View source for Reference ranges for blood tests

{{short description|Common human medical data ranges for blood test results}}
{{Reference ranges}}
'''Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests''' are sets of values used by a [[health professional]] to interpret a set of [[medical test]] results from blood samples. [[Reference range]]s for [[blood test]]s are studied within the field of [[clinical chemistry]] (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the area of [[pathology]] that is generally concerned with analysis of [[bodily fluids]].{{cn|date=February 2024}}

Blood test results should always be interpreted using the reference range provided by the laboratory that performed the test.<ref>{{cite web|title=Reference Ranges and What They Mean|url=http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/features/ref-ranges/start/6|publisher=Lab Tests Online (USA)|access-date=22 June 2013|archive-date=28 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828020717/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/features/ref-ranges/start/6|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Interpretation==
A [[reference range]] is usually defined as the set of values 95 percent of the normal population falls within (that is, 95% [[prediction interval]]).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Je_pJfb2r0cC&pg=PA19 Page 19] in: {{cite book |author=Stephen K. Bangert MA MB BChir MSc MBA FRCPath; William J. Marshall MA MSc MBBS FRCP FRCPath FRCPEdin FIBiol; Marshall, William Leonard |title=Clinical biochemistry: metabolic and clinical aspects |publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier |location=Philadelphia |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-443-10186-1 }}</ref> It is determined by collecting data from vast numbers of laboratory tests.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

===Plasma or whole blood===
In this article, all values (except the ones listed below) denote [[blood plasma]] concentration, which is approximately 60–100% larger than the actual blood concentration if the amount inside [[red blood cells]] (RBCs) is negligible. The precise factor depends on [[hematocrit]] as well as amount inside RBCs. Exceptions are mainly those values that denote total blood concentration, and in this article they are:<ref name="pmid33274357">{{cite journal| author=Bransky A, Larsson A, Aardal E, Ben-Yosef Y, Christenson RH| title=A Novel Approach to Hematology Testing at the Point of Care. | journal=J Appl Lab Med | year= 2021 | volume= 6 | issue= 2 | pages= 532–542 | pmid=33274357 | doi=10.1093/jalm/jfaa186 | pmc=7798949 }} </ref>
* All values in ''Hematology – red blood cells'' (except ''hemoglobin in plasma'')
* All values in ''Hematology – white blood cells''
* Platelet count (Plt)
A few values are for inside red blood cells only:
* [[Folate|Vitamin B<sub>9</sub>]] (folic acid/folate) in red blood cells
* Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

===Units===
* [[Mass concentration (chemistry)|Mass concentration]] (g/dL or g/L) is the most common measurement unit in the United States. Is usually given with dL (decilitres) as the denominator in the United States, and usually with L (litres) in, for example, Sweden.{{cn|date=February 2024}}
* [[Molar concentration]] (mol/L) is used to a higher degree in most of the rest of the world, including the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe and Australia and New Zealand.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=BfdighlyGiwC "Units of measurement"] in ''Medical toxicology'', Richard C. Dart
Edition: 3, illustrated, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004, p. 34 {{ISBN|978-0-7817-2845-4}} 1914 pages</ref>
* [[International unit]]s (IU) are based on measured [[biological activity]] or effect, or for some substances, a specified equivalent mass.{{cn|date=February 2024}}
* [[Enzyme activity]] ([[katal|kat]]) is commonly used for e.g. [[liver function test]]s like [[Aspartate transaminase|AST]], [[Alanine transaminase|ALT]], [[lactate dehydrogenase|LD]] and [[Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase|γ-GT]] in Sweden.<ref name=uppsala/>
* [[Percentage]]s and time-dependent units (mol/s) are used for calculated derived parameters, e.g. for [[beta cell]] function in [[Homeostatic model assessment|homeostasis model assessment]] or [[thyroid's secretory capacity]].{{cn|date=February 2024}}

===Arterial or venous===
If not otherwise specified, a reference range for a blood test is generally the [[vein|venous]] range, as the standard process of obtaining a sample is by [[venipuncture]]. An exception is for acid–base and [[blood gas]]es, which are generally given for arterial blood.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

Still, the blood values are approximately equal between the arterial and venous sides for most substances, with the exception of acid–base, blood gases and drugs (used in [[therapeutic drug monitoring]] (TDM) assays).<ref name=Dufour>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3230/is_4_32/ai_61893437/ "Arterial versus venous reference ranges"], ''Medical Laboratory Observer'', April, 2000 by D. Robert Dufour</ref> Arterial levels for drugs are generally higher than venous levels because of extraction while passing through tissues.<ref name=Dufour/>

===Usual or optimal===
[[Reference range]]s are usually given as what are the usual (or ''normal'') values found in the population, more specifically the [[prediction interval]] that 95% of the population fall into. This may also be called ''standard range''. In contrast, ''optimal (health) range'' or ''therapeutic target'' is a reference range or limit that is based on concentrations or levels that are associated with optimal health or minimal risk of related complications and diseases. For most substances presented, the optimal levels are the ones normally found in the population as well. More specifically, optimal levels are generally close to a [[central tendency]] of the values found in the population. However, usual and optimal levels may differ substantially, most notably among vitamins and blood lipids, so these tables give limits on both standard and optimal (or target) ranges. In addition, some values, including [[troponin I]] and [[brain natriuretic peptide]], are given as the estimated appropriate [[cutoff (reference value)|cutoffs]] to distinguish healthy people from people with specific conditions, which here are [[myocardial infarction]] and [[congestive heart failure]], respectively, for the aforementioned substances.<ref name=Mangla/><ref name=Brenden2006/><ref name=Strunk2006/>

===Variability===
{{Further|Reference range}}
References range may vary with age, sex, race, pregnancy,<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181c2bde8| pmid = 19935037| title = Pregnancy and Laboratory Studies| journal = Obstetrics & Gynecology| volume = 114| issue = 6| pages = 1326–31| year = 2009| last1 = Abbassi-Ghanavati | first1 = M. | last2 = Greer | first2 = L. G. | last3 = Cunningham | first3 = F. G. | s2cid = 24249021}}</ref> diet, use of prescribed or herbal drugs and stress. Reference ranges often depend on the analytical method used, for reasons such as [[Accuracy and precision|inaccuracy]], lack of [[standardisation]], lack of [[certified reference materials|certified reference material]] and differing [[epitope|antibody reactivity]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Armbruster|first=David|author2=Miller |title=The Joint Committee for Traceability in Laboratory Medicine (JCTLM): A Global Approach to Promote the Standardisation of Clinical Laboratory Test Results|journal=The Clinical Biochemist Reviews|date=August 2007|volume=28|issue=3|pages=105–14|pmc=1994110|pmid=17909615}}</ref> Also, reference ranges may be inaccurate when the reference groups used to establish the ranges are small.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Sample Sizes for Prediction Intervals|author=William Q. Meeker & Gerald J. Hahn|doi=10.1080/00224065.1982.11978821|journal=Journal of Quality Technology|volume=14|year=1982|issue=4|pages=201–206 }}</ref>

==Sorted by concentration==

===By mass and molarity===
Smaller, narrower boxes indicate a more tight homeostatic regulation when measured as [[Reference range#Standard definition|standard "usual" reference range]].
{{Blood Values}}

Hormones predominate at the left part of the scale, shown with a red at ng/L or pmol/L, being in very low concentration. There appears to be the greatest cluster of substances in the yellow part (μg/L or nmol/L), becoming sparser in the green part (mg/L or μmol/L). However, there is another cluster containing many metabolic substances like cholesterol and glucose at the limit with the blue part (g/L or mmol/L).{{cn|date=February 2024}}

The unit conversions of substance concentrations from the molar to the mass concentration scale above are made as follows:
* Numerically:
:<math>\text{molar concentration} \times \text{molar mass} = \text{mass concentration}</math>
* Measured directly in distance on the scales:
:<math>\log_{10} \frac{\text{molar mass}}{1000} = \text{distance to right (decades)} </math>,
where distance is the direct (not logarithmic) distance in number of [[Decade (log scale)|decades]] or "octaves" to the right the mass concentration is found. To translate from mass to molar concentration, the dividend ([[molar mass]] and the divisor (1000) in the [[Division (mathematics)|division]] change places, or, alternatively, ''distance to right'' is changed to ''distance to left''. Substances with a molar mass around 1000g/mol (e.g. thyroxine) are almost vertically aligned in the mass and molar images. Adrenocorticotropic hormone, on the other hand, with a molar mass of 4540,<ref>[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P01189 PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; NCBI / POMC] Retrieved on September 28, 2009</ref> is 0.7 decades to the right in the mass image. Substances with molar mass below 1000g/mol (e.g. electrolytes and metabolites) would have "negative" distance, that is, masses deviating to the left.
Many substances given in mass concentration are not given in molar amount because they haven't been added to the article.

The diagram above can also be used as an alternative way to convert any substance concentration (not only the normal or optimal ones) from molar to mass units and vice versa for those substances appearing in both scales, by measuring how much they are horizontally displaced from one another (representing the molar mass for that substance), and using the same distance from the concentration to be converted to determine the equivalent concentration in terms of the other unit. For example, on a certain monitor, the horizontal distance between the upper limits for parathyroid hormone in pmol/L and pg/mL may be 7&nbsp;cm, with the mass concentration to the right. A molar concentration of, for example, 5 pmol/L would therefore correspond to a mass concentration located 7&nbsp;cm to the right in the mass diagram, that is, approximately 45 pg/mL.

===By units===
Units do not necessarily imply anything about molarity or mass.
[[Image:Reference ranges for blood tests - by units.png|thumb|center|701px]]

A few substances are below this main interval, e.g. [[thyroid stimulating hormone]], being measured in [[milli-|m]]<nowiki>U/L</nowiki>, or above, like [[rheumatoid factor]] and [[CA19-9]], being measured in U/mL.

===By enzyme activity===
[[File:Reference ranges for blood tests - by enzyme activity.png|thumb|center|351px]]

===White blood cells===
[[Image:Reference ranges for blood tests - white blood cells.png|thumb|center|811px]]

==Sorted by category==

===Ions and trace metals===
{{Further|Trace metal|Metals in medicine}}
Included here are also related binding proteins, like [[ferritin]] and [[transferrin]] for iron, and [[ceruloplasmin]] for copper.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Test
! Lower limit
! Upper limit
! Unit*
! Comments
 |-
 |rowspan=2| {{Anchor|Sodium}} [[Sodium]] (Na) || 135,<ref name=firstaid/> 137<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=southwest/> || 145,<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=southwest/> 147<ref name=firstaid/> || mmol/L or mEq/L<ref name=firstaid/> ||rowspan=2| See [[hyponatremia]] or [[hypernatremia]]
 |-
 | 310,<ref name=sodium-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 22.99 g•mol−1</ref> 320<ref name=sodium-molar/> || 330,<ref name=sodium-molar/> 340<ref name=sodium-molar/> || mg/dL
 |-
 |-
 |rowspan=2| {{Anchor|Potassium}} [[Potassium]] (K) || 3.5,<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=firstaid/> 3.6<ref name=southwest/> || 5.0,<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=firstaid/><ref name=southwest/> 5.1  || mmol/L or mEq/L<ref name=firstaid/> ||rowspan=2| See [[hypokalemia]] or [[hyperkalemia]]
 |-
 | 14<ref name=potassium-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 39.10 g•mol−1</ref> || 20<ref name=potassium-molar/> || mg/dL
 |-
 |-
 |rowspan=2| {{Anchor|Chloride}} [[Chloride]] (Cl) || 95,<ref name=firstaid/> 98,<ref name=merck/> 100<ref name=uppsala/> || 105,<ref name=firstaid/> 106,<ref name=merck/> 110<ref name=uppsala/> || mmol/L or mEq/L<ref name=firstaid/>  ||rowspan=2| See [[hypochloremia]] or [[hyperchloremia]]
 |-
 | 340<ref name=chloride-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 35.45 g•mol−1</ref> || 370<ref name=chloride-molar/> || mg/dL
 |-
 |-
 |rowspan=2| {{Anchor|Calcium}} Ionized [[calcium]] (Ca)  || 1.03,<ref name=Larsson>{{cite journal |vauthors=Larsson L, Ohman S |title=Serum ionized calcium and corrected total calcium in borderline hyperparathyroidism |journal=Clin. Chem. |volume=24 |issue=11 |pages=1962–65 |date=November 1978 |pmid=709830 |doi= 10.1093/clinchem/24.11.1962|url=http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=709830|doi-access=free }}</ref> 1.10<ref name=uppsala/> || 1.23,<ref name=Larsson/> 1.30<ref name=uppsala/> || mmol/L ||rowspan=2| See [[hypocalcaemia]] or [[hypercalcaemia]]
 |-
 |-
 | 4.1,<ref name=calcium-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 40.08  g•mol−1</ref> 4.4<ref name=calcium-molar/> || 4.9,<ref name=calcium-molar/> 5.2<ref name=calcium-molar/> || mg/dL
 |-
 |-
 |rowspan=2| Total calcium (Ca)  || 2.1,<ref name=firstaid/><ref name=calcium-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 40.08  g•mol−1</ref> 2.2<ref name=uppsala/> || 2.5,<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=calcium-mass/> 2.6,<ref name=calcium-mass/> 2.8<ref name=firstaid/> || mmol/L ||
 |-
 |-
 | 8.4,<ref name=firstaid/> 8.5<ref name=bloodbook/> || 10.2,<ref name=firstaid/> 10.5<ref name=bloodbook/> || mg/dL ||
 |-
 |-
 |rowspan=2| {{Anchor|Iron}} Total [[serum iron]] (TSI) – male || 65,<ref name=uimc>{{cite web |author=Slon S |title=Serum Iron |url=http://uimc.discoveryhospital.com/main.php?t=enc&id=1456 |date=2006-09-22 |publisher=University of Illinois Medical Center |access-date=2006-07-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061028111833/http://uimc.discoveryhospital.com/main.php?t=enc&id=1456 |archive-date=2006-10-28 }}</ref> 76<ref name=southwest/> || 176,<ref name=uimc/> 198<ref name=southwest/> || μg/dL ||rowspan=2| See [[iron deficiency|hypoferremia]] or the following: [[iron overload|iron overload (hemochromatosis)]], [[iron poisoning]], [[siderosis]], [[hemosiderosis]], [[wikt:hyperferremia#Noun|hyperferremia]]
 |-
 | 11.6,<ref name=DCL>[http://www.dclmexico.com/ingles/hierro_sl.pdf Diagnostic Chemicals Limited > Serum Iron-SL Assay] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106161044/http://www.dclmexico.com/ingles/hierro_sl.pdf |date=2009-01-06 }} July 15, 2005</ref><ref name=mass-iron/> 13.6<ref name=mass-iron/> || 30,<ref name=DCL/> 32,<ref name=mass-iron/> 35<ref name=mass-iron/> || μmol/L
 |-
 |-
 |rowspan=2| Total serum iron (TSI) – female || 26,<ref name=southwest/> 50<ref name=uimc/> || 170<ref name=southwest/><ref name=uimc/> || μg/dL ||
 |-
 |-
 | 4.6,<ref name=mass-iron/> 8.9<ref name=DCL/> || 30.4<ref name=DCL/> || μmol/L ||
 |-
 |-
 |rowspan=2| Total serum iron (TSI) – [[newborns]] || 100<ref name=uimc/> || 250<ref name=uimc/>  || μg/dL ||
 |-
 |-
 | 18<ref name=mass-iron>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 55.85 g•mol−1</ref> || 45<ref name=mass-iron/> || μmol/L ||
 |-
 |-
 |rowspan=2| Total serum iron (TSI) – [[child]]ren || 50<ref name=uimc/> || 120<ref name=uimc/> || μg/dL ||
 |-
 |-
 | 9<ref name=mass-iron/> || 21<ref name=mass-iron/> || μmol/L ||
 |-
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[Total iron-binding capacity]] (TIBC) || 240,<ref name=uimc/> 262<ref name=southwest/> || 450,<ref name=uimc/> 474<ref name=southwest/> || μg/dL ||
 |-
 |-
 | 43,<ref name=mass-iron/> 47<ref name=mass-iron/> || 81,<ref name=mass-iron/> 85<ref name=mass-iron/>|| μmol/L ||
 |-
 |-
 |rowspan=2| {{Anchor|Transferrin}} [[Transferrin]] || 190,<ref name=clinchem>[http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/reprint/45/1/131.pdf Table 1.] Page 133" ''Clinical Chemistry'' 45, No. 1, 1999 (stating 1.9–3.3 g/L)</ref> 194,<ref name=uppsala/> 204<ref name=southwest/> || 326,<ref name=uppsala/> 330,<ref name=clinchem/> 360<ref name=southwest/> || mg/dL ||
 |-
 | 25<ref name=transf-derived>Derived by dividing mass values with molar mass</ref> || 45<ref name=transf-derived/> || μmol/L ||
 |-
 |-
 | [[Transferrin saturation]] || 20<ref name=uimc/> || 50<ref name=uimc/> || % ||
 |-
 |rowspan=2| {{Anchor|Ferritin}} [[Ferritin]] – Males and [[postmenopausal]] females || 12<ref name=medline>[https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003490.htm Ferritin] by: Mark Levin, MD, Hematologist and Oncologist, Newark, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network</ref> || 300<ref name=medline/><ref name=medscape-ferritin>{{cite web|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177216-workup#c8|title=Hemochromatosis Workup|author=Andrea Duchini|website=[[Medscape]]|access-date=2016-07-14}} Updated: Jan 02, 2016</ref> || ng/mL or μg/L ||
 |-
 | 27<ref name=mass-ferritin>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 450,000 g•mol−1</ref> || 670<ref name=mass-ferritin/>|| pmol/L ||
 |-
 |-
 |rowspan=2| Ferritin – premenopausal females || 12<ref name=medline/> || 150<ref name=medline/> – 200<ref name=medscape-ferritin/> || ng/mL or μg/L ||
 |-
 | 27<ref name=mass-ferritin/> || 330<ref name=mass-ferritin/> – 440<ref name=mass-ferritin/> || pmol/L ||
 |-
 |-
 |rowspan=2| {{Anchor|Ammonia}} [[Ammonia]] || 10,<ref name=mitchell>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mitchell ML, Filippone MD, Wozniak TF |title=Metastatic carcinomatous cirrhosis and hepatic hemosiderosis in a patient heterozygous for the H63D genotype |journal=Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. |volume=125 |issue=8 |pages=1084–87 |date=August 2001 |pmid=11473464 |doi= 10.5858/2001-125-1084-MCCAHH|url=http://journals.allenpress.com/jrnlserv/?request=get-abstract&issn=0003-9985&volume=125&page=1084 }}</ref> 20<ref name=diaz>{{cite journal |vauthors=Diaz J, Tornel PL, Martinez P |title=Reference intervals for blood ammonia in healthy subjects, determined by microdiffusion |journal=Clin. Chem. |volume=41 |issue=7 |page=1048 |date=July 1995 |pmid=7600690 |doi= 10.1093/clinchem/41.7.1048a|doi-access=free }}</ref> || 35,<ref name=mitchell/> 65<ref name=diaz/> || μmol/L ||rowspan=2| See [[wikt:hypoammonemia#Noun|hypoammonemia]] and [[hyperammonemia]]
 |-
 | 17,<ref name=ammonia-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 17.03 g/mol</ref> 34<ref name=ammonia-molar/> || 60,<ref name=ammonia-molar/> 110<ref name=ammonia-molar/> || μg/dL
 |-
 |rowspan=2| {{Anchor|Copper}} [[Copper]] (Cu) || 70<ref name=bloodbook/> || 150<ref name=bloodbook/> || μg/dL ||rowspan=2| See [[copper deficiency|hypocupremia]] or [[copper toxicity|hypercupremia]]
 |-
 | 11<ref name=copper-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 63.55 g•mol−1</ref><ref>{{Cite GPnotebook|1040580630|Reference range for copper}}</ref> || 24<ref name=copper-mass/> || μmol/L
 |-
 |rowspan=2| {{Anchor|Ceruloplasmin}} [[Ceruloplasmin]] || 15<ref name=bloodbook/> || 60<ref name=bloodbook/> || mg/dL ||
 |-
 | 1<ref name=ceruloplasmin-mass>Derived from mass using molar mass of 151kDa</ref> || 4<ref name=ceruloplasmin-mass/> || μmol/L ||
 |-
 | {{Anchor|Phosphate}} [[Phosphate]] (HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>) || 0.8 || 1.5<ref name=boron849>{{cite book |author=Walter F. Boron |title=Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch |publisher=Elsevier/Saunders |year= 2005|isbn=978-1-4160-2328-9|page=849}}</ref> || mmol/L || See [[hypophosphatemia]] or [[hyperphosphatemia]]
 |-
 |-
 |rowspan=2| Inorganic [[phosphorus]] (serum) || 1.0<ref name=firstaid/> || 1.5<ref name=firstaid/> || mmol/L
 |-
 | 3.0<ref name=firstaid/> || 4.5<ref name=firstaid/> || mg/dL ||
 |-
 |-
 |rowspan=2| {{Anchor|Zinc}} [[Zinc]] (Zn) || 60,<ref name=dlolab>{{cite web |url=http://www.dlolab.com/PDFs/DLO-OCTOBER-2008-LAB-UPDATE.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-01-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307231954/http://www.dlolab.com/PDFs/DLO-OCTOBER-2008-LAB-UPDATE.pdf |archive-date=2010-03-07 }}</ref> 72<ref name=zinc-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 65.38 g/mol</ref> || 110,<ref name=zinc-molar/> 130<ref name=dlolab/> || μg/dL ||rowspan=2| See [[zinc deficiency]] or [[zinc#Poisoning|zinc poisoning]]
 |-
 | 9.2,<ref name=zinc-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 65.38 g/mol</ref> 11<ref name=uppsala/> || 17,<ref name=uppsala/> 20<ref name=zinc-mass/> || μmol/L
 |-
 |rowspan=2| {{Anchor|Magnesium}} [[Magnesium]] || 1.5,<ref name=bloodbook/> 1.7<ref name=magnesium-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 24.31 g/mol</ref> || 2.0,<ref name=bloodbook/> 2.3<ref name=magnesium-molar/> || mEq/L or mg/dL ||rowspan=2| See [[hypomagnesemia]] or [[hypermagnesemia]]
 |-
 | 0.6,<ref name=magnesium-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 24.31 g/mol</ref> 0.7<ref name=uppsala/> || 0.82,<ref name=magnesium-mass/> 0.95<ref name=uppsala/> || mmol/L
 |-
|}
* Note: Although 'mEq' for mass and 'mEq/L' are sometimes used in the United States and elsewhere, they are not part of [[SI]] and are now considered redundant.

===Acid–base and blood gases===
{{Further|Acid–base homeostasis}}
{{Further|Arterial blood gas test|Arterial blood gas test#Parameters and reference ranges}}
If [[artery|arterial]]/[[vein|venous]] is not specified for an acid–base or blood gas value, then it generally refers to arterial, and not venous which otherwise is standard for other blood tests.{{cn|date=February 2024}}

Acid–base and blood gases are among the few blood constituents that exhibit substantial difference between arterial and venous values.<ref name=Dufour/> Still, pH, bicarbonate and base excess show a high level of [[inter-rater reliability|inter-method reliability]] between arterial and venous tests, so arterial and venous values are roughly equivalent for these.<ref name=middleton>{{cite journal |vauthors=Middleton P, Kelly AM, Brown J, Robertson M |title=Agreements between arterial and central venous values for pH, bicarbonate, base excess, and lactate |journal=Emerg Med J |volume=23 |issue=8 |pages=622–24 |date=August 2006 |pmid=16858095 |pmc=2564165 |doi=10.1136/emj.2006.035915 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
 ! Test
! Arterial/Venous
! Lower limit
! Upper limit
! Unit
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[pH]] || Arterial || 7.34,<ref name=southwest/> 7.35<ref name=firstaid/> || 7.44,<ref name=southwest/> 7.45<ref name=firstaid/> ||
 |-
 | Venous || 7.31<ref name=brookside>[http://www.brooksidepress.org/Products/OperationalMedicine/DATA/operationalmed/Lab/ABG_ArterialBloodGas.htm The Medical Education Division of the Brookside Associates / ABG (Arterial Blood Gas)] Retrieved on Dec 6, 2009</ref> || 7.41<ref name=brookside/> ||
 |-
 |-
 |rowspan=2| <nowiki>[</nowiki>H<sup>+</sup><nowiki>]</nowiki> || rowspan=2|Arterial || 36<ref name=firstaid/> || 44<ref name=firstaid/> || nmol/L
 |-
 | 3.6<ref name=hydrogen-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 1.01 g•mol−1</ref> || 4.4<ref name=hydrogen-molar/> || ng/dL
 |-
 | [[Base excess]] || Arterial & venous<ref name=brookside/> || −3<ref name=brookside/> || +3<ref name=brookside/>  || mEq/L
 |-
 |rowspan=4| [[Oxygen partial pressure]] (pO<sub>2</sub>) ||rowspan=2| [[Arterial blood gas#oxygen|Arterial pO<sub>2</sub>]] || 10,<ref name=firstaid/> 11<ref name=mmHg/> || 13,<ref name=mmHg/> 14<ref name=firstaid/> || kPa
 |-
 | 75,<ref name=firstaid/><ref name=southwest/> 83<ref name=bloodbook/> || 100,<ref name=southwest/> 105<ref name=firstaid/> || [[mmHg]] or [[torr]]
 |-
 |rowspan=2| Venous || 4.0<ref name=mmHg/> || 5.3<ref name=mmHg/> || kPa
 |-
 | 30<ref name=brookside/> || 40<ref name=brookside/> || mmHg or torr
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[Oxygen saturation]] || Arterial || 94,<ref name=brookside/> 95,<ref name=merck>[http://www.merck.com/mmhe/appendixes/ap2/ap2b.html Merck Manuals > Common Medical Tests > Blood Tests] Last full review/revision February 2003</ref> 96<ref name=bloodbook/> || 100<ref name=merck/><ref name=bloodbook/> ||rowspan=2| %
 |-
 | Venous || colspan=2| Approximately 75<ref name=merck/>
 |-
 |rowspan=4| [[Carbon dioxide partial pressure]] (pCO<sub>2</sub>) ||rowspan=2| [[Arterial blood gas#carbon dioxide|Arterial P<sub>a</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>]] || 4.4,<ref name=firstaid/> 4.7<ref name=mmHg>Derived from mmHg values using 0.133322 kPa/mmHg</ref> || 5.9,<ref name=firstaid/> 6.0<ref name=mmHg/> || kPa
 |-
 | 33,<ref name=firstaid/> 35<ref name=southwest/> || 44,<ref name=firstaid/> 45<ref name=southwest/> || mmHg or torr
 |-
 |rowspan=2| Venous || 5.5,<ref name=mmHg/> || 6.8<ref name=mmHg/> || kPa
 |-
 | 41<ref name=brookside/> || 51<ref name=brookside/> || mmHg or torr
 |-
 |rowspan=2| Absolute content of [[carbon dioxide]] (CO<sub>2</sub>) ||rowspan=2| Arterial || 23<ref name=brookside/> || 30<ref name=brookside/> || mmol/L
 |-
 | 100<ref name=co2-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44.010 g/mol</ref> || 132<ref name=co2-molar/> || mg/dL
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[Carbonic acid|Bicarbonate]] (HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) || rowspan=2| Arterial & venous || 18<ref name=bloodbook>[http://www.bloodbook.com/ranges.html Blood Test Results – Normal Ranges] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102092931/http://www.bloodbook.com/ranges.html |date=2012-11-02 }} Bloodbook.Com</ref> || 23<ref name=bloodbook/> || mmol/L
 |-
 | 110<ref name=bicarbonate-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 61 g/mol</ref> || 140<ref name=bicarbonate-molar/> || mg/dL
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[Standard bicarbonate concentration|Standard bicarbonate]] (SBC<sub>e</sub>) || rowspan=2| Arterial & venous || 21, 22<ref name=firstaid/> || 27, 28<ref name=firstaid/> || mmol/L or mEq/L<ref name=firstaid/>
 |-
 | 134<ref name=bicarbonate-molar/> || 170<ref name=bicarbonate-molar/> || mg/dL
 |-
|}

===Liver function===
{{Further|Liver function tests}}

{| class="wikitable"
! Test
! Patient type
! Lower limit
! Upper limit
! Unit
! Comments
 |-
 | [[Serum total protein|Total protein]] (TotPro) ||  || 60,<ref name=firstaid/> 63<ref name=southwest/> || 78,<ref name=firstaid/> 82,<ref name=southwest/> 84<ref name=bloodbook/> || g/L  ||See [[Serum total protein#Interpretation|serum total protein Interpretation]]
 |-
 |rowspan=3| [[Serum albumin|Albumin]]  ||rowspan=3| || 35<ref name=firstaid/><ref>{{Cite GPnotebook|288686147|Reference range (albumin)}}</ref> || 48,<ref name=southwest/> 55<ref name=firstaid/> || g/L  ||rowspan=3| See [[hypoalbuminemia]]
 |-
 | 3.5<ref name=southwest/> || 4.8,<ref name=southwest/> 5.5<ref name=firstaid/> || U/L
 |-
 | 540<ref name=albumin-mass>Derived from mass using molecular weight of 65kD</ref> || 740<ref name=albumin-mass/> || μmol/L
 |-
 | [[Globulins]] ||  || 23<ref name=firstaid/> || 35<ref name=firstaid/> || g/L ||
 |-
 |rowspan=2| {{Anchor|Bilirubin reference ranges}} Total [[bilirubin]] ||rowspan=2|  || 1.7,<ref name=bilirubin-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 585g/mol</ref> 2,<ref name=firstaid/> 3.4,<ref name=bilirubin-mass/> 5<ref name=uppsala/> || 17,<ref name=firstaid/><ref name=bilirubin-mass/> 22,<ref name=bilirubin-mass/> 25<ref name=uppsala/> || μmol/L  ||
 |-
 | 0.1,<ref name=firstaid/> 0.2,<ref name=southwest/> 0.29<ref name=bilirubin-molar/> || 1.0,<ref name=firstaid/><ref name=bloodbook/> 1.3,<ref name=southwest/> 1.4<ref name=bilirubin-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 585g/mol</ref> || mg/dL ||
 |-
 |rowspan=2| Direct/conjugated bilirubin  ||rowspan=2|  || 0.0<ref name=firstaid/> or N/A<ref name=uppsala/> || 5,<ref name=firstaid/> 7<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=bilirubin-mass/> || μmol/L  ||
 |-
 | 0<ref name=firstaid/><ref name=southwest/> || 0.3,<ref name=firstaid/><ref name=southwest/> 0.4<ref name=bloodbook/> || mg/dL ||
 |-
 |rowspan=3| [[Alanine transaminase]] (ALT/ALAT<ref name=uppsala/>) || || 5,<ref name=Nohring/> 7,<ref name=southwest/> 8<ref name=firstaid>Last page of {{cite book |author1=Deepak A. Rao |author2=Le, Tao |author3=Bhushan, Vikas |title=First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2008 (First Aid for the Usmle Step 1) |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-07-149868-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/firstaidforusmle00taol }}</ref> || 20,<ref name=firstaid/> 21,<ref name=merck/> 56<ref name=southwest/> || U/L  ||rowspan=3| Also called ''serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase'' (SGPT)
 |-
 | Female || 0.15<ref name=uppsala/> || 0.75<ref name=uppsala/> ||rowspan=2| μ[[katal|kat]]/L
 |-
 | Male || 0.15<ref name=uppsala/> || 1.1<ref name=uppsala/>
 |-
 |rowspan=4| [[Aspartate transaminase]] (AST/ASAT<ref name=uppsala/>) ||rowspan=2| Female || 6<ref name=gpnotebook-ast>[http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=322240579 GPnotebook > reference range (AST)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107125542/http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=322240579 |date=2017-01-07 }} Retrieved on Dec 7, 2009</ref> || 34<ref name=gpnotebook-ast/> || IU/L ||rowspan=4| Also called <br /> ''serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase'' (SGOT)
 |-
 | 0.25<ref name=uppsala/> || 0.60<ref name=uppsala/> || μ[[katal|kat]]/L
 |-
 |rowspan=2| Male || 8<ref name=gpnotebook-ast/> || 40<ref name=gpnotebook-ast/> || IU/L
 |-
 | 0.25<ref name=uppsala/> || 0.75<ref name=uppsala/> || μ[[katal|kat]]/L
 |-
 |rowspan=3| [[Alkaline phosphatase]] (ALP)  ||  || 0.6<ref name=uppsala/> || 1.8<ref name=uppsala/> || μ[[katal|kat]]/L ||
 |-
 | Female || 42<ref name=Nohring>Fachwörterbuch Kompakt Medizin E-D/D-E. Author: Fritz-Jürgen Nöhring. Edition 2. Publisher:Elsevier, Urban&FischerVerlag, 2004. {{ISBN|978-3-437-15120-0}}. Length: 1288 pages</ref> || 98<ref name=Nohring/> ||rowspan=2| U/L  ||
 |-
 | Male || 53<ref name=Nohring/> || 128<ref name=Nohring/> ||
 |-
 |rowspan=3| [[Gamma glutamyl transferase]] (GGT) ||  || 5,<ref name=Nohring/> 8<ref name=southwest/> || 40,<ref name=Nohring/> 78<ref name=southwest/> || U/L  ||
 |-
 | Female ||  || 0.63<ref name="MDI">{{cite web|url=http://www.mdi-labor.de/l_leistungsverzeichnis_detail.php?u_id=663&init=letter |title=Gamma-GT |work=Leistungsverzeichnis |publisher=Medizinisch-Diagnostische Institute |access-date=20 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425233448/http://www.mdi-labor.de/l_leistungsverzeichnis_detail.php?u_id=663&init=letter |archive-date=25 April 2012 }}</ref> || μ[[katal|kat]]/L ||
 |-
 | Male ||  || 0.92<ref name="MDI" /> || μ[[katal|kat]]/L ||
 |-
|}

===Cardiac tests===

{| class="wikitable"
! Test
! Patient type
! Lower limit
! Upper limit
! Unit
! Comments
 |-
 |rowspan=4| [[Creatine kinase]] (CK) ||rowspan=2| Male || 24,<ref name="GPnotebook_1436155929">{{Cite GPnotebook|1436155929|Creatine kinase}}</ref> 38,<ref name=southwest/> 60<ref name=Nohring/> || 174,<ref name=bloodbook/> 320<ref name=Nohring/> || U/L or ng/mL ||
 |-
 | 0.42<ref name=Lee2009p585>[https://books.google.com/books?id=AUSIRcV_as0C&pg=PA585 Page 585] in: {{cite book |author=Lee, Mary Ann |title=Basic Skills in Interpreting Laboratory Data |publisher=Amer Soc of Health System |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-58528-180-0 }}</ref> || 1.5<ref name=Lee2009p585/> || μkat/L ||
 |-
 | rowspan=2| Female || 24,<ref name="GPnotebook_1436155929"/> 38,<ref name=southwest/> 96<ref name=bloodbook/> || 140,<ref name=bloodbook/> 200<ref name=Nohring/> || U/L or ng/mL ||
 |-
 | 0.17<ref name=Lee2009p585/> || 1.17<ref name=Lee2009p585/> || μkat/L ||
 |-
 | [[CK-MB]] ||  || 0 || 3,<ref name=southwest/> 3.8,<ref name=uppsala/> 5<ref name=Nohring/> || ng/mL or μg/L<ref name=uppsala/> ||
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[Myoglobin]] || Female || 1<ref name=MediaLab>[http://www.medialabinc.net/muscle-keyword.aspx Muscle Information and Courses from MediaLab, Inc. > Cardiac Biomarkers] Retrieved on April 22, 2010</ref> || 66<ref name=MediaLab/> ||rowspan=2| ng/mL or μg/L ||
 |-
 | Male || 17<ref name=MediaLab/> || 106<ref name=MediaLab/> ||
 |-
 | Cardiac [[troponin T]] (low sensitive)
| ||  || 0.1<ref name=Mangla>{{cite web|author=Ashvarya Mangla|title=Troponins|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2073935-overview|access-date=2017-07-24|website=[[medscape]]}} Updated: Jan 14, 2015</ref>|| ng/mL || 99th percentile [[cutoff (reference value)|cutoff]]
|-
|Cardiac [[troponin T|troponin I]]
(high sensitive)
|
|
|0.03<ref name=Mangla/>
|ng/mL
|99th percentile [[cutoff (reference value)|cutoff]]
|-
|rowspan=3|Cardiac troponin T (high sensitive)
|Male
|
|0.022<ref name=Mangla/>
|ng/mL
|99th percentile [[cutoff (reference value)|cutoff]]
|-
|Female
|
|0.014<ref name=Mangla/>
|ng/mL
|99th percentile [[cutoff (reference value)|cutoff]]
|-
|newborn/infants
|
|not established
|
|more than adults <ref>{{Cite journal|date=2016-07-01|title=Plasma cardiac troponin I concentrations in healthy neonates, children and adolescents measured with a high sensitive immunoassay method: High sensitive troponin I in pediatric age|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0009898116301553|journal=Clinica Chimica Acta|language=en|volume=458|pages=68–71|doi=10.1016/j.cca.2016.04.029|pmid=27118089|issn=0009-8981|last1=Caselli|first1=C.|last2=Cangemi|first2=G.|last3=Masotti|first3=S.|last4=Ragusa|first4=R.|last5=Gennai|first5=I.|last6=Del Ry|first6=S.|last7=Prontera|first7=C.|last8=Clerico|first8=A.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baum|first1=Hannsjörg|last2=Hinze|first2=Anika|last3=Bartels|first3=Peter|last4=Neumeier|first4=Dieter|date=2004-12-01|title=Reference values for cardiac troponins T and I in healthy neonates|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009912004002218|journal=Clinical Biochemistry|language=en|volume=37|issue=12|pages=1079–82|doi=10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2004.08.003|pmid=15589813|issn=0009-9120}}</ref>
|}

{|class="wikitable"
| colspan=2 | '''[[Brain natriuretic peptide]] (BNP)''' <br />{{hatnote|-more detailed ranges in [[Brain natriuretic peptide|BNP]] article}}
|-
! Interpretation !! Range / [[Reference range#One-sided cut-off values|Cutoff]]
|-
| [[Congestive heart failure]] unlikely || [[less than|<]] 100 pg/mL<ref name=Brenden2006>{{cite journal  |vauthors=Brenden CK, Hollander JE, Guss D, etal |title=Gray zone BNP levels in heart failure patients in the emergency department: results from the Rapid Emergency Department Heart Failure Outpatient Trial (REDHOT) multicenter study |journal=American Heart Journal |volume=151 |issue=5 |pages=1006–11 |date=May 2006  |pmid=16644322 |doi=10.1016/j.ahj.2005.10.017}}</ref><ref name=Strunk2006>{{cite journal  |vauthors=Strunk A, Bhalla V, Clopton P, etal |title=Impact of the history of congestive heart failure on the utility of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure: results from the Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study |journal=The American Journal of Medicine |volume=119 |issue=1 |pages=69.e1–11 |date=January 2006  |pmid=16431187 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.04.029|doi-access=free }}</ref>
|-
| "Gray zone" || 100–500 pg/mL<ref name=Brenden2006/><ref name=Strunk2006/>
|-
| [[Congestive heart failure]] likely || [[more than|>]] 500 pg/mL<ref name=Brenden2006/><ref name=Strunk2006/>
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|colspan=3| '''[[N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide|NT-proBNP]]''' <br />{{hatnote|-more detailed ranges in [[N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide|NT-proBNP]] article}}
|-
! Interpretation !! Age !! [[Reference range#One-sided cut-off values|Cutoff]]
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Congestive heart failure]] likely || [[less than|<]] 75 years || [[more than|>]] 125 pg/mL<ref name=Lee2009p220>[https://books.google.com/books?id=AUSIRcV_as0C&pg=PA220 Page 220] in: {{cite book |author=Lee, Mary Ann |title=Basic Skills in Interpreting Laboratory Data |publisher=Amer Soc of Health System |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-58528-180-0 }}</ref>
|-
| > 75 years || > 450pg/mL<ref name=Lee2009p220/>
|}

===Lipids===
{{Further|Blood lipids}}

{| class="wikitable"
! Test
! Patient type
! Lower limit
! Upper limit
! Unit
! [[Optimal health range|Therapeutic target]]
 |-
 |rowspan=6| [[Triglyceride]]s ||rowspan=2| 10–39 years || 54<ref name=bloodbook/> || 110<ref name=bloodbook/> || mg/dL ||rowspan=6| < 100&nbsp;mg/dL<ref name=adeeva/> <br /> or 1.1&nbsp;mmol/L<ref name=adeeva/>
 |-
 | 0.61<ref name=tg-mass>Derived from values in mg/dL to mmol/L, by dividing by 89, according to [http://www.faqs.org/faqs/diabetes/faq/part1/section-9.html faqs.org: What are mg/dL and mmol/L? How to convert? Glucose? Cholesterol?] Last Update July 21, 2009. Retrieved on July 21, 2009</ref> || 1.2<ref name=tg-mass/> || mmol/L
 |-
 |rowspan=2| 40–59 years || 70<ref name=bloodbook/> || 150<ref name=bloodbook/> || mg/dL
 |-
 | 0.77<ref name=tg-mass/> || 1.7<ref name=tg-mass/> || mmol/L
 |-
 |rowspan=2| > 60 years || 80<ref name=bloodbook/> || 150<ref name=bloodbook/>  || mg/dL
 |-
 | 0.9<ref name=tg-mass/> || 1.7<ref name=tg-mass/> || mmol/L
 |-
 |rowspan=2| Total [[cholesterol]] ||rowspan=2|  || 3.0,<ref name=ch-mass>Derived from values in mg/dL to mmol/L, using molar mass of 386.65 g/mol</ref> 3.6<ref name=firstaid/><ref name=ch-mass/> || 5.0,<ref name=uppsala/><ref name="GPcholesterol">{{Cite GPnotebook|-214630397|Reference range (cholesterol)}}</ref> 6.5<ref name=firstaid/> || mmol/L || < 3.9&nbsp;mmol/L<ref name=adeeva/>
 |-
 | 120,<ref name=southwest/> 140<ref name=firstaid/> || 200,<ref name=southwest/> 250<ref name=firstaid/> || mg/dL || < 150&nbsp;mg/dL<ref name=adeeva/>
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[HDL cholesterol]] ||rowspan=2| Female || 1.0,<ref name=rcpa>[http://www.rcpamanual.edu.au/sections/pathologytest.asp?s=33&i=450 Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia; Cholesterol (HDL and LDL) – plasma or serum] Last Updated: Monday, 6 August 2007</ref> 1.2,<ref name=uppsala/> 1.3<ref name=ch-mass/> || 2.2<ref name=rcpa/> || mmol/L ||rowspan=4| > 1.0<ref name=rcpa/> or 1.6<ref name=ch-mass/>&nbsp;mmol/L <br /> 40<ref name=ch-molar/> or 60<ref>[http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=183 What Your Cholesterol Levels Mean.] American Heart Association. Retrieved on September 12, 2009</ref>&nbsp;mg/dL
 |-
 | 40,<ref name=ch-molar>Derived from values in mmol/L, using molar mass of 386.65 g/mol</ref> 50<ref name=aacc>{{Cite web|url=http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/hdl/test.html|title=HDL Cholesterol: The Test|date=September 3, 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010903133121/http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/hdl/test.html|archive-date=2001-09-03}}</ref> || 86<ref name=ch-molar/> || mg/dL
 |-
 |rowspan=2| HDL cholesterol ||rowspan=2| Male || 0.9<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=rcpa/> || 2.0<ref name=rcpa/> || mmol/L
 |-
 | 35<ref name=ch-molar/> || 80<ref name=ch-molar/> || mg/dL
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[LDL cholesterol]] <br /> <span style="font-size:87%;">(Not valid when <br /> triglycerides >5.0&nbsp;mmol/L)</span> ||rowspan=2|  || 2.0,<ref name=rcpa/> 2.4<ref name="GPcholesterol" /> || 3.0,<ref name=uppsala/><ref name="GPcholesterol" /> 3.4<ref name=rcpa/> || mmol/L ||  < 2.5&nbsp;mmol/L<ref name=rcpa/>
 |-
 | 80,<ref name=ch-molar/> 94<ref name=ch-molar/> || 120,<ref name=ch-molar/> 130<ref name=ch-molar/> || mg/dL || < 100&nbsp;mg/dL<ref name=ch-molar/>
 |-
 | LDL/HDL quotient ||  || n/a || 5<ref name=uppsala/> || (unitless) ||
|}

===Tumour markers===
{{Further|Tumour markers}}

{| class="wikitable"
! Test
! Patient type
! [[Cutoff (reference value)|Cutoff]]
! Unit
! Comments
 |-
 | [[Alpha fetoprotein]] (AFP) ||  || 44<ref name=southwest/> || ng/mL or μg/L || Hepatocellular carcinoma or testicular cancer
 |-
 | Beta [[human chorionic gonadotrophin]] (β-hCG)  || In males and non-pregnant females || 5<ref name=southwest/>  || IU/L or mU/mL  || choriocarcinoma
 |-
 | [[CA19-9]]  ||  || 40<ref name=southwest/> || U/mL  || Pancreatic cancer
 |-
 | [[CA-125]] ||  || 30,<ref name=gp-ca125>[http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=-100270014 GP Notebook > range (reference, ca-125)] Retrieved on Jan 5, 2009</ref> 35<ref>[http://www.clinlabnavigator.com/Test-Interpretations/ca-125.html ClinLab Navigator > Test Interpretations > CA-125] Retrieved on March 8, 2011</ref> || kU/L or U/mL ||
 |-
 |rowspan=3| [[Carcinoembryonic antigen]] (CEA) || Non-smokers, 50 years || 3.4,<ref name=uppsala/> 3.6<ref name=bjerner>{{cite journal  |vauthors=Bjerner J, Høgetveit A, Wold Akselberg K, etal |s2cid=12545738 |title=Reference intervals for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA125, MUC1, Alfa-foeto-protein (AFP), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and CA19.9 from the NORIP study |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation |volume= 68|issue= 8|pages=703–13 |date=June 2008 |pmid=18609108 |doi=10.1080/00365510802126836 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/11808120 }}</ref> ||rowspan=3| μg/L ||
 |-
 || Non-smokers, 70 years || 4.1<ref name=bjerner/> ||
 |-
 || Smokers || 5<ref>[http://www.medicinenet.com/carcinoembryonic_antigen/article.htm Carcinoembryonic Antigen(CEA)] at MedicineNet</ref>  ||
 |-
 |rowspan=3| [[Prostate specific antigen]] (PSA) || 40–49 years || 1.2–2.9<ref name="LuboldtSchindler2007">{{cite journal|last1=Luboldt|first1=Hans-Joachim|last2=Schindler|first2=Joachim F.|last3=Rübben|first3=Herbert|title=Age-Specific Reference Ranges for Prostate-Specific Antigen as a Marker for Prostate Cancer|journal=EAU-EBU Update Series|volume=5|issue=1|year=2007|pages=38–48|issn=1871-2592|doi=10.1016/j.eeus.2006.10.003}}</ref> ||rowspan=3| μg/L<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=southwest/> or ng/mL<ref name=bloodbook/> ||rowspan=3| More detailed cutoffs in [[Prostate-specific antigen#Serum levels|PSA – Serum levels]]
 |-
 | 70–79 years, non-[[African-American]] || 4.0–9.0<ref name="LuboldtSchindler2007"/>
 |-
 | 70–79 years, African-American || 7.7–13<ref name="LuboldtSchindler2007"/>
 |-
 | [[Prostatic acid phosphatase|PAP]] ||  || 3<ref name=bloodbook/> || units/dL (Bodansky units) ||
 |-
 | [[Calcitonin]] ||  || 5,<ref name=Basuyau2004>{{cite journal |vauthors=Basuyau JP, Mallet E, Leroy M, Brunelle P |title=Reference intervals for serum calcitonin in men, women, and children |journal=Clinical Chemistry |volume=50 |issue=10 |pages=1828–30 |date=October 2004  |pmid=15388660 |doi=10.1373/clinchem.2003.026963|doi-access=free }}</ref> 15<ref name=Basuyau2004/> || ng/L or pg/mL || Cutoff against [[medullary thyroid cancer]]<ref name=Basuyau2004/><br />More detailed [[cutoff (reference value)|cutoffs]] in [[Calcitonin]] article
|}

===Endocrinology===

====Thyroid hormones====
{{Further|Thyroid function tests}}

{| class="wikitable"
! Test
! Patient type
! Lower limit
! Upper limit
! Unit
 |-
 |rowspan=3| [[Thyroid stimulating hormone]] <br /> (TSH or thyrotropin) || Adults – <br /> [[Reference range#Standard definition|standard range]] || 0.3,<ref name=uppsala/> 0.4,<ref name=southwest/> 0.5,<ref name=bloodbook/> 0.6<ref>[http://thyroid.about.com/od/gettestedanddiagnosed/a/tshtestwars.htm The TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411081930/http://thyroid.about.com/od/gettestedanddiagnosed/a/tshtestwars.htm |date=2016-04-11 }} By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006. About.com Health's Disease and Condition</ref> || 4.0,<ref name=uppsala/> 4.5,<ref name=southwest/> 6.0<ref name=bloodbook/> ||rowspan=3| mIU/L or μIU/mL
 |-
 || Adults – <br /> [[optimal range]] || 0.3,<ref name=aace>[http://www.aace.com/newsroom/press/2006/index.php?r=20060110 2006 Press releases: Thyroid Imbalance? Target Your Numbers] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303175142/http://www.aace.com/newsroom/press/2006/index.php?r=20060110 |date=2008-03-03 }} Contacts: Bryan Campbell American] Association of Clinical Endocrinologists</ref> 0.5<ref name=Shomon>[http://thyroid.about.com/od/gettestedanddiagnosed/a/tshtestwars.htm The TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411081930/http://thyroid.about.com/od/gettestedanddiagnosed/a/tshtestwars.htm |date=2016-04-11 }} By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006</ref> || 2.0,<ref name=Shomon/> 3.0<ref name=aace/>
 |-
 | [[Infant]]s || 1.3<ref name=laurence>{{cite web| last =Demers| first =Laurence M.| author2 =Carole A. Spencer| title =LMPG: Laboratory Support for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Thyroid Disease| publisher =[[National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry]] (USA)| year =2002| url =http://www.nacb.org/lmpg/thyroid_LMPG_PDF.stm| access-date =2007-04-13| archive-date =2008-11-20| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20081120130504/http://www.nacb.org/lmpg/thyroid_LMPG_PDF.stm| url-status =dead}} – see ''Section 2. Pre-analytic factors''</ref> || 19<ref name=laurence/>
 |-
 |rowspan=6| Free [[thyroxine]] (FT4)<br />{{hatnote|-more detailed ranges in<br /> [[Thyroid function tests#Free thyroxine|Thyroid function tests]] article}} ||rowspan=2| Normal adult || 0.7,<ref name=unc>[http://labs.unchealthcare.org/labstestinfo/f_tests/free_t4.htm Free T4; Thyroxine, Free; T4, Free] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222231732/http://labs.unchealthcare.org/labstestinfo/f_tests/free_t4.htm |date=2010-12-22 }} UNC Health Care System</ref> 0.8<ref name=southwest/> || 1.4,<ref name=unc/> 1.5,<ref name=southwest/> 1.8<ref name=thyroxine-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 776.87 g/mol</ref> || ng/dL
 |-
 | 9,<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=th-mass/> 10,<ref name=manager/> 12<ref name=Watt>{{cite journal |vauthors=van der Watt G, Haarburger D, Berman P |title=Euthyroid patient with elevated serum free thyroxine |journal=Clinical Chemistry |volume=54 |issue=7 |pages=1239–41 |date=July 2008  |pmid=18593963 |doi=10.1373/clinchem.2007.101428|doi-access=free }}</ref> || 18,<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=th-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 776.87 g/mol</ref> 23<ref name=Watt/> || pmol/L
 |-
 |rowspan=2| Child/Adolescent <br /> 31 d – 18 y || 0.8<ref name=unc/> || 2.0<ref name=unc/> || ng/dL
 |-
 | 10<ref name=th-mass/> || 26<ref name=th-mass/> || pmol/L
 |-
 |rowspan=2| Pregnant || 0.5<ref name=unc/> || 1.0<ref name=unc/> || ng/dL
 |-
 | 6.5<ref name=th-mass/> || 13<ref name=th-mass/> || pmol/L
 |-
 |rowspan=2| Total thyroxine ||rowspan=2| || 4,<ref name=manager/> 5.5<ref name=southwest/> || 11,<ref name=manager/> 12.3<ref name=southwest/> || μg/dL
 |-
 | 60<ref name=manager/><ref name=Watt/>  || 140,<ref name=manager/> 160<ref name=Watt/> || nmol/L
 |-
 |rowspan=4| Free [[triiodothyronine]] (FT3) ||rowspan=2| Normal adult || 0.2<ref name=manager/> || 0.5<ref name=manager/> || ng/dL
 |-
 | 3.1<ref name=triiodo-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 650.98 g/mol</ref> || 7.7<ref name=triiodo-mass/> || pmol/L
 |-
 |rowspan=2| Children 2-16 y || 0.1<ref name=CIOFFI>{{cite journal |id={{INIST|13391788}}  |vauthors=Cioffi M, Gazzerro P, Vietri MT, etal |title=Serum concentration of free T3, free T4 and TSH in healthy children |journal=Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=1635–39 |year=2001 |pmid=11795654 |doi=10.1515/jpem.2001.14.9.1635|s2cid=34910563 }}</ref> || 0.6<ref name=CIOFFI/> || ng/dL
 |-
 | 1.5<ref name=triiodo-mass/> || 9.2<ref name=triiodo-mass/> || pmol/L
 |-
 |rowspan=2| Total [[triiodothyronine]] ||rowspan=2| || 60,<ref name=southwest/> 75<ref name=manager>[http://www.thyroidmanager.org/chapter6/Ch-6b-2.htm Table 4: Typical reference ranges for serum assays] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701163827/http://www.thyroidmanager.org/chapter6/Ch-6b-2.htm |date=2011-07-01 }} – Thyroid Disease Manager</ref> || 175,<ref name=manager/> 181<ref name=southwest/> || ng/dL
 |-
 | 0.9,<ref name=uppsala/> 1.1<ref name=manager/> || 2.5,<ref name=uppsala/> 2.7<ref name=manager/> ||  nmol/L
 |-
 | [[Thyroxine-binding globulin]] (TBG) ||  || 12<ref name=southwest/> || 30<ref name=southwest/> || mg/L
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[Thyroglobulin]] (Tg) ||rowspan=2|  || 1.5<ref name=manager/>|| 30<ref name=manager/> || pmol/L
 |-
 | 1<ref name=manager/> || 20<ref name=manager/> || μg/L
 |-
 |}

====Sex hormones====
{{Further|Sex steroid}}
The diagrams below take inter-cycle and inter-woman variability into account in displaying reference ranges for [[estradiol]], [[progesterone]], [[follicle-stimulating hormone|FSH]] and [[luteinizing hormone|LH]].
[[File:Hormones estradiol, progesterone, LH and FSH during menstrual cycle.png|thumb|500px|center|Levels of [[estradiol]] (the main estrogen), [[progesterone]], [[luteinizing hormone]] and [[follicle-stimulating hormone]] during the menstrual cycle.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Häggström|first1=Mikael|title=Reference ranges for estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone during the menstrual cycle|journal=WikiJournal of Medicine|date=2014|volume=1|issue=1|doi=10.15347/wjm/2014.001|doi-access=free}}</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable"
! Test
! Patient type
! Lower limit
! Upper limit
! Unit
|-
 | | [[Dihydrotestosterone]] || adult male || 30
 || 85 || ng/dL
 |-
 |rowspan=8| [[Testosterone]] ||rowspan=2| Male, overall || 8,<ref name=AA>{{Cite web|url=http://www.andrologyaustralia.org/pageContent.asp?pageCode=LOWTESTDIAG#LOWTESTDIAGNORM|title=Andrology Australia: Your Health > Low Testosterone > Diagnosis|access-date=2008-11-28|archive-date=2012-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217051046/http://www.andrologyaustralia.org/pageContent.asp?pageCode=LOWTESTDIAG#LOWTESTDIAGNORM|url-status=dead}}</ref> 10<ref name=testosterone-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol</ref> || 27,<ref name=AA/> 35<ref name=testosterone-mass/>  || nmol/L
 |-
 | 230,<ref name=testosterone-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol</ref> 300<ref name=medline-testosterone>[https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003707.htm#Normal%20Values MedlinePlus > Testosterone] Update Date: 3/18/2008. Updated by: Elizabeth H. Holt, MD, PhD, Yale University. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director</ref> || 780–1000<ref name=testosterone-molar/><ref name=medline-testosterone/> || ng/dL
 |-
 |rowspan=2| Male < 50 years || 10<ref name=uppsala/> || 45<ref name=uppsala/> || nmol/L
 |-
 | 290<ref name=testosterone-molar/> || 1300<ref name=testosterone-molar/> || ng/dL
 |-
 |rowspan=2| Male > 50 years || 6.2<ref name=uppsala/> || 26<ref name=uppsala/> || nmol/L
 |-
 | 180<ref name=testosterone-molar/> || 740<ref name=testosterone-molar/> || ng/dL
 |-
 |rowspan=2| Female || 0.7<ref name=testosterone-mass/> || 2.8–3.0<ref name=testosterone-mass/><ref name=uppsala/> || nmol/L
 |-
 | 20<ref name=medline-testosterone/> || 80–85<ref name=medline-testosterone/><ref name=testosterone-molar/> || ng/dL
 |-
 |rowspan=4| [[17α-Hydroxyprogesterone]] ||rowspan=2| male || 0.06<ref name=bloodbook/> || 3.0<ref name=bloodbook/> || mg/L
 |-
 | 0.18<ref name=17hpg-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 330.46g/mol</ref> || 9.1<ref name=17hpg-mass/> || μmol/L
 |-
 |rowspan=2| Female (Follicular phase) || 0.2<ref name=bloodbook/> || 1.0<ref name=bloodbook/> || mg/L
 |-
 | 0.6<ref name=17hpg-mass/> || 3.0<ref name=17hpg-mass/> || μmol/L
 |-
 |rowspan=6| [[Follicle-stimulating hormone|Follicle-stimulating<br /> hormone]] (FSH)<br />{{hatnote|-more detailed menstrual cycle<br /> ranges in [[:File:Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) during menstrual cycle.png|separate diagram]]}} || Prepubertal || <1<ref name=gpnotebook-FSH>[http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=436600899 reference range (FSH)] GPnotebook. Retrieved on September 27, 2009</ref> || 3<ref name=gpnotebook-FSH/> ||rowspan=6| IU/L
 |-
 | Adult male || 1<ref name=gpnotebook-FSH/> || 8<ref name=gpnotebook-FSH/>
 |-
 | Adult female ([[Follicular phase|follicular]] <br />and [[luteal phase]]) || 1<ref name=gpnotebook-FSH/> || 11<ref name=gpnotebook-FSH/>
 |-
 |rowspan=2| Adult female ([[Ovulation]]) || 6<ref name=gpnotebook-FSH/> <br /><span style="font-size:87%;">95% [[prediction interval|PI]] (standard)</span> || 26<ref name=gpnotebook-FSH/> <br /><span style="font-size:87%;">95% PI)</span>
 |-
 | 5<ref name=Stricker>Values taken from day 1 after LH surge in: {{cite journal |vauthors=Stricker R, Eberhart R, Chevailler MC, Quinn FA, Bischof P, Stricker R |s2cid=524952 |title=Establishment of detailed reference values for luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone during different phases of the menstrual cycle on the Abbott ARCHITECT analyzer |journal=Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine |volume=44 |issue=7 |pages=883–87 |year=2006 |pmid=16776638 |doi=10.1515/CCLM.2006.160}}</ref> <br /><span style="font-size:87%;">90% [[prediction interval|PI]] (used in diagram)</span> || 15<ref name=Stricker/> <br /><span style="font-size:87%;">(90% PI)</span>
 |-
 | Post-menopausal female || 30<ref name=gpnotebook-FSH/> || 118<ref name=gpnotebook-FSH/>
 |-
 |rowspan=3| [[Luteinizing hormone]] (LH)<br />{{hatnote|-more detailed menstrual cycle<br /> ranges in [[:File:Luteinizing hormone (LH) during menstrual cycle.png|separate diagram]]}} || Female, peak || 20<ref name=Stricker/> <br /><span style="font-size:87%;">90% [[prediction interval|PI]] (used in diagram)</span> || 75<ref name=Stricker/> <br /><span style="font-size:87%;">(90% PI)</span> ||rowspan=3| IU/L
 |-
 | Female, post-menopausal || 15<ref name=nyhq>[http://www.nyhq.org/Reference_Ranges& New York Hospital Queens > Services and Facilities > Patient Testing > Pathology > New York Hospital Queens Diagnostic Laboratories > Test Directory > Reference Ranges]{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009</ref> || 60<ref name=nyhq/>
 |-
 | Male aged 18+ || 2<ref name=mayoLH>[http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/8663 Mayo Medical Laboratories > Test ID: LH, Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Serum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925112456/http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/8663 |date=2016-09-25 }}, retrieved December 2012</ref> || 9<ref name=mayoLH/>

 |-
 |rowspan=8| [[Estradiol]]<br /> (an [[estrogen]]) <br />{{hatnote|-more detailed ranges in<br /> [[Estradiol#Ranges|estradiol]] article}} ||rowspan=2| Adult male || 50<ref name=gpnotebook-estradiol>[http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=570818627&linkID=24801&cook=yes GPNotebook – reference range (oestradiol)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609174939/http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=570818627&linkID=24801&cook=yes |date=2012-06-09 }} Retrieved on September 27, 2009</ref> || 200<ref name=gpnotebook-estradiol/> || pmol/L
 |-
 | 14<ref name=estradiol-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 272.38g/mol</ref> || 55<ref name=estradiol-molar/> || pg/mL
 |-
 |rowspan=2| Adult female (day 5 of [[follicular phase]],<br /> and [[luteal phase]]) || 70<ref name=gpnotebook-estradiol/> || 500,<ref name=gpnotebook-estradiol/> 600<ref name=gpnotebook-estradiol/> || pmol/L
 |-
 | 19<ref name=estradiol-molar/> || 140,<ref name=estradiol-molar/> 160<ref name=estradiol-molar/> || pg/mL
 |-
 |rowspan=2| Adult female – free (not protein bound) || 0.5<ref name=free-estradiol>Total amount multiplied by 0.022 according to 2.2% presented in: {{cite journal |vauthors=Wu CH, Motohashi T, Abdel-Rahman HA, Flickinger GL, Mikhail G |title=Free and protein-bound plasma estradiol-17 beta during the menstrual cycle |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=436–45 |date=August 1976 |pmid=950372 |doi= 10.1210/jcem-43-2-436}}</ref> || 9<ref name=free-estradiol/> || pg/mL
 |-
 | 1.7<ref name=free-estradiol/> || 33<ref name=free-estradiol/> || pmol/L
 |-
 |rowspan=2| Post-menopausal female || N/A<ref name=gpnotebook-estradiol/> || < 130<ref name=gpnotebook-estradiol/>  || pmol/L
 |-
 | N/A<ref name=estradiol-molar/> || < 35<ref name=estradiol-molar/> || pg/mL
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[Progesterone]]<br />{{hatnote|-more detailed ranges<br /> in [[Progesterone#Levels|Progesterone]] article}} ||rowspan=2| Female in mid-[[luteal phase]] (day 21–23) || 17,<ref name=Stricker/> 35<ref name=progesterone-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 314.46 g/mol</ref> || 92<ref name="progesterone-mass"/> || nmol/L
 |-
 | 6,<ref name=Stricker/> 11<ref name=Bhattacharya>Bhattacharya Sudhindra Mohan (July/August 2005) [http://medind.nic.in/jaq/t05/i4/jaqt05i4p350.pdf Mid-luteal phase plasma progesterone levels in spontaneous and clomiphene citrate induced conception cycles] J Obstet Gynecol India Vol. 55, No. 4 : July/August 2005 pp. 350–52</ref> || 29<ref name=Bhattacharya/> || ng/mL
 |-
 |rowspan=3| [[Androstenedione]] || Adult male and female || 60<ref name=nyhq/> || 270<ref name=nyhq/> ||rowspan=3| ng/dL
 |-
 | Post-menopausal female || || < 180<ref name=nyhq/>
 |-
 | Prepubertal ||  || < 60<ref name=nyhq/>
 |-
 | [[Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate]] {{hatnote|-more detailed ranges<br /> in [[Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate|DHEA-S]] article}} || Adult male and female || 30<ref name=mayo>[http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/8493 Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEA-S), Serum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314080932/https://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/8493 |date=2018-03-14 }} at Mayo Foundation For Medical Education And Research. Retrieved July 2012</ref> || 400<ref name=mayo/> || μg/dL
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[Sex hormone-binding globulin|SHBG]] <br />{{hatnote|-more detailed ranges<br /> in [[Sex hormone-binding globulin#Blood values|SHBG]] article}} || Adult female || 40<ref name=mayo-shbg>[http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/print.php?unit_code=91215 Unit Code 91215] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720111631/http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/print.php?unit_code=91215 |date=2011-07-20 }} at [[Mayo Clinic]] Medical Laboratories. Retrieved April 2011</ref> || 120<ref name=mayo-shbg/> ||rowspan=2| nmol/L
 |-
 | Adult male || 20<ref name=mayo-shbg/> || 60<ref name=mayo-shbg/>
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[Anti-Müllerian hormone]] (AMH)<br />{{hatnote|-more detailed ranges in<br /> [[Anti-Müllerian hormone#Reference ranges|AMH]] article}} ||rowspan=2| 13–45 years || 0.7<ref name=mayo-amh>[http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/print/89711 Antimullerian Hormone (AMH), Serum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729050717/http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/print/89711 |date=2013-07-29 }} from Mayo Medical Laboratories. Retrieved April 2012.</ref> || 20<ref name=mayo-amh/> || ng/mL
 |-
 | 5<ref name=amh-mass>Derived from mass values using 140,000 g/mol, as given in:
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Hampl R, Šnajderová M, Mardešić T |title=Antimüllerian hormone (AMH) not only a marker for prediction of ovarian reserve |journal=Physiological Research |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=217–23 |year=2011 |pmid=21114374 |doi=10.33549/physiolres.932076 |doi-access=free }}</ref> || 140<ref name=amh-mass/> || pmol/L
 |}

====Other hormones====
{{Further|Hormones}}

{| class="wikitable"
! Test
! Patient type
! Lower limit
! Upper limit
! Unit
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[Adrenocorticotropic hormone]] (ACTH) ||rowspan=2|  || 2.2<ref name="Nieman">{{cite web |last1=Nieman |first1=Lynnette K |title=Measurement of ACTH, CRH, and other hypothalamic and pituitary peptides |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/measurement-of-acth-crh-and-other-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-peptides |website=www.uptodate.com |publisher=UpToDate |access-date=25 June 2021 |date=29 September 2019}}</ref> || 13.3<ref name="Nieman"/> || pmol/L
 |-
 | 20<ref name=southwest/> || 100<ref name=southwest/> || pg/mL
 |-
 |rowspan=4| [[Cortisol]] ||rowspan=2| 09:00 [[ante meridiem|am]] || 140<ref name=goodhope>[http://www.goodhope.org.uk/departments/pathweb/refranges.htm Biochemistry Reference Ranges at Good Hope Hospital] Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009</ref> || 700<ref name=goodhope/> || nmol/L
 |-
 | 5<ref name=cortisol-derived>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 362 g/mol</ref> || 25<ref name=cortisol-derived/> || μg/dL
 |-
 |rowspan=2| Midnight || 80<ref name=goodhope/> || 350<ref name=goodhope/> || nmol/L
 |-
 | 2.9<ref name=cortisol-derived/> || 13<ref name=cortisol-derived/> || μg/dL
 |-
 | [[Growth hormone]] (fasting) ||  || 0 || 5<ref name=firstaid/> || ng/mL
 |-
 | [[Growth hormone]] ([[arginine stimulation]]) ||  || 7<ref name=firstaid/> || n/a || ng/mL
 |-
 |rowspan=4| [[Insulin-like growth factor 1|IGF-1]] <br />{{hatnote|-more detailed ranges in<br /> [[Insulin-like growth factor 1|IGF-1]] article}} || Female, 20 yrs || 110<ref name=Friedrich2008>{{cite journal  |vauthors=Friedrich N, Alte D, Völzke H, etal |title=Reference ranges of serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels in a general adult population: results of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) |journal=Growth Hormone & IGF Research |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=228–37 |date=June 2008  |pmid=17997337 |doi=10.1016/j.ghir.2007.09.005}}</ref> || 420<ref name=Friedrich2008/> ||rowspan=4| ng/mL
 |-
 | Female, 75 yrs || 55<ref name=Friedrich2008/> || 220<ref name=Friedrich2008/>
 |-
 | Male, 20 yrs || 160<ref name=Friedrich2008/>  || 390<ref name=Friedrich2008/>
 |-
 | Male, 75 yrs || 48<ref name=Friedrich2008/> || 200<ref name=Friedrich2008/>
 |-
 |rowspan=4| [[Prolactin]]<br /> {{hatnote|-more detailed ranges in<br /> [[Prolactin]] article}} ||rowspan=2| Female || 71,<ref name=Beltran_2008/> 105<ref name=Beltran_2008/> || 348,<ref name=Beltran_2008/> 548<ref name=Beltran_2008>Taken from the assay method giving the lowest and highest estimate, respectively, from [http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/full/54/10/1673/T2 Table 2] in: {{cite journal |vauthors=Beltran L, Fahie-Wilson MN, McKenna TJ, Kavanagh L, Smith TP |title=Serum total prolactin and monomeric prolactin reference intervals determined by precipitation with polyethylene glycol: evaluation and validation on common immunoassay platforms |journal=Clinical Chemistry |volume=54 |issue=10 |pages=1673–81 |date=October 2008  |pmid=18719199 |doi=10.1373/clinchem.2008.105312|doi-access=free }}</ref> || mIU/L
 |-
 | 3.4,<ref name=Beltran_2008/> 3.9<ref name=Beltran_2008/> || 16.4,<ref name=Beltran_2008/> 20.3<ref name=Beltran_2008/> || μg/L
 |-
 |rowspan=2| Male || 58,<ref name=Beltran_2008/> 89<ref name=Beltran_2008/> || 277,<ref name=Beltran_2008/> 365<ref name=Beltran_2008/> || mIU/L
 |-
 | 2.7,<ref name=Beltran_2008/> 3.3<ref name=Beltran_2008/> || 13.0,<ref name=Beltran_2008/> 13.5<ref name=Beltran_2008/> || μg/L
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[Parathyroid hormone]] (PTH) || || 10,<ref name=pth-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 9.4 kDa</ref> 17<ref name=Aloia>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/mid/NIHMS10653/table/T2/ Table 2] in: {{cite journal |vauthors=Aloia JF, Feuerman M, Yeh JK |title=Reference range for serum parathyroid hormone |journal=Endocr Pract |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=137–44 |year=2006 |pmid=16690460 |pmc=1482827 |doi= 10.4158/ep.12.2.137}}</ref> || 65,<ref name=pth-molar/> 70<ref name=Aloia/> || pg/mL
 |-
 | || 1.1,<ref name=uppsala/> 1.8<ref name=pth-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 9.4 kDa</ref> || 6.9,<ref name=uppsala/> 7.5<ref name=pth-mass/> || pmol/L
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[25-hydroxycholecalciferol]] (a [[vitamin D]]) <br /> – [[Standard reference range]] ||rowspan=2|  || 8,<ref name=bloodbook/><ref name=vitd-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass 400.6 g/mol</ref> 9<ref name=vitd-molar/> || 40,<ref name=vitd-molar/> 80<ref name=bloodbook/> || ng/mL
 |-
 | 20,<ref name=bender>{{cite book |author=Bender, David A. |chapter=Vitamin D |title=Nutritional biochemistry of the vitamins |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-80388-5 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pxEJNs0IUo4C}} Retrieved December 10, 2008 through [[Google Book Search]].</ref> 23<ref name=bischoff>{{cite journal  |vauthors=Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dietrich T, Orav EJ, etal |title=Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with better lower-extremity function in both active and inactive persons aged > or {{=}}60 y |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=80 |issue=3 |pages=752–58 |date=September 2004  |pmid=15321818 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/80.3.752|doi-access=free }}</ref> || 95,<ref name=bischoff/> 150<ref name=bender/> || nmol/L
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[25-hydroxycholecalciferol]] <br /> – [[Therapeutic target range]] ||rowspan=2|  || 30,<ref name=Reusch>{{cite journal |vauthors=Reusch J, Ackermann H, Badenhoop K |title=Cyclic changes of vitamin D and PTH are primarily regulated by solar radiation: 5-year analysis of a German (50 degrees N) population |journal=Horm. Metab. Res. |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=402–07 |date=May 2009 |pmid=19241329 |doi=10.1055/s-0028-1128131 |s2cid=260166796 }}</ref> 40<ref name=Vasquez>{{cite journal |vauthors=Vasquez A, Cannell J |title=Calcium and vitamin D in preventing fractures: data are not sufficient to show inefficacy |journal=BMJ |volume=331 |issue=7508 |pages=108–09; author reply 109 |date=July 2005  |pmid=16002891 |pmc=558659 |doi=10.1136/bmj.331.7508.108-b}}</ref> || 65,<ref name=Vasquez/> 100<ref name=Reusch/> || ng/mL
 |-
 | 85,<ref name=adeeva>[http://www.adeeva.com/resources/bloodtestscomplete.html Adëeva Nutritionals Canada > Optimal blood test values] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529032656/http://adeeva.com/resources/bloodtestscomplete.html |date=2009-05-29 }} Retrieved on July 9, 2009</ref> 100<ref name=Vasquez/>  || 120,<ref name=adeeva/> 160<ref name=Vasquez/>|| nmol/L
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[Plasma renin activity]] || || 0.29,<ref name=mcu-derived>Converted from values in mcU/mL by dividing with a factor of 11.2 mcU/mL per ng/(mL*hour), as given in:
* [http://depts.washington.edu/labweb/referencelab/print/endo.pdf New Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid Hormone] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027045833/http://depts.washington.edu/labweb/referencelab/print/endo.pdf |date=2011-10-27 }} University of
Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011</ref> 1.9<ref name=Pratt1988/> || 3.7<ref name=mcu-derived/><ref name=Pratt1988>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pratt RE, Flynn JA, Hobart PM, Paul M, Dzau VJ |title=Different secretory pathways of renin from mouse cells transfected with the human renin gene |journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=263 |issue=7 |pages=3137–41 |date=March 1988 |doi=10.1016/S0021-9258(18)69046-5 |pmid=2893797 |doi-access=free }}</ref> || ng/(mL·h)
|-
|  || 3.3,<ref name=washington>[http://depts.washington.edu/labweb/referencelab/print/endo.pdf New Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid Hormone] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027045833/http://depts.washington.edu/labweb/referencelab/print/endo.pdf |date=2011-10-27 }} University of Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011</ref> 21<ref name=mass-derived>Converted from values in ng/(mL*hour) by multiplying with a factor of 11.2 mcU/mL per ng/(mL*hour), as given in:
* [http://depts.washington.edu/labweb/referencelab/print/endo.pdf New Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid Hormone] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027045833/http://depts.washington.edu/labweb/referencelab/print/endo.pdf |date=2011-10-27 }} University of
Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011</ref> || 41<ref name=washington/><ref name=mass-derived/> || [[milk clotting unit|mcU]]/mL
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[Aldosterone]] <br />{{hatnote|-more detailed ranges in <br />[[Aldosterone#Associated clinical conditions|Aldosterone]] article}} ||rowspan=2| Adult ||  || 19,<ref name=washington/> 34.0<ref name=washington/> || ng/dL
 |-
 |  || 530,<ref name=aldosterone-mass/> 940<ref name=aldosterone-mass>Converted from mass values using molar mass of 360.44 g/mol</ref> || pmol/L
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[Aldosterone-to-renin ratio]] <br />{{hatnote|-more detailed ranges in <br />[[Aldosterone-to-renin ratio|Aldosterone/renin ratio]] article}} ||rowspan=2| Adult ||  || 13.1,<ref name=Tiu2004/> 35.0<ref name=Tiu2004>{{cite journal  |vauthors=Tiu SC, Choi CH, Shek CC, etal |title=The use of aldosterone-renin ratio as a diagnostic test for primary hyperaldosteronism and its test characteristics under different conditions of blood sampling |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=72–78 |date=January 2005  |pmid=15483077 |doi=10.1210/jc.2004-1149|citeseerx=10.1.1.117.5182 }}</ref> || ng/dL per ng/(mL·h)
 |-
 |  || 360,<ref name=Tiu2004/> 970<ref name=Tiu2004/> || pmol/liter per μg/(L·h)
 |}

===Vitamins===
Also including the vitamin B<sub>12</sub>)-related amino acid [[homocysteine]].
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan=2 | Test
! rowspan=2 | Patient type
! colspan=2 | [[Standard range]]
! colspan=2 | [[Optimal range]]
! rowspan=2 | Unit
 |-
! Lower limit
! Upper limit
! Lower limit
! Upper limit
 |-
 | [[Vitamin A]] ||  || 30<ref name=bloodbook/> || 65<ref name=bloodbook/> ||  ||  || μg/dL
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[Vitamin B9|Vitamin B<sub>9</sub>]] <br /> (Folic acid/Folate) – '''Serum''' ||rowspan=2| Age > 1 year || 3.0<ref name=cmft>[http://www.cmft.nhs.uk/directorates/labmedicine/USERGUIDE/pdfs/Haem%20-%20Coagulation%20Ref%20Ranges.pdf Central Manchester University Hospitals / Reference ranges] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130102124/http://www.cmft.nhs.uk/directorates/labmedicine/USERGUIDE/pdfs/Haem%20-%20Coagulation%20Ref%20Ranges.pdf |date=2012-11-30 }} Retrieved on July 9, 2009</ref> || 16<ref name=cmft/> || 5<ref name=Chandler>[http://www.hosp.uky.edu/Clinlab/report.pdf University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center > Clinical Lab Reference Range Guide] Retrieved on April 28, 2009</ref> || || ng/mL or μg/L
 |-
 | 6.8<ref name=b9-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 441 mol−1</ref> || 36<ref name=b9-mass/> || 11<ref name=b9-mass/> ||  || nmol/L
 |-
 |rowspan=4| [[Vitamin B9|Vitamin B<sub>9</sub>]] <br /> (Folic acid/Folate) – '''[[Red blood cell]]s''' || || 200<ref name=cmft/> || 600<ref name=cmft/> ||  ||  || ng/mL or μg/L
 |-
 |  || 450<ref name=b9-mass/> || 1400<ref name=b9-mass/> ||  ||  || nmol/L
 |-
 |rowspan=2| Pregnant ||  ||  || 400<ref name=cmft/> ||  || ng/mL or μg/L
 |-
 |  ||  || 900<ref name=cmft/> ||  || nmol/L
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[Vitamin B12|Vitamin B<sub>12</sub>]] (Cobalamin) ||  || 130,<ref name=gpnotebook-b12>[http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=-2087059389&linkID=35554&cook=no GPnotebook > B12] Retrieved on April 28, 2009</ref> 160<ref name=cobalamin-molar>Derived form molar values using molar mass of 1355g/mol</ref> || 700,<ref name=gpnotebook-b12/> 950<ref name=cobalamin-molar/> ||  ||  || ng/L
 |-
 |  || 100,<ref name=cobalamin-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 1355g/mol</ref> 120<ref name=uppsala/> || 520,<ref name=cobalamin-mass/> 700<ref name=uppsala/> ||   ||  ||pmol/L
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[Homocysteine]]<br />{{hatnote|-more detailed ranges in<br /> [[Homocysteine#ranges|Homocysteine]] article}} ||  || 3.3,<ref name=doctorsdoctor>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedoctorsdoctor.com/labtests/homocysteine.htm|title=Homocysteine|website=www.thedoctorsdoctor.com}}</ref> 5.9<ref name=doctorsdoctor/> || 7.2,<ref name=doctorsdoctor/> 15.3<ref name=doctorsdoctor/> ||  || 6.3<ref name=adeeva/> || μmol/L
 |-
 |  || 45,<ref name=homocysteine-molar>Derived from molar values using molar massof 135 g/mol</ref> 80<ref name=homocysteine-molar/> || 100,<ref name=homocysteine-molar/> 210<ref name=homocysteine-molar/>  ||  || 85<ref name=adeeva/> || μg/dL
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[Vitamin C]] (Ascorbic acid) ||rowspan=2|  || 0.4<ref name=bloodbook/> || 1.5<ref name=bloodbook/> || 0.9<ref name=adeeva/> ||  || mg/dL
 |-
 | 23<ref name=c-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 176 grams per mol</ref> || 85<ref name=c-mass/> || 50<ref name=adeeva/> ||  || μmol/L
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[25-hydroxycholecalciferol]] (a [[vitamin D]]) ||rowspan=2|  || 8,<ref name=bloodbook/><ref name="vitd-molar"/> 9<ref name=vitd-molar/> || 40,<ref name=vitd-molar/> 80<ref name=bloodbook/> || 30,<ref name=Reusch/> 40<ref name=Vasquez/> || 65,<ref name=Vasquez/> 100<ref name=Reusch/> || ng/mL
 |-
 | 20,<ref name=bender/> 23<ref name=bischoff/> || 95,<ref name=bischoff/> 150<ref name=bender/> || 85,<ref name=adeeva/> 100<ref name=Vasquez/> || 120,<ref name=adeeva/> 160<ref name=Vasquez/> || nmol/L
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[Vitamin E]] ||rowspan=2|  ||  ||  || 28<ref name=adeeva/> ||  || μmol/L
 |-
 |  ||  || 1.2<ref name=adeeva/> ||  || mg/dL
 |-
 |}

===Toxic Substances===
{| class="wikitable"
! Test
! Limit type
! Limit
! Unit
 |-
 | [[Lead]] || [[Optimal health range]] || < 20<ref name=merck/> or 40<ref name=bloodbook/> || μg/dL
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[Blood ethanol content]] ||rowspan=2| Limit for [[Driving under the influence|drunk driving]] || 0,<ref name=drunk-driving/> 0.2,<ref name=drunk-driving>For [[Driving under the influence]] by country, see [[Drunk driving law by country]]</ref> 0.8<ref name=drunk-driving/> || [[Per mil|‰]] or g/L
 |-
 | 17.4<ref name=ethanol-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 46g/mol</ref> || mmol/L
|}

===Hematology===

====Red blood cells====
These values (except ''Hemoglobin in plasma'') are for total blood and not only blood plasma.

 {| class="wikitable"
! Test
! Patient
! Lower limit
! Upper limit
! Unit
! Comments
 |-
 |rowspan=4| [[Hemoglobin]] (Hb) ||rowspan=2| Male || 2.0,<ref name=hb-mass>Derived from mass values using 64,500 g/mol. This molar mass was taken from: {{cite journal |vauthors=Van Beekvelt MC, Colier WN, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG |s2cid=15468862 |title=Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle  |journal=J Appl Physiol |volume=90 |issue=2 |pages=511–19 |year=2001 |pmid=11160049|doi=10.1152/jappl.2001.90.2.511  }}</ref> 2.1<ref name=firstaid/><ref name=marshall>[http://musom.marshall.edu/usmle/usmlelabvalues.htm Normal Lab Values] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216130827/http://musom.marshall.edu/usmle/usmlelabvalues.htm |date=2014-12-16 }} at Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine. Retrieved July 2013</ref> || 2.5,<ref name=hb-mass/> 2.7<ref name=firstaid/><ref name=marshall/> || mmol/L ||rowspan=2| Higher in [[neonate]]s, lower in children.
 |-
 | 130,<ref name=uppsala/> 132,<ref name=southwest/> 135<ref name=firstaid/> || 162,<ref name=southwest/> 170,<ref name=uppsala/> 175<ref name=firstaid/> || g/L
 |-
 |rowspan=2| Female || 1.8,<ref name=hb-mass/> 1.9<ref name=firstaid/><ref name=marshall/> || 2.3,<ref name=hb-mass/> 2.5<ref name=firstaid/><ref name=hb-mass/><ref name=marshall/> || mmol/L ||rowspan=2| Sex difference negligible until adulthood.
 |-
 | 120<ref name=uppsala>Reference range list from Uppsala University Hospital ("Laborationslista"). Artnr 40284 Sj74a. Issued on April 22, 2008</ref><ref name=firstaid/><ref name=southwest/> || 150,<ref name=uppsala/> 152,<ref name=southwest/> 160<ref name=firstaid/><ref name=bloodbook/> || g/L
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[Hemoglobin#Structure of heme|Hemoglobin subunits]] (sometimes displayed simply as "Hemoglobin") || Male || 8.0,<ref name=Lodemann2010>molar concentration as given for ''hemoglobin'' above, but multiplied by 4, according to: {{cite journal |vauthors=Lodemann P, Schorer G, Frey BM |s2cid=3091357 |title=Wrong molar hemoglobin reference values-a longstanding error that should be corrected |journal=Annals of Hematology |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=209 |date=February 2010  |pmid=19609525 |doi=10.1007/s00277-009-0791-x|doi-access=free }}</ref> 8.4<ref name=Lodemann2010/> || 10.0,<ref name=Lodemann2010/> 10.8<ref name=Lodemann2010/> ||rowspan=2| mmol/L ||rowspan=2| 4 per hemoglobin molecule
 |-
 | Female || 7.2,<ref name=Lodemann2010/> 7.6<ref name=Lodemann2010/> || 9.2,<ref name=Lodemann2010/> 10.0<ref name=Lodemann2010/>
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[Hemoglobin]] in plasma ||  || 0.16<ref name=firstaid/> || 0.62<ref name=firstaid/> || μmol/L ||rowspan=2| Normally diminutive compared with inside red blood cells
 |-
 |  || 1 || 4 || mg/dL
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[Glycated hemoglobin]] (Hb<sub>A1c</sub>) || < 50 years || 3.6<ref name=uppsala/> || 5.0<ref name=uppsala/> ||rowspan=2| % of Hb || rowspan=2 |
 |-
 | > 50 years || 3.9<ref name=uppsala/> || 5.3<ref name=uppsala/>
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[Haptoglobin]] || < 50 years || 0.35<ref name=uppsala/> || 1.9<ref name=uppsala/> ||rowspan=2| g/L || rowspan=2 |
 |-
 | > 50 years || 0.47<ref name=uppsala/> || 2.1<ref name=uppsala/>
 |-
 |rowspan=3| [[Hematocrit]] (Hct) || Male || 0.39,<ref name=uppsala/> 0.4,<ref name=southwest/> 0.41,<ref name=firstaid/> 0.45<ref name=bloodbook/> || 0.50,<ref name=uppsala/> 0.52,<ref name=southwest/> 0.53,<ref name=firstaid/> 0.62<ref name=bloodbook/> || L/L  ||
 |-
 | Female || 0.35,<ref name=uppsala/> 0.36,<ref name=firstaid/> 0.37<ref name=southwest/><ref name=bloodbook/> || 0.46,<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=firstaid/><ref name=southwest/> 0.48<ref name=bloodbook/>  || L/L ||
 |-
 | Child || 0.31<ref name=southwest/> || 0.43<ref name=southwest/> || L/L ||
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[Mean corpuscular volume]] (MCV) || Male || 76,<ref name=bloodbook/> 82<ref name=southwest/> || 100,<ref name=bloodbook/> 102<ref name=southwest/> || fL ||rowspan=2| Cells are larger in [[neonate]]s, though smaller in other children.
 |-
 | Female || 78<ref name=southwest/> || 101<ref name=southwest/> || fL
 |-
 | [[Red blood cell distribution width]] (RDW) || || 11.5<ref name=southwest/> || 14.5<ref name=southwest/> || % ||
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[Mean corpuscular hemoglobin|Mean cell hemoglobin]] (MCH) ||rowspan=2|  || 0.39<ref name=firstaid/> || 0.54<ref name=firstaid/> || fmol/cell || rowspan=2 |
 |-
 | 25,<ref name=firstaid/> 27<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=bloodbook/> || 32,<ref name=bloodbook/> 33,<ref name=uppsala/> 35<ref name=firstaid/> || pg/cell
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration]] (MCHC) || || 4.8,<ref name=Beekvelt>Derived from mass concentration, using molar mass of 64,458 g/mol. This molar mass was taken from:  {{cite journal |vauthors=Van Beekvelt MC, Colier WN, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG |s2cid=15468862 |title=Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle  |journal=J Appl Physiol |volume=90 |issue=2 |pages=511–19 |year=2001 |pmid=11160049|doi=10.1152/jappl.2001.90.2.511  }}. Subsequently, 1 g/dL = 0.1551&nbsp;mmol/L</ref>  5.0<ref name=Beekvelt/> || 5.4,<ref name=Beekvelt/> 5.6<ref name=Beekvelt/> || mmol/L || rowspan=2 |
 |-
 |  || 31,<ref name=southwest/> 32<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=bloodbook/> || 35,<ref name=southwest/> 36<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=bloodbook/> || g/dL or %<ref name="MCHC" group="note"/>
 |-
 |rowspan=3| Erythrocytes/[[Red blood cells]] (RBC) || Male || 4.2,<ref name=bloodbook/> 4.3<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=firstaid/><ref name=southwest/> || 5.7,<ref name=uppsala/> 5.9,<ref name=firstaid/> 6.2,<ref name=southwest/> 6.9<ref name=bloodbook/> ||rowspan=3| x10<sup>12</sup>/L<br />or<br />[[million]]/mm<sup>3</sup>  ||
 |-
 | Female || 3.5,<ref name=firstaid/> 3.8,<ref name=southwest/> 3.9<ref name=uppsala/>  || 5.1,<ref name=uppsala/>  5.5<ref name=firstaid/><ref name=southwest/>  ||
 |-
 | Infant/Child || 3.8<ref name=southwest/> || 5.5<ref name=southwest/> ||
 |-
 |rowspan=4| [[Reticulocyte]]s ||rowspan=2| Adult || 26<ref name=uppsala/> || 130<ref name=uppsala/> || x10<sup>9</sup>/L  ||
 |-
 | 0.5<ref name=firstaid/><ref name=southwest/> || 1.5<ref name=firstaid/><ref name=southwest/>|| % of RBC ||
 |-
 | Newborn || 1.1<ref name=southwest/> || 4.5<ref name=southwest/> || % of RBC ||
 |-
 | Infant || 0.5<ref name=southwest/> || 3.1<ref name=southwest/> || % of RBC ||
 |-
 | Immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF) || Adult || 1.6<ref name="pmid27863758">{{cite journal| author=Morkis IV, Farias MG, Scotti L| title=Determination of reference ranges for immature platelet and reticulocyte fractions and reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent. | journal=Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter | year= 2016 | volume= 38 | issue= 4 | pages= 310–313 | pmid=27863758 | doi=10.1016/j.bjhh.2016.07.001 | pmc=5119661 }}</ref> || 12.1<ref name="pmid27863758"/> || % of reticulocytes ||
 |-
 |rowspan=2| Reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent ||rowspan=2| Adult || 30.0<ref name="pmid27863758"/> || 37.6<ref name="pmid27863758"/> || % ||
 |-
 | 24.1<ref name="pmid16999719">{{cite journal| author=Brugnara C, Schiller B, Moran J| title=Reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (Ret He) and assessment of iron-deficient states. | journal=Clinical and Laboratory Haematology | year= 2006 | volume= 28 | issue= 5 | pages= 303–8 | pmid=16999719 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2257.2006.00812.x | pmc=1618805 }}</ref> || 35.8<ref name="pmid16999719"/> || pg
 |-
 | Immature platelet fraction (IPF) || Adult || 0.8<ref name="pmid27863758"/> || 5.6<ref name="pmid27863758"/> || % ||
 |}

====White blood cells====
These values are for total blood and not only blood plasma.

{| class="wikitable"
! Test
! Patient type
! Lower limit
! Upper limit
! Unit
 |-
 |Rowspan=3| [[White blood cell count|White Blood Cell Count]] ([[white blood cell|WBC]]) || Adult || 3.5,<ref name=uppsala/> 3.9,<ref name=lymphomation>[http://www.lymphomation.org/CBC-blood-counts.htm lymphomation.org >  Tests & Imaging > Labs  > Complete Blood Count] Retrieved on May 14, 2009</ref> 4.1,<ref name=southwest/> 4.5<ref name=firstaid/> || 9.0,<ref name=uppsala/> 10.0,<ref name=lymphomation/> 10.9,<ref name=southwest/> 11<ref name=firstaid/> ||rowspan=3|
* x10<sup>9</sup>/L
* x10<sup>3</sup>/mm<sup>3</sup> or
* x10<sup>3</sup>/μL
 |-
 | Newborn || 9<ref name=mcclatchey>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3PJVLH1NmQAC|title=Clinical Laboratory Medicine|first=Kenneth D.|last=McClatchey|date=November 28, 2002|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780683307511|via=Google Books}}</ref> || 30<ref name=mcclatchey/>
 |-
 | 1 year old || 6<ref name=mcclatchey/> || 18<ref name=mcclatchey/>
 |-
 |rowspan=3| {{Anchor|Neutrophil_count}} [[Neutrophil granulocyte]]s <br /> (A.K.A. grans, polys, PMNs, or segs) ||rowspan=2| Adult || 1.3,<ref name=uppsala/> 1.8,<ref name=lymphomation/> 2<ref name=mcclatchey/> || 5.4,<ref name=uppsala/> 7,<ref name=lymphomation/> 8<ref name=mcclatchey/> || x10<sup>9</sup>/L
 |-
 | 45–54<ref name=firstaid/> || 62,<ref name=firstaid/> 74 || % of WBC
 |-
 | Newborn || 6<ref name=mcclatchey/> || 26<ref name=mcclatchey/> || x10<sup>9</sup>/L
 |-
 |rowspan=2| Neutrophilic [[band cell|band forms]] ||rowspan=2| Adult ||  || 0.7<ref name=mcclatchey/> || x10<sup>9</sup>/L
 |-
 | 3<ref name=firstaid/> || 5<ref name=firstaid/> || % of WBC
 |-
 |rowspan=3| [[Lymphocyte]]s ||rowspan=2|Adult || 0.7,<ref name=uppsala/> 1.0<ref name=lymphomation/><ref name=mcclatchey/> || 3.5,<ref name=lymphomation/> 3.9,<ref name=uppsala/> 4.8<ref name=mcclatchey/> || x10<sup>9</sup>/L
 |-
 | 16–25<ref name=firstaid/> || 33,<ref name=firstaid/> 45 || % of WBC
 |-
 | Newborn || 2<ref name=mcclatchey/> || 11<ref name=mcclatchey/> || x10<sup>9</sup>/L
 |-
 |rowspan=3| [[Monocyte]]s ||rowspan=2| Adult || 0.1,<ref name=uppsala/> 0.2<ref>[http://www.termedia.pl/magazine.php?magazine_id=10&article_id=6801&magazine_subpage=ABSTRACT "Determination of monocyte count by hematological analyzers, manual method and flow cytometry in Polish population"] ''Central European Journal of Immunology'' (Centr Eur J Immunol 2006; 31 (1–2): 1–5) authors: Elżbieta Górska, Urszula Demkow, Roman Pińkowski, Barbara Jakubczak, Dorota Matuszewicz, Jolanta Gawęda, Wioletta Rzeszotarska, Maria Wąsik,</ref><ref name=gpnotebook-wbc>[http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=-637140985 gpnotebook.co.uk > blood constituents (reference range)] Retrieved on May 14, 2009</ref> || 0.8<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=mcclatchey/><ref name=gpnotebook-wbc/> || x10<sup>9</sup>/L
 |-
 | 3,<ref name=firstaid/> 4.0 || 7,<ref name=firstaid/> 10 || % of WBC
 |-
 | Newborn || 0.4<ref name=mcclatchey/> || 3.1<ref name=mcclatchey/> || x10<sup>9</sup>/L
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[Mononuclear leukocytes]] <br /> (Lymphocytes + monocytes) ||rowspan=2| Adult || 1.5 || 5 || x10<sup>9</sup>/L
 |-
 | 20 || 35 || % of WBC
 |-
 | [[CD4+ cells|CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells]] || Adult || 0.4,<ref name=southwest>[http://pathcuric1.swmed.edu/PathDemo/nrrt.htm Normal Reference Range Table] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225185659/http://pathcuric1.swmed.edu/pathdemo/nrrt.htm |date=2011-12-25 }} from The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. Used in Interactive Case Study Companion to Pathologic basis of disease.</ref> 0.5<ref name=merck/> || 1.5,<ref name=merck/> 1.8<ref name=southwest/> || x10<sup>9</sup>/L
 |-
 |rowspan=3| [[Eosinophil granulocyte]]s ||rowspan=2| Adult || 0.0,<ref name=uppsala/> 0.04<ref name=gpnotebook-wbc/> || 0.44,<ref name=gpnotebook-wbc/> 0.45,<ref name=mcclatchey/> 0.5<ref name=uppsala/> || x10<sup>9</sup>/L
 |-
 | 1<ref name=firstaid/> || 3,<ref name=firstaid/> 7 || % of WBC
 |-
 | Newborn || 0.02<ref name=mcclatchey/> || 0.85<ref name=mcclatchey/> || x10<sup>9</sup>/L
 |-
 |rowspan=3| [[Basophil granulocyte]]s ||rowspan=2| Adult || 40<ref name=lymphomation/>  || 100,<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=gpnotebook-wbc/> 200,<ref name=mcclatchey/> 900<ref name=lymphomation/>  || x10<sup>6</sup>/L
 |-
 | 0.0 || 0.75,<ref name=firstaid/> 2 || % of WBC
 |-
 | Newborn || || 0.64<ref name=mcclatchey/> || x10<sup>9</sup>/L
 |}

====Coagulation====
{| class="wikitable"
! Test
! Lower limit
! Upper limit
! Unit
! Comments
 |-
 | Thrombocyte/[[Platelets|Platelet]] count (Plt)|| 140,<ref name=southwest/> 150<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=firstaid/> || 350,<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=bloodbook/> 400,<ref name=firstaid/> 450<ref name=southwest/> || x10<sup>9</sup>/L or<br /> x1000/μL ||
 |-
 | [[Mean platelet volume]] (MPV) || 7.2,<ref name=Demirin2011>{{cite journal |vauthors=Demirin H, Ozhan H, Ucgun T, Celer A, Bulur S, Cil H, Gunes C, Yildirim HA |title=Normal range of mean platelet volume in healthy subjects: Insight from a large epidemiologic study |journal=Thromb. Res. |volume=128 |issue=4 |pages=358–60 |year=2011 |pmid=21620440 |doi=10.1016/j.thromres.2011.05.007 }}</ref> 7.4,<ref name=labcareplus>[http://www.labcareplus.org/docs/REFERENCE_RANGES.pdf Normal Values: RBC, Hgb, Hct, Indices, RDW, Platelets, and MPV (Conventional Units)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727010934/http://www.labcareplus.org/docs/REFERENCE_RANGES.pdf |date=2011-07-27 }} From labcareplus. Retrieved 4 nov, 2010</ref> 7.5<ref name=Lozano1988>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lozano M, Narváez J, Faúndez A, Mazzara R, Cid J, Jou JM, Marín JL, Ordinas A |title=[Platelet count and mean platelet volume in the Spanish population] |language=es|journal=Med Clin (Barc) |volume=110 |issue=20 |pages=774–77 |year=1998 |pmid=9666418 }}</ref> || 10.4,<ref name=labcareplus/> 11.5,<ref name=Lozano1988/> 11.7<ref name=Demirin2011/> || [[femtolitre|fL]] ||
 |-
 | [[Prothrombin time]] (PT)|| 10,<ref name=merck/> 11,<ref name=firstaid/><ref name=medline003652>{{MedlinePlusEncyclopedia|003652}}</ref> 12<ref name=southwest/> || 13,<ref name=merck/> 13.5,<ref name=medline003652/> 14,<ref name=southwest/> 15<ref name=firstaid/> || s  || PT reference varies between laboratory kits – INR is standardised
 |-
 | [[International normalized ratio|INR]]|| 0.9<ref name=uppsala/> || 1.2<ref name=uppsala/> ||   || The INR is a corrected ratio of a patient's PT to normal
 |-
 | [[Activated partial thromboplastin time]] (APTT)|| 18,<ref name=southwest/> 30<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=merck/>  || 28,<ref name=southwest/> 42,<ref name=uppsala/> 45<ref name=merck/> || s  ||
 |-
 | [[Thrombin clotting time]] (TCT)|| 11  || 18  || s  ||
 |-
 | [[Fibrinogen]] || 1.7,<ref name=southwest/> 2.0<ref name=uppsala/>  || 3.6,<ref name=uppsala/> 4.2<ref name=southwest/> || g/L  ||
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[Antithrombin]] || 0.80<ref name=uppsala/> || 1.2<ref name=uppsala/> || kIU/L || rowspan=2 |
 |-
 | 0.15,<ref name=teruya2014>{{EMedicine|article|2084978|Antithrombin III}}</ref> 0.17<ref name=mgh>[http://mghlabtest.partners.org/coagbook/co000300.htm Antithrombin CO000300] in ''Coagulation Test Handbook'' at [[Massachusetts General Hospital]]. In turn citing:
* Elizabeth M. Van Cott, M.D., and Michael Laposata, M.D., Ph.D., "Coagulation." In: Jacobs DS et al, ed. The Laboratory Test Handbook, 5th Edition. Lexi-Comp, Cleveland, 2001; 327–58.</ref> || 0.2,<ref name=teruya2014/> 0.39<ref name=mgh/> || mg/mL
 |-
 | [[Bleeding time]] || 2  || 9  || minutes ||
 |-
 | [[Blood viscosity|Viscosity]]|| 1.5<ref name="pathology.bsuh.nhs.uk">{{cite web |url=http://pathology.bsuh.nhs.uk/pathology/Default.aspx?tabid=108 |title=Home |website=pathology.bsuh.nhs.uk |access-date=November 20, 2009}}</ref> || 1.72<ref name="pathology.bsuh.nhs.uk"/>  || [[Poise (unit)|cP]] ||
|}

===Immunology===

====Acute phase proteins====
[[Acute phase protein]]s are markers of [[inflammation]].
{| class="wikitable"
 |'''Test'''
! Patient
! Lower limit
! Upper limit
! Unit
! Comments
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|Erythrocyte&nbsp;sedimentation&nbsp;rate]]<br />(ESR) || Male ||rowspan=2| 0 || Age÷2<ref name="pmid6402065"/> ||rowspan=2| mm/h  ||rowspan=2| ESR increases with age and tends to be higher in females.<ref name="pmid6020854">{{cite journal |vauthors=Böttiger LE, Svedberg CA |title=Normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate and age |journal=Br Med J |volume=2 |issue=5544 |pages=85–87 |year=1967 |pmid=6020854 |doi= 10.1136/bmj.2.5544.85|pmc=1841240}}</ref>
 |-
 | Female || (Age+10)÷2<ref name="pmid6402065">{{cite journal |vauthors=Miller A, Green M, Robinson D |title=Simple rule for calculating normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=286 |issue=6361 |pages=266 |date=January 1983  |pmid=6402065 |pmc=1546487 |doi=10.1136/bmj.286.6361.266}}</ref>
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[C-reactive protein]] (CRP)  ||rowspan=2|  || || 5,<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=PGNotebook1>{{Cite GPnotebook|946536472|C-reactive protein}}</ref> 6<ref name=DAB>[http://iadr.confex.com/iadr/2008Toronto/techprogram/abstract_106289.htm 2730 Serum C-Reactive Protein values in Diabetics with Periodontal Disease] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220113411/http://iadr.confex.com/iadr/2008Toronto/techprogram/abstract_106289.htm |date=2008-12-20 }} A.R. Choudhury, and S. Rahman, Birdem, Diabetic Association of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. (the diabetics were not used to determine the reference ranges)</ref> || mg/L  || rowspan=2 |
 |-
 |  || 200,<ref name=crp-mass/> 240<ref name=crp-mass/> || nmol/L
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[Alpha 1-antitrypsin]] (AAT) ||  || 20,<ref name="pmid12621252">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sipahi T, Kara C, Tavil B, Inci A, Oksal A |title=Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: an overlooked cause of late hemorrhagic disease of the newborn |journal=Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=274–75 |date=March 2003  |pmid=12621252 |doi=10.1097/00043426-200303000-00019}}</ref> 22<ref name=antitrypsin-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 44324.5 g/mol</ref> || 38,<ref name=antitrypsin-mass/> 53<ref name="pmid12621252"/> || μmol/L ||
 |-
 |  || 89,<ref name=antitrypsin-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44324.5 g/mol</ref> 97<ref name=uppsala/> || 170,<ref name=uppsala/> 230<ref name=antitrypsin-molar/> || mg/dL ||
 |-
 | [[Procalcitonin]] ||  ||  || 0.15<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/83169 |title=Procalcitonin, Serum |publisher= [[Mayo Clinic]] |access-date= 2015-03-01}}</ref> || ng/mL or μg/L ||
 |}

====Isotypes of antibodies====
{{Further|Antibody}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Test
! Patient
! Lower limit
! Upper limit
! Unit
 |-
 | [[Immunoglobulin A|IgA]] ||rowspan=5| Adult || 70,<ref name=uppsala/> 110<ref name=ascls>[http://www.ascls.org/labtesting/labchem.asp The Society for American Clinical Laboratory Science > Chemistry Tests > Immunoglobulins] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015063657/http://www.ascls.org/labtesting/labchem.asp |date=2009-10-15 }} Retrieved on Nov 26, 2009</ref> || 360,<ref name=uppsala/> 560<ref name=ascls/> ||rowspan=5| mg/dL
 |-
 | [[Immunoglobulin D|IgD]] || 0.5<ref name=ascls/> || 3.0<ref name=ascls/>
 |-
 | [[Immunoglobulin E|IgE]] || 0.01<ref name=ascls/> || 0.04<ref name=ascls/>
 |-
 | [[Immunoglobulin G|IgG]] || 800<ref name=ascls/> || 1800<ref name=ascls/>
 |-
 | [[Immunoglobulin M|IgM]] || 54<ref name=ascls/> || 220<ref name=ascls/>
 |-
 |}

====Autoantibodies====
{{For|clinical associations|Autoantibody}}
Autoantibodies are usually absent or very low, so instead of being given in standard reference ranges, the values usually denote where they are said to be present, or whether the test is a [[positive test]]. There may also be an ''equivocal'' interval, where it is uncertain whether there is a significantly increased level.

{| class="wikitable"
! Test
! Negative
! Equivocal
! Positive
! Unit
 |-
 | [[anti-SS-A]] (Ro) || < 1.0<ref name =mayossa>{{cite web |title=SSA – Clinical: SS-A/Ro Antibodies, IgG, Serum |url= https://www.mayocliniclabs.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/81360 |website=www.mayocliniclabs.com |publisher=Mayo Clinic Laboratories |access-date=2 July 2020}}</ref> || n/a || ≥ 1.0<ref name =mayossa/> || rowspan=2|Units (U)
 |-
 | [[anti-SS-B]] (La) || < 1.0<ref name="mayossb">{{cite web |title=SSB – Clinical: SS-B/La Antibodies, IgG, Serum |url= https://www.mayocliniclabs.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/81359 |website=www.mayocliniclabs.com |publisher=Mayo Clinic Laboratories |access-date=2 July 2020}}</ref> || n/a || ≥ 1.0<ref name="mayossb"/>
 |-
 | [[Anti ds-DNA]] || < 30.0<ref name="mayodna">{{cite web |title=ADNA – Clinical: DNA Double-Stranded Antibodies, IgG, Serum |url= https://www.mayocliniclabs.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/8178 |website=www.mayocliniclabs.com |publisher=Mayo Clinic Laboratories |access-date=2 July 2020}}</ref> || 30.0–75.0<ref name="mayodna"/> || > 75.0<ref name="mayodna"/> || International Units per millilitre (IU/mL)
 |-
 | [[Anti ss-DNA]] || < 8<ref name=chronolab>[http://www.chronolab.com/rheumatic/range.htm chronolab.com > Autoantibodies associated with rheumatic diseases >  Reference ranges] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730010746/http://www.chronolab.com/rheumatic/range.htm |date=2013-07-30 }} Retrieved on April 29, 2010</ref> || 8–10<ref name=chronolab/> || > 10<ref name=chronolab/> || rowspan=4| Units per millilitre (U/mL)
 |-
 | [[Anti-histone antibodies]] || < 25<ref name=chronolab/> || n/a<ref name=chronolab/> || > 25<ref name=chronolab/>
 |-
 | Cytoplasmic anti-neutrophil<br /> cytoplasmic antibodies ([[c-ANCA]]) || < 20<ref name=chronolab/> || 21–30<ref name=chronolab/> || > 30<ref name=chronolab/>
 |-
 | Perinuclear anti-neutrophil<br /> cytoplasmic antibodies ([[p-ANCA]]) || < 5<ref name=chronolab/> || n/a || > 5<ref name=chronolab/>
 |-
 | [[Anti-mitochondrial antibodies]] (AMA) || < 0.1<ref name="mayoama">{{cite web |title=AMA – Clinical: Mitochondrial Antibodies (M2), Serum |url=https://www.mayocliniclabs.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/8176 |website=www.mayocliniclabs.com |publisher=Mayo Clinic Laboratories |access-date=2 July 2020}}</ref> || 0.1-0.9<ref name="mayoama"/> || ≥ 1.0<ref name="mayoama"/> || Units (U)
 |-
 | [[Rheumatoid factor]] (RF) || < 20 || 20–30  || > 30<ref name=southwest/>|| rowspan=4| Units per millilitre (U/mL)
 |-
 | [[Antistreptolysin O titre]] (ASOT) in <br /> preschoolers ||rowspan=3|  ||rowspan=3|  || > 100
 |-
 | ASOT at school age || > 250<ref name=southwest/>
 |-
 | ASOT in adults || > 125<ref name=southwest/>
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! Test
! Negative
! Low/weak positive
! Moderate positive
! High/strong positive
! Unit
 |-
 | [[Anti-phospholipid antibodies|Anti-phospholipid]] IgG || < 20<ref name=chronolab/> || 20–30<ref name=chronolab/> || 31–50<ref name=chronolab/> || > 51<ref name=chronolab/> || GPLU/mL<ref name=chronolab/>
 |-
 | Anti-phospholipid IgM || < 1.5<ref name=chronolab/> || 1.5–2.5<ref name=chronolab/> || 2–9.9<ref name=chronolab/> || > 10<ref name=chronolab/> || MPL /mL<ref name=chronolab/>
 |-
 | Anti-phospholipid IgA || < 10<ref name=chronolab/> || 10–20<ref name=chronolab/> || 21–30<ref name=chronolab/> || > 31<ref name=chronolab/> || [[arb U]]/mL<ref name=chronolab/>
 |-
 | [[Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies]] || < 20<ref name=chronolab/> || 20–39<ref name=chronolab/> || 40–59<ref name=chronolab/> || > 60<ref name=chronolab/> || EU<ref name=chronolab/>
 |}

====Other immunology====
{| class="wikitable"
! Test
! Lower limit
! Upper limit
! Unit
 |-
 | [[Serum free light-chain measurement|Serum free light chains]] (FLC): kappa/lambda ratio || 0.26<ref name=rajkumar2005>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rajkumar SV, Kyle RA, Therneau TM |title=Serum free light chain ratio is an independent risk factor for progression in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance |journal=Blood |volume=106 |issue=3 |pages=812–17 |date=August 2005 |pmid=15855274 |pmc=1895159 |doi=10.1182/blood-2005-03-1038 |display-authors=etal  }}</ref> || 1.65<ref name=rajkumar2005/> || (unitless)
|}

===Other enzymes and proteins===

{| class="wikitable"
! Test
! Lower limit
! Upper limit
! Unit
! Comments
 |-
 | [[Serum total protein]] || 60,<ref name=firstaid/> 63<ref name=southwest/> || 78,<ref name=firstaid/> 82,<ref name=southwest/> 84<ref name=bloodbook/> || g/L|| {{Further|Serum total protein#Interpretation}}
 |-
 |rowspan=3| {{Anchor|Lactate dehydrogenase}} [[Lactate dehydrogenase]] (LDH)  || 50<ref name=bloodbook/>  || 150<ref name=bloodbook/>  || U/L  ||
 |-
 | 0.4<ref name=Nohring/> || 1.7<ref name=Nohring/> || μmol/L ||
 |-
 | 1.8<ref name=uppsala/> || 3.4<ref name=uppsala/> || μ[[katal|kat]]/L || < 70 years old<ref name=uppsala/>
 |-
 |rowspan=3| [[Amylase]]  || 25,<ref name=firstaid/> 30,<ref name=southwest/> 53<ref name=bloodbook/> || 110,<ref name=southwest/> 120,<ref>{{Cite GPnotebook|309002307|Reference range (amylase)}}</ref> 123,<ref name=bloodbook/> 125,<ref name=firstaid/> 190<ref name=Nohring/> || U/L  ||
 |-
 | 0.15<ref name=uppsala/> || 1.1<ref name=uppsala/> || μ[[katal|kat]]/L ||
 |-
 | 200<ref name=crp-mass>Derived from mass using molar mass of 25,106 g/mol</ref> || 240<ref name=crp-mass/> || nmol/L ||
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[D-dimer]] <br />{{hatnote|-more detailed ranges in [[D-dimer#Interpretation|D-dimer]] article}}  ||rowspan=2| n/a  || 500<ref>{{cite journal  |vauthors=Ageno W, Finazzi S, Steidl L, etal |title=Plasma measurement of D-dimer levels for the early diagnosis of ischemic stroke subtypes |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |volume=162 |issue=22 |pages=2589–93 |year=2002 |pmid=12456231 |doi=10.1001/archinte.162.22.2589|hdl=2434/51239 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>|| ng/mL  ||rowspan=2| Higher in pregnant women<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kline JA, Williams GW, Hernandez-Nino J |title=D-dimer concentrations in normal pregnancy: new diagnostic thresholds are needed |journal=Clinical Chemistry |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=825–29 |date=May 2005  |pmid=15764641 |doi=10.1373/clinchem.2004.044883|doi-access=free }}</ref>
 |-
 | 0.5<ref name=uppsala/> || mg/L
 |-
 | [[Lipase]] || 7,<ref name=southwest/> 10,<ref name=bloodbook/> 23<ref name=Nohring/> || 60,<ref name=southwest/> 150,<ref name=bloodbook/> 208<ref name=Nohring/> || U/L ||
 |-
 | [[Angiotensin-converting enzyme]] (ACE) || 23<ref name=Nohring/> || 57<ref name=Nohring/> || U/L ||
 |-
 | [[Acid phosphatase]] ||  || 3.0<ref name=Nohring/> || ng/mL ||
 |-
 | [[Eosinophil cationic protein]] (ECP) || 2.3<ref name=uppsala/> || 16<ref name=uppsala/> || μg/L ||
|}

===Other electrolytes and metabolites===
[[Electrolyte]]s and [[Metabolism|metabolites]]:
For iron and copper, some related proteins are also included.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Test
! Patient type
! Lower limit
! Upper limit
! Unit
! Comments
 |-
 | [[Plasma osmolality|Osmolality]] || || 275,<ref name=firstaid/> 280,<ref name=bloodbook/> 281<ref name=uppsala/> || 295,<ref name=firstaid/> 296,<ref name=bloodbook/> 297<ref name=uppsala/> || mOsm/kg || Plasma weight excludes solutes
 |-
 | [[Osmolarity]] || ||colspan=2| Slightly less than osmolality || mOsm/L || Plasma volume includes solutes
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[Urea]] ||rowspan=2| || 3.0<ref name=gardner>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gardner MD, Scott R |title=Age- and sex-related reference ranges for eight plasma constituents derived from randomly selected adults in a Scottish new town |journal=Journal of Clinical Pathology |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=380–85 |date=April 1980  |pmid=7400337 |pmc=1146084 |doi=10.1136/jcp.33.4.380}}</ref>  ||  7.0<ref name=gardner/>  || mmol/L ||rowspan=2| BUN – [[blood urea nitrogen]]
 |-
 | 7<ref name=firstaid/> || 18,<ref name=firstaid/> 21<ref name=southwest/> || mg/dL
 |-
 |rowspan=3| * [[Uric acid]]<ref name=southwest/> || || 0.18<ref name=firstaid/> || 0.48<ref name=firstaid/> || mmol/L ||
 |-
 | Female || 2.0<ref name=bloodbook/> || 7.0<ref name=bloodbook/> || mg/dL ||
 |-
 | Male || 2.1<ref name=bloodbook/> || 8.5<ref name=bloodbook/> || mg/dL ||
 |-
 |rowspan=4|  [[Creatinine]] ||rowspan=2| Male  || 60,<ref name=uppsala/> 68<ref name=finney>{{cite journal |vauthors=Finney H, Newman DJ, Price CP |s2cid=35866310 |title=Adult reference ranges for serum cystatin C, creatinine and predicted creatinine clearance |journal=Annals of Clinical Biochemistry |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=49–59 |date=January 2000  |pmid=10672373 |doi=10.1258/0004563001901524|doi-access=free }}</ref>  || 90,<ref name=uppsala/> 118<ref name=finney/>  || μmol/L  ||rowspan=4| May be complemented with [[creatinine clearance]]
 |-
 | 0.7,<ref name=creatinine-molar/> 0.8<ref name=creatinine-molar>Derived from molar values by multiplying with the molar mass of 113.118 g/mol, and divided by 10.000 to adapt from μg/L to mg/dL</ref> || 1.0,<ref name=creatinine-molar/> 1.3<ref name=creatinine-molar/> || mg/dL
 |-
 |rowspan=2| Female  || 50,<ref name=uppsala/> 68<ref name=finney/> || 90,<ref name=uppsala/> 98<ref name=finney/>  || μmol/L
 |-
 | 0.6,<ref name=creatinine-molar/> 0.8<ref name=creatinine-molar/> || 1.0,<ref name=creatinine-molar/> 1.1<ref name=creatinine-molar/> || mg/dL
 |-
 | BUN/Creatinine Ratio || || 5<ref name=bloodbook/> || 35<ref name=bloodbook/> || – ||
 |-
 |rowspan=2| {{Anchor|Blood glucose reference ranges}} Plasma [[Blood sugar|glucose]] (fasting) ||rowspan=2|  || 3.8,<ref name=firstaid/> 4.0<ref name=uppsala/> || 6.0,<ref name=uppsala/> 6.1<ref name=Medline-GTT>{{MedlinePlusEncyclopedia|003466|Glucose tolerance test}}</ref> || mmol/L  ||rowspan=6| ''See also'' [[glycated hemoglobin]] (in hematology)
 |-
 | 65,<ref name=southwest/> 70,<ref name=firstaid/> 72<ref name=glucose-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 180g/mol</ref>  || 100,<ref name=Medline-GTT/> 110<ref name=bloodbook/> || mg/dL
 |-
 |rowspan=2| Full blood glucose (fasting) ||rowspan=2|  || 3.3<ref name=uppsala/> || 5.6<ref name=uppsala/> || mmol/L
 |-
 | 60<ref name=glucose-molar/> || 100<ref name=glucose-molar/> || mg/dL
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[Random glucose test|Random glucose]] ||rowspan=2|  || 3.9<ref name=glucose-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 180g/mol</ref> || 7.8<ref name=glucose-mass/> || mmol/L
 |-
 | 70<ref name=cleveland>{{cite web|url=http://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases_conditions/hic_Diabetes_Basics/hic_Understanding_Pre-Diabetes|title=Diabetes – Prevention|website=[[Cleveland Clinic]]|access-date=2016-06-23}} Last revised 1/15/2013</ref> || 140<ref name=cleveland/> || mg/dL
 |-
 |rowspan=2| {{Anchor|lactate}} [[Lactic acid|Lactate]] (Venous) ||rowspan=2| || 4.5<ref name=bloodbook/> || 19.8<ref name=bloodbook/> || mg/dL ||
 |-
 | 0.5<ref name=lactate-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 90.08 g/mol</ref> || 2.2<ref name=lactate-mass/> || mmol/L ||
 |-
 |rowspan=2| Lactate (Arterial) ||rowspan=2| || 4.5<ref name=bloodbook/> || 14.4<ref name=bloodbook/> || mg/dL ||
 |-
 | 0.5<ref name="lactate-mass"/> || 1.6<ref name=lactate-mass/> || mmol/L ||
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[Pyruvate]] ||rowspan=2|  || 300<ref name=bloodbook/> || 900<ref name=bloodbook/> || μg/dL ||
 |-
 | 34<ref name=pyruvate-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 88.06 g/mol</ref> || 102<ref name=pyruvate-mass/> || μmol/L ||
 |-
 |rowspan=2| [[Ketone]]s ||rowspan=2| ||  || 1<ref name=ketones>{{EMedicine|article|2087982|Ketones}}</ref> || mg/dL ||
 |-
 |  || 0.1<ref name=ketones/> || mmol/L ||
|}

==Medication==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Test
! Lower limit
! Upper limit
! Unit
! Comments
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Digoxin]] || 0.5<ref name=Dart>[https://books.google.com/books?id=BfdighlyGiwC&pg=PA700 Page 700] in:<br />{{cite book|title=Medical Toxicology|author=Richard C. Dart|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins=year=2004|isbn=9780781728454|year=2004}}</ref> || 2.0<ref name=Dart/> || ng/mL ||rowspan=2| Narrow [[therapeutic window]]
|-
| 0.6<ref name=Dart/> || 2.6<ref name=Dart/> || nmol/L
|-
| [[Lithium (medication)|Lithium]] || 0.4,<ref>The UK Electronic Medical Compendium recommends 0.4–0.8 mmol/L plasma lithium level in adults for prophylaxis of recurrent affective bipolar manic-depressive illness [http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/document.aspx?documentId=1239 Camcolit 250 mg Lithium Carbonate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000941/http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/document.aspx?documentId=1239 |date=2016-03-04 }} Revision 2 December 2010, Retrieved 5 May 2011</ref> 0.5,<ref name=amdisen1978>{{cite journal|author=Amdisen A. |title=Clinical and serum level monitoring in lithium therapy and lithium intoxication|journal= J. Anal. Toxicol. |volume=2|issue=5|pages=193–202|year=1978|doi=10.1093/jat/2.5.193}}</ref><ref name=baselt2008>R. Baselt, ''Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man'', 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 851–54.</ref> 0.8<ref>One study ({{Cite journal
| last1 = Solomon | first1 = D.
| last2 = Ristow | first2 = W.
| last3 = Keller | first3 = M.
| last4 = Kane | first4 = J.
| last5 = Gelenberg | first5 = A.
| last6 = Rosenbaum | first6 = J.
| last7 = Warshaw | first7 = M.
| title = Serum lithium levels and psychosocial function in patients with bipolar I disorder
| journal = The American Journal of Psychiatry
| volume = 153
| issue = 10
| pages = 1301–07
| year = 1996
| pmid = 8831438 | doi=10.1176/ajp.153.10.1301
}}) concluded a "low" dose of 0.4–0.6 mmol/L serum lithium treatment for patients with bipolar 1 disorder had less side effects, but a higher rate of relapse, than a "standard" dose of 0.8–1.0 mmol/L. However, a reanalysis of the same experimental data ({{Cite journal
| last1 = Perlis | first1 = R.
| last2 = Sachs | first2 = G.
| last3 = Lafer | first3 = B.
| last4 = Otto | first4 = M.
| last5 = Faraone | first5 = S.
| last6 = Kane | first6 = J.
| last7 = Rosenbaum | first7 = J.
| s2cid = 12103424
| title = Effect of abrupt change from standard to low serum levels of lithium: A reanalysis of double-blind lithium maintenance data
| journal = The American Journal of Psychiatry
| volume = 159
| issue = 7
| pages = 1155–59
| year = 2002
| pmid = 12091193 | doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.159.7.1155
}}) concluded the higher rate of relapse for the "low" dose was due to abrupt changes in the lithium serum levels{{synthesis inline|date=January 2012}}</ref> || 1.3<ref name=amdisen1978/><ref name=baselt2008/> || mmol/L || Narrow [[therapeutic window]]
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Paracetamol]] ||  || 30<ref name=rosen>{{cite book|title=Rosen's Emergency Medicine – Concepts and Clinical Practice|author1=John Marx |author2=Ron Walls |author3=Robert Hockberger |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|year=2013|isbn=9781455749874}}</ref> || mg/L ||rowspan=2| Risk of [[paracetamol toxicity]] at higher levels
|-
|  || 200<ref name=rosen/> || μmol/L
|}

==See also==
* [[Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures]]
* [[Comprehensive metabolic panel]]
* [[Medical technologist]]
* [[Reference range]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="note"|
refs=
<ref name="MCHC" group="note">The MCHC in g/dL and the mass fraction of hemoglobin in red blood cells in % are numerically identical in practice, assuming a RBC density of 1g/mL and negligible hemoglobin in plasma.</ref>
}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.amarillomed.com/howto.htm Descriptions at amarillomed.com]
* [http://www.lymphomation.org/CBC-blood-counts.htm Values at lymphomation.org]

==Further reading==
* {{cite bioRxiv |last1=Rappoport |first1=n. |last2=Paik |first2=P. |last3=Oskotsky |first3=B. |last4=Tor |first4=R. |last5=Ziv |first5=E. |last6=Zaitlen | first6=N. | last7=Butte | first7=A. |date=4 November 2017 |title=Creating ethnicity-specific reference intervals for lab tests from EHR data |biorxiv=10.1101/213892 }}

{{Blood tests}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reference Ranges For Blood Tests}}
[[Category:Blood tests]]