View source for Sagittarius A*

{{Short description|Supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way}}
{{About|the black hole|the surrounding region|Sagittarius A}}
{{use mdy dates|cs1-dates=l|date=May 2022}}
{{Starbox begin | name = Sagittarius A*}}
{{Starbox image | image = [[File:EHT Saggitarius A black hole.tif|250px]] | caption = Sagittarius A* imaged by the [[Event Horizon Telescope]] in 2017, released in 2022}}
{{Starbox observe
| epoch=[[J2000]]
| constell=[[Sagittarius (constellation)|Sagittarius]]
| ra={{RA|17|45|40.0409}}
| dec={{DEC|−29|0|28.118}}<ref>[[#Reid|Reid and Brunthaler 2004]]</ref>
}}
{{Starbox detail
| mass ={{val|8.54|e=36|u=kilogram}} <br/>{{val|4.297|e=6}}<ref name="GRAVITY">{{cite journal|author=The GRAVITY collaboration|date=September 2023|title=Polarimetry and astrometry of NIR flares as event horizon scale, dynamical probes for the mass of Sgr A*|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|volume=677|pages=L10|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202347416|arxiv=2307.11821 |bibcode=2023A&A...677L..10G |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2023/09/aa47416-23/aa47416-23.html|doi-access=free}}</ref>
}}
{{Starbox astrometry
| dist_pc={{val|8277|9}}<ref name=GRAVITY/>
| dist_ly={{val|26996|33}}<ref name=GRAVITY/>
}}
{{Starbox reference
|Simbad=NAME+Sgr+A*
}}
{{Starbox end}}
{{Sky|17|45|40.0409|-|29|0|28.118|2360000}}<!---
[[File:Chandra image of Sgr A.jpg|thumb|[[Chandra X-ray Observatory]] image of Sgr A*.]] 
--->
'''Sagittarius A*''', abbreviated as '''Sgr&nbsp;A*''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|æ|dʒ|_|ˈ|eɪ|_|s|t|ɑːr}} {{Respell|SADGE|AY|star}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Astronomers reveal first image of the black hole at the heart of our galaxy |url=https://eventhorizontelescope.org/blog/astronomers-reveal-first-image-black-hole-heart-our-galaxy |access-date=May 12, 2022 |website=Event Horizon Telescope |date=May 12, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=May 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512132514/https://eventhorizontelescope.org/blog/astronomers-reveal-first-image-black-hole-heart-our-galaxy |url-status=live }}</ref>), is the [[supermassive black hole]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Parsons |first=Jeff |date=October 31, 2018 |title=Scientists find proof a supermassive black hole is lurking at the centre of the Milky Way |language=en-GB |work=Metro |url=https://metro.co.uk/2018/10/31/scientists-find-proof-a-supermassive-black-hole-is-lurking-at-the-centre-of-the-milky-way-8092994/ |url-status=live |access-date=October 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031214911/https://metro.co.uk/2018/10/31/scientists-find-proof-a-supermassive-black-hole-is-lurking-at-the-centre-of-the-milky-way-8092994/ |archive-date=October 31, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mosher |first=Dave |date=October 31, 2018 |title=A 'mind-boggling' telescope observation has revealed the point of no return for our galaxy's monster black hole |work=The Middletown Press |publisher=Business Insider |url=https://www.middletownpress.com/technology/businessinsider/article/Supermassive-black-holes-gorge-themselves-on-a-7971243.php |url-status=dead |access-date=May 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031144008/https://www.middletownpress.com/technology/businessinsider/article/Supermassive-black-holes-gorge-themselves-on-a-7971243.php |archive-date=October 31, 2018}}</ref><ref name="plait">{{cite web |last1=Plait |first1=Phil |author-link=Phil Plait |date=November 7, 2018 |title=Astronomers See Material Orbiting a Black Hole *Right* at the Edge of Forever |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/astronomers-see-material-orbiting-a-black-hole-right-at-the-edge-of-forever |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110143143/https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/astronomers-see-material-orbiting-a-black-hole-right-at-the-edge-of-forever |archive-date=10 November 2018 |access-date=November 12, 2018 |website=Bad Astronomy |publisher=Syfy Wire |language=en}}</ref> at the [[Galactic Center]] of the [[Milky Way]]. Viewed from Earth, it is located near the border of the constellations [[Sagittarius (constellation)|Sagittarius]] and [[Scorpius]], about 5.6° south of the [[ecliptic]],<ref>Calculated using [https://frostydrew.org/utilities.dc/convert/tool-eq_coordinates/pss-fdo/ Equatorial and Ecliptic Coordinates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721134008/https://frostydrew.org/utilities.dc/convert/tool-eq_coordinates/pss-fdo/|date=July 21, 2019|title=}} calculator</ref> visually close to the [[Butterfly Cluster]] (M6) and [[Lambda Scorpii]].

The object is a bright and very compact [[astronomical radio source]]. The name Sagittarius A* distinguishes the compact source from the larger (and much brighter) [[Sagittarius&nbsp;A]] (Sgr&nbsp;A) region in which it is embedded.  Sgr&nbsp;A* was discovered in 1974 by {{ill|Bruce Balick|de}} and Robert L. Brown,<ref name="Intense sub-arcsecond structure in">{{cite journal|last1=Balick |first1=B. |last2=Brown |first2=R. L.|title=Intense sub-arcsecond structure in the galactic center|journal=Astrophysical Journal|date=1 December 1974|volume=194|issue=1|pages=265–270|doi=10.1086/153242|bibcode=1974ApJ...194..265B|s2cid=121802758 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Melia 2007, p. 7">[[#Melia|Melia 2007]], p. 7</ref> and the [[asterisk]] {{char|'''*'''}} was assigned in 1982 by Brown,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Robert L. |date=November 1, 1982 |title=Precessing Jets in Sagittarius A: Gas Dynamics in the Central Parsec of the Galaxy |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=262 |pages=110&ndash;119 |bibcode=1982ApJ...262..110B |doi=10.1086/160401 |doi-access=free }}</ref> who understood that the strongest radio emission from the center of the galaxy appeared to be due to a compact non-thermal radio object.

The observations of several stars orbiting Sagittarius A*, particularly [[S2 (star)|star S2]], have been used to determine the mass and upper limits on the radius of the object. Based on mass and increasingly precise radius limits, astronomers have concluded that Sagittarius A* must be the central supermassive black hole of the Milky Way galaxy.<ref name="Henderson">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article5316001.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216235509/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article5316001.ece|archive-date=2008-12-16|title=Astronomers confirm black hole at the heart of the Milky Way|last=Henderson|first=Mark|date=2009-12-09 |publisher= Times Online|access-date=2019-06-06}}</ref> The current best estimate of its mass is 4.297{{±|0.012}} million [[solar mass]]es.<ref name="GRAVITY"/>

[[Reinhard Genzel]] and [[Andrea M. Ghez|Andrea Ghez]] were awarded the 2020 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for their discovery that Sagittarius A* is a supermassive compact object, for which a [[black hole]] was the only plausible explanation at the time.<ref>{{cite news|date=6 October 2020|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020|language=en-us|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/summary/|access-date=7 October 2020|archive-date=24 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424115309/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/summary/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2022, astronomers released the first image of the [[accretion disk]] around the horizon of Sagittarius A*, confirming it to be a black hole, using the [[Event Horizon Telescope]], a world-wide network of radio observatories.<ref name="AJ-202205">{{cite journal |last=Bower |first=Geoffrey C. |date=May 2022 |title=Focus on First Sgr A* Results from the Event Horizon Telescope |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2041-8205/page/Focus_on_First_Sgr_A_Results |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] |access-date=May 12, 2022 |archive-date=July 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719162915/https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2041-8205/page/Focus_on_First_Sgr_A_Results |url-status=live }}</ref> This is the second confirmed image of a black hole, after [[Messier 87#Supermassive black hole M87*|Messier 87's supermassive black hole]] in 2019.<ref name="ESO2208">{{cite news|url=https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso2208-eht-mw/|title=Astronomers reveal first image of the black hole at the heart of our galaxy|work=eso.org|date=12 May 2022|access-date=12 May 2022|archive-date=May 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512130910/https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso2208-eht-mw/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20220512"/> The black hole itself is not seen; as light is incapable of escaping the immense gravitational force of a black hole, only nearby objects whose behavior is influenced by the black hole can be observed. The observed radio and infrared energy emanates from gas and dust heated to millions of degrees while falling into the black hole.<ref name="DetectionOfBlackHoleSrgA" />

==Observation and description ==
[[File:Sagittarius Astar in the constellation of Sagittarius.tif|thumb|Sagittarius A* in the constellation of Sagittarius. The black hole is marked with a red circle within the constellation of Sagittarius (The Archer). This map shows most of the stars visible to the unaided eye under good conditions.]]
[[File:Eso2208-eht-mwe.tif|thumb|Size comparison between Sagittarius A* and [[Messier 87#Supermassive black hole M87*|M87*]]. The diameter of Sagittarius A* is smaller than the orbit of [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]].]]

On May 12, 2022, the first image of Sagittarius A* was released by the [[Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration]]. The image, which is based on radio interferometer data taken in 2017, confirms that the object contains a black hole. This is the second image of a black hole.<ref name="ESO2208"/><ref name="Shadow" /> This image took five years of calculations to process.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hensley |first=Kerry |date=2022-05-12 |title=First Image of the Milky Way's Supermassive Black Hole |url=https://aasnova.org/2022/05/12/first-image-of-the-milky-ways-supermassive-black-hole/ |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=AAS Nova |language=en-US |archive-date=August 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802102347/https://aasnova.org/2022/05/12/first-image-of-the-milky-ways-supermassive-black-hole/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The data was collected by eight radio observatories at six geographical sites. Radio images are produced from data by [[aperture synthesis]], usually from night-long observations of stable sources. The radio emission from Sgr A* varies on the order of minutes, complicating the analysis.<ref>{{cite journal |author=The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration |date=1 May 2022 |title=First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. III. Imaging of the Galactic Center Supermassive Black Hole |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume=930 |issue=2 |page=L14 |arxiv=2311.09479 |bibcode=2022ApJ...930L..14E |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ac6429 |issn=2041-8205 |eissn=2041-8213 |s2cid=248744704 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Their result gives an overall [[angular diameter|angular size]] for the source of {{val|51.8|2.3|ul=μas}}.<ref name="Shadow">{{cite journal |author=The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration |date=1 May 2022 |title=First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole in the Center of the Milky Way |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume=930 |issue=2 |page=L12 |bibcode=2022ApJ...930L..12E |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ac6674 |issn=2041-8205 |eissn=2041-8213 |s2cid=248744791 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=10261/278882}}</ref> At a distance of {{Convert|26,000|ly|pc|lk=on|abbr=off}}, this yields a diameter of {{Convert|51.8|e6km|e6mi|abbr=none}}.{{efn|name=dc1|This roughly equates to around 37 times the diameter of the Sun at ~1,400,000 kilometers (~865,000 miles).}} For comparison, Earth is {{Convert|150|e6km|AU e6mi|lk=on|abbr=none}} from the [[Sun]], and [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] is {{Convert|46|e6km|AU e6mi|abbr=unit}} from the Sun at [[Apsis|perihelion]]. The [[proper motion]] of Sgr&nbsp;A* is approximately −2.70&nbsp;[[Minute and second of arc|mas]] per year for the [[right ascension]] and −5.6&nbsp;mas per year for the [[declination]].<ref>[[#Backer|Backer and Sramek 1999]], § 3</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2041-8205/page/Focus_on_EHT|title=Focus on the First Event Horizon Telescope Results – The Astrophysical Journal Letters – IOPscience|website=iopscience.iop.org|access-date=2019-04-10|archive-date=2019-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514171744/https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2041-8205/page/Focus_on_EHT|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/10/science/black-hole-picture.html|title=Black Hole Picture Revealed for the First Time|last=Overbye|first=Dennis|date=2019-04-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-04-10|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2019-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521020231/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/10/science/black-hole-picture.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
The telescope's measurement of these black holes tested Einstein's [[theory of relativity]] more rigorously than has previously been done, and the results match perfectly.<ref name="NYT-20220512">{{Cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |date=2022-05-12 |title=The Milky Way's Black Hole Comes to Light |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/12/science/black-hole-photo.html |access-date=2022-05-12 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512040455/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/12/science/black-hole-photo.html/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2019, measurements made with the High-resolution Airborne Wideband Camera-Plus (HAWC+) mounted in the [[Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy|SOFIA]] aircraft<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sofia.usra.edu/science/instruments/hawc#|title=HAWC+, the Far-Infrared Camera and Polarimeter for SOFIA|date=2018|access-date=2021-08-03|archive-date=2021-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803210336/https://www.sofia.usra.edu/science/instruments/hawc|url-status=live}}</ref> revealed that magnetic fields cause the surrounding ring of gas and dust, temperatures of which range from {{Convert|-280|to|17500|F|K C}},<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.space.com/milky-way-monster-black-hole-cool-disk.html|title=The Milky Way's Monster Black Hole Has a Cool Gas Halo – Literally|work=Space.com|date=5 June 2019|access-date=19 June 2019|archive-date=19 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619004814/https://www.space.com/milky-way-monster-black-hole-cool-disk.html|url-status=live}}</ref> to flow into an orbit around Sagittarius A*, keeping black hole emissions low.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.space.com/milky-way-supermassive-black-hole-magnetic-field-quiet.html|title=Magnetic Fields May Muzzle Milky Way's Monster Black Hole|work=Space.com|date=14 June 2019|access-date=19 June 2019|archive-date=18 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618050808/https://www.space.com/milky-way-supermassive-black-hole-magnetic-field-quiet.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Astronomers have been unable to observe Sgr&nbsp;A* in the [[Visible spectrum|optical spectrum]] because of the effect of 25 [[Magnitude (astronomy)|magnitudes]] of [[Extinction (astronomy)|extinction]] (absorption and scattering) by dust and gas between the source and Earth.<ref name="Osterbrock">[[#Osterbrock|Osterbrock and Ferland 2006]], p. 390</ref>

==History==
In April 1933, [[Karl Guthe Jansky|Karl Jansky]], considered one of the fathers of radio astronomy, discovered that a radio signal was coming from a location in the direction of the constellation of Sagittarius, towards the center of the Milky Way.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://armaghplanet.com/karl-jansky-the-father-of-radio-astronomy.html |title=Karl Jansky: The Father of Radio Astronomy |date=29 August 2012 |access-date=2019-01-27 |archive-date=2019-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628163259/http://www.armaghplanet.com/karl-jansky-the-father-of-radio-astronomy.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The radio source later became known as [[Sagittarius A]]. His observations did not extend quite as far south as we now know to be the Galactic Center.<ref name="goss_history">{{cite journal |last1=Goss |first1=W. M. |last2=McGee |first2=R. X. |title=The Discovery of the Radio Source Sagittarius A (Sgr A) |journal=The Galactic Center, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series |date=1996 |volume=102 |pages=369 |bibcode=1996ASPC..102..369G |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996ASPC..102..369G/abstract |access-date=25 February 2021 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303171739/https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996ASPC..102..369G/abstract |url-status=live }}</ref> Observations by [[Jack Piddington]] and [[Harry Clive Minnett|Harry Minnett]] using the [[CSIRO]] radio telescope at [[Potts Hill Reservoirs 1 and 2|Potts Hill Reservoir]], in [[Sydney]] discovered a discrete and bright "Sagittarius-Scorpius" radio source,<ref name="piddington">{{cite journal |last1=Piddington |first1=J. H. |last2=Minnett |first2=H. C. |title=Observations of Galactic Radiation at Frequencies of 1200 and 3000 Mc/s. |journal=Australian Journal of Scientific Research A |date=1 December 1951 |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=459 |doi=10.1071/CH9510459 |bibcode=1951AuSRA...4..459P |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1951AuSRA...4..459P/abstract |access-date=25 February 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413090955/https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1951AuSRA...4..459P/abstract |url-status=live }}</ref> which after further observation with the {{Convert|80|ft|m|abbr=off|adj=on}} CSIRO radio telescope at [[Dover Heights]] was identified in a letter to ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' as the probable Galactic Center.<ref name="galactic_centre_mcgee">{{cite journal |last1=McGee |first1=R. X. |last2=Bolton |first2=J. G. |title=Probable observation of the galactic nucleus at 400 Mc./s. |journal=Nature |date=1 May 1954 |volume=173 |issue=4412 |pages=985–987 |doi=10.1038/173985b0 |bibcode=1954Natur.173..985M |s2cid=4188235 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1954Natur.173..985M/abstract |access-date=25 February 2021 |issn=0028-0836 |archive-date=30 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130113909/https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1954Natur.173..985M/abstract |url-status=live }}</ref>

Later observations showed that Sagittarius A actually consists of several overlapping sub-components; a bright and very compact component, Sgr&nbsp;A*, was discovered on February 13 and 15, 1974, by Balick and Robert L. Brown using the baseline interferometer of the [[National Radio Astronomy Observatory]].<ref name="Intense sub-arcsecond structure in"/><ref name="Melia 2007, p. 7"/> The name Sgr&nbsp;A* was coined by Brown in a 1982 paper because the radio source was "exciting", and [[excited state]]s of atoms are denoted with asterisks.<ref>{{Cite journal|arxiv=astro-ph/0305074 |title=The Discovery of Sgr&nbsp;A* |journal=Astronomische Nachrichten |volume=324 |issue=1 |page=497 |date=2003-05-06 |last1=Goss |first1=W. M. |last2=Brown |first2=Robert L. |last3=Lo |first3=K. Y. |doi=10.1002/asna.200385047 |bibcode=2003ANS...324..497G }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Precessing jets in Sagittarius A – Gas dynamics in the central parsec of the galaxy|first=R. L. |last=Brown |journal=Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 |volume=262 |date=1982-11-01 |pages=110–119 |bibcode=1982ApJ...262..110B|doi=10.1086/160401 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Since the 1980s, it has been evident that the central component of Sgr A* is likely a black hole. In 1994, infrared and sub-millimetre spectroscopy studies by a [[University of California, Berkeley|Berkeley]] team involving [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Laureate]] [[Charles H. Townes]] and future Nobel Prize Winner [[Reinhard Genzel]] showed that the mass of Sgr A* was tightly concentrated and on the order of 3 million Suns.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Genzel|first1=R|last2=Hollenbach|first2=D|last3=Townes|first3=C H|date=1994 |title=The nucleus of our Galaxy|journal=Reports on Progress in Physics|volume=57|issue=5|pages=417–479|doi=10.1088/0034-4885/57/5/001|issn=0034-4885|bibcode=1994RPPh...57..417G|s2cid=250900662}}</ref>

On October 16, 2002, an international team led by [[Reinhard Genzel]] at the [[Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics]] reported the observation of the motion of the star [[S2 (star)|S2]] near Sagittarius A* throughout a period of ten years. According to the team's analysis, the data ruled out the possibility that Sgr A* contains a cluster of dark stellar objects or a mass of [[Degenerate matter|degenerate fermions]], strengthening the evidence for a massive black hole. The observations of S2 used [[near-infrared]] (NIR) [[Astronomical interferometer|interferometry]] (in the Ks-band, i.e. 2.1&nbsp;[[μm]]) because of reduced [[Extinction (astronomy)|interstellar extinction]] in this band. SiO [[Astrophysical maser|maser]]s were used to align NIR images with radio observations, as they can be observed in both NIR and radio bands. The rapid motion of S2 (and other nearby stars) easily stood out against slower-moving stars along the line-of-sight so these could be subtracted from the images.<ref>[[#Schodel|Schödel ''et al.'' 2002]]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sakai |first1=Shoko |last2=Lu |first2=Jessica R. |last3=Ghez |first3=Andrea |last4=Jia |first4=Siyao |last5=Do |first5=Tuan |last6=Witzel |first6=Gunther |last7=Gautam |first7=Abhimat K. |last8=Hees |first8=Aurelien |last9=Becklin |first9=E. |last10=Matthews |first10=K. |last11=Hosek |first11=M. W. |date=2019-03-05 |title=The Galactic Center: An Improved Astrometric Reference Frame for Stellar Orbits around the Supermassive Black Hole |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |language=en |volume=873 |issue=1 |pages=65 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ab0361 |arxiv=1901.08685 |bibcode=2019ApJ...873...65S |s2cid=119331998 |issn=1538-4357 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[File:Dusty cloud G2 passes the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Dusty cloud G2 passes the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way.<ref>{{cite web|title=Best View Yet of Dusty Cloud Passing Galactic Centre Black Hole|url=http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1512/|access-date=16 June 2015|archive-date=7 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407034121/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1512/|url-status=live}}</ref> Composition of images taken at different times to show motion; colored blue when approaching the viewer, red when receding; time is left to right. Red cross marks the black hole.]]
The VLBI radio observations of Sagittarius A* could also be aligned centrally with the NIR images, so the focus of S2's elliptical orbit was found to coincide with the position of Sagittarius A*. From examining the [[Kepler orbit|Keplerian orbit]] of S2, they determined the mass of Sagittarius A* to be {{val|4.1|0.6|u=million}} [[solar mass]]es, confined in a volume with a radius no more than 17 light-hours ({{Convert|120|AU|e9km e9mi|lk=on|abbr=unit|disp=sqbr}}).<ref>[[#Ghez03|Ghez ''et al.'' (2003) "The First Measurement of Spectral Lines in a Short-Period Star Bound to the Galaxy's Central Black Hole: A Paradox of Youth" Astrophysical Journal '''586''' L127]]</ref> Later observations of the star S14 showed the mass of the object to be about 4.1&nbsp;million solar masses within a volume with radius no larger than 6.25 light-hours ({{Convert|45|AU|e9km e9mi|abbr=unit|disp=sqbr}}).<ref name="Ghez08">{{cite journal | last = Ghez | first = A. M. | display-authors=etal | title = Measuring Distance and Properties of the Milky Way's Central Supermassive Black Hole with Stellar Orbits | journal = Astrophysical Journal | date = December 2008 | volume = 689 | issue = 2 | pages = 1044–1062 | arxiv=0808.2870 | bibcode = 2008ApJ...689.1044G | doi = 10.1086/592738| s2cid = 18335611 }}</ref> S175 passed within a similar distance.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gillessen|first1=S.|last2=Plewa|first2=P. M.|last3=Eisenhauer|first3=F.|last4=Sari|first4=R.|last5=Waisberg|first5=I.|last6=Habibi|first6=M.|last7=Pfuhl|first7=O.|last8=George|first8=E.|last9=Dexter|first9=J.|date=2017|title=An Update on Monitoring Stellar Orbits in the Galactic Center|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|language=en|volume=837|issue=1|page=30|doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aa5c41|issn=0004-637X|arxiv=1611.09144|bibcode=2017ApJ...837...30G|s2cid=119087402 |doi-access=free }}</ref> For comparison, the [[Schwarzschild radius]] is {{Convert|0.08|AU|e6km e6mi|abbr=unit}}. They also determined the distance from Earth to the [[Galactic Center]] (the rotational center of the Milky Way), which is important in calibrating astronomical distance scales, as {{Convert|8,000|±|600|lk=on|abbr=off|pc|ly|sigfig=1}}. In November 2004, a team of astronomers reported the discovery of a potential [[intermediate-mass black hole]], referred to as [[GCIRS 13E]], orbiting 3 light-years from Sagittarius A*. This black hole of 1,300 solar masses is within a cluster of seven stars. This observation may add support to the idea that supermassive black holes grow by absorbing nearby smaller black holes and stars.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

After monitoring stellar orbits around Sagittarius A* for 16 years, Gillessen ''et al.'' estimated the object's mass at {{val|4.31|0.38|u=million}} solar masses. The result was announced in 2008 and published in ''[[The Astrophysical Journal]]'' in 2009.<ref name="Gillessen">[[#Gillessen|Gillessen ''et al.'' 2009]]</ref> [[Reinhard Genzel]], team leader of the research, said the study has delivered "what is now considered to be the best empirical evidence that supermassive black holes do really exist. The stellar orbits in the Galactic Center show that the central mass concentration of four million solar masses must be a black hole, beyond any reasonable doubt."<ref>[[#ONeill|O'Neill 2008]]</ref>

On January 5, 2015, NASA reported observing an [[X-ray]] flare 400 times brighter than usual, a record-breaker, from Sgr&nbsp;A*. The unusual event may have been caused by the breaking apart of an [[asteroid]] falling into the black hole or by the entanglement of [[magnetic field]] lines within gas flowing into Sgr&nbsp;A*, according to astronomers.<ref name="NASA-20150105">{{cite web |last1=Chou |first1=Felicia |last2=Anderson |first2=Janet |last3=Watzke |first3=Megan |title=NASA's Chandra Detects Record-Breaking Outburst from Milky Way's Black Hole |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press/2015/january/nasa-s-chandra-detects-record-breaking-outburst-from-milky-way-s-black-hole/ |date=January 5, 2015 |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=January 6, 2015 |archive-date=January 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106100532/http://www.nasa.gov/press/2015/january/nasa-s-chandra-detects-record-breaking-outburst-from-milky-way-s-black-hole/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 13 May 2019, astronomers using the [[Keck Observatory]] witnessed a sudden brightening of Sgr&nbsp;A*, which became 75 times brighter than usual, suggesting that the supermassive black hole may have encountered another object.<ref>{{cite news |title=Our Galaxy's Supermassive Black Hole Has Emitted a Mysteriously Bright Flare |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/our-galaxy-s-supermassive-black-hole-just-mysteriously-got-really-really-bright |date=12 August 2019 |work=Science Alert |access-date=12 August 2019 |archive-date=12 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812120201/https://www.sciencealert.com/our-galaxy-s-supermassive-black-hole-just-mysteriously-got-really-really-bright |url-status=live }}</ref>

In June 2023, unexplained filaments of [[Radio wave|radio]] energy were found associated with Sagittarius A*.<ref name="NYT-20230608">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |authorlink=Dennis Overbye |title=Our Local Black Hole Serves Up an 'Awe Moment' – Filaments of radio energy from Sagittarius A*, the black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy, are turning astronomers' heads. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/08/science/astronomy-cosmos-black-hole.html |date=8 June 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20230608155337/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/08/science/astronomy-cosmos-black-hole.html |archivedate=8 June 2023 |accessdate=9 June 2023 }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="180">
File:Cloudlets swarm around our local supermassive black hole.tif|[[Atacama Large Millimeter Array|ALMA]] observations of molecular-hydrogen-rich gas clouds, with the area around Sagittarius A* circled<ref>{{cite web |title=Cloudlets swarm around our local supermassive black hole |url=https://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1843a/ |website=www.eso.org |access-date=22 October 2018 |archive-date=22 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022093902/https://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1843a/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:X-RayFlare-BlackHole-MilkyWay-20140105.jpg|An unusually bright [[X-ray]] flare from Sgr A* was detected in 2013.<ref name="NASA-20150105"/>
15-044a-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg|[[Supernova remnant]] ejecta producing planet-forming material seen in radio and X-ray
15-044b-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg|Supernova remnant ejecta producing planet-forming material seen in infrared and X-ray
</gallery>

==Central black hole==
[[File:Pointing X-ray Eyes at our Resident Supermassive Black Hole.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[NuSTAR]] has captured these first, focused views of the supermassive black hole at the heart of the Milky Way in high-energy X-rays.]]In a paper published on October 31, 2018, the discovery of conclusive evidence that Sagittarius A* is a black hole was announced. Using the [[List of instruments at the Very Large Telescope|GRAVITY]] [[Interferometry|interferometer]] and the four telescopes of the [[Very Large Telescope]] (VLT) to create a virtual telescope {{Convert|130|m|ft|abbr=off}} in diameter, astronomers detected clumps of gas moving at about 30% of the speed of light. Emission from highly energetic electrons very close to the black hole was visible as three prominent bright flares. These exactly match theoretical predictions for hot spots orbiting close to a black hole of four million solar masses. The flares are thought to originate from magnetic interactions in the very hot gas orbiting very close to Sagittarius A*.<ref name="DetectionOfBlackHoleSrgA">{{cite journal |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201834294|title=Detection of orbital motions near the last stable circular orbit of the massive black hole SgrA|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|volume=618|pages=L10|year=2018|last1=Abuter|first1=R.|last2=Amorim|first2=A.|last3=Bauböck|first3=M.|last4=Berger|first4=J. P.|last5=Bonnet|first5=H.|last6=Brandner|first6=W.|last7=Clénet|first7=Y.|last8=Coudé Du Foresto|first8=V.|last9=De Zeeuw|first9=P. T.|last10=Deen|first10=C.|last11=Dexter|first11=J.|last12=Duvert|first12=G.|last13=Eckart|first13=A.|last14=Eisenhauer|first14=F.|last15=Förster Schreiber|first15=N. M.|author15-link= Natascha Förster Schreiber |last16=Garcia|first16=P.|last17=Gao|first17=F.|last18=Gendron|first18=E.|last19=Genzel|first19=R.|last20=Gillessen|first20=S.|last21=Guajardo|first21=P.|last22=Habibi|first22=M.|last23=Haubois|first23=X.|last24=Henning|first24=T.|last25=Hippler|first25=S.|last26=Horrobin|first26=M.|last27=Huber|first27=A.|last28=Jiménez Rosales|first28=A.|last29=Jocou|first29=L.|last30=Kervella|first30=P.|display-authors=29|bibcode=2018A&A...618L..10G|arxiv=1810.12641|s2cid=53613305}}</ref><ref name="ESO">{{cite web |title=Most Detailed Observations of Material Orbiting close to a Black Hole |url=https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1835/ |website=European Southern Observatory (ESO) |access-date=1 November 2018 |archive-date=1 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101000741/https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1835/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In July 2018, it was reported that [[S2 (star)|S2]] orbiting Sgr&nbsp;A* had been recorded at {{Convert|7,650|km/s|e6mph|abbr=unit}}, or 2.55% the [[speed of light]], leading up to the [[Apsis#Terminology|pericenter]] approach, in May 2018, at about {{Convert|120|AU|e9km e9mi|lk=on|abbr=unit}} (approximately 1,400 [[Schwarzschild radius|Schwarzschild radii]]) from Sgr&nbsp;A*. At that close distance to the black hole, [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]]'s theory of [[general relativity]] predicts that S2 would show a discernible [[gravitational redshift]] in addition to the usual velocity redshift. The gravitational redshift was detected, in agreement with the general relativity prediction within the 10 percent measurement precision.<ref name="aa33718-18">{{cite journal|url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2018/07/aa33718-18/aa33718-18.html|title=Detection of the gravitational redshift in the orbit of the star S2 near the Galactic centre massive black hole|last=Genzel|display-authors=etal|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|volume=615|pages=L15|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201833718|date=2018-07-26|arxiv=1807.09409|bibcode=2018A&A...615L..15G|s2cid=118891445|access-date=2018-07-27|archive-date=2019-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404120522/https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2018/07/aa33718-18/aa33718-18.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="2017-07-26_TG">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/jul/26/star-spotted-speeding-near-milky-way-black-hole-for-first-time |title=Star spotted speeding near black hole at centre of Milky Way – Chile's Very Large Telescope tracks S2 star as it reaches mind-boggling speeds by supermassive black hole |work=The Guardian |date=2017-07-26 |access-date=2018-07-27 |archive-date=2019-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404100253/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/jul/26/star-spotted-speeding-near-milky-way-black-hole-for-first-time |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Sagittarius A* radio emissions are not centered on the black hole, but arise from a bright spot in the region around the black hole, close to the event horizon, possibly in the [[Accretion disk|accretion disc]], or a [[relativistic jet]] of material ejected from the disc.<ref name="EHS">{{cite journal |first=R. |last=Lu |display-authors=etal |date=2018 |title=Detection of intrinsic source structure at ~3 Schwarzschild radii with Millimeter-VLBI observations of Sgr A* |journal=Astrophysical Journal |volume=859 |issue=1 |page=60|doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aabe2e |arxiv=1805.09223 |s2cid=51917277 |doi-access=free }}</ref> If the apparent position of Sagittarius A* were exactly centered on the black hole, it would be possible to see it magnified beyond its size, because of [[gravitational lens]]ing of the black hole. According to [[general relativity]], this would result in a ring-like structure, which has a diameter about 5.2 times the black hole's [[Schwarzschild radius]] (10 μas). For a black hole of around 4&nbsp;million solar masses, this corresponds to a size of approximately 52&nbsp;[[μas]], which is consistent with the observed overall size of about 50&nbsp;μas,<ref name="EHS"/> the size (apparent diameter) of the black hole Sgr A* itself being 20 μas.

Lower resolution observations revealed that the radio source of Sagittarius A* is symmetrical.<ref name="Issaoun">{{cite journal |last1=Issaoun |first1=S. |title=The Size, Shape, and Scattering of Sagittarius A* at 86&nbsp;GHz: First VLBI with ALMA |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |page=30 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf732 |date=January 18, 2019|issue=1 |arxiv=1901.06226 |bibcode=2019ApJ...871...30I |s2cid=84180473 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Simulations of alternative theories of gravity depict results that may be difficult to distinguish from GR.<ref>{{cite web |first=Luciano |last=Rezzolla |title=Astrophysicists Test Theories of Gravity with Black Hole Shadows |url=https://scitechdaily.com/astrophysicists-test-theories-of-gravity-with-black-hole-shadows/ |work=SciTech Daily |date=17 April 2018 |access-date=2019-04-02 |archive-date=2019-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402072150/https://scitechdaily.com/astrophysicists-test-theories-of-gravity-with-black-hole-shadows/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A 2018 paper predicted an image of Sagittarius A* that is in agreement with  observations. In particular, it explains the small angular size and the symmetrical morphology of the source.<ref>{{cite web |title=Revealing the black hole at the heart of the galaxy |url=https://www.phys.org/news/2019-01-revealing-black-hole-heart-galaxy.html |publisher=Netherlands Research School for Astronomy |via=[[Phys.org]] |date=22 January 2019 |access-date=2019-04-02 |archive-date=2019-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318132949/https://phys.org/news/2019-01-revealing-black-hole-heart-galaxy.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The mass of Sagittarius A* has been estimated in two different ways:

#Two groups—in Germany and the U.S.—monitored the orbits of individual stars very near to the black hole and used [[Kepler's laws]] to infer the enclosed mass. The German group found a mass of {{val|4.31|0.38|u=million}} solar masses,<ref name="Gillessen"/> whereas the American group found {{val|4.1|0.6|u=million}} solar masses.<ref name="Ghez08"/> Given that this mass is confined inside a 44-million-kilometre-diameter sphere, this yields a density ten times higher than previous estimates.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}
#More recently, measurement of the [[proper motion]]s of a sample of several thousand stars within approximately one parsec from the black hole, combined with a [[Leonard–Merritt mass estimator|statistical technique]], has yielded both an estimate of the black hole's mass at {{val|3.6e6|-0.2|+0.4}} {{solar mass}}, plus a distributed mass in the central parsec amounting to {{val|1|0.5|e=6}} {{solar mass}}.<ref>[[#Schodel2|Schödel ''et al.'' 2009]]</ref> The latter is thought to be composed of stars and [[stellar remnant]]s.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

[[File:Magnetar-SGR1745-2900-20150515.jpg|thumb|[[Magnetar]] found very close to the [[supermassive black hole]], Sagittarius A*, at the center of the Milky Way galaxy]]
The comparatively small mass of this [[supermassive black hole]], along with the low luminosity of the radio and infrared emission lines, imply that the Milky Way is not a [[Seyfert galaxy]].<ref name="Osterbrock"/>

Ultimately, what is seen is not the black hole itself, but observations that are consistent only if there is a black hole present near Sgr&nbsp;A*. In the case of such a black hole, the observed radio and infrared energy emanates from gas and dust heated to millions of degrees while falling into the black hole.<ref name="DetectionOfBlackHoleSrgA"/> The black hole itself is thought to emit only [[Hawking radiation]] at a negligible temperature, on the order of 10<sup>−14</sup> [[kelvin]].{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

The [[European Space Agency]]'s [[gamma-ray]] observatory [[INTEGRAL]] observed gamma rays interacting with the nearby [[giant molecular cloud]] [[Sagittarius B2]], causing X-ray emission from the cloud. The total luminosity from this outburst ({{math|''L''}}≈1,5{{e|39}} erg/s) is estimated to be a million times stronger than the current output from Sgr A* and is comparable with a typical [[active galactic nucleus]].<ref name="hubble050127">{{cite news | date=January 28, 2005 | title=Integral rolls back history of Milky Way's super-massive black hole | publisher=Hubble News Desk | url=http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Integral/SEMSKPO3E4E_0.html | access-date=2007-10-31 | archive-date=2012-10-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016202343/http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Integral/SEMSKPO3E4E_0.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="revnivtsev2004">{{Cite journal |last=Revnivtsev |first=M. G. |display-authors=et al. |date=October 2004 |title=Hard X-ray view of the past activity of Sgr A$^{\star}$ in a natural Compton mirror |journal=[[Astronomy & Astrophysics]] |volume=425 |issue=3 |pages=L49–L52 |arxiv=astro-ph/0408190 |bibcode=2004A&A...425L..49R |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200400064 |issn=0004-6361 |s2cid=18872302}}</ref> In 2011 this conclusion was supported by Japanese astronomers observing the Milky Way's center with the ''[[Suzaku (satellite)|Suzaku]]'' satellite.<ref name="nobukawa2011">{{Cite journal |last=Nobukawa |first=M. |display-authors=et al. |date=2011-09-08 |title=New Evidence for High Activity of the Supermassive Black Hole in our Galaxy |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] |volume=739 |issue=2 |pages=L52 |arxiv=1109.1950 |bibcode=2011ApJ...739L..52N |doi=10.1088/2041-8205/739/2/L52 |issn=2041-8205 |s2cid=119244398}}</ref>

In July 2019, astronomers reported finding a star, [[S5-HVS1]], traveling {{Convert|1755|km/s|e6mph|abbr=unit}} or 0.006 ''c''. The star is in the [[Grus (constellation)|Grus]] (or Crane) [[constellation]] in the southern sky, and about 29,000 light-years from Earth, and may have been propelled out of the [[Milky Way]] [[galaxy]] after interacting with Sagittarius A*.<ref name="NYT-20191114">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Overbye |title=A Black Hole Threw a Star Out of the Milky Way Galaxy – So long, S5-HVS1, we hardly knew you. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/14/science/stars-black-hole-milky-way.html |date=14 November 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=18 November 2019 |archive-date=17 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117223906/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/14/science/stars-black-hole-milky-way.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="MNRAS-20191109">{{Cite journal |last=Koposov |first=Sergey E |display-authors=et al. |date=2020-01-11 |title=Discovery of a nearby 1700 km s−1 star ejected from the Milky Way by Sgr A* |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] |language=en |volume=491 |issue=2 |pages=2465–2480 |arxiv=1907.11725 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stz3081 |issn=0035-8711 |s2cid=198968336 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Several values<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eckart |first1=Andreas |last2=Tursunov |first2=A.A. |last3=Zajacek |first3=M. |last4=Parsa |first4=M. |last5=Hosseini |first5=E. |last6=Subroweit |first6=M. |last7=Peissker |first7=F. |last8=Straubmeier |first8=C. |last9=Horrobin |first9=M. |last10=Karas |first10=V. |date=2019-02-01 |title=Mass, Distance, Spin, Charge, and Orientation of the super massive black hole SgrA* |url=https://pos.sissa.it/342/048 |journal=Proceedings of Science |volume=342 |language=en |publisher=Sissa Medialab |pages=048 |doi=10.22323/1.342.0048|s2cid=189921901 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last1=Daly |first1=Ruth A |last2=Donahue |first2=Megan |last3=O'Dea |first3=Christopher P |last4=Sebastian |first4=Biny |last5=Haggard |first5=Daryl |last6=Lu |first6=Anan |date=2023-10-28 |title=New black hole spin values for Sagittarius A* obtained with the outflow method |url=https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/527/1/428/7326786 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |language=en |volume=527 |issue=1 |pages=428–436 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stad3228 |issn=0035-8711|doi-access=free |arxiv=2310.12108 }}</ref> have been given for its spin parameter <math>a_{*}=\frac{cJ}{GM^{2}}</math>; some examples are Fragione & Loeb (2020) <math>a_{*} < 0.1</math><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fragione |first1=Giacomo |last2=Loeb |first2=Abraham |date=2020-10-01 |title=An Upper Limit on the Spin of SgrA* Based on Stellar Orbits in Its Vicinity |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=901 |issue=2 |pages=L32 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/abb9b4 |arxiv=2008.11734 |bibcode=2020ApJ...901L..32F |issn=2041-8213 |doi-access=free }}</ref>'','' Belanger et al. (2006) <math>a_{*}\sim 0.22
</math>,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bélanger |first1=G |last2=Terrier |first2=R |last3=Jager |first3=O C de |last4=Goldwurm |first4=A |last5=Melia |first5=F |date=2006-12-01 |title=Periodic Modulations in an X-ray Flare from Sagittarius A* |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/54/1/066 |journal=Journal of Physics: Conference Series |volume=54 |pages=420–426 |doi=10.1088/1742-6596/54/1/066 |arxiv=astro-ph/0604337 |bibcode=2006JPhCS..54..420B |s2cid=250670477 |issn=1742-6588}}</ref> Meyer et al. (2006) <math>a_{*} > 0.4</math>,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=L. |last2=Eckart |first2=A. |last3=Schödel |first3=R. |last4=Duschl |first4=W. J. |last5=Mužić |first5=K. |last6=Dovčiak |first6=M. |last7=Karas |first7=V. |date=December 2006 |title=Near-infrared polarimetry setting constraints on the orbiting spot model for Sgr A* flares |url=http://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20065925 |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=460 |issue=1 |pages=15–21 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20065925 |arxiv=astro-ph/0610104 |bibcode=2006A&A...460...15M |s2cid=15370123 |issn=0004-6361}}</ref> Genzel et al. (2003) <math>a_{*} \sim 0.52</math>,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Genzel |first1=R. |last2=Schödel |first2=R. |last3=Ott |first3=T. |last4=Eckart |first4=A. |last5=Alexander |first5=T. |last6=Lacombe |first6=F. |last7=Rouan |first7=D. |last8=Aschenbach |first8=B. |date=November 2003 |title=Near-infrared flares from accreting gas around the supermassive black hole at the Galactic Centre |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature02065 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=425 |issue=6961 |pages=934–937 |doi=10.1038/nature02065 |pmid=14586462 |arxiv=astro-ph/0310821 |bibcode=2003Natur.425..934G |s2cid=4325930 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref> 
Daly (2019) <math>a_{*} = 0.93 \pm 0.15</math>,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Daly |first1=Ruth A. |date=2019-11-15 |title=Black Hole Spin and Accretion Disk Magnetic Field Strength Estimates for More Than 750 Active Galactic Nuclei and Multiple Galactic Black Holes |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ab35e6 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |language=en |volume=886 |pages=37 |doi= 10.3847/1538-4357/ab35e6 |issn=0004-637X |doi-access=free |arxiv=1905.11319 }}</ref> 
and Daly et al. (2023) <math>a_{*} = 0.90 \pm 0.06</math>.<ref name=":02" /> Daly et al. (2023) also found that the ratio of the black hole rotational mass component to the irreducible mass component of Sgr A* is <math>M_{rot}/M_{irr} = 0.62 \pm 0.10</math>, which indicates that the black hole is rotating with an angular velocity that is <math>0.62 \pm 0.10</math> of the maximum possible value, set by the speed of light.<ref name=":02" /> 
<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last1=Daly |first1=Ruth A |date=2022-10-20 |title=Robust supermassive black hole spin mass-energy characteristics: a new method and results  
|url=https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/517/4/5144/6764739 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |language=en |volume=517 |issue=4 |pages=5144–5159 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stac2976 |issn=0035-8711|doi-access=free   
 |arxiv=2210.07779 }}</ref>

==Orbiting stars==
{{Main|Sagittarius A* cluster}}
[[File:Galactic centre orbits.svg|thumb|left|Inferred orbits of six stars around supermassive black hole candidate Sagittarius A* at the Milky Way's center<ref name="Eisenhauer">{{cite journal|last=Eisenhauer|first=F.|display-authors=et al. |title=SINFONI in the Galactic Center: Young Stars and Infrared Flares in the Central Light-Month|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=July 20, 2005|volume=628|issue=1|pages=246–259|doi=10.1086/430667|bibcode=2005ApJ...628..246E|arxiv=astro-ph/0502129|s2cid=122485461 }}</ref>]]
[[File:SgrA2018.gif|thumb|Stars moving around Sagittarius A*, 20-year timelapse, ending in 2018<ref>{{Cite web|title=First Successful Test of Einstein's General Relativity Near Supermassive Black Hole – Culmination of 26 years of ESO observations of the heart of the Milky Way|url=https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1825/|access-date=2021-12-15|website=www.eso.org|language=en|archive-date=2019-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308114840/https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1825/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=GRAVITY Collaboration|last2=Abuter|first2=R.|last3=Amorim|first3=A.|last4=Anugu|first4=N.|last5=Bauböck|first5=M.|last6=Benisty|first6=M.|last7=Berger|first7=J. P.|last8=Blind|first8=N.|last9=Bonnet|first9=H.|last10=Brandner|first10=W.|last11=Buron|first11=A.|date=July 2018|title=Detection of the gravitational redshift in the orbit of the star S2 near the Galactic centre massive black hole|url=https://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833718|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|volume=615|pages=L15|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201833718|arxiv=1807.09409|bibcode=2018A&A...615L..15G|s2cid=118891445|issn=0004-6361|access-date=2021-12-15|archive-date=2020-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727101247/https://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833718|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
[[File:SgrA2021.gif|thumb|Stars moving around Sagittarius A* as seen in 2021<ref>{{Cite web|last=|title=Watch stars move around the Milky Way's supermassive black hole in deepest images yet|url=https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso2119/|access-date=2021-12-15|website=www.eso.org|language=en|archive-date=2021-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214172128/https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso2119/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=GRAVITY Collaboration|last2=Stadler|first2=J.|last3=Drescher|first3=A.|date=2021-12-14|title=Deep images of the Galactic center with GRAVITY|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|volume=657|pages=A82|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202142459|s2cid=245131155|issn=0004-6361|doi-access=free|arxiv=2112.07477}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=GRAVITY Collaboration|last2=Abuter|first2=R.|last3=Aimar|first3=N.|last4=Amorim|first4=A.|last5=Ball|first5=J.|last6=Bauböck|first6=M.|last7=Gillessen|first7=S.|last8=Widmann|first8=F.|last9=Heissel|first9=G.|date=2021-12-14|title=Mass distribution in the Galactic Center based on interferometric astrometry of multiple stellar orbits|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|volume=657|pages=L12|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202142465|s2cid=245131377|issn=0004-6361|doi-access=free|arxiv=2112.07478}}</ref>]]

There are a number of stars in close orbit around Sagittarius A*, which are collectively known as "S stars".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eckart |first1=A. |last2=Genzel |first2=R. |last3=Ott |first3=T. |last4=Schödel |first4=R. |date=2002-04-11 |title=Stellar orbits near Sagittarius A* |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=331 |issue=4 |pages=917–934 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05237.x |doi-access=free |arxiv=astro-ph/0201031 |bibcode=2002MNRAS.331..917E |s2cid=11167996 |issn=0035-8711}}</ref> These stars are observed primarily in [[K band (infrared)|K band]] infrared wavelengths, as interstellar dust drastically limits visibility in visible wavelengths. This is a rapidly changing field—in 2011, the orbits of the most prominent stars then known were plotted in the diagram at left, showing a comparison between their orbits and various orbits in the solar system.<ref name=":0" /> Since then, [[S62 (star)|S62]] has been found to approach even more closely than those stars.<ref name="apj">{{cite journal |last1=Peissker |first1=Florian |last2=Eckart |first2=Andreas |last3=Parsa |first3=Marzieh |date=January 2020 |title=S62 on a 9.9 year orbit around SgrA* |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] |volume=889 |issue=1 |page=61 |arxiv=2002.02341 |bibcode=2020ApJ...889...61P |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ab5afd |s2cid=211043784 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The high velocities and close approaches to the supermassive black hole makes these stars useful to establish limits on the physical dimensions of Sagittarius A*, as well as to observe general-relativity associated effects like periapse shift of their orbits. An active watch is maintained for the possibility of stars approaching the event horizon close enough to be disrupted, but none of these stars are expected to suffer that fate.

{{As of|2020}}, S4714 is the current record holder of closest approach to Sagittarius A*, at about {{convert|12.6|AU|e9km|abbr=unit}}, almost as close as Saturn gets to the Sun, traveling at about 8% of the speed of light. These figures given are approximate, the formal uncertainties being {{val|12.6|9.3|u=AU}} and {{val|23928|8840|fmt=commas|u=km/s}}. Its orbital period is 12 years, but an extreme eccentricity of 0.985 gives it the close approach and high velocity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Peißker |first1=Florian |last2=Eckart |first2=Andreas |last3=Zajaček|first3=Michal|last4=Basel|first4=Ali|last5=Parsa|first5=Marzieh|journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]]|title=S62 and S4711: Indications of a Population of Faint Fast-moving Stars inside the S2 Orbit—S4711 on a 7.6 yr Orbit around Sgr A* |date=August 2020 |volume=889 |issue=50 |page=5 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ab9c1c|arxiv=2008.04764 |bibcode=2020ApJ...899...50P |s2cid=221095771 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

An excerpt from a table of this cluster (see [[Sagittarius A* cluster]]), featuring the most prominent members. In the below table, '''id1''' is the star's name in the Gillessen catalog and '''id2''' in the catalog of the University of California, Los Angeles. '''a''', '''e''', '''i''', '''Ω''' and '''ω''' are standard [[orbital elements]], with '''a''' measured in [[arcsecond]]s. '''Tp''' is the epoch of pericenter passage, '''P''' is the orbital period in years and '''Kmag''' is the infrared [[K band (infrared)|K-band]] [[apparent magnitude]] of the star. '''q''' and '''v''' are the pericenter distance in [[Astronomical unit|AU]] and pericenter speed in percent of the [[speed of light]].<ref name="naess">{{cite web|url=http://folk.uio.no/sigurdkn/s_stars|title=Galactic center S-star orbital parameters|last=Næss|first=S.|date=October 4, 2019}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"  style="text-align:right"
|-
! id1
! id2 
! a
! e
! i (°)
! Ω (°)
! ω (°)
! Tp (yr)
! P (yr)
! Kmag
! q (AU)
! v (%c)
|-
| S1
| S0-1
| 0.5950
| 0.5560
| 119.14
| 342.04
| 122.30
| 2001.800
|   166.0
| 14.70
|   2160.7
|   0.55
|-
| [[S2 (star)|S2]]
| S0-2
| 0.1251
| 0.8843
| 133.91
| 228.07
|  66.25
| 2018.379
|    16.1
| 13.95
|    118.4
|   2.56
|-
| S8
| S0-4
| 0.4047
| 0.8031
|  74.37
| 315.43
| 346.70
| 1983.640
|    92.9
| 14.50
|    651.7
|   1.07
|-
| S12
| S0-19
| 0.2987
| 0.8883
|  33.56
| 230.10
| 317.90
| 1995.590
|    58.9
| 15.50
|    272.9
|   1.69
|-
| S13
| S0-20
| 0.2641
| 0.4250
|  24.70
|  74.50
| 245.20
| 2004.860
|    49.0
| 15.80
|   1242.0
|   0.69
|-
| S14
| S0-16
| 0.2863
| 0.9761
| 100.59
| 226.38
| 334.59
| 2000.120
|    55.3
| 15.70
|     56.0
|   3.83
|-
| [[S62 (star)|S62]]
|
| 0.0905
| 0.9760
|  72.76
| 122.61
|  42.62
| 2003.330
|     9.9
| 16.10
|     16.4
|   7.03
|-
| S4714
|
| 0.102
| 0.985
|  127.7
| 129.28
|  357.25
| 2017.29
|    12.0
| 17.7
|   12.6
|   8.0
|}

==Discovery of G2 gas cloud on an accretion course==
First noticed as something unusual in images of the center of the Milky Way in 2002,<ref name="Matson">{{cite web|last=Matson|first=John|title=Gas Guzzler: Cloud Could Soon Meet Its Demise in Milky Way's Black Hole|url=https://www.llnl.gov/news/newsreleases/2012/Oct/NR-12-10-07.html|publisher=Scientific American|access-date=2012-10-30|date=2012-10-22|archive-date=2013-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619093354/https://www.llnl.gov/news/newsreleases/2012/Oct/NR-12-10-07.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> the gas cloud G2, which has a mass about three times that of Earth, was confirmed to be likely on a course taking it into the accretion zone of Sgr A* in a paper published in ''Nature'' in 2012.<ref name="Gillessen 2012 51–54">{{Cite journal |last1=Gillessen |first1=S. |last2=Genzel |first2=R. |last3=Fritz |first3=T. K. |last4=Quataert |first4=E. |last5=Alig |first5=C. |last6=Burkert |first6=A. |last7=Cuadra |first7=J. |last8=Eisenhauer |first8=F. |last9=Pfuhl |first9=O. |last10=Dodds-Eden |first10=K. |last11=Gammie |first11=C. F. |last12=Ott |first12=T. |date=January 2012 |title=A gas cloud on its way towards the supermassive black hole at the Galactic Centre |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=481 |issue=7379 |pages=51–54 |arxiv=1112.3264 |bibcode=2012Natur.481...51G |doi=10.1038/nature10652 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=22170607 |s2cid=4410915}}</ref> Predictions of its orbit suggested it would make its closest approach to the black hole (a [[apsis|perinigricon]]) in early 2014, when the cloud was at a distance of just over 3,000 times the radius of the event horizon (or ≈260 AU, 36 light-hours) from the black hole. G2 has been observed to be disrupting since 2009,<ref name="Gillessen 2012 51–54" /> and was predicted by some to be completely destroyed by the encounter, which could have led to a significant brightening of X-ray and other emission from the black hole. Other astronomers suggested the gas cloud could be hiding a dim star, or a binary star merger product, which would hold it together against the tidal forces of Sgr A*, allowing the ensemble to pass by without any effect.<ref name="Witzel2014">{{cite journal|title=Detection of Galactic Center Source G2 at 3.8 μm during Periapse Passage|first1=G.|last1=Witzel|first2=A. M.|last2=Ghez|first3=M. R.|last3=Morris|first4=B. N.|last4=Sitarski|first5=A.|last5=Boehle|first6=S.|last6=Naoz|first7=R.|last7=Campbell|first8=E. E.|last8=Becklin|last9=G. Canalizo|first10=S.|last10=Chappell|first11=T.|last11=Do|first12=J. R.|last12=Lu|first13=K.|last13=Matthews|first14=L.|last14=Meyer|first15=A.|last15=Stockton|first16=P.|last16=Wizinowich|first17=S.|last17=Yelda|date=1 January 2014|journal=Astrophysical Journal Letters|volume=796|issue=1|pages=L8|doi=10.1088/2041-8205/796/1/L8|arxiv=1410.1884|bibcode=2014ApJ...796L...8W|s2cid=36797915}}</ref> In addition to the tidal effects on the cloud itself, it was proposed in May 2013<ref name="Bartos">{{cite journal 
|last1=Bartos
|first1=Imre
|last2=Haiman
|first2=Zoltán
|last3=Kocsis
|first3=Bence
|last4=Márka
|first4=Szabolcs
|title=Gas Cloud G2 Can Illuminate the Black Hole Population Near the Galactic Center
|journal=Physical Review Letters 
|date=May 2013 
|volume=110
|issue=22
|pages=221102 (5 pages)
|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.221102
|arxiv=1302.3220
|bibcode=2013PhRvL.110v1102B
|pmid=23767710|s2cid=12284209
}}</ref> that, prior to its perinigricon, G2 might experience multiple close encounters with members of the black-hole and neutron-star populations thought to orbit near the Galactic Center, offering some insight to the region surrounding the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way.<ref name="Geometry">{{cite journal 
|last1=de la Fuente Marcos
|first1=R.
|last2=de la Fuente Marcos
|first2=C.
|title=Colliding with G2 near the Galactic Centre: a geometrical approach
|journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters]]
|date=August 2013 
|volume=435
|issue=1
|pages=L19–L23
|doi=10.1093/mnrasl/slt085
|doi-access=free
|arxiv=1306.4921
|bibcode=2013MNRAS.435L..19D |s2cid=119287777
}}</ref>

The average rate of accretion onto Sgr A* is unusually small for a black hole of its mass<ref>{{cite journal|last=Morris|first=Mark|title=Astrophysics: The Final Plunge|journal=Nature|date=4 January 2012|volume=481|issue=7379|pages=32–33|doi=10.1038/nature10767|pmid=22170611|bibcode=2012Natur.481...32M|s2cid=664513|doi-access=free}}</ref> and is only detectable because it is so close to Earth. It was thought that the passage of G2 in 2013 might offer astronomers the chance to learn much more about how material accretes onto supermassive black holes. Several astronomical facilities observed this closest approach, with observations confirmed with [[Chandra X-ray Observatory|Chandra]], [[XMM-Newton|XMM]], [[Very Large Array|VLA]], [[INTEGRAL]], [[Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory|Swift]], [[Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope|Fermi]] and requested at [[Very Large Telescope|VLT]] and [[W. M. Keck Observatory|Keck]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Gillessen|title=Wiki Page of Proposed Observations of G2 Passage|url=https://wiki.mpe.mpg.de/gascloud/ProposalList|access-date=30 October 2012|archive-date=1 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201203116/https://wiki.mpe.mpg.de/gascloud/ProposalList|url-status=live}}</ref>

Simulations of the passage were made before it happened by groups at [[European Southern Observatory|ESO]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1151/ |title=A Black Hole's Dinner is Fast Approaching |publisher=ESO |date=2011-12-14 |access-date=2015-02-27 |archive-date=2012-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213173904/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1151/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] (LLNL).<ref>{{Cite web |last=H Hirschfeld |first=Robert |date=2012-10-22 |title=Milky Way's black hole getting ready for snack |url=https://www.llnl.gov/news/newsreleases/2012/Oct/NR-12-10-07.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619093354/https://www.llnl.gov/news/newsreleases/2012/Oct/NR-12-10-07.html |archive-date=2013-06-19 |access-date=2015-02-27 |publisher=[[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]]}}</ref>

As the cloud approached the black hole, [[Daryl Haggard]] said, "It's exciting to have something that feels more like an experiment", and hoped that the interaction would produce effects that would provide new information and insights.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor Tillman |first=Nola |date=2014-04-28 |title=Doomed Space Cloud Nears Milky Way's Black Hole as Scientists Watch |url=https://www.space.com/25665-doomed-space-cloud-giant-black-hole.html |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=[[Space.com]] |language=en |quote=Cosmic encounter that might reveal new secrets on how such supermassive black holes evolve; We get to watch it unfolding in a human lifetime, which is very unusual and very exciting}}</ref>

Nothing was observed during and after the closest approach of the cloud to the black hole, which was described as a lack of "fireworks" and a "flop".<ref name=nature140721/> Astronomers from the UCLA Galactic Center Group published observations obtained on March 19 and 20, 2014, concluding that G2 was still intact (in contrast to predictions for a simple gas cloud hypothesis) and that the cloud was likely to have a central star.<ref name="Witzel2014" />

An analysis published on July 21, 2014, based on observations by the [[European Southern Observatory|ESO]]'s [[Very Large Telescope]] in Chile, concluded alternatively that the cloud, rather than being isolated, might be a dense clump within a continuous but thinner stream of matter, and would act as a constant breeze on the disk of matter orbiting the black hole, rather than sudden gusts that would have caused high brightness as they hit, as originally expected. Supporting this hypothesis, G1, a cloud that passed near the black hole 13 years ago, had an orbit almost identical to G2, consistent with both clouds, and a gas tail thought to be trailing G2, all being denser clumps within a large single gas stream.<ref name="nature140721">{{Cite journal |url=http://www.nature.com/news/why-galactic-black-hole-fireworks-were-a-flop-1.15591 |title=Why galactic black hole fireworks were a flop : Nature News & Comment |journal=Nature |access-date=2015-02-27 |doi=10.1038/nature.2014.15591 |year=2014 |last1=Cowen |first1=Ron |s2cid=124346286 |archive-date=2015-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219013446/http://www.nature.com/news/why-galactic-black-hole-fireworks-were-a-flop-1.15591 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pfuhl|first1=Oliver|last2=Gillessen|first2=Stefan|last3=Eisenhauer|first3=Frank|last4=Genzel|first4=Reinhard|last5=Plewa|first5=Philipp M.|last6=Thomas Ott|last7=Ballone|first7=Alessandro|last8=Schartmann|first8=Marc|last9=Burkert|first9=Andreas|date=2015|title=The Galactic Center Cloud G2 and its Gas Streamer|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|language=en|volume=798|issue=2|page=111|doi=10.1088/0004-637x/798/2/111|issn=0004-637X|arxiv=1407.4354|bibcode=2015ApJ...798..111P|s2cid=118440030}}</ref>

[[Andrea M. Ghez|Andrea Ghez]] et al. suggested in 2014 that G2 is not a gas cloud but rather a pair of binary stars that had been orbiting the black hole in tandem and merged into an extremely large star.<ref name="Witzel2014"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://earthsky.org/space/how-g2-survived-the-black-hole-at-our-milky-ways-heart|title=How G2 survived the black hole at our Milky Way's heart - EarthSky.org|date=4 November 2014|access-date=14 February 2016|archive-date=5 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205014740/http://earthsky.org/space/how-g2-survived-the-black-hole-at-our-milky-ways-heart|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align             = center
| direction         = horizontal
| image1            = A simulation of how a gas cloud that has been observed approaching the supermassive black hole at the centre of the galaxy.jpg
| width1            = 200
| alt1              = 
| caption1          = Artist impression of the accretion of gas cloud G2 onto Sgr A*. Credit: ESO<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1151a/ |title=Simulation of gas cloud after close approach to the black hole at the centre of the Milky Way |publisher=ESO |access-date=2015-02-27 |archive-date=2015-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307130323/http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1151a/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| image2            = Simulation of gas cloud being ripped apart by the black hole at the centre of the Milky Way.ogv
| width2            = 200
| alt2              = 
| caption2          = This simulation shows a gas cloud, discovered in 2011, as it passes close to the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way.
| image3            = The dusty cloud G2 passes the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way.webm
| width3            = 200
| alt3              = 
| caption3          = This video sequence shows the motion of the dusty cloud G2 as it closes in on, and then passes, the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way.
| total_width       = 
}}
{{Clear}}

==See also==
* {{annotated link|Galactic Center GeV excess}}
* [[List of nearest known black holes]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Backer |first1=D. C. |last2=Sramek |first2=R. A. |name-list-style=amp |date=1999-10-20 |title=Proper Motion of the Compact, Nonthermal Radio Source in the Galactic Center, Sagittarius A* |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] |language=en |volume=524 |issue=2 |pages=805–815 |arxiv=astro-ph/9906048 |bibcode=1999ApJ...524..805B |doi=10.1086/307857 |issn=0004-637X |s2cid=18858138 |ref=Backer}}
* {{cite journal |last=Gillessen |first=Stefan |display-authors=et al. |date = 23 February 2009 |title=Monitoring stellar orbits around the Massive Black Hole in the Galactic Center |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=692 |issue= 2|pages=1075–1109 |doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/692/2/1075 |bibcode=2009ApJ...692.1075G |ref=Gillessen|arxiv=0810.4674 |s2cid=1431308 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Melia |first=Fulvio |title=The galactic supermassive black hole |date=2007 |publisher=Princeton Univ |isbn=978-0-691-13129-0 |location=Princeton |ref=Melia}}
* {{Cite news |last=O'Neill |first=Ian |date=10 December 2008 |title=Beyond Any Reasonable Doubt: A Supermassive Black Hole Lives in Centre of Our Galaxy |url=https://www.universetoday.com/22104/beyond-any-reasonable-doubt-a-supermassive-black-hole-lives-in-centre-of-our-galaxy/ |publisher=[[Universe Today]] |language=en-US |ref=ONeill}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Osterbrock |first1=Donald E. |url=https://archive.org/details/astrophysicsofga0000oste |title=Astrophysics of gaseous nebulae and active galactic nuclei |last2=Ferland |first2=Gary J. |date=2006 |publisher=University Science Books |isbn=978-1-891389-34-4 |edition=2nd |location=Mill Valley, California |ref=Osterbrock |url-access=registration |name-list-style=amp}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Reid |first1=M. J. |last2=Brunthaler |first2=A. |date=December 2004 |title=The Proper Motion of Sagittarius A*. II. The Mass of Sagittarius A* |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] |language=en |volume=616 |issue=2 |pages=872–884 |arxiv=astro-ph/0408107 |bibcode=2004ApJ...616..872R |doi=10.1086/424960 |issn=0004-637X |s2cid=16568545 |ref=Reid}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Schödel |first=R. |display-authors=et al. |date=October 2002 |title=A star in a 15.2-year orbit around the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |language=en |volume=419 |issue=6908 |pages=694–696 |arxiv=astro-ph/0210426 |bibcode=2002Natur.419..694S |doi=10.1038/nature01121 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=12384690 |s2cid=4302128 |ref=Schodel}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Schödel |first1=R. |last2=Merritt |first2=D. |author-link2=David Merritt |last3=Eckart |first3=A. |date=July 2009 |title=The nuclear star cluster of the Milky Way: proper motions and mass |journal=[[Astronomy & Astrophysics]] |volume=502 |issue=1 |pages=91–111 |arxiv=0902.3892 |bibcode=2009A&A...502...91S |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/200810922 |issn=0004-6361 |s2cid=219559 |ref=Schodel2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Melia |first=Fulvio |url=https://archive.org/details/blackholeatcente0000meli |title=The black hole at the center of our galaxy |date=2003 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-09505-9 |location=Princeton |ref=Melia |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Doeleman |first=Sheperd S. |display-authors=et al. |date=September 2008 |title=Event-horizon-scale structure in the supermassive black hole candidate at the Galactic Centre |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=455 |issue=7209 |pages=78–80 |arxiv=0809.2442 |bibcode=2008Natur.455...78D |doi=10.1038/nature07245 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=18769434 |s2cid=4424735 |ref=Doeleman}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Eckart |first1=Andreas |title=The black hole at the center of the Milky Way |last2=Schödel |first2=Rainer |last3=Straubmeier |first3=Christian Michael |last4=Straubmeier |first4=Christian |date=2005 |publisher=Imperial College Press |isbn=978-1-86094-567-0 |location=London |ref=Eckart}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Eisenhauer |first1=F. |last2=Schdel |first2=R. |last3=Genzel |first3=R. |last4=Ott |first4=T. |last5=Tecza |first5=M. |last6=Abuter |first6=R. |last7=Eckart |first7=A. |last8=Alexander |first8=T. |display-authors=et al. |date=2003-11-10 |title=A Geometric Determination of the Distance to the Galactic Center |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] |language=en |volume=597 |issue=2 |pages=L121–L124 |arxiv=astro-ph/0306220 |bibcode=2003ApJ...597L.121E |doi=10.1086/380188 |issn=0004-637X |s2cid=16425333 |ref=Eisenhauer}}
* {{cite journal |author=The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration |title=First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole |date=10 April 2019 |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal Letters]] |volume=875 |pages=L1 |number=1 |ref=APJL-20190410|doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ab0ec7 |author-link=Event Horizon Telescope |bibcode=2019ApJ...875L...1E |arxiv=1906.11238 |s2cid=145906806 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ghez |first=A. M. |display-authors=et al. |date=2003-04-01 |title=The First Measurement of Spectral Lines in a Short-Period Star Bound to the Galaxy's Central Black Hole: A Paradox of Youth |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] |volume=586 |issue=2 |pages=L127–L131 |arxiv=astro-ph/0302299 |bibcode=2003ApJ...586L.127G |doi=10.1086/374804 |s2cid=11388341 |ref=Ghez03}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ghez |first=A. M. |display-authors=et al. |date=2008-12-20 |title=Measuring Distance and Properties of the Milky Way's Central Supermassive Black Hole with Stellar Orbits |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] |language=en |volume=689 |issue=2 |pages=1044–1062 |arxiv=0808.2870 |bibcode=2008ApJ...689.1044G |doi=10.1086/592738 |issn=0004-637X |s2cid=18335611 |ref=Ghez08}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Reynolds |first=Christopher S. |date=September 2008 |title=Bringing black holes into focus |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |language=en |volume=455 |issue=7209 |pages=39–40 |bibcode=2008Natur.455...39R |doi=10.1038/455039a |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=18769426 |s2cid=205040663 |ref=Reynolds}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wheeler |first=J. Craig |title=Cosmic catastrophes: exploding stars, black holes, and mapping the universe |date=2007 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-85714-7 |edition=2nd |location=Cambridge; New York |oclc=ocm73954922 |ref=Wheeler}}
* {{cite web |last=Banner |first=Tanja | title=Eigentlich dürfte er nicht existieren: Babystern nah an schwarzem Loch entdeckt | website=[[Frankfurter Rundschau]] | date=2 March 2023 | url=https://www.fr.de/wissen/schwarzes-loch-zentrum-milchstrasse-sagittarius-a-junger-stern-unmoeglich-existenz-forschung-studie-news-92116242.html | language=de | access-date=2 March 2023}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Peißker |first1=F. |last2=Zajaček |first2=M. |last3=Melamed |first3=M. |last4=Ali |first4=B. |last5=Singhal |first5=M. |last6=Dassel |first6=T. |last7=Eckart |first7=A. |last8=Karas |first8=V. |date=June 2024 |title=Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a subpopulation of the low-mass G objects close to Sgr A* |journal=[[Astronomy & Astrophysics]] |volume=686 |page=A235 |arxiv=2406.09916 |bibcode=2024A&A...686A.235P |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202449729 |issn=0004-6361}}
* {{cite web | last1=Rayne | first1=Elizabeth | title=Swarm of dusty young stars found around our galaxy's central black hole | website=Ars Technica | date=2024-07-04 | url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2024/07/swarm-of-dusty-young-stars-found-around-our-galaxys-central-black-hole/ | access-date=2024-07-05}}
{{div col end}}

==External links==
* [https://arxiv.org/abs/0808.2624  Is there a Supermassive Black Hole at the Center of the Milky Way?] ([[arXiv]] preprint)
* [https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0306130 2004 paper deducing mass of central black hole from orbits of 7 stars] ([[arXiv]] preprint)
* [http://www.eso.org/public/archives/videos/old_video/eso0226a.mpg ESO video clip of orbiting star] (533 KB MPEG Video)
* [https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0408107 The Proper Motion of Sgr A* and the Mass of Sgr A*] (PDF)
* [http://www.nrao.edu/pr/1998/bhole/ NRAO article] regarding VLBI radio imaging of Sgr A*
* [https://www.nytimes.com/video/science/100000003725182/peering-into-a-black-hole.html Peering into a Black Hole], 2015 ''New York Times'' video
* [https://pweb.cfa.harvard.edu/news/9741/imagelist Image of supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* (2022)], Harvard Center for Astrophysics
* {{youTube|4Ws0iPDSqI4|Video (65:30) – EHT conference presenting first image of Sgr A*}} ([[National Science Foundation|NSF]]; 12 May 2022)

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