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{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{New Testament manuscript infobox
| form   = Papyrus
| number = '''45'''
| image  = P. Chester Beatty I, folio 13-14, recto.jpg
| isize  = 
| caption= Folios 13-14 with part of the Gospel of Luke
| name   = ''P. Chester Beatty'' I
| sign   = {{papyrus|45}}
| text   = [[Gospel]]s, Acts
| script = [[Greek language|Greek]]
| date   = c. 250
| found  = [[Egypt]]
| now at = [[Chester Beatty Library]]
| cite   = F.G. Kenyon, ''The Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri'' (London: E. Walker), 1933
| size   = 30 leaves; 10 in x 8 in
| type   = eclectic text-type
| cat    = I
}}

'''Papyrus 45''' ('''''P. Chester Beatty'' I''') is an early Greek [[New Testament]] [[manuscript]] written on [[papyrus]], and is one of the manuscripts comprising the [[Chester Beatty Papyri]], a group of early Christian manuscripts discovered in the 1930s, and purchased by business man and philanthropist, [[Alfred Chester Beatty]].<ref name="nongbri">{{Cite book | first=Brent | last=Nongbri | title=God's Library: The Archaeology of the Earliest Christian Manuscripts | pages=116–122 | year=2018 | publisher=Yale University Press | location=New Haven; London | isbn=978-0-300-21541-0 }}</ref> It is designated by the [[scribal abbreviation|siglum]] {{papyrus|45}} in the [[Biblical manuscript#Gregory-Aland|Gregory-Aland]] numbering of New Testament manuscripts. [[Alfred Chester Beatty|Beatty]] purchased the manuscript in the 1930s from an Egyptian book dealer, and it was subsequently published in ''The Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri, Descriptions and Texts of Twelve Manuscripts on Papyrus of the Greek Bible'' by palaeographer, biblical and classical scholar [[Frederic G. Kenyon]] in 1933.{{r|nongbri|p=121, 118}} Manuscripts among the [[Chester Beatty Papyri]] have had several places of discovery associated with them, the most likely being [[Faiyum|the Faiyum]] in [[Egypt]] (the dry sands of Egypt have been a haven for finding very early manuscripts since the late 1800s).<ref>See main [[Chester Beatty Papyri]] page for full info.</ref> Using the study of comparative writing styles ([[palaeography]]), it has been dated to the early 3rd century CE.<ref>{{Cite book | first = Frederic G. | last = Kenyon | author-link = Frederic G. Kenyon | title = The Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri, Descriptions and Texts of Twelve Manuscripts on Papyrus of the Greek Bible, Fasciculus I, General Introduction | publisher = Emery Walker Ltd | year = 1933 | page = x }}</ref> This therefore makes it the earliest example of not only the four [[Gospel]]s contained in one volume, but also the [[Acts of the Apostles]].{{r|nongbri|p=134}} It contains verses in fragmentary form from the texts of [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] chapters 20–21 and 25–26; [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]] chapters 4–9 and 11–12; [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] chapters 6–7 and 9–14; [[Gospel of John|John]] chapters 4–5 and 10–11; and [[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]] chapters 4–17.<ref name="fasc-II">{{Cite book | first=Frederic G. | last=Kenyon | author-link=Frederic G. Kenyon | title=The Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri, Descriptions and Texts of Twelve Manuscripts on Papyrus of the Greek Bible, Fasciculus II, The Gospels and Acts, Text | year=1933 | publisher=Emery Walker Ltd }}</ref>{{rp|vii}}

The manuscript is currently housed at the [[Chester Beatty Library]], [[Dublin]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], except for one leaf containing Matt. 25:41–26:39, which is in the [[Papyrus Collection of the Austrian National Library]] in [[Vienna]] (''Pap. Vindob. G.'' 31974).<ref name="INTF">{{Cite web | url=http://intf.uni-muenster.de/vmr/NTVMR/ListeHandschriften.php?ObjID=10045 | title=Liste Handschriften | publisher=Institute for New Testament Textual Research | location=Münster | access-date=26 August 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Aland">{{Cite book | first1=Kurt | last1=Aland | author-link1=Kurt Aland | first2=Barbara | last2=Aland | author-link2=Barbara Aland | others=Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.) | title=The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism | year=1989 | publisher=Eerdmans | location=Stuttgart | isbn=3-438-06011-6 }}</ref>{{rp|109}}

==Description==
The manuscript is heavily damaged and fragmented. The papyrus was bound in a [[codex]] (the forerunner to the modern book), which may have consisted of 220 pages, however only 30 survive (two of Matthew, six of Mark, seven of Luke, two of John, and thirteen of Acts).{{r|TNTTCR|p=54}} It was made up of [[Paper quire|quire]]s of two leaves (four pages) only, which were formed by folding a single sheet of papyrus in half, with the horizontal fibres (due to how papyrus is made from strips of the papyrus plant) facing each other on the inside pages, while the outsides had the vertical fibres. The order of fibres in the quire may thus be designated V-H-H-V, and this sequence is a vital factor in the reconstruction of the manuscript.{{r|skeat}} All of the pages have [[Lacuna (manuscripts)|gaps]], with very few lines complete.{{r|TNTTCR|p=54}} The leaves of Matthew and John are only extant in small fragments, which have to be pieced together in order to make up a page.{{r|TNTTCR|p=54}} The original pages were roughly 10 inches by 8 inches.{{r|TNTTCR|p=54}} Unlike many of the other surviving manuscripts from the 3rd century which usually contained just the Gospels, or just the Catholic letters, or just the Pauline epistles, this manuscript possibly contained more than one grouping of New Testament texts.{{r|TNTTCR|p=54}} This hypothesis is attributed to the use of gatherings of two leaves, known as a single-[[Paper quire#Quire|quire]], whereas most other codices were made from multiple pages in a single quire (all pages put on top of each other, then folded in the middle to make a single block), or of multiple pages split into several quires (groups of 8–10 pages laid on top of each other, then folded in half to make separate blocks), which were then stitched together to make a full volume.<ref name="TNTTCR">{{cite book | first1=Bruce M. | last1=Metzger | author-link1=Bruce M. Metzger | first2=Bart D. | last2=Ehrman | author-link2=Bart D. Ehrman | title=The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration | edition=4th | year=2005 | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=New York, New York | isbn=978-019-516667-5 | url=https://archive.org/details/TheTextOfNewTestament4thEdit/page/n72/mode/2up }}</ref>{{rp|54, fn. 5}} It is unknown whether the codex was enclosed in a leather cover or one of another material.{{r|fasc-II|p=vii}}

Despite the fragmentary nature, the codex has evidence of the following verses from the New Testament:
 {| class="wikitable"
|+ Extant Verses in {{papyrus|45}}<ref>{{Cite journal | first1=Hans | last1=Gerstinger | title=Ein Fragment des Chester Beatty-Evangelienkodex in der Papyrussammlung der National Bibliothek in Wien (Pap. gr. Vindob 31974) | journal=Aegyptus | volume=13 | date=1933 | issue=1 | pages=67–72 | jstor=41214242 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | first1=Theodore Creasy | last1=Skeat | first2=Brian C. | last2=McGing | title=Notes on Chester Beatty Biblical Papyrus I (Gospels and Acts) | journal=Hermathena | issue=150 | date=1991 | pages=21–25 | jstor=23040950 }}</ref>{{r|fasc-II|p=vii}}
|-
! Book !! Chapter and Verse(s)
|-
| [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] || '''20''':24–32; '''21''':13–19; '''25''':41–46; '''26''':1–39 
|-
| [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]] || '''4''':36–40; '''5''':15–26, 38–43; '''6''':1–3, 16–25, 36–50; '''7''':3–15, 25–37; '''8''':1, 10–26, 34–38; '''9''':1–8, 18–31; '''11''':27–33; '''12''':1, 5–8, 13–19, 24–28
|-
| [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] || '''6''':31–41, 45–49; '''7''':1–7; '''9''':26–41, 45–62; '''10''':1, 6–22, 26–2; '''11''':1, 6–25, 28–46, 50–54; '''12''':1–12, 18–37, 42–59; '''13''':1, 6–24, 29–35; '''14''':1–10, 17–33
|-
| [[Gospel of John|John]] || '''4''':51–54; '''5''':1–3, 20–25; '''10''':7–25, 31–42; '''11''':1–10, 18–36, 43–57
|-
| [[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]] || '''4''':27–36; '''5''':1–20, 30–39; '''6''':7–15; '''7''':1–2, 10–21, 32–41, 52–60; '''8''':1, 14–25, 34–40; '''9''':1–6, 16–27, 35–43; '''10''':1–2, 10–23, 31–41; '''11''':2–14, 24–30; '''12''':1–5, 13–22; '''13''':6–16, 25–36, 46–52; '''14''':1–3, 15–23; '''15''':2–7, 19–26, 38–41; '''16''':1–4, 15–21, 32–40; '''17''':9–17
|}

==Textual character==
Because of the extent of the damage, determining the text's relationship to the standard text-type groups has been difficult for scholars (the text-types are groups of different manuscripts which share specific or generally related readings, which then differ from each other group, and thus the conflicting readings can separate out the groups, which are then used to determine the original text as published; there are three main groups with names: [[Alexandrian text-type|Alexandrian]], [[Western text-type|Western]], and [[Byzantine text-type|Byzantine]]).{{r|TNTTCR|pp=205-230}} Kenyon identified the text of the Gospel of Mark in the manuscript as representing the [[Caesarean text-type]], following the definition of the group by biblical scholar [[Burnett Hillman Streeter]].<ref name="huston">{{Cite journal | first1=Hollis W | last1=Huston | title=Mark 6 and 11 in P45 and in the Caesarean Text | year=1955 | journal=Journal of Biblical Literature | volume=74 | issue=4 | pages=262–271 | doi=10.2307/3261672 | jstor=3261672 }}</ref>{{rp|262}} Reverend Hollis Huston criticized Kenyon's transcription of various partially surviving words, and concluded that chapters 6 and 11 of Mark in {{papyrus|45}} could not neatly fit into one of the established textual groupings, especially not Caesarean, due to the manuscript predating the distinctive texts for each type from the 4th and 5th centuries.{{r|huston|pp=265, 268, 270-271}} This is due to the definition of a "text-type" being based on readings found in manuscripts dating to after the [[Edict of Milan]] (313) by the [[Constantine the Great|Emperor Constantine]], which stopped the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire, thus allowing them to make copies of the New and Old Testaments freely, under the auspices of an official copying process.{{r|Aland|pp=55-56}} Therefore, these manuscripts were made under a controlled setting, whereas the early papyri weren't, hence the specific text-type groups could be established.<ref>{{Cite book | editor-first1=Charles E. | editor-last1=Hill | editor-first2=Michael J. | editor-last2=Kruger | title=The Early Text of the New Testament | pages=6–7 | year=2012 | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=New York | isbn=978-0-19-956636-5 }}</ref>
The manuscript has a great number of unique (known as ''singular'') readings (this being words/phrases not found in other manuscripts of the New Testament in specific verses).<ref>{{Cite book | author-first=Barbara | author-last=Aland | contribution=The Significance of the Chester Beatty in Early Church History | author-link=Barbara Aland | title=The Earliest Gospels | editor-first=Charles | editor-last=Horton | publisher=T&T Clark | location=London | year=2004 | page=110}}</ref> On the origin of these singular readings, [[Ernest Cadman Colwell|E. C. Colwell]] comments:
: "As an editor the scribe of {{papyrus|45}} wielded a sharp axe. The most striking aspect of his style is its conciseness. The dispensable word is dispensed with. He omits adverbs, adjectives, nouns, participles, verbs, personal pronouns—without any compensating habit of addition. He frequently omits phrases and clauses. He prefers the simple to the compound word. In short, he favors brevity. He shortens the text in at least fifty places in singular readings alone. But he does not drop syllables or letters. His shortened text is readable."<ref>{{Cite book | author-first=Ernest Cadman | author-last=Colwell | contribution=Scribal Habits in the Early Papyri: A Study in the Corruption of the Text | author-link=Ernest Cadman Colwell | title=The Bible in Modern Scholarship | editor-first=J. P. | editor-last=Hyatt | location=New York | publisher=Abingdon Press | year=1965 | page=383}}</ref>

===Textual relationship with other New Testament manuscripts===
{{papyrus|45}} has a relatively close statistical relationship with [[Codex Washingtonianus|Codex Washingtonianus (W)]] in Mark (this being their unique readings shared with each other, albeit not with other manuscripts), and to a lesser extent those manuscripts within the textual-family group [[Family 13]]. Citing biblical scholar Larry Hurtado's study, ''Text-Critical Methodology and the Pre-Caesarean Text: Codex W in the Gospel of Mark,''<ref>{{cite book | last1=Hurtado | first1=Larry W. | author-link=Larry W. Hurtado | title=Text-Critical Methodology and the Pre-Caesarean Text: Codex W in the Gospel of Mark | publisher=Eerdmans | location=Grand Rapids, Michigan | year=1981 | isbn=0-8028-1872-2}}</ref> text-critic [[Eldon Jay Epp]] has agreed that there is no connection to a Caesarean or pre-Caesarean text in Mark. There is also no strong connection to the [[Alexandrian text-type|Alexandrian text]] as seen in [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209|Codex Vaticanus (B)]], the [[Western text-type|Western text]] as evidenced by [[Codex Bezae|Codex Bezae (D)]], or the [[Byzantine text-type|Byzantine text]] as witnessed by the [[Textus Receptus]].<ref>{{Cite journal | first1=Eldon Jay | last1=Epp | author-link=Eldon Epp|title=The Twentieth Century Interlude in New Testament Textual Criticism | journal=Journal of Biblical Literature | volume=93 | issue=3 | date=September 1974 | page=395| doi=10.2307/3263386 | jstor=3263386 }}</ref> Another hypothesis is that {{papyrus|45}} comes from the Alexandrian tradition, but has many readings intended to "improve" the text stylistically, and a number of harmonizations. While still difficult to place historically in a category of texts, contrary to Kenyon, including {{papyrus|45}} as a representative of the [[Caesarean text-type]] has been undermined.<ref>{{Cite book | editor-first1=Chris | editor-last1=Keith | editor-first2=Dieter T. | editor-last2=Roth | last1=Wasserman | first1=Tommy | title=Mark, Manuscripts, And Monotheism: Essays in Honor of Larry W. Hurtado | contribution={{papyrus|45}} and Codex W in Mark Revisited | page=154 | year=2015 | publisher=Bloomsbury T&T Clark | location=London, UK; New York, USA | isbn=978-0-56765-594-3}}</ref>

The textual relationship of the manuscript varies from book to book. In Mark, an analysis of the various readings noted in the textual apparatus of the United Bible Society's ''Greek New Testament'' (4th ed.) (a critical edition of the Greek New Testament which has, based on scientific principles, attempted to reconstruct the original text from available ancient manuscripts),<ref>{{Cite book| title=The Greek New Testament | editor-first1=Kurt | editor-last1=Aland | editor1-link=Kurt Aland | editor-first2=Barbara | editor-last2=Aland | editor2-link=Barbara Aland | editor-first3=Carlo M. | editor-last3=Martini | editor3-link=Carlo Maria Martini | editor-first4=Bruce M. | editor-last4=Metzger | editor4-link=Bruce Metzger | editor-first5=Johannes | editor-last5=Karavidopoulos | editor5-link=Johannes Karavidopoulos| publisher=United Bible Societies | edition=4th | location=Stuttgart | year=1983 | isbn=978-3-438-05110-3}}</ref> places {{papyrus|45}} in a group which includes [[Codex Washingtonianus|W]] (for chapters 5-16), [[Codex Koridethi|Codex Koridethi (Θ)]], textual group [[Family 1]], and the minuscules [[Minuscule 28|28]], [[Minuscule 205|205]], [[Minuscule 565|565]]; the [[Syriac Sinaiticus|Sinaitic Syriac manuscript]], [[Bible translations into Armenian|Armenian manuscripts of the New Testament]], and [[Bible translations into Georgian|Georgian manuscript versions of the New Testament]]; and the quotations of the New Testament found in early church writer [[Origen]]'s works.<ref>{{cite journal | title=How To Discover Textual Groups | author=Timothy J. Finney | journal=Digital Studies | year=2018 | volume=8 | doi=10.16995/dscn.291 | doi-access=free}}</ref> This group corresponds to what Streeter called an "Eastern type" of the text.<ref>{{cite book | last=Streeter | first=Burnett Hillman | title=The Four Gospels, A Study of Origins: Treating of the Manuscript Tradition, Sources, Authorship, and Dates | year=1924 | publisher=Macmillan | location=London}}</ref>{{rp|27, 108}} In Luke, an eleven-way PAM partition (a specific analytical-method) based on Greek manuscript data, associated with the [[Institute for New Testament Textual Research]]'s (INTF) ''Parallel Pericopes'' volume<ref>{{Cite book | editor1-first=Holger | editor1-last=Strutwolf | editor2-first=Klaus | editor2-last=Wachtel | title=Novum Testamentum Graecum: Editio Critica Maior: Parallel Pericopes: Special Volume Regarding the Synoptic Gospels | location=Stuttgart | publisher=German Bible Society | year=2011 | isbn=978-3438056085}}</ref> places the manuscript in a group with [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus|Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (C)]], [[Codex Regius (New Testament)|Codex Regius (L)]], [[Codex Zacynthius|Codex Zacynthius (Ξ)]], and the minuscules [[Minuscule 33|33]], [[Minuscule 892|892]], and [[Minuscule 1241|1241]].<ref>PAM (partitioning around medoids) is a multivariate analysis technique. For a description, see {{cite web | url=http://www.tfinney.net/Views/index.xhtml | author=Timothy J. Finney | title=Views of New Testament Textual Space | access-date=2013-03-16 }}</ref> In Acts the Alexandrian text-type is its closest textual relationship.

It is calculated that the codex omitted the [[Jesus and the woman taken in adultery|Pericope Adulterae]] (John 7:53–8:11).<ref name="skeat">{{cite book | editor-first1=James Keith | editor-last1=Elliot| author-first=Theodore Creesy | author-last=Skeat | contribution=A Codicological Analysis of the Chester Beatty Papyrus Codex of Gospels and Acts ({{papyrus|45}}) | author-link=Theodore Cressy Skeat | title=The Collected Biblical Writings of T. C. Skeat | publisher=Brill | location=Leiden; Boston | isbn=9004139206 | date=2004 | page=147}}</ref>

===Some notable readings===
Below are some readings of the manuscript which agree or disagree with variant readings in other Greek manuscripts, or with varying ancient translations of the New Testament. See the main article [[Textual variants in the New Testament]].
[[File:P45 Matthieu 25.41-46.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Matthew 25:41–46 in Papyrus 45]]
'''{{bibleref|Matthew|26:34}}'''
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|ἀλεκτοροφωνίας}} (''rooster crows''): {{papyrus link|37}}{{sup|(vid)}} '''{{papyrus|45}}''' [[Codex Regius|L]] [[Family 1|ƒ{{sup|1}}]] 2886.
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|ἀλέκτορα φωνῆσαι}} (''rooster has crowed''): {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}} [[Codex Vaticanus|B]] [[Codex Bezae|D]] [[Codex Washingtonianus|W]] [[Minuscule 33|33.]] [[Byzantine text-type|<math>\mathfrak{M}</math>]]

'''{{bibleref|Mark|6:40}}'''
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|κατὰ ἑκατὸν καὶ κατὰ πεντήκοντα}} (''by hundreds and by fifties''):
::Omit. : '''{{papyrus|45}}''' sy{{sup|vf}} [[Harklean version|sy{{sup|h(ms)}}]]
::Incl. : {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}} [[Codex Vaticanus|B]] [[Codex Bezae|D]] ({{lang|grc-x-biblical|ἀνὰ ἑκατὸν καὶ ἀνὰ}} – [[Codex Regius|L]] [[Codex Koridethi|Θ]] [[Family 1|''ƒ''{{sup|1}}]] [[Family 13|''ƒ''{{sup|13}}]] [[Minuscule 28|28.]] [[Minuscule 565|565.]] [[Minuscule 579|579.]] [[Minuscule 700|700.]] [[Minuscule 892|892.]] [[Minuscule 1424|1424.]] [[Byzantine text-type|<math>\mathfrak{M}</math>]])<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/ecm?verse=Mark.6.40&segment=10-18 | title=ECM – INTF | access-date=4 June 2022 }}</ref>

'''{{bibleref|Mark|6:44}}'''
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|τοὺς ἄρτους}} (''the loaves of bread''):
::Omit. : '''{{papyrus|45}}''' {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}} [[Codex Bezae|D]] [[Codex Washingtonianus|W]] [[Codex Koridethi|Θ]] [[Family 1|ƒ{{sup|1}}]][[Family 13|{{sup|.13}}]] [[Minuscule 28|28.]] [[Minuscule 565|565.]] [[Minuscule 700|700.]] 2542 lat [[Bible translations into Coptic|cop]]
::Incl. : [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]] [[Codex Vaticanus|B]] [[Codex Regius|L]] [[Minuscule 33|33.]] [[Byzantine text-type|<math>\mathfrak{M}</math>]] (c) f sy{{sup|[[Peshitta|p]][[Harklean version|.h]]}} [[Bible translations into Coptic#Bohairic|bo]]

'''{{bibleref|Mark|6:45}}'''
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|εἰς τὸ πέραν}} (''to the other side''):
::Omit. : '''{{papyrus|45}}''' [[Codex Washingtonianus|W]] [[Family 1|ƒ{{sup|1}}]] [[Minuscule 118|118.]] [[Vetus Latina|it]]{{sup|q}} [[Syriac Sinaiticus|syr{{sup|s}}]]
::Incl. : Majority of manuscripts

'''{{bibleref|Mark|8:12}}'''
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|λέγω ὑμῖν}} (''I say to you''):
::Omit. : '''{{papyrus|45}}''' [[Codex Washingtonianus|W]]
::Incl. (without ''ὑμῖν''): [[Codex Vaticanus|B]] [[Codex Regius|L]] [[Minuscule 892|892.]] ''pc''
::Incl. (full): Majority of manuscripts

'''{{bibleref|Mark|8:15}}'''
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|των Ηρωδιανων}} (''of the Herodians''): '''{{papyrus|45}}''' [[Codex Washingtonianus|W]] [[Codex Koridethi|Θ]] [[Family 1|ƒ{{sup|1}}]][[Family 13|{{sup|.13}}]] [[Minuscule 28|28.]] [[Minuscule 565|565.]] [[List of New Testament minuscules (1001–2000)#Minuscules 1301–1400|1365.]] 2542 [[Vetus Latina|it]]{{sup|i.k}} [[Bible translations into Coptic|cop]] [[Bible translations into Coptic#Sahidic|sa{{sup|mss}}]] [[Bible translations into Armenian|arm]] [[Bible translations into Georgian|geo]]
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|Ἡρῴδου}} (''of Herod''): Majority of manuscripts

'''{{bibleref|Mark|8:35}}'''
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|ἐμοῦ καὶ}} (''my, and''):
::Omit. : '''{{papyrus|45}}''' [[Codex Bezae|D]] [[Minuscule 28|28.]] [[Minuscule 700|700.]] [[Vetus Latina|it]]{{sup|a.b.d.i.k.n.r1}} [[Syriac Sinaiticus|syr{{sup|s}}]] [[Bible translations into Armenian|arm]] [[Origen]]
::Incl. : Majority of manuscripts

'''{{bibleref|Mark|9:27}}'''
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|καὶ ἀνέστη}} (''and stood up''):
::Omit. : '''{{papyrus|45}}'''{{sup|(vid)}} [[Codex Washingtonianus|W]] [[Vetus Latina|it]]{{sup|k.l}} sy{{sup|[[Syriac Sinaiticus|s]][[Peshitta|.p]]}}
::Incl. : Majority of manuscripts

'''{{bibleref|Luke|6:48}}'''
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|διὰ τὸ καλῶς οἰκοδομῆσθαι αὐτήν}} (''because it had been well built''): {{papyrus link|75}}{{sup|(vid)}} {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}} [[Codex Vaticanus|B]] [[Codex Regius|L]] [[Codex Washingtonianus|W]] [[Codex Zacynthius|Ξ]] [[Minuscule 33|33.]] [[Minuscule 157|157.]] [[Minuscule 579|579.]] [[Minuscule 892|892.]] [[Minuscule 1241|1241.]] [[List of New Testament minuscules (1001–2000)#Minuscules 1301–1400|1342.]] 2542 [[Harklean version|sy{{sup|hmg}}]] [[Bible translations into Coptic#Sahidic|sa]] [[Bible translations into Coptic#Bohairic|bo{{sup|pt}}]]
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|τεθεμελίωτο γὰρ ἐπὶ τὴν πέτραν}} (''for it had been built upon the rock''): [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]] [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus|C]] [[Codex Bezae|D]] [[Codex Koridethi|Θ]] [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]] [[Family 1|ƒ{{sup|1}}]][[Family 13|{{sup|.13}}]] [[Minuscule 700|700.]]{{sup|c}} [[Byzantine text-type|Byz]] latt syr{{sup|[[Peshitta|p]][[Harklean version|.h]]}} [[Bible translations into Coptic|cop]] [[Bible translations into Coptic#Bohairic|bo{{sup|pt}}]] [[Bible translations into Armenian|arm]] [[Bible translations into Georgian|geo]] [[Gothic Bible|goth]]
:Omit. : '''{{papyrus|45}}'''{{sup|(vid)}} [[Minuscule 700|700.]]* [[Syriac Sinaiticus|syr{{sup|s}}]]

'''{{bibleref|Luke|11:33}}'''
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|οὐδὲ ὑπὸ τὸν μόδιον}} (''nor under a basket''):
::Omit. : '''{{papyrus|45}}''' {{papyrus link|75}} [[Codex Regius|L]] [[Codex Tischendorfianus IV|Γ]] [[Codex Zacynthius|Ξ]] [[Uncial 070|070]] [[Family 1|ƒ{{sup|1}}]] [[Minuscule 22|22.]] [[Minuscule 69|69.]] [[Minuscule 700|700.]]* [[Minuscule 788|788.]] [[Minuscule 1241|1241.]] 2542 [[Syriac Sinaiticus|syr{{sup|s}}]] [[Bible translations into Coptic|cop]] [[Bible translations into Armenian|arm]], [[Bible translations into Georgian|geo]]
::Incl. : {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}} [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]] [[Codex Vaticanus|B]] [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus|C]] [[Codex Bezae|D]] [[Codex Washingtonianus|W]] [[Codex Koridethi|Θ]] [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]] [[Family 13|ƒ{{sup|13}}]] [[Byzantine text-type|<math>\mathfrak{M}</math>]] latt sy{{sup|([[Curetonian Gospels|c]][[Peshitta|.p]])[[Harklean version|.h]]}}; ([[Clement of Alexandria|Cl]])

'''{{bibleref|Luke|11:44}}'''
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|γραμματεις και Φαρισαιοι υποκριται}} (''scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites!''):
::Omit. : '''{{papyrus|45}}''' {{papyrus link|75}} {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}} [[Codex Vaticanus|B]] [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus|C]] [[Codex Regius|L]] ƒ{{sup|1}} [[Minuscule 33|33.]] [[Minuscule 1241|1241.]] 2542 [[Vetus Latina|it]]{{sup|a.aur.c.e.ff2.l}} [[Vulgate|vg]] syr{{sup|[[Syriac Sinaiticus|s]][[Curetonian Gospels|.c]]}} [[Bible translations into Coptic#Sahidic|sa]] [[Bible translations into Coptic|cop]] [[Bible translations into Coptic#Bohairic|bo{{sup|pt}}]] [[Bible translations into Armenian|arm]] [[Bible translations into Georgian|geo]]
::Incl. : [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]] ([[Codex Bezae|D]]) [[Codex Washingtonianus|W]] [[Codex Koridethi|Θ]] [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]] [[Family 13|ƒ{{sup|13}}]] [[Byzantine text-type|<math>\mathfrak{M}</math>]] [[Vetus Latina|it]] sy{{sup|[[Peshitta|p]][[Harklean version|.h]]}} [[Bible translations into Coptic#Bohairic|bo{{sup|pt}}]]

'''{{bibleref|Luke|11:54}}'''
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|ινα κατηγορησωσιν αυτου}} (''so they might catch him''):
::Omit. : '''{{papyrus|45}}''' {{papyrus link|75}} {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}} [[Codex Vaticanus|B]] [[Codex Regius|L]] [[Minuscule 579|579.]] [[Minuscule 892|892.]]* [[Minuscule 1241|1241.]] 2542 syr{{sup|[[Syriac Sinaiticus|s]][[Curetonian Gospels|.c]]}} [[Bible translations into Coptic|co]]
::Incl. : [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]] [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus|C]] ([[Codex Bezae|D]]) [[Codex Washingtonianus|W]] [[Codex Koridethi|Θ]] [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]] [[Family 1|ƒ{{sup|1}}]][[Family 13|{{sup|.13}}]] [[Minuscule 33|33.]] [[Byzantine text-type|<math>\mathfrak{M}</math>]] lat [[Vulgate|vg]] sy{{sup|([[Peshitta|p]])[[Harklean version|.h]]}}

'''{{bibleref|Luke|12:9}}'''
:Omit. verse: '''{{papyrus|45}}''' [[Vetus Latina|it]]{{sup|e}} [[Syriac Sinaiticus|syr{{sup|s}}]] [[Bible translations into Coptic#Bohairic|bo{{sup|ms}}]]
:Incl. verse: Majority of manuscripts

'''{{bibleref|Luke|12:47}}'''
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|μὴ ἑτοιμάσας ἢ}} (''or prepared, or''):
::Omit. : '''{{papyrus|45}}'''
::Incl. : Majority of manuscripts

'''{{bibleref|John|11:7}}'''
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|τοῖς μαθηταῖς}} (''to the disciples''):
::Omit. : '''{{papyrus|45}}''' {{papyrus link|66}}* [[Vetus Latina|it]]{{sup|e.1}}
::Incl. : {{papyrus link|6}}{{sup|(vid)}} {{papyrus link|66}}{{sup|(c)}} {{papyrus link|75}} {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}} [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]] [[Codex Vaticanus|B]] [[Codex Bezae|D]] [[Codex Cyprius|K]] [[Codex Tischendorfianus IV|Γ]] [[Codex Sangallensis 48|Δ]] [[Codex Regius|L]] [[Codex Washingtonianus|W]] [[Codex Koridethi|Θ]] [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]] 0250 [[Family 13|ƒ{{sup|13}}]] 𝑙844 ''al'' lat [[Syriac versions of the Bible|syr]] [[Bible translations into Coptic|co]] [[Family 1|ƒ{{sup|1}}]] [[Minuscule 33|33.]] [[Byzantine text-type|<math>\mathfrak{M}</math>]]

'''{{bibleref|John|11:25}}'''
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|καὶ ἡ ζωή}} (''and the life''):
::Omit. : '''{{papyrus|45}}''' [[Vetus Latina|it]]{{sup|1}} [[Syriac Sinaiticus|syr{{sup|s}}]] [[Syriac versions of the Bible#Diatessaron|Diatessaron]] [[Syriac versions of the Bible|syr]] Cyprian
::Incl. : Majority of manuscripts

'''{{bibleref|John|11:51}}'''
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ ἐκείνου}} (''of that year''):
::Omit. : '''{{papyrus|45}}''' [[Vetus Latina|it]]{{sup|e.1}} [[Syriac Sinaiticus|syr{{sup|s}}]]
::Incl. : Majority of manuscripts

'''{{bibleref|Acts|5:37}}'''
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|πάντες}} (''all''):
::Omit. : '''{{papyrus|45}}''' [[Codex Bezae|D]] [[Vetus Latina|it]]
::Incl. : Majority of manuscripts

'''{{bibleref|Acts|8:18}}'''
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|το αγιον}} (''the Holy''):
::Omit. : {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}} [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]]{{sup|c}} [[Codex Vaticanus|B]] [[Bible translations into Coptic#Sahidic|sa]] mae
::Incl. : '''{{papyrus|45}}''' {{papyrus link|74}} [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]]* [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus|C]] [[Codex Bezae|D]] [[Codex Laudianus|E]] [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]] [[Minuscule 33|33.]] 1739 [[Byzantine text-type|Byz]] latt [[Syriac versions of the Bible|syr]] [[Bible translations into Coptic|cop]] [[Bible translations into Coptic#Bohairic|bo]]

'''{{bibleref|Acts|9:17}}'''
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|Ἰησοῦς}} (''Jesus''):
::Omit. : [[Byzantine text-type|<math>\mathfrak{M}</math>]]
::Incl. : '''{{papyrus|45}}''' {{papyrus link|74}} {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}} [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]] [[Codex Vaticanus|B]] [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus|C]] [[Codex Laudianus|E]] [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]] [[Minuscule 33|33.]] [[Minuscule 81|81.]] [[Minuscule 323|323.]] [[Minuscule 614|614.]] 945. 1175 1739

'''{{bibleref|Acts|9:21}}'''
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|οἱ ἀκούοντες}} (''those who heard''):
::Omit. : '''{{papyrus|45}}''' {{papyrus link|74}} [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]]* ''pc''
::Incl. : Majority of manuscripts

'''{{bibleref|Acts|9:38}}'''
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|δύο ἄνδρας}} (''two men''):
::Omit. : [[Byzantine text-type|<math>\mathfrak{M}</math>]]
::Incl. : '''{{papyrus|45}}''' {{papyrus link|74}} {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}} [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]] [[Codex Vaticanus|B]] [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus|C]] [[Codex Laudianus|E]] [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]] 36 [[Minuscule 81|81.]] [[Minuscule 323|323.]] [[Minuscule 614|614.]] 945 1175 1739 latt [[Syriac versions of the Bible|syr]] [[Bible translations into Coptic|co]]

'''{{bibleref|Acts|10:10}}'''
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|ἐγένετο}} (''became''): {{papyrus link|74}}{{sup|(vid)}} {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}} [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]] [[Codex Vaticanus|B]] [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus|C]] 36. [[Minuscule 81|81.]] [[Minuscule 323|323.]] 453. 945. 1175. 1739. [[Origen]]
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|επεπεσεν}} (''fell upon''): [[Codex Laudianus|E]] [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]] [[Minuscule 33|33.]] [[Byzantine text-type|Byz]] latt [[Syriac versions of the Bible|syr]]
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|ηλθεν}} (''came''): '''{{papyrus|45}}'''

'''{{bibleref|Acts|10:13}}'''
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|Πέτρε}} (''Peter''):
::Omit. : '''{{papyrus|45}}''' gig [[Clement of Alexandria|Clement]] Ambrose
::Incl. : Majority of manuscripts

'''{{bibleref|Acts|10:16}}'''
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|εὐθὺς}} (''immediately''):
::Omit. : '''{{papyrus|45}}''' 36. 453. 1175. 2818 [[Vetus Latina|it]]{{sup|d}} [[Peshitta|syr{{sup|p}}]] [[Bible translations into Coptic#Sahidic|sa{{sup|mss}}]] [[Bible translations into Coptic#Bohairic|bo{{sup|ms}}]]
::Incl. : {{papyrus link|74}} {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}} [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]] [[Codex Vaticanus|B]] [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus|C]] [[Codex Laudianus|E]] [[Minuscule 81|81.]] ''pc'' [[Vulgate|vg]] [[Harklean version|sy{{sup|h(mg)}}]] [[Bible translations into Coptic#Bohairic|bo]]
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|παλιν}} (''again''): ([[Codex Bezae|D]]) [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]] 33{{sup|(vid)}}. [[Minuscule 323|323.]] [[Minuscule 614|614.]] 945. [[Minuscule 1241|1241.]] 1505. 1739 [[Byzantine text-type|<math>\mathfrak{M}</math>]] p [[Harklean version|sy{{sup|h}}]] [[Bible translations into Coptic#Sahidic|sa{{sup|mss}}]] mae

'''{{bibleref|Acts|10:33}}'''
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|κυρίου}} (''Lord''): '''{{papyrus|45}}'''{{sup|(vid)}} {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}} [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]] [[Codex Vaticanus|B]] [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus|C]] [[Codex Laudianus|E]] [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]] [[Minuscule 81|81*]] [[Minuscule 323|323.]] [[Minuscule 614|614.]] 945 1175 1739 lat [[Harklean version|syr{{sup|h}}]] [[Bible translations into Coptic#Bohairic|bo]]
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|θεου}} (''God''): {{papyrus link|74}} [[Codex Bezae|D]] [[Byzantine text-type|Byz]] [[Peshitta|syr{{sup|p}}]] [[Bible translations into Coptic#Sahidic|sa]] mae [[Bible translations into Coptic#Bohairic|bo{{sup|ms}}]]

'''{{bibleref|Acts|11:12}}'''
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|μηδὲν διακρίναντα}} (''making no distinction''):
::Omit. : '''{{papyrus|45}}''' [[Codex Bezae|D]] [[Vetus Latina|it]]{{sup|l.p*}} [[Harklean version|syr{{sup|h}}]]
::Incl. : {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}}(*) [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]] [[Codex Vaticanus|B]] ([[Codex Laudianus|E]] [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]]) [[Minuscule 33|33.]] [[Minuscule 81|81.]] 945. (1175). 1739 ''al''

'''{{bibleref|Acts|13:48}}'''
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|κυρίου}} (''of the Lord''): '''{{papyrus|45}}''' {{papyrus link|74}} {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}} [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]] [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus|C]] [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]] [[Minuscule 33|33.]] 1739 [[Byzantine text-type|Byz]] gig [[Vulgate|vg]] [[Bible translations into Coptic#Sahidic|sa{{sup|mss}}]] mae
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|θεου}} (''of God''): [[Codex Vaticanus|B]] [[Codex Bezae|D]] [[Codex Laudianus|E]] 049 [[Minuscule 323|323.]] 453 [[Bible translations into Coptic#Sahidic|sa{{sup|ms}}]] [[Bible translations into Coptic#Bohairic|bo]]
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|θεον}} (''to God''): [[Minuscule 614|614.]] [[Syriac versions of the Bible|syr]] ''pc''

'''{{bibleref|Acts|13:49}}'''
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|τοῦ κυρίου}} (''of the Lord''):
::Omit. : '''{{papyrus|45}}''' ''pc''
::Incl. : Majority of manuscripts

'''{{bibleref|Acts|15:20}}'''
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|τῆς πορνείας}} (''from sexual immorality''):
::Omit. : '''{{papyrus|45}}'''
::Incl. : Majority of manuscripts

'''{{bibleref|Acts|15:40}}'''
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|κυρίου}} (''Lord''): {{papyrus link|74}} {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}} [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]] [[Codex Vaticanus|B]] [[Codex Bezae|D]] [[Minuscule 33|33.]] [[Minuscule 81|81.]] [[Vetus Latina|it]]{{sup|d}} [[Vulgate|vg{{sup|st}}]] [[Bible translations into Coptic#Sahidic|sa]]
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|θεου}} (''God''): '''{{papyrus|45}}''' [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus|C]] [[Codex Laudianus|E]] [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]] 1739 [[Byzantine text-type|Byz]] gig [[Vetus Latina|it]]{{sup|w}} [[Vulgate|vg{{sup|cl}}]] [[Syriac versions of the Bible|syr]] [[Bible translations into Coptic#Bohairic|bo]]

'''{{bibleref|Acts|16:32}}'''
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|κυρίου}} (''Lord''): '''{{papyrus|45}}''' {{papyrus link|74}} {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}}{{sup|2}} [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]] [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus|C]] ([[Codex Bezae|D]]) [[Codex Laudianus|E]] [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]] [[Minuscule 33|33.]] 1739 [[Byzantine text-type|Byz]] lat [[Syriac versions of the Bible|syr]] [[Bible translations into Coptic|cop]]
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|θεου}} (''God''): {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}}* [[Codex Vaticanus|B]] ''pc''

'''{{bibleref|Acts|17:13}}'''
:{{lang|grc-x-biblical|καὶ ταράσσοντες}} (''and stirring up''):
::Omit. : '''{{papyrus|45}}''' [[Codex Laudianus|E]] [[Byzantine text-type|Byz]]
::Incl. : {{papyrus link|74}} {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}} [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]] [[Codex Vaticanus|B]] [[Codex Bezae|D]](*) ([[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]]) [[Minuscule 33|33.]] 36. [[Minuscule 81|81.]] [[Minuscule 323|323.]] [[Minuscule 614|614.]] 945. 1175. 1505. 1739 ''al'' lat [[Syriac versions of the Bible|syr]] [[Bible translations into Coptic#Sahidic|sa]] ([[Bible translations into Coptic#Bohairic|bo]])

==Facsimile edition==
In November 2020, the [[Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts]] in conjunction with [[Hendrickson Publishers]] released a new 1:1 high-resolution imaged [[facsimile]] edition of {{papyrus|45}} on black and white backgrounds, along with {{papyrus link|46}} and {{papyrus link|47}}.<ref>Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts, [https://www.csntm.org/2020/07/22/csntm-and-hendrickson-publishers-to-publish-third-century-new-testament-papyri-facsimiles/ CSNTM and Hendrickson Publishers to Publish Third-Century New Testament Papyri Facsimiles]</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of New Testament papyri]]
*[[Chester Beatty Papyri]]

==Notes and references==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book | first1=Larry W. | last1=Hurtado | author-link=Larry W. Hurtado | contribution=P45 and the Textual History of the Gospel of Mark | title=The Earliest Gospels: The Origins and Transmission of the Earliest Christian Gospels – The Contribution of the Chester Beatty Gospel Codex P45| editor-first=Charles | editor-last=Horton | location=London | publisher=T&T Clark International | year=2004 | pages=132–48 | isbn=0-567-08389-6}}
* Ayuso, ''El texto cesariense del papiro de Chester Beatty en ela Evangelio de San Marcos'', EB. IV (1934), 268–281.
* {{Cite book | first1=Philip W. | last1=Comfort | author-link=Philip Comfort | first2=David P. | last2=Barrett | title=The Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts | publisher=Tyndale House Publishers | year=2001 | location=Wheaton, Illinois | pages=155–201 | isbn=978-0-8423-5265-9}}
* P. L. Hedley, [https://archive.org/stream/a6347287118sociuoft#page/188/mode/2up ''The Egyptian Texts of the Gospels and Acts''], The Church quarterly review 1934, pp.&nbsp;188–230.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Papyrus 45}}
* Robert B. Waltz, [http://www.skypoint.com/members/waltzmn/ManuscriptsPapyri.html#P45 'NT Manuscripts: Papyri, Papyri {{papyrus|45}},'] at ''The Encyclopedia of New Testament Textual Criticism''. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
* [http://csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_P45 Images] of {{papyrus|45}} at the [[CSNTM|Centre for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts]].
* [https://digital.onb.ac.at/RepViewer/viewer.faces?doc=DOD_%2BZ146423009 Images] of the [[Austrian National Library]] portions of {{papyrus|45}}.
{{New Testament papyri}}
{{Gospel of Matthew}}
{{Gospel of John}}
{{Gospel of Luke}}
{{Gospel of Mark}}
{{Acts of the Apostles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Papyrus 0045}}
[[Category:New Testament papyri]]
[[Category:3rd-century biblical manuscripts]]
[[Category:Early Greek manuscripts of the New Testament]]
[[Category:Manuscripts in the Chester Beatty Library]]
[[Category:Gospel of Matthew papyri]]
[[Category:Gospel of Mark papyri]]
[[Category:Gospel of Luke papyri]]
[[Category:Gospel of John papyri]]
[[Category:Acts of the Apostles papyri]]