List of mesons: Difference between revisions

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Template:Short description

[[File:Kaon-Decay.svg|thumb|300px| The decay of a kaon (Template:Subatomic particle) into three pions (2 Template:Subatomic particle, 1 Template:Subatomic particle) is a process that involves both weak and strong interactions.

Weak interactions: The strange antiquark (Template:Subatomic particle) of the kaon transmutes into an up antiquark (Template:Subatomic particle) by the emission of a [[W and Z bosons|Template:Subatomic particle boson]]; the Template:Subatomic particle boson subsequently decays into a down antiquark (Template:Subatomic particle) and an up quark (Template:Subatomic particle).

Strong interactions: An up quark (Template:Subatomic particle) emits a gluon (Template:Subatomic particle) which decays into a down quark (Template:Subatomic particle) and a down antiquark (Template:Subatomic particle).]]

This list is of all known and predicted scalar, pseudoscalar and vector mesons. See list of particles for a more detailed list of particles found in particle physics.

This article contains a list of mesons, unstable subatomic particles composed of one quark and one antiquark. They are part of the hadron particle family—particles made of quarks. The other members of the hadron family are the baryons—subatomic particles composed of three quarks. The main difference between mesons and baryons is that mesons have integer spin (thus are bosons) while baryons are fermions (half-integer spin). Because mesons are bosons, the Pauli exclusion principle does not apply to them. Because of this, they can act as force mediating particles on short distances, and thus play a part in processes such as the nuclear interaction.

Since mesons are composed of quarks, they participate in both the weak and strong interactions. Mesons with net electric charge also participate in the electromagnetic interaction. They are classified according to their quark content, total angular momentum, parity, and various other properties such as C-parity and G-parity. While no meson is stable, those of lower mass are nonetheless more stable than the most massive mesons, and are easier to observe and study in particle accelerators or in cosmic ray experiments. They are also typically less massive than baryons, meaning that they are more easily produced in experiments, and will exhibit higher-energy phenomena sooner than baryons would. For example, the charm quark was first seen in the J/Psi meson (Template:Subatomic particle) in 1974,[1][2] and the bottom quark in the upsilon meson (Template:Subatomic particle) in 1977.[3] The top quark (the last and heaviest quark to be discovered to date) was first observed at Fermilab in 1995.

Each meson has a corresponding antiparticle (antimeson) where quarks are replaced by their corresponding antiquarks and vice versa. For example, a positive pion (Template:Subatomic particle) is made of one up quark and one down antiquark; and its corresponding antiparticle, the negative pion (Template:Subatomic particle), is made of one up antiquark and one down quark. Although tetraquarks with two quarks and two antiquarks can be considered mesons they are not listed here.

The symbols encountered in these lists are: I (isospin), J (total angular momentum), P (parity), C (C-parity), G (G-parity), u (up quark), d (down quark), s (strange quark), c (charm quark), b (bottom quark), Q (charge), B (baryon number), S (strangeness), C (charm), and B′ (bottomness), as well as a wide array of subatomic particles (hover mouse for name).

Summary table

Because this table was initially derived from published results and many of those results were preliminary, as many as 64 of the mesons in the following table may not exist or have the wrong mass or quantum numbers.

Meson summary table[4]
Light unflavoured
(S = C = B = 0) 		Strange
(S = ±1, C = B = 0) 		Charmed, strange
(C = S = ±1) 		cTemplate:Physics particle
IG(JPC) IG(JPC) I(JP) I(JP) IG(JPC)
Template:Physics particle 1−(0−) Φ(1680) 0−(1−−) Template:Physics particle Template:Frac(0−) Template:Physics particle 0(0−) Template:Physics particle(1S) 0+(0−+)
Template:Physics particle 1−(0−+) Template:Physics particle(1690) 1+(3−−) Template:Physics particle Template:Frac(0−) Template:Physics particle 0(1−) J/ψ(1S) 0−(1−−)
η 0+(0−+) ρ(1700) 1+(1−−) Template:Physics particle Template:Frac(0−) Template:Physics particle(2317)± 0(0+) Template:Physics particle(1P) 0+(0++)
Template:Physics particle(500) 0+(0++) Template:Physics particle(1700) 1−(2++) Template:Physics particle Template:Frac(0−) Template:Physics particle(2460)± 0(1+) Template:Physics particle(1P) 0+(1++)
ρ(770) 1+(1−−) f0(1710) 0+(0++) Template:Physics particle(800) Template:Frac(0+) Template:Physics particle(2536)± 0(1+) Template:Physics particle(1P) 0−(1+−)
ω(782) 0−(1−−) η(1760) 0+(0−+) Template:Physics particle(892) Template:Frac(1−) Template:Physics particle(2573) 0(2+) Template:Physics particle(1P) 0+(2++)
η′ (958) 0+(0−+) π(1800) 1−(0−+) Template:Physics particle(1270) Template:Frac(1+) Template:Physics particle(2700)± 0(1−) Template:Physics particle(2S) 0+(0−+)
Template:Physics particle(980) 0+(0++) Template:Physics particle(1810) 0+(2++) Template:Physics particle(1400) Template:Frac(1+) Template:Physics particle(2860)± 0(3−) ψ(2S) 0−(1−−)
Template:Physics particle(980) 1−(0++) X(1835) 0+(0−+) Template:Physics particle(1410) Template:Frac(1−) Template:Physics particle(3040)± 0(??) ψ(3770) 0−(1−−)
φ(1020) 0−(1−−) Template:Physics particle(1850) 0−(3−−) Template:Physics particle(1430) Template:Frac(0+) Bottom
(B = ±1) 		Template:Physics particle(3823) 0−(2−−)
Template:Physics particle(1170) 0−(1+−) Template:Physics particle(1855) 0+(2−+) Template:Physics particle(1430) Template:Frac(2+) Template:Physics particle(3872) 0+(1++)
Template:Physics particle(1235) 1+(1+−) Template:Physics particle(1870) 0+(2−+) K(1460) Template:Frac(0−) Template:Physics particle Template:Frac(0−) X(3900)± ?(1+)
Template:Physics particle(1260) 1−(1++) Template:Physics particle(1880) 1−(2−+) Template:Physics particle(1580) Template:Frac(2−) Template:Physics particle Template:Frac(0−) X(3900)0 ?(??)
Template:Physics particle(1270) 0+(2++) ρ(1900) 1+(1−−) K(1630) Template:Frac(??) Template:Physics particle/Template:Physics particle Admixture Template:Physics particle(2P) 0+(0++)
Template:Physics particle(1285) 0+(1++) Template:Physics particle(1910) 0+(2++) Template:Physics particle(1650) Template:Frac(1+) Template:Physics particle/Template:Physics particle/Template:Physics particle/b-baryon
Admixture 		Template:Physics particle(2P) 0+(2++)
η(1295) 0+(0−+) Template:Physics particle(1950) 0+(2++) Template:Physics particle(1680) Template:Frac(1−) X(3940) ??(???)
π(1300) 1−(0−+) Template:Physics particle(1990) 1+(3−−) Template:Physics particle(1770) Template:Frac(2−) Vcb and Vub CKM Matrix
Admixture 		X(4020)± ?(??)
Template:Physics particle(1320) 1−(2++) Template:Physics particle(2010) 0+(2++) Template:Physics particle(1780) Template:Frac(3−) ψ(4040) 0−(1−−)
Template:Physics particle(1370) 0+(0++) Template:Physics particle(2020) 0+(0++) Template:Physics particle(1820) Template:Frac(2−) Template:Physics particle Template:Frac(1−) X(4050)± ?(??)
Template:Physics particle(1415) 0−(1+−) Template:Physics particle(1970) 1−(4++) K(1830) Template:Frac(0−) Template:Physics particle(5732) ?(??) X(4140) 0+(??+)
Template:Physics particle(1400) 1−(1−+) Template:Physics particle(2050) 0+(4++) Template:Physics particle(1950) Template:Frac(0+) Template:Physics particle(5721)0 Template:Frac(1+) ψ(4160) 0−(1−−)
η(1405) 0+(0−+) Template:Physics particle(2100) 1−(2−+) Template:Physics particle(1980) Template:Frac(2+) Template:Physics particle(5721)0 Template:Frac(2+) X(4160) ??(???)
Template:Physics particle(1420) 0+(1++) Template:Physics particle(2100) 0+(0++) Template:Physics particle(2045) Template:Frac(4+) Bottom, strange
(B = ±1, S = ∓1) 		X(4250)± ?(??)
ω(1420) 0−(1−−) Template:Physics particle(2150) 0+(2++) Template:Physics particle(2250) Template:Frac(2−) X(4260) ??(1−−)
Template:Physics particle(1430) 0+(2++) ρ(2150) 1+(1−−) Template:Physics particle(2320) Template:Frac(3+) Template:Physics particle 0(0−) X(4350) 0+(??+)
Template:Physics particle(1450) 1−(0++) φ(2170) 0−(1−−) Template:Physics particle(2380) Template:Frac(5−) Template:Physics particle 0(1−) ψ(4360) 0−(1−−)
ρ(1450) 1+(1−−) Template:Physics particle(2200) 0+(0++) Template:Physics particle(2500) Template:Frac(4−) Template:Physics particle(5830)0 0(1+) ψ(4415) 0−(1−−)
η(1475) 0+(0−+) fJ(2220) 0+(2++
or 4++) 		K(3100) ??(???) Template:Physics particle(5840)0 0(2+) X(4430)± ?(1+)
Template:Physics particle(1500) 0+(0++) Charmed
(C = ±1) 		Template:Physics particle(5850) ?(??) ψ(4660) 0−(1−−)
Template:Physics particle(1510) 0+(1++) η(2225) 0+(0−+) Bottom, charmed
(B = C = ±1) 		bTemplate:Physics particle
Template:Physics particle(1525) 0+(2++) Template:Physics particle(2250) 1+(3−−) Template:Physics particle Template:Frac(0−) Template:Physics particle(1S) 0+(0−+)
Template:Physics particle(1565) 0+(2++) f2(2300) 0+(2++) Template:Physics particle Template:Frac(0−) Template:Physics particle 0(0−) Υ(1S) 0−(1−−)
ρ(1570) 1+(1−−) Template:Physics particle(2300) 0+(4++) Template:Physics particle(2007)0 Template:Frac(1−) Template:Physics particle(2S)± 0(0−) Template:Physics particle(1P) 0+(0++)
Template:Physics particle(1595) 0−(1+−) Template:Physics particle(2330) 0+(0++) Template:Physics particle(2010)± Template:Frac(1−) Template:Physics particle(1P) 0+(1++)
Template:Physics particle(1600) 1−(1−+) Template:Physics particle(2340) 0+(2++) Template:Physics particle(2400)0 Template:Frac(0+) Template:Physics particle(2P) 0+(0++)
Template:Physics particle(1640) 1−(1++) Template:Physics particle(2350) 1+(5−−) Template:Physics particle(2400)± Template:Frac(0+) Template:Physics particle(1P) 0−(1+−)
Template:Physics particle(1640) 0+(2++) Template:Physics particle(2450) 1−(6++) Template:Physics particle(2420)0 Template:Frac(1+) Template:Physics particle(1P) 0+(2++)
Template:Physics particle(1645) 0+(2−+) Template:Physics particle(2510) 0+(6++) Template:Physics particle(2420)± Template:Frac(??) Template:Physics particle(2S) 0+(0−+)
ω(1650) 0−(1−−) Other light Template:Physics particle(2430)0 Template:Frac(1+) Υ(2S) 0−(1−−)
Template:Physics particle(1670) 0−(3−−) Further States Template:Physics particle(2460)0 Template:Frac(2+) Υ(1D) 0−(2−−)
Template:Physics particle(1670) 1−(2−+) Further states Template:Physics particle(2460)± Template:Frac(2+) Template:Physics particle(2P) 0+(0++)
D(2550)0 Template:Frac(0−) Template:Physics particle(2P) 0+(1++)
D(2600) Template:Frac(??) Template:Physics particle(2P) 0−(1+−)
Template:Physics particle(2640)± Template:Frac(??) Template:Physics particle(2P) 0+(2++)
D(2750) Template:Frac(??) Υ(3S) 0−(1−−)
Template:Physics particle(3P) ??(??+)
Υ(4S) 0−(1−−)
X(10610)± 1+(1+)
X(10610)0 1+(1+)
X(10650)± ?+(1+)
Υ(10860) 0−(1−−)
Υ(11020) 0−(1−−)

Mesons named with the letter "f" are scalar mesons (as opposed to a pseudo-scalar meson), and mesons named with the letter "a" are axial-vector mesons (as opposed to an ordinary vector meson) a.k.a. an isoscalar vector meson, while the letters "b" and "h" refer to axial-vector mesons with positive parity, negative C-parity, and quantum numbers IG of 1+ and 0− respectively.[5]

The, "f", "a", "b" and "h" mesons are not listed in the tables below and their internal structure and quark content is a matter of ongoing investigation.[6][7] The particle described in the table above as f0(500) has historically been known by two other names: f0(600) and σ (sigma).[8]

A complete set of meson naming conventions is set forth in a 2017 review article for the Particle Data Group which also contains a table mapping pre-2016 common names to the new Particle Data Group standard naming conventions for XYZ mesons.[9]

Meson properties

The following lists details for all known and predicted pseudoscalar (JP = 0−) and vector (JP = 1−) mesons.

The properties and quark content of the particles are tabulated below; for the corresponding antiparticles, simply change quarks into antiquarks (and vice versa) and flip the sign of Q, B, S, C, and B′. Particles with † next to their names have been predicted by the standard model but not yet observed. Values in Template:Color have not been firmly established by experiments, but are predicted by the quark model and are consistent with the measurements.

Pseudoscalar mesons

Pseudoscalar mesons
Particle
name 		Particle
symbol 		Antiparticle
symbol 		Quark
content 		Rest mass (MeV/c2) IG JPC S C B' Mean lifetime (s) Commonly decays to
(>5% of decays)
Pion[10] Template:Subatomic particle Template:Subatomic particle Template:Subatomic particleTemplate:Subatomic particle Template:Sort 1− 0− 0 0 0 Template:Sort Template:Nowrap
Pion[11] Template:Subatomic particle Self Template:Nowrap Template:Sort 1− 0−+ 0 0 0 Template:Sort Template:Nowrap
Eta meson[12] Template:Subatomic particle Self Template:Nowrap Template:Sort 0+ 0−+ 0 0 0 Template:Sort Template:Nowrap or
Template:Nowrap
Template:Nowrap
Eta prime meson[13] Template:Subatomic particle(958) Self Template:Nowrap Template:Sort 0+ 0−+ 0 0 0 Template:Sort Template:Nowrap
Template:Nowrap
Template:Nowrap
Charmed eta meson[14] Template:Subatomic particle(1S) Self Template:Subatomic particleTemplate:Subatomic particle Template:Val 0+ 0−+ 0 0 0 Template:Sort See Template:Subatomic particle decay modes
Bottom eta meson[15] Template:Subatomic particle(1S) Self Template:Subatomic particleTemplate:Subatomic particle Template:Val Template:ColorTemplate:Color Template:ColorTemplate:Color+ 0 0 0 Template:Sort See Template:Subatomic particle decay modes
Kaon[16] Template:Subatomic particle Template:Subatomic particle Template:Subatomic particleTemplate:Subatomic particle Template:Sort Template:Frac 0− 1 0 0 Template:Sort Template:Nowrap
Template:Nowrap
Template:Nowrap
Template:Nowrap
Kaon[17] Template:Subatomic particle Template:Subatomic particle Template:Subatomic particleTemplate:Subatomic particle Template:Sort Template:Frac 0− 1 0 0 Template:Ref Template:Ref
K-Short[18] Template:Subatomic particle Self Template:Nowrap Template:SortTemplate:Ref Template:Frac 0− (*) 0 0 Template:Sort Template:Nowrap

Template:Nowrap

K-Long[19] Template:Subatomic particle Self Template:Nowrap Template:SortTemplate:Ref Template:Frac 0− (*) 0 0 Template:Sort Template:Nowrap
Template:Nowrap
Template:Nowrap
Template:Nowrap
D meson[20] Template:Subatomic particle Template:Subatomic particle Template:Subatomic particleTemplate:Subatomic particle Template:Val Template:Frac 0− 0 +1 0 Template:Sort See Template:Subatomic particle decay modes
D meson[21] Template:Subatomic particle Template:Subatomic particle Template:Subatomic particleTemplate:Subatomic particle Template:Val Template:Frac 0− 0 +1 0 Template:Sort See Template:Subatomic particle decay modes
strange D meson[22] Template:Subatomic particle Template:Subatomic particle Template:Subatomic particleTemplate:Subatomic particle Template:Val 0 0Template:Color +1 +1 0 Template:Sort See Template:Subatomic particle decay modes
B meson[23] Template:Subatomic particle Template:Subatomic particle Template:Subatomic particleTemplate:Subatomic particle Template:Val Template:Color Template:ColorTemplate:Color 0 0 +1 Template:Sort See Template:Subatomic particle decay modes
B meson[24] Template:Subatomic particle Template:Subatomic particle Template:Subatomic particleTemplate:Subatomic particle Template:Val Template:Color Template:ColorTemplate:Color 0 0 +1 Template:Sort See Template:Subatomic particle decay modes
Strange B meson[25] Template:Subatomic particle Template:Subatomic particle Template:Subatomic particleTemplate:Subatomic particle Template:Val Template:Color Template:ColorTemplate:Color −1 0 +1 Template:Sort See Template:Subatomic particle decay modes
Charmed B meson[26] Template:Subatomic particle Template:Subatomic particle Template:Subatomic particleTemplate:Subatomic particle Template:Val Template:Color Template:ColorTemplate:Color 0 +1 +1 Template:Sort See Template:Subatomic particle decay modes

[a] Template:Note Makeup inexact due to non-zero quark masses.
[b] Template:Note PDG reports the resonance width (Γ). Here the conversion τ = Template:Frac is given instead.
[c] Template:NoteStrong eigenstate. No definite lifetime (see kaon notes below)
[d] Template:Note The mass of the Template:Subatomic particle and Template:Subatomic particle are given as that of the Template:Subatomic particle. However, it is known that a difference between the masses of the Template:Subatomic particle and Template:Subatomic particle on the order of Template:Val exists.[19]
[e] Template:NoteWeak eigenstate. Makeup is missing small CP–violating term (see notes on neutral kaons below).

Vector mesons

Vector mesons
Particle
name 		Particle
symbol 		Antiparticle
symbol 		Quark
content 		Rest mass (MeV/c2) IG JPC S C B' Mean lifetime (s) Commonly decays to
(>5% of decays)
Charged rho meson[27] Template:Subatomic particle(770) Template:Subatomic particle(770) Template:Subatomic particleTemplate:Subatomic particle Template:Sort 1+ 1− 0 0 0 Template:Sort Template:Nowrap
Neutral rho meson[27] Template:Subatomic particle(770) Self Template:Nowrap Template:Sort 1+ 1−− 0 0 0 Template:Sort Template:Nowrap
Omega meson[28] Template:Subatomic particle(782) Self Template:Nowrap Template:Sort 0− 1−− 0 0 0 Template:Sort Template:Nowrap
Template:Nowrap
Phi meson[29] Template:Subatomic particle(1020) Self Template:Subatomic particleTemplate:Subatomic particle Template:Val 0− 1−− 0 0 0 Template:Sort Template:Nowrap
Template:Nowrap
Template:Nowrap
J/Psi[30] Template:Subatomic particle Self Template:Subatomic particleTemplate:Subatomic particle Template:Val 0− 1−− 0 0 0 Template:Sort See Template:Subatomic particle(1S) decay modes
Upsilon meson[31] Template:Subatomic particle(1S) Self Template:Subatomic particleTemplate:Subatomic particle Template:Val 0− 1−− 0 0 0 Template:Sort See Template:Subatomic particle(1S) decay modes
Kaon[32] Template:Subatomic particle Template:Subatomic particle Template:Subatomic particleTemplate:Subatomic particle Template:Sort Template:Frac 1− 1 0 0 Template:Sort See Template:Subatomic particle(892) decay modes
Kaon[32] Template:Subatomic particle Template:Subatomic particle Template:Subatomic particleTemplate:Subatomic particle Template:Sort Template:Frac 1− 1 0 0 Template:Sort See Template:Subatomic particle(892) decay modes
D meson[33] Template:Subatomic particle(2010) Template:Subatomic particle(2010) Template:Subatomic particleTemplate:Subatomic particle Template:Val Template:Color Template:ColorTemplate:Color 0 +1 0 Template:Sort Template:Nowrap
Template:Nowrap
D meson[34] Template:Subatomic particle(2007) Template:Subatomic particle(2007) Template:Subatomic particleTemplate:Subatomic particle Template:Val Template:Color Template:ColorTemplate:Color 0 +1 0 Template:Sort Template:Nowrap
Template:Nowrap
Strange D meson[35] Template:Subatomic particle Template:Subatomic particle Template:Subatomic particleTemplate:Subatomic particle Template:Val Template:Color Template:ColorTemplate:Color +1 +1 0 Template:Sort Template:Nowrap
Template:Nowrap
B meson[36] Template:Subatomic particle Template:Subatomic particle Template:Subatomic particleTemplate:Subatomic particle Template:Val Template:Color Template:ColorTemplate:Color 0 0 +1 Unknown Template:Nowrap
B meson[36] Template:Subatomic particle Template:Subatomic particle Template:Subatomic particleTemplate:Subatomic particle Template:Val Template:Color Template:ColorTemplate:Color 0 0 +1 Unknown Template:Nowrap
Strange B meson[37] Template:Subatomic particle Template:Subatomic particle Template:Subatomic particleTemplate:Subatomic particle Template:Val Template:Color Template:ColorTemplate:Color −1 0 +1 Unknown Template:Nowrap
Charmed B meson† Template:Subatomic particle Template:Subatomic particle Template:Subatomic particleTemplate:Subatomic particle Unknown Template:Color Template:ColorTemplate:Color 0 +1 +1 Unknown Unknown

[f] Template:Note PDG reports the resonance width (Γ). Here the conversion τ = Template:Frac is given instead.
[g] Template:Note The exact value depends on the method used. See the given reference for detail.

Notes on neutral kaons

There are two complications with neutral kaons:[38]

Note that these issues also exist in principle for other neutral flavored mesons; however, the weak eigenstates are considered separate particles only for kaons because of their dramatically different lifetimes.[38]

See also

Template:Clear

References

Template:Reflist

Bibliography

Template:Refbegin

Template:Refend

Template:Particles

it:Lista dei mesoni

  1. ↑ J.J. Aubert et al. (1974)
  2. ↑ J.E. Augustin et al. (1974)
  3. ↑ S.W. Herb et al. (1977)
  4. ↑ K.A. Olive et al. (2024): Meson Summary Table
  5. ↑ Kan Chen, et al., "Light axial vector mesons" Phys. Rev. D 91, 074025 (2015) doi: 10.1103/PhysRevD.91.074025 open access copy available at https://arxiv.org/abs/1501.07766
  6. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  7. ↑ Template:Cite conference
  8. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  9. ↑ Template:Cite journal Template:Cite web
  10. ↑ K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings – Template:Subatomic particle
  11. ↑ K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings – Template:Subatomic particle
  12. ↑ K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings – Template:Subatomic particle
  13. ↑ K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings – Template:Subatomic particle
  14. ↑ K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings – Template:Subatomic particle
  15. ↑ K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings – Template:Subatomic particle
  16. ↑ K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings – Template:Subatomic particle
  17. ↑ K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings – Template:Subatomic particle
  18. ↑ K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings – Template:Subatomic particle
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings – Template:Subatomic particle
  20. ↑ K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings – Template:Subatomic particle
  21. ↑ K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings – Template:Subatomic particle
  22. ↑ K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings – Template:Subatomic particle
  23. ↑ K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings – Template:Subatomic particle
  24. ↑ K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings – Template:Subatomic particle
  25. ↑ K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings – Template:Subatomic particle
  26. ↑ K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings – Template:Subatomic particle
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings – Template:Subatomic particle
  28. ↑ K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings – Template:Subatomic particle(782)
  29. ↑ K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings – Template:Subatomic particle
  30. ↑ K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings – J/Ψ
  31. ↑ K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings – Template:Subatomic particle(1S)
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings – Template:Subatomic particle(892)
  33. ↑ K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings – Template:Subatomic particle(2010)
  34. ↑ K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings – Template:Subatomic particle(2007)
  35. ↑ K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings – Template:Subatomic particle
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings – Template:Subatomic particle
  37. ↑ K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings – Template:Subatomic particle
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 J.W. Cronin (1980)
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