View source for Rupee

{{Short description|Common name for several currencies}}
{{About|the currency used in various countries in Asia|other uses|Rupee (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
[[File:Countries Using a Rupee Currency.svg|thumb|450px|<span style="color:#6b18d0">'''Purple'''</span>: Countries using a rupee as an official currency <br> <small>[[Indian rupee|India]], [[Indonesian rupiah|Indonesia]], [[Maldivian rufiyaa|Maldives]], [[Mauritian rupee|Mauritius]], [[Nepali rupee|Nepal]], [[Pakistani rupee|Pakistan]], [[Seychellois rupee|Seychelles]], [[Sri Lankan rupee|Sri Lanka]]</small> <br> <span style="color:#cd3709">'''Orange'''</span>: Countries where a foreign country's rupee is [[legal tender]] <br> <small>[[Indian rupee]]: [[Bhutan]]</small> <br> <small>[[Indonesian rupiah]]: [[East Timor]] </small>]]

'''Rupee''' ({{IPA-cen|UK|ˌ|r|uː|ˈ|p|iː}}, {{IPA-cen|US|ˈ|r|uː|p|iː}})<ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref><ref>{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> is the common name for the [[currency|currencies]] of 
<!-- This  list is in alphabetic order. It is not a willy-waving competition. -->
[[Indian rupee|India]],  [[Mauritian rupee|Mauritius]], [[Nepalese rupee|Nepal]], [[Pakistani rupee|Pakistan]], [[Seychellois rupee|Seychelles]], and [[Sri Lankan rupee|Sri Lanka]], and of former currencies of [[Afghan rupee|Afghanistan]], [[Bahrain]], [[Kuwait]], [[Oman]], the [[United Arab Emirates]] (as the [[Gulf rupee]]), [[East African rupee|British East Africa]], [[Burmese rupee|Burma]], [[German East African rupie|German East Africa]] (as [[German East African rupie|Rupie/Rupien]]), and [[Historical money of Tibet|Tibet]]. In [[Indonesia]] and the [[Maldives]], the unit of currency is known as ''[[rupiah]]'' and ''[[rufiyaa]]'' respectively, [[cognate]]s of the word rupee.

The [[Indian rupee]] and [[Pakistani rupee]] are subdivided into one hundred [[paisa|paise]] (singular ''paisa'') or pice. The [[Nepalese rupee]] (रू) subdivides into one hundred [[paisa]] (singular and plural) or four [[sukaa]]s. The [[Mauritian rupee|Mauritian]], [[Seychellois rupee|Seychellois]], and [[Sri Lankan rupee]]s subdivide into 100 cents.

== Etymology ==

The [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] word ''rupayā'' ({{lang|hi|रुपया}}) is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''rūpya'' ({{lang|sa|रूप्य}}), which means "wrought silver, a coin of silver",<ref>{{cite web | publisher=etymonline.com | date=20 September 2008 | url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=rupee&searchmode=none | title=Etymology of rupee | access-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> in origin an adjective meaning "shapely", with a more specific meaning of "stamped, impressed", whence "coin". It is derived from the noun ''[[rūpa]]'' ({{lang|sa|रूप}}) "shape, likeness, image".

== History ==
{{Further|History of the rupee}}
[[File:MauryanCoin.JPG|right|thumb|''Rūpyarūpa'' issued by the [[Maurya Empire]], with symbols of wheel and elephant. 3rd century BC.|alt=Silver [[punch-marked coins]]]]
[[File:Gupta Kings. Skandagupta. AD 455-467.jpg|thumb|Silver coin of [[Skandagupta]] of [[Gupta Empire]] known as ''Rūpaka'' (रूपक) in Sanskrit, in the style of the [[Western Satrap]]s, with [[Indian peacock|peacock]] on reverse, 455–467 CE]]
[[File:Sher shah's rupee.jpg|right|thumb|''Rupiya'' issued by the [[Sher Shah Suri]], 1540–1545 CE.|alt=Silver coins with raised writing]]
[[File:French issued rupee in the name of Mohammed Sha 1719 1758 for Northern India trade cast in Pondicherry.jpg|thumb|The [[French Indies Company]] issued silver Rupee in the name of [[Muhammad Shah]] (1719–1748) for Northern India trade, minted in [[Pondicherry district|Pondicherry]].]]
[[File:Silver rupee issued by Zaman Shah Durrani (struck at the Peshawar mint).jpg|thumb|Silver Rupee under [[Zaman Shah Durrani]] in the 1790s, minted in [[Peshawar]] ]]
[[File:Government_of_India_5_Rupee_Note_1858.jpg|thumb|[[Government of India]] — 5 Rupee note, 1858]]
[[File:Rupee1917.jpg|thumb|right| [[Government of India]] — 1 Rupee banknote, 1917]]

The history of the rupee traces back to [[Ancient India]] circa 3rd century BC. Ancient India was one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world,<ref name="Subodh Kapoor 1599">{{cite book |author=Subodh Kapoor |title=The Indian encyclopaedia: biographical, historical, religious ..., Volume 6 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |date=January 2002 |page=1599 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5ZM0nZXZEkC&pg=PA1599 |isbn=81-7755-257-0 }}</ref> along with the Lydian [[stater]]s, several other Middle Eastern coinages and the [[Chinese wen]].
The term is from ''rūpya'', a Sanskrit term for [[silver coin]],<ref>{{cite web
|url= https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/soas/index.html
|title= A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages
|access-date= 26 August 2010
|last= Turner
|first= Sir Ralph Lilley
|author-link= Ralph Lilley Turner
|year= 1985
|orig-year= London: Oxford University Press, 1962–1966.
|work= Includes three supplements, published 1969–1985.
|publisher= Digital South Asia Library, a project of the Center for Research Libraries and the University of Chicago
|quote= rū'pya 10805 rū'pya 'beautiful, bearing a stamp' ; 'silver' }}</ref> from Sanskrit ''rūpa'', beautiful form.<ref>{{cite web
|url= https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/soas/index.html
|title= A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages
|access-date= 26 August 2010
|last= Turner
|first= Sir Ralph Lilley
|author-link= Ralph Lilley Turner
|year= 1985
|orig-year= London: Oxford University Press, 1962–1966.
|work= Includes three supplements, published 1969–1985.
|publisher= Digital South Asia Library, a project of the Center for Research Libraries and the University of Chicago
|quote= rūpa 10803 'form, beauty' }}</ref>

''[[Arthashastra]]'', written by [[Chanakya]], chief adviser to the first [[List of Maurya emperors|Maurya emperor]] [[Chandragupta Maurya]] (c. 340–290 BCE), mentions silver coins as ''rūpyarūpa'', other types including gold coins (''rūpya-suvarṇa''), copper coins (''tāmrarūpa'') and lead coins (''sīsarūpa'') are mentioned. ''Rūpa'' means form or shape, example, ''rūpyarūpa'', ''rūpya''&nbsp;– wrought silver, ''rūpa''&nbsp;– form.<ref name="Lectures">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n05XoH6sc6gC&q=panini+rupya&pg=PA129|title=Lectures on Ancient Indian Numismatics|author=D. R. Bhandarkar|publisher=Asian Educational Services|pages=129|isbn=9788120605497|year=1990}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1JYwP5tVQUC&pg=RA1-PA277 |title=Studies in Indian Coins |author=D.C. Sircar |date=10 September 2021 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |page=277|isbn=9788120829732 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Early Indian Economic History |author=Rajaram Narayan Saletore |publisher=N.M Tripathi |page=614}}</ref> This coinage system continued more or less across the Indian subcontinent well till 20th century.

In the intermediate times there was no fixed monetary system as reported by the ''Da Tang Xi Yu Ji''.<ref>Trübner’s Oriental Series DA TANG XIYU JI Great Tang Dynasty Records of the Western World, translated by Samuel Beal TWO VOLUMES Kegan, Paul, Trench, Teubner & Co.  London • 1906 [First Edition ‐ London • 1884]</ref>

During his reign from 1538/1540 to 1545, [[Sher Shah Suri]] of the [[Sur Empire]] set up a new civic and military administration and issued a coin of silver, weighing 178 [[Grain (mass)|grain]]s, which was also termed the ''Rupiya''.<ref>{{cite web | author=etymonline.com | date=20 September 2008 | url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=rupee&searchmode=none | title=Etymology of rupee | access-date=20 September 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mughal Coinage |url=https://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-mogul.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021005231609/http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-mogul.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2002-10-05 |quote=Sher Shah issued a coin of silver which was termed the Rupiya. This weighed 178 grains and was the precursor of the modern rupee. It remained largely unchanged till the early 20th Century }}</ref> Suri also introduced copper coins called ''[[Dam (Indian coin)|dam]]'' and [[gold coin]]s called ''[[mohur]]'' that weighed 169 grains (10.95&nbsp;g).<ref>[http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-mogul.html Mughal Coinage] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516085855/http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-mogul.html |date=16 May 2008 }} at [[RBI Monetary Museum]]. Retrieved 4 May 2008.</ref> The use of the rupee coin continued under the [[Mughal Empire]] with the same standard and weight, though some rulers after [[Akbar|Mughal Emperor Akbar]] occasionally issued heavier rupees.<ref>{{cite book|title=Foreign Trade Under Mughals|author=Mohammad Idris|publisher=Shree Publishers & Distributors|year=2004|page=55}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190410143120/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/mc_mughal.aspx Mughal Coinage] at Reserve Bank of India Monetary Museum. Retrieved 1 December 2019.</ref>

[[File:Two silver rupee coins from the Bengal Presidency, during the reign of Shah Alam II in Company Raj, minted in Old Calcutta Mint, photographed from a personal collection in West Bengal, India, by Yogabrata Chakraborty on August 19, 2023.jpg|thumb|Silver rupee coins from the [[Bengal Presidency]], struck in the name of [[Shah Alam II]], [[India Government Mint, Kolkata|minted in Calcutta]].]]
The European powers started minting coinage as early as mid-17th century, under patronage of Mughal Empire. The British gold coins were termed Carolina, the silver coins Anglina, the copper coins Cupperoon and tin coins Tinny. The coins of Bengal were developed in the [[Mughal era|Mughal]] style and those of [[Madras]] mostly in a South Indian style. The English coins of Western India developed along Mughal as well as English patterns. It was only in AD 1717 that the British obtained permission from the Emperor [[Farrukh Siyar]] to coin Mughal money at the [[Bombay]] mint. By early 1830, the British had become the dominant power in India and started minting coinage independently. The Coinage Act of 1835 provided for uniform coinage throughout India. The new coins had the effigy of [[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]] on the obverse and the value on the reverse in English and [[Persian language|Persian]]. The coins issued after 1840 bore the portrait of [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]]. The first coinage under the crown was issued in 1862 and in 1877 Queen Victoria assumed the title the Empress of India. The [[gold silver ratio]] expanded during 1870–1910. Unlike India, Britain was on the gold standard.

The 1911 accession to the throne of the King-Emperor [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]] led to the famous "pig rupee". On the coin, the King appeared wearing a robe with the imprint of an elephant. Through poor engraving, the elephant looked like a pig. The population was enraged and the image had to be quickly redesigned. Acute shortage of silver during the [[World War I|First World War]], led to the introduction of paper currency of One Rupee and Two and a half Rupees. The silver coins of smaller denominations were issued in cupro-nickel. The compulsion of the [[World War II|Second World War]] led to experiments in coinage where the standard rupee was replaced by the "Quaternary Silver Alloy". The Quaternary Silver coins were issued from 1940. In 1947 these were replaced by pure Nickel coins. The Monetary System remained unchanged at One Rupee consisting of 64 pice, or 192 pies.

In India, the "Anna Series" was introduced on 15 August 1950. This was the first coinage of the [[India|Republic of India]]. The King's Portrait was replaced by the Ashoka's Lion Capital. A corn sheaf replaced the Tiger on the one Rupee coin. The monetary system was retained with one Rupee consisting of 16 Annas. The 1955 Indian Coinage (Amendment) Act, that came into force with effect from 1 April 1957, introduced a "Decimal series". The rupee was now divided into 100 'Paisa' instead of 16 Annas or 64 Pice. The "Naye Paise" coins were minted in the denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 Naye Paise. Both the Anna series and the Naye Paise coins were valid for some time. From 1968 onwards, the new coins were called just Paise instead of Naye Paise because they were no longer naye(new).

With high inflation in the sixties, small denomination coins which were made of bronze, nickel-brass, cupro-nickel, and [[aluminium]]-[[bronze]] were gradually minted in aluminium only. This change commenced with the introduction of the new hexagonal 3 paise coin. A twenty paise coin was introduced in 1968 but did not gain much popularity. Over a period, cost-benefit considerations led to the gradual discontinuance of 1, 2 and 3 paise coins in the 1970s. Stainless steel coinage of 10, 25 and 50 paise, was introduced in 1988 and of one rupee in 1992. The very considerable costs of managing note issues of Rs 1, Rs 2, and Rs 5 led to the gradual coinisation of these denominations in the 1990s.

===East Africa, Arabia, and Mesopotamia===
In East Africa, [[Arabia]], and [[Mesopotamia]], the rupee and its subsidiary coinage was current at various times. The usage of the rupee in East Africa extended from [[Somaliland]] in the north to as far south as [[Colony of Natal|Natal]]. In Mozambique, the British India rupees were overstamped, and in Kenya, the [[British East Africa Company]] minted the rupee and its fractions, as well as pice.

The rise in the price of silver immediately after the [[World War I|First World War]] caused the rupee to rise in value to two shillings [[Pound sterling|sterling]]. In 1920 in [[British East Africa]], the opportunity was then taken to introduce a new [[East African florin|florin]] coin, hence bringing the currency into line with sterling. Shortly after that, the florin was split into two [[East African shilling]]s. This assimilation to [[Pound sterling|sterling]] did not, however, happen in [[British India]] itself. In Somalia, the Italian colonial authority minted 'rupia' to exactly the same standard and called the ''pice'' 'besa'.

The Indian rupee was the official currency of [[Dubai]] and [[Qatar]] until 1959, when India created a new [[Gulf rupee]] (also known as the "external rupee") to hinder the smuggling of gold.<ref name="nyrop2008">{{Cite book | title=Area Handbook for the Persian Gulf States | author=Richard F. Nyrop | year=2008 | isbn=978-1-4344-6210-7 | publisher=Wildside Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BPX0h_wbFtEC | quote=... The Indian rupee was the principal currency until 1959, when it was replaced by a special gulf rupee to halt gold smuggling into India ...}}</ref> The Gulf rupee was legal tender until 1966, when India significantly devalued the Indian rupee and a new [[Qatari riyal|Qatar-Dubai riyal]] was established to provide economic stability.<ref name="nyrop2008" />

===Straits Settlements===
The [[Straits Settlements]] were originally an outlier of the [[British East India Company]]. The [[Spanish dollar]] had already taken hold in the Straits Settlements by the time the British arrived in the 19th century. The East India Company tried to introduce the rupee in its place. These attempts were resisted by the locals, and by 1867 when the British government took over direct control of the Straits Settlements from the East India Company, attempts to introduce the rupee were finally abandoned.

===Tibet===
Until the middle of the 20th century, [[Tibet]]'s official currency was also known as the Tibetan rupee.<ref name="roosevelt1929">{{Cite journal | title=Trailing the giant panda |journal=Nature |volume=124 |issue=3138 |pages=944 |author1=Theodore Roosevelt |author2=Kermit Roosevelt | year=1929 | publisher=Scribner | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXZCAAAAIAAJ | quote=... The currency in general use was what was known at the Tibetan rupee ...|bibcode=1929Natur.124R.944. |doi=10.1038/124944b0 |s2cid=4086078 }}</ref>

===Denominations===
The original silver rupee, [[fineness|.917 fine]] silver, {{convert|11.66|g|gr ozt|abbr=off}},{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} was divided into 16 [[Anna (coin)|annas]], 64 [[Paisa|paise]], or 192 [[pie (Indian coin)|pies]]. Each circulating coin of [[British India]], until the rupee was decimalised, had a different name in practice. A [[paisa]] was equal to two ''dhelas'', three ''pies'', or six ''damaris''. Other coins for half anna (''adhanni'', or two paisas), two annas (''duanni''), four annas (a ''chawanni'', or a quarter of a rupee), and eight annas (an ''athanni'', or half a rupee) were widely in use until decimalization in 1961. (The [[Indian numerals|numbers]] ''adha'', ''do'', ''chār'', ''ātha'' mean respectively half, two, four, eight in Hindi and Urdu.<ref>See, for example https://www.hindi.co/ginatee/numbers_saNkhyaaENn.html, https://omniglot.com/language/numbers/urdu.htm</ref>) Two ''paisa'' was also called a ''taka'', see below.

[[Decimalisation]] occurred in India in 1957 and in Pakistan in 1961. Since 1957 an Indian rupee is divided into 100&nbsp;paise. The decimalised paisa was originally officially named ''naya paisa'' meaning the "new paisa" to distinguish it from the erstwhile paisa which had a higher value of {{frac|1|64}} rupee. The word ''naya'' was dropped in 1964 and since then it is simply known as ''paisa'' (plural ''paise'').

The most commonly used symbol for the rupee is "₨". India adopted a new symbol ({{INR}}) for the Indian rupee on 15 July 2010. In most parts of India, the rupee is known as rupaya, rupaye, or one of several other terms derived from the Sanskrit ''rūpya'', meaning silver.

''Ṭaṅka'' is an ancient Sanskrit word for money. While the two-paise coin was called a ''taka'' in [[West Pakistan]], the word ''taka'' was commonly used in [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]]), alternatively for rupee. In the Bengali and Assamese languages, spoken in Assam, [[Tripura]], and West Bengal, the rupee is known as a ''[[taka]]'', and is written as such on Indian banknotes. In [[Odisha]] it is known as ''tanka''. After its independence, Bangladesh started to officially call its currency "[[taka]]" (BDT) in 1971.

The issuance of the Indian currency is controlled by the [[Reserve Bank of India]], and issuance of Pakistani currency is controlled by [[State Bank of Pakistan]].

Currently in India (from 2010 onwards), the 50 paise coin (half a rupee) is the lowest valued legal tender coin. Coins of 1, 2, 5, and 10 rupees and banknotes of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, and 2000 rupees are commonly in use for cash transaction.

Large denominations of rupees are traditionally counted in [[lakh]]s, [[crore]]s, [[Arab (number)|arab]]s, [[Indian numbering system|kharab]]s, [[Indian numbering system|nil]]s, [[Indian numbering system|padma]]s, [[Indian numbering system|shankh]]s, udpadhas, and anks. Terms beyond ''crore'' are not generally used in the context of money; for example, an amount would be called ₨ 1 lakh crore (equivalent to 1 trillion) instead of ₨ 10 kharab.

== Symbol==
{{Main|Rupee sign|Currency sign}} 
The symbol <big>{{char|₹}}</big> is the [[Indian rupee sign]]. The [[precomposed character]] <big>{{char|₨}}</big> is a [[currency sign]] used to represent the [[monetary unit]] of account in [[Pakistani rupee|Pakistan]], [[Sri Lankan rupees|Sri Lanka]], [[Nepalese rupee|Nepal]], [[Mauritian rupee|Mauritius]], [[Seychellois rupee|Seychelles]], and formerly in [[Indian rupee|India]]. It resembles, and is often written as, the [[Latin character]] sequence "Rs" or "Rs.". The symbol <big>{{char|रू}}</big> represents the  [[Nepalese rupee]]. Currency signs exist for other countries that use the rupee but not this sign: their usage is also described at the [[rupee sign|main article]].

===In Unicode===
The [[codepoint]]s for these symbols are:
* {{unichar|20A8|nlink=Rupee sign}}
* {{unichar|20B9|nlink=Indian rupee sign}}

{{unichar|3353}} is a square version of {{lang|ja|ルピー}} {{transl|ja|rupī}}, the Japanese word for "rupee".
It is intended for [[CJK Compatibility]] with earlier character sets.
No other rupee symbols or abbreviations have dedicated code points. Most are written as [[ligature (typography)|ligature]]s using the [[combining diacritic]] technique: For example, the Nepalese rupee {{char|रू}} is written using {{unichar|0930}} with {{unichar|0942}}.

== Abbreviation ==

In [[Latin script]], "rupee" (singular) is abbreviated as 'Re'.{{Citation needed|date=July 2018}} and "rupees" (plural) as '₨'. The Indonesian ''rupiah'' is abbreviated 'Rp'. In 19th century typography, abbreviations were often superscripted: <math>R_\cdot^s</math> or <math>R^\underline{s}</math>. In Brahmic scripts, rupee is often abbreviated with the [[grapheme]] for the first syllable, optionally followed by a circular abbreviation mark or a Latin abbreviation point: {{char|रु૰}} (Devanagari ''ru.''),<ref name="Deka2010a">{{cite web |last1=Deka |first1=Rabin |title=Additions to Deva-Nagariscript and Bengali script |url=http://unicode.org/L2/L2010/10029-deva-addtitions.pdf |date=2010-01-25}} This proposal contains two attestations with a solid dot instead of a circle. Deka also points out that {{char|रु.}} is printed with a shorter head bar when used as the abbreviation for rupee.</ref><ref name="Pandey2009" /> {{char|રૂ૰}} (Gujarati ''ru.''),<ref name="Pandey2009">{{cite web |last1=Pandey |first1=Anshuman |title=L2/09-331 Proposal to Deprecate Gujarati Rupee Sign |url=https://unicode.org/L2/L2009/09331-gujarati-rupee-sign-deprec.pdf |access-date=25 October 2019 |date=2009-10-07}}</ref> {{char|රු}} ([[Sinhala script|Sinhala]] ''ru''), {{char|రూ}} ([[Telugu script|Telugu]] ''rū'').

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Rupee abbreviation in other languages
! Language 
! Word    !! Transliteration
! Abbrev. !! Unicode
|-
|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|ਰੁਪਇਆ {{small|([[Gurmukhi]])}}<br>روپیہ {{small|([[Shahmukhi]])}}
|rpia, rpiya
|)
|U+1BC1 ੨
Punjabi
|-
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] 
| રૂપિચો, રૂપિયા || ''rūpiyo'', ''rūpiyā'' 
| રૂ૰  || {{unichar|0AB0|}} + {{unichar|0AC2|}} + {{unichar|0AF0|}}
|-
| [[Kannada]] 
| ರೂಪಾಯಿ || ''rūpāyi''
| ರೂ || {{unichar|0CC4|KANNADA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR}}
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| രൂപ || ''rūpāa''
| രൂ || ( {{unichar|0D30|MALAYALAM LETTER RA}} ) + ( {{unichar|0D42|MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN uu}} )
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ரூபாய் || ''rūbāy''
| ரூ || ( {{unichar|0BB0|TAMIL LETTER RA}} ) + ( {{unichar|0BC2|TAMIL VOWEL SIGN uu}} )
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| రూపాయి || ''rūpāyi''
| రూ || ( {{unichar|0C30|TELUGU LETTER RA}} ) + ( {{unichar|0C42|Telugu vowel sign uu}} )
|-
| [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]
| රුපියල || ''rupiyala''
| රු || ({{unichar|0DBB|SINHALA LETTER RAYANNA}}) + ({{unichar|0DD4|SINHALA VOWEL SIGN KETTI PAA-PILLA}}) 
|}

== Value ==
{{See also|History of the rupee}}

The history of the rupees can be traced back to [[Ancient India]] around the 6th century BC{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}. Ancient India had some of the earliest coins in the world,<ref name="Subodh Kapoor 1599" /> along with the [[Chinese wen]] and Lydian [[stater]]s.
The rupee coin has been used since then, even during [[British India]], when it contained 11.66&nbsp;g (1&nbsp;[[Tola (unit)|tola]]) of 91.7% silver with an ASW of 0.3437 of a [[troy ounce]]<ref>{{numis cite SCWC | date=1900.4}}</ref> (that is, silver worth about US$10 at modern prices).<ref>{{cite web | publisher=xe.com | date=2 October 2006 | url=http://xe.com/ucc/convert.cgi?Amount=0.343762855&From=XAG&To=USD | title=Equivalent of 0.343762855 troy ounce of silver in U.S. dollar | access-date=2 October 2006}}</ref> Valuation of the rupee based on its silver content had severe consequences in the 19th century, when the strongest economies in the world were on the [[gold standard]]. The discovery of vast quantities of silver in the United States and various European colonies resulted in a decline in the value of silver relative to gold.

At the end of the 19th century, the Indian silver rupee went onto a [[gold exchange standard]] at a fixed rate of one rupee to one shilling and fourpence in British currency, i.e. 15 rupees to 1 [[pound sterling]].

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Country
! Currency
! Symbol
! [[ISO 4217]]<br>code
! Minor unit
!Rupees per [[United States dollar|U.S. dollar]]<br>(As of 25 September 2024)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Xe: Currency Exchange Rates and International Money Transfer |url=https://www.xe.com/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=www.xe.com}}</ref>
! Established
! Preceding currency
|-
| {{flagu| India}}
| [[Indian rupee]]
| ₹
| INR
| [[Indian paisa|Paisa]] = {{frac|100}} rupee
| 83.588512
| 1540
| ''no modern predecessor''
|-
| {{flagu| Indonesia}}
| [[Indonesian rupiah]]
|Rp
| IDR
| Sen = {{frac|100}} rupiah
| 15,087.082
| 1949
| [[Netherlands Indies gulden]]
|-
| {{flagu| Maldives}}
| [[Maldivian rufiyaa]]
|''Rf'', MRf, MVR, .ރ or /-
| MVR
| Laari = {{frac|100}} rufiyaa
| 15.416997 
| 1945
| [[Sri Lankan rupee|Ceylonese rupee]]
|-
| {{flagu| Mauritius }}
| [[Mauritian rupee]]
|₨, रु
| MUR
| Cent = {{frac|100}} rupee
| 45.872029
| 1876
| Indian rupee, [[pound sterling]], [[Mauritian dollar]]
|-
| {{flagu| Nepal }}
| [[Nepalese rupee]]
|रू
| NPR
| Paisa = {{frac|100}} rupee
| 133.80588
| 1932
| [[Nepalese mohar]]
|-
| {{flagu| Pakistan }}
| [[Pakistani rupee]]
|₨
| PKR
| Paisa = {{frac|100}} rupee
| 277.97203
| 1947
| [[Indian rupee]] (prior to [[Partition of India|partition]])
|-
| {{flagu| Seychelles }}
| [[Seychellois rupee]]
|SR, SRe
| SCR
| Cent = {{frac|100}} rupee
| 13.466389
| 1976
| Mauritian rupee
|-
| {{flagu| Sri Lanka }}
| [[Sri Lankan rupee]]
|₨, රු, ௹
| LKR
| Cent = {{frac|100}} rupee
| 303.10909
| 1885
| Indian rupee, [[pound sterling]], [[Ceylonese rixdollar]]
|}

== See also ==
* [[Rupee (The Legend of Zelda)|Rupee (''The Legend of Zelda'')]], a fictional currency
* [[The Revised Standard Reference Guide to Indian Paper Money]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources and external links==
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Rupee |volume=23 | page= 855}}

{{Rupee}}
{{Currency signs}}
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[[Category:Rupee| ]]
[[Category:Coins of India]]
[[Category:Coins of the Maldives]]
[[Category:Currency symbols]]
[[Category:Denominations (currency)]]