View source for Ramón Jardí i Borrás

{{Infobox person
|name                 = Ramon Jardí i Borras
|image                = 
|image_size           = 
|caption              =
|birth_date           = {{Birth date|1881|11|13}}
|birth_place          = [[Tivissa]]
|death_date           = {{Death date and age|1972|6|5|1881|11|13}}
|death_place          = [[Barcelona]], [[Spain]]
|occupation           = Seismology, engineer
|citizenship          = Spanish
|monuments            = [[Ramón Jardí i Borrás#Pluviometer of intensities|Pluviometer_of_intensities]]
|alma_mater           = [[University of Barcelona]]
|awards               = 
|works                =
|signature = 
|footnotes =
}}

'''Ramon Jardí i Borras''' ([[Tivissa]], November 13, 1881 – June 5, 1972)<ref name = "RACAB73"/> was a [[Catalonia|Catalan]] [[meteorologist]], [[astronomer]] and [[Seismology|seismologist]]. He participated in the foundation of the [[Meteorological Service of Catalonia]] (1921–1939).<ref name = "RACAB73"/> He was member of the [[Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts|Academy of Sciences and Arts]] (1914),<ref name = "RACAB73"/> professor of electricity at Industrial School University (1917),<ref name = "RACAB73"/> professor at the [[University of Barcelona]] (1930–1951)<ref name = "RACAB73"/> and a member of the [[Institut d'Estudis Catalans]] (1926–1931).<ref name = "RACAB73">{{cite book | author = Barcelona | author2 = Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes | title = Nómina del personal académico y anuario de la corporación| url = http://www.sabies.eu/0/jardi-RACAB.pdf| accessdate = October 23, 2011 | year = 1973 | publisher = RACAB }}</ref><ref name="raco">[http://www.raco.cat/index.php/MiscellaniaCERE/article/viewFile/207014/373359 raco.cat/Miscellania CERE]</ref>

== Early life ==
Ramon Jardí studied at the Faculty of Science, where he specialized in [[Outline of physical science|Physical Science.]] After obtaining his doctorate, he taught at the [[University of Barcelona]] (1930–1951).<ref name = "RACAB73"/>

== Career ==
In the [[Engineering|engineering field]], he modified Bourdon's anemograph that was installed at the [[Fabra Observatory]] to address design problems. He named the improved model "Bourdon-Jardí". It continues in use. Upon approval of the creation of the Meteorological Service of Catalonia by the Permanent Council of the [[Commonwealth of Catalonia]] in September 1919, Eduard Fontserè was appointed its director. He appointed Ramon Jardí as his assistant. While director of the Fabra Observatory, he represented the Meteorological Service of Catalonia at international meetings of the Conference of Directors of Meteorological Services.<ref name="RACAB73" /><ref name="raco"/>

== Pluviometer of intensities ==
[[File:Pluviograf Jardi.jpg|thumb|340px | Pluviometer of intensities (Jardí, 1921)]]
The pluviometer of intensities (or Jardi's [[pluviometer]]), is a tool that measures the average intensity of rainfall over an interval of time. The device was initially designed to record rainfall in [[Barcelona]], but eventually spread throughout the world.<ref name="East1967">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l24qAAAAMAAJ&q=Royal+observatory+HongKong+jardi|title=Water Resources Series|publisher=United Nations|year=1967|accessdate=October 23, 2011}}</ref><ref name = "Tivissa93"/>

=== History ===
In 1921, the president of the Commonwealth of Catalonia of that time, [[Josep Puig i Cadafalch]], explained to Eduard Fontserè his concerns about the need for a method to measure the intensity of rainfall. A huge downpour had fallen in Barcelona not long before. Fontserè commissioned Jardí to construct a pluviometer that could record a similar rainfall.<ref name = "Tivissa93"/> Before the end of that year, his device was already working in the Meteorological Service of Catalonia. Patented copies of this pluviometer were mass-produced by two international companies: Richard (Paris) and Casella (London).<ref name = "Tivissa93">{{cite book | author = Tivissa | author2 = Josep Camps; Jaume Escoda i Cabré; Jaume Massons | title = Llibre homenatge al Dr. Jardí i Borràs| url = https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/434322804| accessdate = May 22, 2015 | year = 1993 |id= 8460612481 9788460612483 |publisher=Tivissa Ajuntament  | oclc = 434322804 }}</ref>

In June 1927, two pluviometers entered into operation, one in the Department of Meteorology and one in the Fabra Observatory. Thanks to the device and to the uninterrupted activity of the Observatory, Barcelona has a record of "almost-instantaneous" intensities of rainfall that is the most comprehensive in the world.<ref name = "Tivissa93"/>

=== Operation ===
{{Blockquote | '' It employs the principle of [[feedback]] .. the incoming water pushes the buoy upwards , outgoing water lowers it, adjusting "conic needle" to let pass the same amount of water that enters into the container, this way.. "inked needle" records, on the drum's sheet, the amount of water flowing through the "conic hole" at every moment -in mm of rainfall per square-meter ''}}
Jardi's pluviometer consists of a drum that rotates at constant [[speed]]. The drum moves a graduated sheet of cardboard (the cardboard sheet is usually for one day) that records the time at the [[abscissa]] while the y axis indicates the height of rainfall in mm. A pen moves vertically as the cardboard moves below it. The pen is driven by a buoy, marking the paper with the instantaneous rainfall rate over a period of time.

When rain falls, it is collected by an external funnel. It passes into the cylindrical reservoir and raises the buoy... that raises the pen along the vertical axis, marking the cardboard accordingly. If the rainfall does not vary, the water level in the container remains constant, and the pen's mark is approximately a horizontal line, proportional to the amount of water that is falling. If the rain is heavy enough, it can exceed the device's capacity. At that level, the regulating hole is uncovered, discarding the excess water. If the rain decreases, the buoy drops at the same speed -as the cylindrical reservoir empties.

The pluviometer recorded precipitation in Barcelona for 95 years<ref name="East1967" /> and in places such as Hong-Kong).<ref name = "KongOffice1974">{{cite book | author = Hong Kong | author2 = Great Britain. Foreign and Commonwealth Office | title = Jardi report Workman Chen, Hong Kong | url = http://www.hko.gov.hk/publica/tnl/tnl018.pdf | accessdate = October 23, 2011 | year = 1974 | publisher = HMSO }}</ref>

To measure the average intensity of rainfall in a certain interval of time, the Pluviometer of intensities uses the formula:

: <math display="inline"> \frac{h (\Delta \mathit{T})}{\Delta \mathit{T}}= \mathit{i}\, </math>

Intensity varies over time. The pluviometer records instantaneous rain intensity (as its name defines):

:<math display="inline">\lim_{\Delta\mathit{T}\rightarrow 0} \frac{h(\Delta\mathit{T})}{\Delta\mathit{T}} =\mathit{i}(\mathit{t})</math>

== See also ==
* [[Fabra Observatory]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Borras, Ramon Jardi i}}
[[Category:Seismologists]]
[[Category:University of Barcelona]]
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:1972 deaths]]