View source for Proverbs 31

{{Short description|Final chapter of the Book of Proverbs in the Bible}}
{{Bible chapter|letname= Proverbs 31 |previouslink= Proverbs 30 |previousletter= chapter 30|nextlink= Ecclesiastes 1|nextletter= Ecclesiastes 1 |book=[[Book of Proverbs]] |biblepart=[[Old Testament]] | booknum= 21 |category= [[Ketuvim]] | filename= Proverbs 31 verse 20.jpg | size=250px |caption=<div style="width: 250px; text-align: center; line-height: 1em">Depiction of Proverbs 31:20, "She stretcheth out her hand to the poor..."</div>}}
'''Proverbs 31''' is the 31st and final [[Chapters and verses of the Bible|chapter]] of the [[Book of Proverbs]] in the [[Hebrew Bible]] or the [[Old Testament]] of the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[Bible]].{{sfn|Halley|1965|p=273}} Verses 1 to 9 present the advice which [[Lemuel (biblical king)|King Lemuel]]'s mother gave to him, about how a just king should reign. The remaining verses detail the attributes of a good wife or an ideal woman (verses  10–31). The latter section is also known as ''Eshet Ḥayil''.{{sfn|Aitken|2007|p=422}}

==Text==
===Hebrew===
The following table shows the [[Biblical Hebrew|Hebrew]] text<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2831.htm |title= Proverbs – Chapter 31 |publisher=Mechon Mamre}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sefaria.org/Proverbs.31?ven=The_Holy_Scriptures:_A_New_Translation_(JPS_1917)&lang=bi |title= Proverbs 31 - JPS 1917 |publisher= [[Sefaria |Sefaria.org]]}}</ref> of Proverbs 31 with not only [[Niqqud|vowels]] but also [Hebrew cantillation] [[Trope Symbols]] included, alongside an English translation based upon the [[Jewish Publication Society of America Version|JPS 1917]] translation (now in the [[public domain]]).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Verse
! Hebrew
!English translation (JPS 1917)
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 1
| style="text-align:right" | {{Script/Hebrew|דִּ֭בְרֵי לְמוּאֵ֣ל מֶ֑לֶךְ מַ֝שָּׂ֗א אֲֽשֶׁר־יִסְּרַ֥תּוּ אִמּֽוֹ׃}}
|The words of king Lemuel; the burden wherewith his mother corrected him.
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 2
| style="text-align:right" | {{Script/Hebrew|מַה־בְּ֭רִי וּמַֽה־בַּר־בִּטְנִ֑י וּ֝מֶ֗ה בַּר־נְדָרָֽי׃}}
|What, my son? and what, O son of my womb? And what, O son of my vows?
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 3
| style="text-align:right" | {{Script/Hebrew|אַל־תִּתֵּ֣ן לַנָּשִׁ֣ים חֵילֶ֑ךָ וּ֝דְרָכֶ֗יךָ לַֽמְח֥וֹת מְלָכִֽין׃}}
|Give not thy strength unto women, Nor thy ways to that which destroyeth kings.
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 4
| style="text-align:right" | {{Script/Hebrew|אַ֤ל לַֽמְלָכִ֨ים ׀ לְֽמוֹאֵ֗ל אַ֣ל לַֽמְלָכִ֣ים שְׁתוֹ־יָ֑יִן וּ֝לְרוֹזְנִ֗ים (או) [אֵ֣י] שֵׁכָֽר׃}}
|It is not for kings, O Lemuel, it is not for kings to drink wine: Nor for princes to say: ‘Where is strong drink?’
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 5
| style="text-align:right" | {{Script/Hebrew|פֶּן־יִ֭שְׁתֶּה וְיִשְׁכַּ֣ח מְחֻקָּ֑ק וִ֝ישַׁנֶּ֗ה דִּ֣ין כׇּל־בְּנֵי־עֹֽנִי׃}}
|Lest they drink, and forget that which is decreed, And pervert the justice due to any that is afflicted.
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 6
| style="text-align:right" | {{Script/Hebrew|תְּנוּ־שֵׁכָ֥ר לְאוֹבֵ֑ד וְ֝יַ֗יִן לְמָ֣רֵי נָֽפֶשׁ׃}}
|Give strong drink unto him that is ready to perish, And wine unto the bitter in soul;
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 7
| style="text-align:right" | {{Script/Hebrew|יִ֭שְׁתֶּה וְיִשְׁכַּ֣ח רִישׁ֑וֹ וַ֝עֲמָל֗וֹ לֹ֣א יִזְכׇּר־עֽוֹד׃}}
|Let him drink, and forget his poverty, and remember his misery no more.
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 8
| style="text-align:right" | {{Script/Hebrew|פְּתַח־פִּ֥יךָ לְאִלֵּ֑ם אֶל־דִּ֝֗ין כׇּל־בְּנֵ֥י חֲלֽוֹף׃}}
|Open thy mouth for the dumb, in the cause of all such as are appointed to destruction.
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 9
| style="text-align:right" | {{Script/Hebrew|פְּתַח־פִּ֥יךָ שְׁפׇט־צֶ֑דֶק וְ֝דִ֗ין עָנִ֥י וְאֶבְיֽוֹן׃}}
|Open thy mouth, judge righteously, and plead the cause of the poor and needy.
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 10
| style="text-align:right" | {{Script/Hebrew|אֵֽשֶׁת־חַ֭יִל מִ֣י יִמְצָ֑א וְרָחֹ֖ק מִפְּנִינִ֣ים מִכְרָֽהּ׃}}
|A woman of valour who can find? For her price is far above rubies.
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 11
| style="text-align:right" | {{Script/Hebrew|בָּ֣טַח בָּ֭הּ לֵ֣ב בַּעְלָ֑הּ וְ֝שָׁלָ֗ל לֹ֣א יֶחְסָֽר׃}}
|The heart of her husband doth safely trust in her, and he hath no lack of gain.
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 12
| style="text-align:right" | {{Script/Hebrew|גְּמָלַ֣תְהוּ ט֣וֹב וְלֹא־רָ֑ע כֹּ֝֗ל יְמֵ֣י חַיֶּֽיהָ׃}}
|She doeth him good and not evil all the days of her life.
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 13
| style="text-align:right" | {{Script/Hebrew|דָּ֭רְשָׁה צֶ֣מֶר וּפִשְׁתִּ֑ים וַ֝תַּ֗עַשׂ בְּחֵ֣פֶץ כַּפֶּֽיהָ׃}}
|She seeketh wool and flax, and worketh willingly with her hands.
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 14
| style="text-align:right" | {{Script/Hebrew|הָ֭יְתָה כׇּאֳנִיּ֣וֹת סוֹחֵ֑ר מִ֝מֶּרְחָ֗ק תָּבִ֥יא לַחְמָֽהּ׃}}
|She is like the merchant-ships; she bringeth her food from afar.
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 15
| style="text-align:right" | {{Script/Hebrew|וַתָּ֤קׇם ׀ בְּע֬וֹד לַ֗יְלָה וַתִּתֵּ֣ן טֶ֣רֶף לְבֵיתָ֑הּ וְ֝חֹ֗ק לְנַעֲרֹתֶֽיהָ׃}}
|She riseth also while it is yet night,  and giveth food to her household, and a portion to her maidens.
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 16
| style="text-align:right" | {{Script/Hebrew|זָֽמְמָ֣ה שָׂ֭דֶה וַתִּקָּחֵ֑הוּ מִפְּרִ֥י כַ֝פֶּ֗יהָ (נטע) [נָ֣טְעָה] כָּֽרֶם׃}}
|She considereth a field, and buyeth it; with the fruit of her hands she planteth a vineyard.
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 17
| style="text-align:right" | {{Script/Hebrew|חָֽגְרָ֣ה בְע֣וֹז מׇתְנֶ֑יהָ וַ֝תְּאַמֵּ֗ץ זְרוֹעֹתֶֽיהָ׃}}
|She girdeth her loins with strength, And maketh strong her arms.
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 18
| style="text-align:right" | {{Script/Hebrew|טָ֭עֲמָה כִּי־ט֣וֹב סַחְרָ֑הּ לֹא־יִכְבֶּ֖ה (בליל) [בַלַּ֣יְלָה] נֵרָֽהּ׃}}
|She perceiveth that her merchandise is good; Her lamp goeth not out by night.
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 19
| style="text-align:right" | {{Script/Hebrew|יָ֭דֶיהָ שִׁלְּחָ֣ה בַכִּישׁ֑וֹר וְ֝כַפֶּ֗יהָ תָּ֣מְכוּ פָֽלֶךְ׃}}
|She layeth her hands to the distaff, And her hands hold the spindle.
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 20
| style="text-align:right" | {{Script/Hebrew|כַּ֭פָּהּ פָּֽרְשָׂ֣ה לֶעָנִ֑י וְ֝יָדֶ֗יהָ שִׁלְּחָ֥ה לָאֶבְיֽוֹן׃}}
|She stretcheth out her hand to the poor; Yea, she reacheth forth her hands to the needy.
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 21
| style="text-align:right" | {{Script/Hebrew|לֹא־תִירָ֣א לְבֵיתָ֣הּ מִשָּׁ֑לֶג כִּ֥י כׇל־בֵּ֝יתָ֗הּ לָבֻ֥שׁ שָׁנִֽים׃}}
|She is not afraid of the snow for her household; For all her household are clothed with scarlet.
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 22
| style="text-align:right" | {{Script/Hebrew|מַרְבַדִּ֥ים עָֽשְׂתָה־לָּ֑הּ שֵׁ֖שׁ וְאַרְגָּמָ֣ן לְבוּשָֽׁהּ׃}}
|She maketh for herself coverlets; Her clothing is fine linen and purple.
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 23
| style="text-align:right" | {{Script/Hebrew|נוֹדָ֣ע בַּשְּׁעָרִ֣ים בַּעְלָ֑הּ בְּ֝שִׁבְתּ֗וֹ עִם־זִקְנֵי־אָֽרֶץ׃}}
|Her husband is known in the gates, When he sitteth among the elders of the land.
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 24
| style="text-align:right" | {{Script/Hebrew|סָדִ֣ין עָ֭שְׂתָה וַתִּמְכֹּ֑ר וַ֝חֲג֗וֹר נָתְנָ֥ה לַֽכְּנַעֲנִֽי׃}}
|She maketh linen garments and selleth them; And delivereth girdles unto the merchant.
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 25
| style="text-align:right" | {{Script/Hebrew|עֹז־וְהָדָ֥ר לְבוּשָׁ֑הּ וַ֝תִּשְׂחַ֗ק לְי֣וֹם אַחֲרֽוֹן׃}}
|Strength and dignity are her clothing; And she laugheth at the time to come.
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 26
| style="text-align:right" | {{Script/Hebrew|פִּ֭יהָ פָּתְחָ֣ה בְחׇכְמָ֑ה וְת֥וֹרַת חֶ֝֗סֶד עַל־לְשׁוֹנָֽהּ׃}}
|She openeth her mouth with wisdom; And the law of kindness is on her tongue.
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 27
| style="text-align:right" | {{Script/Hebrew|צ֭וֹפִיָּה (הילכות) [הֲלִיכ֣וֹת] בֵּיתָ֑הּ וְלֶ֥חֶם עַ֝צְל֗וּת לֹ֣א תֹאכֵֽל׃}}
|She looketh well to the ways of her household, And eateth not the bread of idleness.
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 28
| style="text-align:right" | {{Script/Hebrew|קָ֣מוּ בָ֭נֶיהָ וַֽיְאַשְּׁר֑וּהָ בַּ֝עְלָ֗הּ וַֽיְהַלְלָֽהּ׃}}
|Her children rise up, and call her blessed; Her husband also, and he praiseth her:
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 29
| style="text-align:right" | {{Script/Hebrew|רַבּ֣וֹת בָּ֭נוֹת עָ֣שׂוּ חָ֑יִל וְ֝אַ֗תְּ עָלִ֥ית עַל־כֻּלָּֽנָה׃}}
|’Many daughters have done valiantly, But thou excellest them all.’
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 30
| style="text-align:right" | {{Script/Hebrew|שֶׁ֣קֶר הַ֭חֵן וְהֶ֣בֶל הַיֹּ֑פִי אִשָּׁ֥ה יִרְאַת־יְ֝הֹוָ֗ה הִ֣יא תִתְהַלָּֽל׃}}
|Grace is deceitful, and beauty is vain; But a woman that feareth the LORD, she shall be praised.
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 31
| style="text-align:right" | {{Script/Hebrew|תְּנוּ־לָ֭הּ מִפְּרִ֣י יָדֶ֑יהָ וִיהַלְל֖וּהָ בַשְּׁעָרִ֣ים מַֽעֲשֶֽׂיהָ׃}}
|Give her of the fruit of her hands; And let her works praise her in the gates.
|}

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in [[Biblical Hebrew|Hebrew]] are of the [[Masoretic Text]], which includes the [[Aleppo Codex]] (10th century), and [[Leningrad Codex|Codex Leningradensis]] (1008).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=36-37}}

There is also a translation into [[Koine Greek]] known as the [[Septuagint]], made in the last few centuries BC. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include [[Codex Vaticanus]] ('''B'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>B</sup>; 4th century), [[Codex Sinaiticus]] ('''S'''; [[Biblia Hebraica (Kittel)|BHK]]: <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>S</sup>; 4th century), and [[Codex Alexandrinus]] ('''A'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>A</sup>; 5th century).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=73-74}}

=={{Anchor|Verses 1–9}}The words of Lemuel (31:1–9)==
{{See also|Lemuel (biblical king)}}
In this part, an unnamed queen-mother (see "[[queen mother]]") gives instruction to her son, King Lemuel, on his duty to administer justice.{{sfn|Aitken|2007|p=422}} Using the appeal to his filial respect to a mother and his birth as an answer of a prayer (verse 2, cf. {{bibleverse|1 Samuel|1:11|KJV}}), the mother warns the king against sexual promiscuity and [[alcohol intoxication|drunkenness]] (verses 3–7).{{sfn|Aitken|2007|p=422}} The eighth and ninth verses are an appeal against inequality and injustice.<ref>{{bibleverse|Proverbs|31:8–9|KJV}}: [[King James Version]]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/anthem-singer-jordin-sparks-has-proverbs-318-9-on-hand-for-cowboys-vs-cardinals |title= Anthem singer Jordin Sparks has 'Proverbs 31:8–9' on hand for Cowboys vs. Cardinals | first = Will | last = Brinson |date= September 26, 2017 |website= [[CBSSports.com|CBS Sports]] |access-date= 9 October 2017}}</ref>

=={{Anchor|Verses 10–31}}The good wife (31:10–31)==
{{Christianity and gender}}
Verses 10–31 of this chapter, also called '''''Eshet Ḥayil''''' (אשת חיל, ''woman of valor''), form a poem in praise of the good wife, a definition of a perfect [[wife]] or "ideal woman" in the nation of Israel, who is 'an industrious housewife, a shrewd businesswoman, an enterprising trader, a generous benefactor (verse 20) and a wise teacher (verse 26).{{sfn|Aitken|2007|p=422}} This "Woman of Valor" has been described as the [[Wisdom (personification)|personification]] of wisdom, or in some sense as a description of a particular class of women in Israel, Persia, or in Hellenistic society.<ref>Sandoval, Timothy J., ''The Discourse of Wealth and Poverty in the Book of Proverbs'', {{ISBN |90-04-14492-7}}, p. 201.</ref> Some{{who|date=May 2021}} see this as a praise directed from the husband to his wife.

It is one of the thirteen alphabetical [[acrostic]] poems in the Bible, where each line begins with a successive letter in the [[Hebrew alphabet]].{{sfn|Aitken|2007|p=422}} The word חיל (''Ḥayil'') appears in verses 10 and 29 of the passage, thought as the summary of the good woman's character. Traditionally it has been translated as "virtuous" or "noble". Some scholars have suggested that it rather means "forceful", "mighty", or "valiant", because this word is almost exclusively used in the [[Tanakh]] with reference to [[war]]fare.<ref>[http://godswordtowomen.org/lesson_78.htm God's Word to Women Lesson 78], [[Katherine Bushnell]]</ref> <!--Traditionally, the '''''Eshet Ḥayil''''' was viewed as written by [[Solomon |King Solomon]] and many prominent theologians continue to hold this belief. However there is a more recent branch of [[Higher criticism |critical scholarship]] which suggests it was added to Proverbs later. [unsourced] --> 

[[University of Aberdeen|Aberdeen]] theologian Kenneth Aitken notes that in view of the warnings against women portrayed as dangerous or adulterous in [[Proverbs 1–9|chapters 1 to 9]], it is "fitting" that the book ends by "directing the attention of prospective [[bridegroom]]s to the ideal wife".{{sfn|Aitken|2007|p=422}}

=== Verse 30 ===
:''Charm is deceitful and beauty is passing,''
::''But a woman who fears the Lord, she shall be praised.''<ref>{{bibleverse||Proverbs|31:30|NKJV}}</ref>
The key to the woman's industry, acumen, kindness and wisdom lies in her "[[Fear of the Lord|fear of the {{LORD}}]]".{{sfn|Aitken|2007|p=422}}

==Uses==
This chapter is recited on Friday night before [[Shabbat]] dinner in some Jewish homes. 

The chapter has been emphasized within the [[biblical womanhood]] movement, and a number of books have been published on the "Proverbs 31 woman".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Reid|first1=E. R.|title= The Proverbs 31 Woman|date= 1993|publisher=Destiny Image}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1= Kennedy |first1=Nancy|title= Help! I'm Being Intimidated by the Proverbs 31 Woman!: My Battles with a Role Model Who's Larger Than Life|date= 1995 |publisher= [[Multnomah Publishing|Multnomah]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= George |first1= Elizabeth |author-link= Elizabeth George (author)|title= Discovering the Treasures of a Godly Woman: Proverbs 31|url= https://archive.org/details/discoveringtreas00geor |url-access= registration |date= 2003 |publisher=[[Harvest House]]|isbn= 9780736908184 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1= Partow|first1=Donna |title= Becoming the Woman God Wants Me to Be: A 90-Day Guide to Living the Proverbs 31 Life |date= 2008|publisher=[[Revell Publishing|Revell]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1= Horn |first1= Sarah|title= My So-Called Life as a Proverbs 31 Wife: A One-Year Experiment… and Its Surprising Results |date= 2011 |publisher=[[Harvest House]]}}</ref> This emphasis has been subject to criticism in Christian articles.<ref>{{cite news |last1= Lodge|first1=Carey|title= How misapplying Proverbs 31 gives us a skewed picture of biblical womanhood|url= http://www.christiantoday.com/article/how.misapplying.proverbs.31.gives.us.a.skewed.picture.of.biblical.womanhood/42035.htm |access-date=27 July 2015|work= [[Christian Today]]|date=3 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Oquist |first1= Lauren |title=Stop Obsessing About the Proverbs 31 Woman|url= http://www.relevantmagazine.com/life/stop-obsessing-about-proverbs-31-woman |access-date= 27 July 2015|work=[[Relevant (magazine)|Relevant]]|date=28 August 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book|last= Aitken | first= K. T. | chapter = 19. Proverbs | title=The Oxford Bible Commentary | editor-first1=John| editor-last1=Barton |editor1-link = John Barton (theologian) | editor-first2=John| editor-last2= Muddiman |editor2-link = John Muddiman | publisher = Oxford University Press |edition= first (paperback) | date = 2007 | pages = 405–422 | isbn = 978-0199277186 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ| access-date=February 6, 2019}}
*{{cite book|last= Halley| first= Henry H.| author-link= Henry Hampton Halley| title= Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary |edition=24th (revised)|publisher= Zondervan Publishing House |date= 1965 |url= https://archive.org/details/halleysbiblehand00henr |url-access= registration| isbn= 0-310-25720-4}}
*{{cite book | last = Würthwein | first = Ernst | author-link = Ernst Würthwein | title = The Text of the Old Testament | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans |location = Grand Rapids, MI | year=  1995 | translator-first1 = Erroll F.| translator-last1 = Rhodes |isbn = 0-8028-0788-7 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC | access-date= January 26, 2019}}

==External links==
* [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Proverbs+31 Text of Proverbs 31]
* [http://mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et2831.htm Text of Eshet Hayil (JPS 1917 - Public Domain)]

{{Book of Proverbs}}

[[Category:Book of Proverbs chapters|31]]
[[Category:Solomon]]
[[Category:Women in the Hebrew Bible]]