial values, for instance for Fib one could use the function defined by

$h(n,s)=\{\begin{array}{cc}n& \text{if }n<2\\ s[n-2]+s[n-1]& \text{if }n\ge 2\end{array}$

where s[i] denotes extraction of the element i from an encoded sequence s; this is easily seen to be a primitive recursive function (assuming an appropriate Gödel numbering is used).

Equivalence to primitive recursion

In order to convert a definition by course-of-values recursion into a primitive recursion, an auxiliary (helper) function is used. Suppose that one wants to have

$f(n)=h(n,⟨f(0),f(1),\dots ,f(n-1)⟩)$.

To define Template:Math using primitive recursion, first define the auxiliary course-of-values function that should satisfy

$\overline{f}(n)=⟨f(0),f(1),\dots ,f(n-1)⟩$

where the right hand side is taken to be a Gödel numbering for sequences.

Thus $\overline{f}(n)$ encodes the first Template:Math values of Template:Math. The function $\overline{f}$ can be defined by primitive recursion because $\overline{f}(n+1)$ is obtained by appending to $\overline{f}(n)$ the new element $h(n,\overline{f}(n))$:

$\overline{f}(0)=⟨⟩$,

$\overline{f}(n+1)=𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑(n,\overline{f}(n),h(n,\overline{f}(n))),$

where Template:Math computes, whenever Template:Math encodes a sequence of length Template:Math, a new sequence Template:Math of length Template:Math such that Template:Math and Template:Math for all Template:Math. This is a primitive recursive function, under the assumption of an appropriate Gödel numbering; h is assumed primitive recursive to begin with. Thus the recursion relation can be written as primitive recursion:

$\overline{f}(n+1)=g(n,\overline{f}(n))$

where g is itself primitive recursive, being the composition of two such functions:

$g(i,j)=𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑(i,j,h(i,j)),$

Given $\overline{f}$, the original function Template:Math can be defined by $f(n)=\overline{f}(n+1)[n]$, which shows that it is also a primitive recursive function.

Application to primitive recursive functions

In the context of primitive recursive functions, it is convenient to have a means to represent finite sequences of natural numbers as single natural numbers. One such method, Gödel's encoding, represents a sequence of positive integers $⟨n_0,n_1,n_2,\dots ,n_k⟩$ as

$\prod _{i=0}^k{p}_i^{n_i}$,

where p_i represent the ith prime. It can be shown that, with this representation, the ordinary operations on sequences are all primitive recursive. These operations include

• Determining the length of a sequence,
• Extracting an element from a sequence given its index,
• Concatenating two sequences.

Using this representation of sequences, it can be seen that if h(m) is primitive recursive then the function

$f(n)=h(⟨f(0),f(1),f(2),\dots ,f(n-1)⟩)$.

is also primitive recursive.

When the sequence $⟨n_0,n_1,n_2,\dots ,n_k⟩$ is allowed to include zeros, it is instead represented as

$\prod _{i=0}^k{p}_i^{(n_i+1)}$,

which makes it possible to distinguish the codes for the sequences $⟨0⟩$ and $⟨0,0⟩$.

Limitations

Not every recursive definition can be transformed into a primitive recursive definition. One known example is Ackermann's function, which is of the form A(m,n) and is provably not primitive recursive.

Indeed, every new value A(m+1, n) depends on the sequence of previously defined values A(i, j), but the i-s and j-s for which values should be included in this sequence depend themselves on previously computed values of the function; namely (i, j) = (m, A(m+1, n)). Thus one cannot encode the previously computed sequence of values in a primitive recursive way in the manner suggested above (or at all, as it turns out this function is not primitive recursive).

References

• Hinman, P.G., 2006, Fundamentals of Mathematical Logic, A K Peters.
• Odifreddi, P.G., 1989, Classical Recursion Theory, North Holland; second edition, 1999.