Thermal velocity

Template:Short description Thermal velocity or thermal speed is a typical velocity of the thermal motion of particles that make up a gas, liquid, etc. Thus, indirectly, thermal velocity is a measure of temperature. Technically speaking, it is a measure of the width of the peak in the Maxwell–Boltzmann particle velocity distribution. Note that in the strictest sense thermal velocity is not a velocity, since velocity usually describes a vector rather than simply a scalar speed.

Definitions

Since the thermal velocity is only a "typical" velocity, a number of different definitions can be and are used.

Taking $k_{\text{B}}$ to be the Boltzmann constant, $T$ the absolute temperature, and $m$ the mass of a particle, we can write the different thermal velocities:

In one dimension

If $v_{\text{th}}$ is defined as the root mean square of the velocity in any one dimension (i.e. any single direction), then $$v_{\text{th}}=\sqrt{\frac{k_{\text{B}}T}{m}}.$$

If $v_{\text{th}}$ is defined as the mean of the magnitude of the velocity in any one dimension (i.e. any single direction), then $$v_{\text{th}}=\sqrt{\frac{2k_{\text{B}}T}{\pi m}}.$$

In three dimensions

If $v_{\text{th}}$ is defined as the most probable speed, then $$v_{\text{th}}=\sqrt{\frac{2k_{\text{B}}T}{m}}.$$

If $v_{\text{th}}$ is defined as the root mean square of the total velocity, then $$v_{\text{th}}=\sqrt{\frac{3k_{\text{B}}T}{m}}.$$

If $v_{\text{th}}$ is defined as the mean of the magnitude of the velocity of the atoms or molecules, then $$v_{\text{th}}=\sqrt{\frac{8k_{\text{B}}T}{\pi m}}.$$

All of these definitions are in the range $$v_{\text{th}}=(1.6\pm 0.2)\sqrt{\frac{k_{\text{B}}T}{m}}.$$

Thermal velocity at room temperature

At 20 °C (293.15 kelvins), the mean thermal velocity of common gasses in three dimensions is:

Gas	Thermal velocity
Hydrogen	Template:Convert
Helium	Template:Convert
Water vapor	Template:Convert
Nitrogen	Template:Convert
Air	Template:Convert
Argon	Template:Convert
Carbon dioxide	Template:Convert

References

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