View source for Wheelbase

{{Short description|Distance between the centers of the front and rear wheels}}
{{for|the British TV series of the same name|Wheelbase (TV series)}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2011}}
[[File:Wheelbase and Track.png|thumb|320px|Wheelbase (measured between rotational centers of wheels)]]
[[File:Bike dimensions.svg|thumb|320px|[[Bicycle and motorcycle geometry|Bike geometry parameters]]: The '''wheelbase''' of a [[bicycle]]]]
In both road and rail [[vehicle]]s, the '''wheelbase''' is the horizontal distance between the centers of the front and rear wheels. For road vehicles with more than two axles (e.g. some trucks), the wheelbase is  the distance between the steering (front) axle and the centerpoint of the driving axle group. In the case of a tri-axle truck, the wheelbase would be the distance between the steering axle and a point midway between the two rear axles.<ref>[https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:8855:ed-2:v1:en:term:4.2 ISO 8855:2011, 4.2]</ref>

== Vehicles ==

The '''wheelbase''' of a [[vehicle]] equals the distance between its front and rear wheels.  At equilibrium, the total [[torque]] of the forces acting on a vehicle is zero.   Therefore, the wheelbase is related to the [[force]] on each pair of tires by the following formula:
:<math>F_f = {d_r \over L}mg</math>

:<math>F_r = {d_f \over L}mg</math>
where <math>F_f</math> is the force on the front tires, <math>F_r</math> is the force on the rear tires, <math>L</math> is the wheelbase, <math>d_r</math> is the distance from the [[center of mass]] (CM) to the rear wheels, <math>d_f</math> is the distance from the center of mass to the front wheels (<math>d_f</math> + <math>d_r</math> = <math>L</math>), <math>m</math> is the [[mass]] of the vehicle, and <math>g</math> is the [[Standard gravity|gravity constant]]. So, for example, when a truck is loaded, its center of gravity shifts rearward and the force on the rear tires increases.  The vehicle will then ride lower.  The amount the vehicle sinks will depend on counter acting forces, like the size of the tires, tire pressure, and the [[spring rate]] of the [[suspension (vehicle)|suspension]].
If the vehicle is [[acceleration|accelerating]] or decelerating, extra torque is placed on the rear or front [[tire]] respectively.  The equation relating the wheelbase, height above the ground of the CM, and the force on each pair of tires becomes:
:<math>F_f = {d_r \over L}mg - {h_{cm} \over L}ma</math>

:<math>F_r = {d_f \over L}mg + {h_{cm} \over L}ma</math>
where <math>F_f</math> is the force on the front tires, <math>F_r</math> is the force on the rear tires, <math>d_r</math> is the distance from the CM to the rear wheels, <math>d_f</math> is the distance from the CM to the front wheels, <math>L</math> is the wheelbase, <math>m</math> is the mass of the vehicle, <math>g</math> is the acceleration of gravity (approx. 9.8&nbsp;m/s<sup>2</sup>), <math>h_{cm}</math> is the height of the CM above the ground, <math>a</math> is the acceleration (or deceleration if the value is negative). So, as is common experience, when the vehicle accelerates, the rear usually sinks and the front rises depending on the suspension. Likewise, when braking the front noses down and the rear rises.<ref>{{cite book
| title = Introduction to Statics and Dynamics
| last = Ruina
| first = Andy
|author2=Rudra Pratap
|author2-link=Rudra Pratap
| year = 2002
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| url = http://ruina.tam.cornell.edu/Book/RuinaPratapNoProblems.pdf 
| access-date = 2007-03-23
| page = 350
}}</ref>

Because of the effect the wheelbase has on the weight distribution of the vehicle, wheelbase dimensions are crucial to the balance and steering. For example, a [[Automobile|car]] with a much greater weight load on the rear tends to [[understeer]] due to the lack of the load (force) on the front tires and therefore the grip ([[friction]]) from them. This is why it is crucial, when towing a single-axle caravan, to distribute the caravan's weight so that down-thrust on the tow-hook is about 100 pounds force (400 N). Likewise, a car may [[oversteer]] or even "spin out" if there is too much force on the front tires and not enough on the rear tires. Also, when turning there is lateral torque placed upon the tires which imparts a turning force that depends upon the length of the tire distances from the CM. Thus, in a car with a short wheelbase ("SWB"), the short lever arm from the CM to the rear wheel will result in a greater lateral [[force]] on the rear tire which means greater acceleration and less time for the driver to adjust and prevent a spin out or worse.

Wheelbases provide the basis for one of the most common [[vehicle size class]] systems.

===Varying wheelbases within nameplate===

Some [[vehicle]]s are offered with long-wheelbase variants to increase the spaciousness and therefore the luxury of the vehicle. This practice can often be found on [[full-size car]]s like the [[Mercedes-Benz S-Class]], but [[Luxury vehicle#Ultra-luxury cars|ultra-luxury vehicles]] such as the [[Rolls-Royce Phantom (2003)|Rolls-Royce Phantom]] and even [[large family cars]] like the [[Rover 75]] came with 'limousine' versions. Prime Minister of the United Kingdom [[Tony Blair]] was given a long-wheelbase version of the Rover 75 for official use.<ref name="Biggs">{{cite web|last1=Biggs|first1=Henry|title=Rover 75|url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/car-reviews/15966/rover-75|website=autoexpress.co.uk|publisher=Auto Express|access-date=May 8, 2017|language=en|date=October 27, 2004}}</ref> and even some SUVs like the [[VW Tiguan]] and [[Jeep Wrangler]] are available with long wheelbases.

In contrast, [[coupé]] varieties of some vehicles such as the [[Honda Accord]] are usually built on shorter wheelbases than the [[Sedan (automobile)|sedans]] they are derived from.

=== Bikes ===
{{main|Bicycle and motorcycle geometry}}

The [[Bicycle and motorcycle geometry#Wheelbase|wheelbase]] on many commercially available [[bicycle]]s and [[motorcycle]]s is so short, relative to the height of their [[center of gravity|centers of mass]], that they are able to perform [[stoppie]]s and [[wheelie]]s.

=== Skateboards ===

In skateboarding the word 'wheelbase' is used for the distance between the two inner pairs of mounting holes on the deck. This is different from the distance between the rotational centers of the two wheel pairs. A reason for this alternative use is that decks are sold with prefabricated holes, but usually without trucks and wheels. It is therefore easier to use the prefabricated holes for measuring and describing this characteristic of the deck.

A common misconception is that the choice of wheelbase is influenced by the height of the skateboarder. However, the length of the deck would then be a better candidate, because the wheelbase affects characteristics useful in different speeds or terrains regardless of the height of the skateboarder. For example, a deck with a long wheelbase, say {{convert|22|in|cm|1}}, will respond slowly to turns, which is often desirable in high speeds. A deck with a short wheelbase, say {{convert|14|in|cm|1}}, will respond quickly to turns, which is often desirable when skating backyard pools or other terrains requiring quick or intense turns.

== Rail ==

In rail vehicles, the wheelbase follows a similar concept. However, since the wheels may be of different sizes (for example, on a [[steam locomotive]]), the measurement is taken between the points where the wheels contact the rail, and not between the centers of the wheels.

On vehicles where the [[Wheelset (railroad)|wheelsets (axles)]] are mounted inside the vehicle frame (mostly in steam locomotives), the wheelbase is the distance between the front-most and rear-most wheelsets.

On vehicles where the wheelsets are mounted on [[bogie|bogies (American: trucks)]], three wheelbase measurements can be distinguished:
* the distance between the pivot points of the front-most and rear-most bogie;
* the distance between the front-most and rear-most wheelsets of the vehicle;
* the distance between the front-most and rear-most wheelsets of each bogie.

The wheelbase affects the rail vehicle's capability to negotiate curves. Short-wheelbased vehicles can negotiate sharper curves. On some larger wheelbase locomotives, inner wheels may lack [[flange]]s in order to pass curves.

The wheelbase also affects the load the vehicle poses to the track, track infrastructure and bridges. All other conditions being equal, a shorter wheelbase vehicle represents a more concentrated load to the track than a longer wheelbase vehicle. As railway lines are designed to take a predetermined maximum load per unit of length (tonnes per meter, or pounds per foot), the rail vehicles' wheelbase is designed according to their intended gross weight. The higher the gross weight, the longer the wheelbase must be.

==See also==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Axle track]] 
*[[Bicycle and motorcycle geometry]]
*[[Force]]
*[[Overhang (vehicles)]]
*[[Static equilibrium]]
*[[Weight]]
* [[Axle track#Rail|Wheel gauge]]
* [[Wheelset (rail transport)|Wheelset]]
{{colend}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Wikidata property|P3039}}

{{Powertrain}}

[[Category:Vehicle technology]]
[[Category:Automotive engineering]]
[[Category:Physical quantities]]
[[Category:Vehicle dynamics]]