View source for Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics

{{short description|Textbook by Herbert Callen}}
{{Infobox book
| name              = Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics
| image             = Callen-front-2nd-ed.jpg
| author            = Herbert Callen
| language          = English
| country           = United States of America
| genre             = Non-fiction
| published         = 1960, 1985
| isbn              = 0-471-86256-8
| image_size        = 200px
| caption           = Second edition front cover
| publisher         = John Wiley & Sons
| media_type        = Print
| pages             = 493
| subjects          = Thermodynamics <br /> Statistical Mechanics
}}

'''''Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics''''' is a textbook written by [[Herbert Callen]] that explains the basics of [[Thermodynamics|classical thermodynamics]] and discusses advanced topics in both classical and quantum frameworks. It covers the subject in an abstract and rigorous manner and contains discussions of applications.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schroeder|first=Daniel V.|title=An Introduction to Thermal Physics|publisher=Addison-Wesley Longman|year=2000|isbn=0-201-38027-7|location=|pages=397|chapter=Suggested Reading}}</ref> The textbook contains three parts, each building upon the previous. The first edition was published in 1960 and a second followed in 1985.

== Overview ==

The first part of the book starts by presenting the problem [[thermodynamics]] is trying to solve, and provides the postulates on which thermodynamics is founded. It then develops upon this foundation to discuss reversible processes, [[heat engine]]s, [[Thermodynamic potential|thermodynamics potentials]], [[Maxwell relations|Maxwell's relations]], [[stability of thermodynamics systems]], and [[first-order phase transition]]s. As the author lays down the basics of thermodynamics, he then goes to discuss more advanced topics such as [[critical phenomena]] and irreversible processes.

The second part of the text presents the foundations of classical [[statistical mechanics]]. The concept of [[Boltzmann's entropy formula|Boltzmann's entropy]] is introduced and used to describe the [[Einstein solid|Einstein model]], the [[Two-state quantum system|two-state system]], and the [[polymer model]]. Afterwards, the different [[Statistical ensemble (mathematical physics)|statistical ensembles]] are discussed from which the [[Thermodynamic potential|thermodynamics potentials]] are derived. [[Quantum fluid]]s and [[Thermal fluctuations|fluctuations]] are also discussed.

The last part of the text is a brief discussion on [[Symmetry (physics)|symmetry]] and the conceptual foundations of thermostatistics. In the final chapter, Callen advances his thesis that the symmetries of the fundamental laws of physics underlie the very foundations of thermodynamics and seeks to illuminate the crucial role thermodynamics plays in science.<ref name=":4" />

Callen advises that a one-semester course for advanced undergraduates should cover the first seven chapters plus chapters 15 and 16 if time permits.<ref name=":4" />

== Second edition ==
=== Background ===
The second edition provides a descriptive account of the thermodynamics of critical phenomena, which progressed dramatically in the 1960s and 1970s. Drawing on feedback from students and instructors, Callen improved many explanations, explicitly solved examples, and added many exercises, many of which have complete or partial answers. He also provided an introduction to statistical mechanics with an emphasis on the core principles rather than the applications. However, he sought to neither separate thermodynamics and statistical mechanics completely nor subsume the former under the latter under the banner of "thermal physics." Indeed, thermal physics courses often emphasizes statistical mechanics at the expense of thermodynamics, despite its importance for industry, as a survey of business leaders conducted by the [[American Physical Society]] in 1971 suggested. Callen observed that thermodynamics had subsequently been de-emphasized.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics|last=Callen|first=Herbert|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=1985|isbn=0-471-86256-8|chapter=Preface}}</ref>

=== Table of Contents ===
{{div col}}
* '''Part I: General Principles of Classical Thermodynamics'''
** Introduction: The Nature of Thermodynamics and the Basis of Thermostatistics
** Chapter 1: The Problem and the Postulates
** Chapter 2: The Conditions of [[Thermodynamic equilibrium|Equilibrium]]
** Chapter 3: Some Formal Relationships, and Sample Systems
** Chapter 4: Reversible Processes and the Maximum Work Theorem
** Chapter 5: Alternative Formulations and [[Legendre transformation|Legendre Transformations]]
** Chapter 6: The Extremum Principle in the Legendre Transformed Representations
** Chapter 7: [[Maxwell relations|Maxwell Relations]]
** Chapter 8: Stability of Thermodynamic Systems
** Chapter 9: First-order [[Phase transition|Phase Transitions]]
** Chapter 10: Critical Phenomena
** Chapter 11: The [[Third law of thermodynamics|Nernst Postulate]]
** Chapter 12: Summary of Principles for General Systems
** Chapter 13: Properties of Materials
** Chapter 14: Irreversible Thermodynamics
* '''Part II: Statistical Mechanics'''
** Chapter 15: Statistical Mechanics in the Entropy Representation
** Chapter 16: The Canonical Formalism; Statistical Mechanics in Helmholtz Representation
** Chapter 17: Entropy and Disorder; Generalized Canonical Formulations
** Chapter 18: [[Quantum fluid|Quantum Fluids]]
** Chapter 19: Fluctuations
** Chapter 20: Variational Properties, Perturbation Expansions, and [[Mean field theory|Mean Field Theory]]
* '''Part III: Foundations'''
** Chapter 21: Postlude: Symmetry and the Conceptual Foundations of Thermostatistics
* Appendix A: Some Relations Involving Partial Derivatives
* Appendix B: Magnetic Systems
* General References
* Index
{{div col end}}

== Reception ==
[[Robert Griffiths (physicist)|Robert B. Griffiths]], a specialist in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics at the [[Carnegie Mellon University]], commented that both editions of this book presents clearly and concisely the core of thermodynamics within the first eight chapters. At the time of writing (1987), Griffiths knew of books that explained the principles of thermodynamics, but Callen's was had the best presentation of the material. He believed Callen offered a pedagogical, if abrupt, treatment of the subject. His book begins in an abstract manner, assuming the existence and properties of entropy and derive the consequences for various processes of interest rather than through heat engines and thermodynamic cycles or by statistical mechanics and [[Boltzmann's entropy formula]] <math>S = k \ln \Omega</math>. However, he argued that Callen's treatment of [[critical phenomena]] (Chapter 10) contains some technical flaws. Callen thought that classical analysis had broken down. But Griffiths wrote that the problem lies not in the breakdown of thermodynamics but rather the [[Taylor series|Taylor-expansion]] of thermodynamic quantities, and that precise expressions of the functions appearing in a fundamental relation should be determined by statistical mechanics and experiments, not thermodynamics. Nevertheless, Griffiths still believed this book to be an excellent resource for learning the basics of thermodynamics.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Griffiths|first=Robert B.|date=September 1987|title=Thermodynamics and An Introduction to Thermostatistics|url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/450289|journal=American Journal of Physics|volume=55|issue=5|pages=860–1|doi=10.1119/1.14986|bibcode=1987AmJPh..55..860C|s2cid=122180304 }}</ref>

According to L.C. Scott, who studied statistical mechanics and biophysics at [[Oklahoma State University–Stillwater|Oklahoma State University]], ''Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics'' is a popular textbook that begins with some basic postulates based on intuitive classical, empirical, and macroscopic arguments. He found that it is remarkable for the whole edifice of classical thermodynamics to follow from just a few basic assumptions. However, Scott preferred the discussion of temperature in ''Heat and Thermodynamics'' by [[Mark Zemansky|Mark W. Zemansky]] and Richard H. Dittman because it is based on [[Temperature measurement|thermometry]] and forces students to contemplate the empirical basis of concept of temperature, leaving aside the molecular basis of [[heat]]. He argued that such an approach yields greater appreciation for the meaning of temperature and its statistical-mechanical basis which students will encounter later. In contrast, Callen's book does not mention temperature till Chapter 2, where Callen defines temperature as the reciprocal of the derivative of [[entropy]] with respect to [[internal energy]] then shows, using the postulates, that this definition is consistent with our intuition. While Zemansky and Dittman cover the [[first law of thermodynamics]] empirically, Callen simply assumes the existence of the internal energy function the invokes the [[Conservative force|conservative]] nature of inter-atomic forces. Whereas Zemansky and Dittman treated the [[second law of thermodynamics]] using heat engines and simply state the [[Clausius theorem|Clausius]] and [[Kelvin–Planck statement|Kelvin formulations]] of it, in Callen's book, the second law is contained within the postulates. Scott was unsure which approach is more understandable for students. In general, Zemansky and Dittman employed an empirical approach while that of Callen is deductive. Scott opined that Zemansky and Dittman's book is more suitable for beginning students while Callen's is more appropriate for an advanced course or as a reference.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Scott|first=L. C.|date=February 1998|title=Thermodynamics and An Introduction to Thermostatistics, 2nd ed|journal=[[American Journal of Physics]] |volume=66|issue=2|pages=164–7|doi=10.1119/1.19071|bibcode=1998AmJPh..66..164C}}</ref>

== Editions ==
* {{cite book|first=Herbert B.|last=Callen|author-link=Herbert Callen|year=1960|title=Thermodynamics: An Introduction to the Physical Theories of Equilibrium Thermostatics and Irreversible Thermodynamics|edition=1st|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=New York |oclc=630395039}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kestin|first=J.|date=1960-09-01|title=none|journal=[[Journal of Applied Mechanics]]|language=en|volume=27|issue=3|pages=599–600|doi=10.1115/1.3644060|issn=0021-8936|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bridgman|first=P. W.|date=October 1960|title=none|journal=[[American Journal of Physics]]|language=en|volume=28|issue=7|pages=684|bibcode=1960AmJPh..28..684C|doi=10.1119/1.1935945|issn=0002-9505}}</ref>
* {{cite book|first=Herbert B.|last=Callen|author-link=Herbert Callen|year=1985|title=Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics|edition=2nd|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=New York|isbn=0-471-86256-8 |oclc=1109708066}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Books|Physics}}
* [[List of textbooks in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics]]
* [[List of textbooks on classical mechanics and quantum mechanics]]

== References ==
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[[Category:1960 books]]
[[Category:1985 books]]
[[Category:Physics textbooks]]
[[Category:Thermodynamics literature]]