View source for Orders of magnitude (data)

{{short description|Computer data measurements and scales}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}

The [[order of magnitude]] of data may be specified in strictly standards-conformant [[units of information]] and multiples of the [[bit]] and [[byte]] with decimal scaling, or using historically common usages of a few multiplier prefixes in a binary interpretation which has been common in [[computing]] until new binary prefixes were defined in the 1990s..

==Units of measure==
The [[byte]] has been a commonly used unit of measure for much of the [[information age]] to refer to a number of [[bit]]s. In the early days of computing, it was used for differing numbers of bits based on [[Convention (norm)|convention]] and [[computer hardware]] design, but today means 8 bits. A more accurate, but less commonly used name for 8 bits is [[Octet (computing)|octet]].

Commonly, a decimal [[SI]] [[metric prefix]] (such as [[kilo-]]) is used with bit and byte to express larger sizes (kilobit, kilobyte). But, this is usually inaccurate since these prefixes are decimal, whereas binary hardware size is usually binary. Customarily, each metric prefix, 1000<sup>n</sup>, is used to mean a close approximation of a binary multiple, 1024<sup>n</sup>. Often, this distinction is implicit, and therefore, use of metric prefixes can lead to confusion. The [[IEC]] [[binary prefix]]es (such as [[kibi-]]) allow for accurate description of hardware sizes, but are not commonly used.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definitions of the SI units: The binary prefixes|url=https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/binary.html|access-date=2020-06-17|website=physics.nist.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=quantifiers |url=http://www.catb.org/jargon/html/Q/quantifiers.html |website=www.catb.org |access-date=24 January 2022}}</ref>

==Entropy==
This page references two kinds of entropy which are not entirely equivalent. For comparison, the [[Avogadro constant]] is {{val|6.02214076|e=23}} entities per mole, based upon the number of atoms in 12 grams of [[carbon-12]] isotope. See [[Entropy in thermodynamics and information theory]].
* [[Entropy (information theory)]], such as the amount of information that can be stored in DNA
* [[Entropy (thermodynamics)]], such as entropy increase of 1 mole of water

==List==

{{-}}
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{| class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
! colspan=2 | Binary (bits)
! colspan=2 | Decimal
! rowspan=2 | Item
|- valign="top"
! Factor
! Term
! Factor
! Term
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>−1</sup>
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 10<sup>−1</sup>
|style="border-bottom:0px;"|
| 0.415 bits (log<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;4/3) – amount of information needed to eliminate one option out of four.
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|  0.6–1.3 bits – approximate information per letter of English text.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://marknelson.us/posts/2006/08/24/the-hutter-prize.html | title=The Hutter Prize | access-date=2008-11-27 | date=24 August 2006 | author=Mark Nelson| work=Mark Nelson }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>0</sup>
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| [[bit]]
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 10<sup>0</sup>
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| bit
| 1 bit – 0 or 1, false or true, Low or High (a.k.a. [[Unibit (unit)|unibit]])
<!-- The unit of entropy has been changed to "shannon" by the ISO standard. The amount "1.5"
 is an approximated value.
* 1.5 bit – average [[information entropy]] per character in English text.
-->
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|  1.442695 bits (log<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;''e'') – approximate size of a [[nat (unit)|nat]] (a unit of information based on [[natural logarithm]]s)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|  1.5849625 bits (log<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;3) – approximate size of a [[ternary numeral system|trit]] (a base-3 digit)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>1</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 2 bits – a [[crumb (unit)|crumb]] (a.k.a. [[dibit]]) enough to uniquely identify one base pair of [[DNA]]
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 3 bits – a [[triad (unit)|triad(e)]], (a.k.a. [[tribit]]) the size of an [[octal]] digit
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>2</sup>
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| [[nibble]]<!-- actually, nibble is not always 4-bit, so perhaps add a footnote? -->
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 4 bits – (a.k.a. [[tetrad (computing)|tetrad(e)]], [[nibble]], [[quadbit]], [[semioctet]], or [[halfbyte]]) the size of a [[hexadecimal]] digit;  [[decimal]] digits in [[binary-coded decimal]] form
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 5 bits – the size of code points in the [[Baudot code]], used in [[teleprinter|telex]] communication (a.k.a. [[pentad (computing)|pentad]])
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 6 bits – the size of code points in [[Univac]] [[Fieldata]], in [[Binary-coded decimal#IBMBCD|IBM "BCD" format]], and in [[Braille]]. Enough to uniquely identify one codon of genetic code. The size of code points in [[Base64]]; thus, often the entropy per character in a randomly-generated password.
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 7 bits – the size of code points in the [[ASCII]] character set
– minimum length to store 2 decimal digits<br />
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>3</sup>
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| [[byte]] (B)<!-- actually, byte is not always 8-bit, so perhaps add a footnote? -->
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 8 bits – (a.k.a. [[octet (computing)|octet]] or [[octad (unit)|octad(e)]]) on many computer architectures.
– equivalent to 1 "word" on 8-bit computers ([[Apple II]], [[Atari 8-bit computers]], [[Commodore 64]], etc.).<br />
– the "[[Word (computer architecture)|word size]]" for 8-bit [[History of video game consoles|console systems]] including: [[Atari 2600]], [[Nintendo Entertainment System]]
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 10<sup>1</sup>
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| decabit
| 10 bits<br />
– minimum [[bit]] length to store a single byte with error-correcting [[computer memory]]<br />
– minimum [[frame (networking)|frame]] length to transmit a single byte with [[Asynchronous serial communication|asynchronous serial protocols]]
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 12 bits – wordlength of the [[PDP-8]] of [[Digital Equipment Corporation]] (built from 1965 to 1990)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>4</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 16 bits<br />
– the [[Plane (Unicode)#Basic Multilingual Plane|Basic Multilingual Plane of Unicode]], containing character codings for almost all modern languages, and a large number of symbols<br />
– the basic unit in [[UTF-16]]; the full [[Universal Character Set characters|Universal Character Set (Unicode)]] can be encoded in one or two of these<br />
– commonly used in many [[programming language]]s, the size of an [[Integer (computer science)|integer]] capable of holding 65,536 different values<br />
– equivalent to 1 "word" on 16-bit computers (IBM PC, [[Amiga|Commodore Amiga]])<br />
– the "word size" for 16-bit [[History of video game consoles|console systems]] including: [[Sega Genesis]], [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|Super Nintendo]], [[Intellivision|Mattel Intellivision]]
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>5</sup>
|style="border-top:50px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 32 bits (4 bytes)<br />
– size of an integer capable of holding 4,294,967,296 different values<br />
– size of an [[IEEE floating-point standard|IEEE 754]] single-precision [[Floating-point arithmetic|floating point]] number<br />
– size of addresses in [[IPv4]], the current [[Internet protocol suite|Internet Protocol]]<br />
– equivalent to 1 "word" on 32-bit processors, including those for the [[Mac (computer)|Apple Macintosh]], [[Pentium]]-based PC, [[PlayStation]],  [[GameCube]], [[Xbox (console)|Xbox]], [[Wii]]
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 36 bits – size of word on Univac 1100-series computers and Digital Equipment Corporation's PDP-10
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 56 bits (7 bytes) – [[cipher]] strength of the [[Data Encryption Standard|DES]] encryption standard
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>6</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 64 bits (8 bytes)<br />
– size of an integer capable of holding 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 different values<br />
– size of an IEEE 754 double-precision floating point number<br />
– equivalent to 1 "word" on 64-bit computers (Power, [[PA-RISC]], Alpha, [[Itanium]], [[SPARC]], x86-64 PCs and Macintoshes).<br />
– the "word size" for 64-bit [[History of video game consoles|console systems]] including: [[Nintendo 64]], [[PlayStation 2]], [[PlayStation 3]], [[Xbox 360]]
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 80 bits (10 bytes) – size of an extended precision floating point number, for intermediate calculations that can be performed in floating point units of most [[central processing unit|processor]]s of the x86 family.
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 10<sup>2</sup>
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| hectobit
| 100 bits
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>7</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 128 bits (16 bytes)<br />
– size of addresses in [[IPv6]], the successor protocol of [[IPv4]]<br />
– minimum cipher strength of the [[Rijndael]] and [[Advanced Encryption Standard|AES]] encryption standards, and of the widely used [[MD5]]  cryptographic [[message digest]] algorithm<br />
– size of an [[Streaming SIMD Extensions|SSE]] vector register, included as part of the [[x86-64]] standard
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 160 bits (20 bytes) – maximum key length of the [[SHA-1]], standard [[Tiger (hash function)]], and Tiger2 cryptographic message digest algorithms
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>8</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 256 bits (32 bytes)<br />
– minimum key length for the recommended strong cryptographic [[message digest]]s {{As of| 2004| lc=on}}<br />
– size of an [[AVX2]] vector register, present on newer [[x86-64]] CPUs
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>9</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 512 bits (64 bytes)<br />
– maximum key length for the standard strong cryptographic [[message digest]]s in 2004<br />
– size of an [[AVX-512]] vector register, present on some [[x86-64]] CPUs
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 10<sup>3</sup>
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| [[kilobit]]<br />(kbit)
| 1,000 bits (125 bytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>10</sup>
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| [[kibibit]]<br />(Kibit)
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 1,024 bits (128 bytes) - [[Random-access memory|RAM]] capacity of the [[Atari 2600]]
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 1,288 bits (161 bytes) – approximate maximum capacity of a standard [[magnetic stripe card]]
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>11</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 2,048 bits (256 bytes) – [[Random-access memory|RAM]] capacity of the stock [[Altair 8800]]
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>12</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 4,096 bits (512 bytes)
– typical sector size, and minimum space allocation unit on computer storage volumes, with most [[file system]]s<br />
– approximate amount of information on a sheet of single-spaced typewritten paper (without formatting)<br />
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 4,704 bits (588 bytes) – uncompressed single-channel frame length in standard [[MPEG]] audio (75 frames per second and per channel), with medium quality 8-bit sampling at 44,100&nbsp;[[Hertz|Hz]] (or 16-bit sampling at 22,050&nbsp;Hz)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| [[kilobyte]]<br />(kB, KB)
| 8,000 bits (1,000 bytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>13</sup>
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| [[kibibyte]]<br />(KiB)
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 8,192 bits (1,024 bytes) – [[Random-access memory|RAM]] capacity of a [[ZX81]] and a [[ZX80]].
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 9,408 bits (1,176 bytes) – uncompressed single-channel frame length in standard MPEG audio (75 frames per second and per channel), with standard 16-bit sampling at 44,100&nbsp;Hz
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 10<sup>4</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 15,360 bits – one screen of data displayed on an 8-bit monochrome text console (80x24)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>14</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 16,384 bits (2 kibibytes) – one page of typed text,<ref name="alltoomuch"/> RAM capacity of [[Nintendo Entertainment System]]
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>15</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 32,768 bits (4 kibibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>16</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 65,536 bits (8 kibibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 10<sup>5</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 100,000 bits
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>17</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 131,072 bits (16 kibibytes) – [[Random-access memory|RAM]] capacity of the smallest [[ZX Spectrum]].
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>18</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 262,144 bits (32 kibibytes) - [[Random-access memory|RAM]] capacity of [[Matra Alice|Matra Alice 90]]
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 393,216 bits (48 kibibytes) - [[Random-access memory|RAM]] capacity of [[ZX Spectrum|48K ZX Spectrum]]
|- valign="top
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 506 kilobits – approximate size of this article as of 20 May 2019
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>19</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 524,288 bits (64 kibibytes) – [[Random-access memory|RAM]] capacity of popular 8-bit computers like the [[Commodore 64|C-64]], [[Amstrad CPC]] etc.
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 10<sup>6</sup>
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| [[megabit]]<br />(Mbit)
| 1,000,000 bits
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>20</sup>
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| [[mebibit]]<br />(Mibit)
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 1,048,576 bits (128 kibibytes) – [[Random-access memory|RAM]] capacity of popular 8-bit computers like the [[Commodore 128|C-128]], [[Amstrad CPC]] etc. Or a {{nowrap|1024 x 768 pixel}} [[JPEG]] image.
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 1,978,560 bits – a one-page, standard-resolution black-and-white [[fax]] (1728 × 1145 pixels)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>21</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 2,097,152 bits (256 kibibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 4,147,200 bits – one frame of uncompressed [[NTSC]] DVD video (720 × 480 × 12 bpp Y'CbCr)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>22</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 4,194,304 bits (512 kibibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 4,976,640 bits – one frame of uncompressed [[PAL]] DVD video (720 × 576 × 12 bpp Y'CbCr)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 5,000,000 bits –  Typical English book volume in plain text format of {{nowrap|500 pages × 2000 characters}} per page and 5-bits per character.
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 5,242,880 bits (640 kibibytes) – the maximum addressable memory of the original [[IBM Personal Computer|IBM PC]] architecture
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| [[megabyte]]<br />(MB)
| 8,000,000 bits (1,000 kilobytes) – the preferred definition of [[megabyte]]
|- valign="top"
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| 8,343,400 bits – one "typical" sized [[:Image:Anthomyiidae sp. 1 (aka).jpg|photograph]] with reasonably good quality (1024 × 768 pixels).
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>23</sup>
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| [[mebibyte]]<br />(MiB)
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 8,388,608 bits (1,024 kibibytes), one of a few traditional meanings of [[megabyte]]
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 10<sup>7</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 11,520,000 bits – capacity of a lower-resolution [[computer monitor]] (as of 2006), {{nowrap|800 × 600 pixels}}, {{nowrap|24 bpp}}
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 11,796,480 bits – capacity of a 3.5 in [[floppy disk]], colloquially known as 1.44 [[megabyte]] but actually 1.44 × 1000 × 1024 bytes
|- valign="top"
| rowspan="3" style="border-bottom:0px;" | 2<sup>24</sup>
| rowspan="3" style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;" |
| rowspan="3" style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;" |
| rowspan="3" style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;" |
|-
| 16,777,216 bits (2 mebibytes)
|- valign="top"
|{{nowrap|25,000,000 bits}} – amount of data in a typical color slide
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
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|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| {{nowrap|30,000,000 bits}} – The first commercial [[harddisk]] [[IBM 350]] in 1956 could store {{nowrap|3.75 MiB}} for a cost of US$50,000,<ref name=hddcost/> {{Inflation|US|50,000|1956|fmt=eq}}.
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>25</sup>
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|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| {{nowrap|33,554,432 bits}} (4 mebibytes) – RAM capacity of stock [[Nintendo 64]] and average size of a music track in [[MP3]] format.
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 41,943,040 bits (5 mebibytes) – approximate size of the [[Complete Works of Shakespeare]]<ref name="alltoomuch">{{cite news| url=http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=15557421| title=A special report on managing information: All too much| date=25 February 2010| newspaper=The Economist| access-date=4 March 2010}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| {{nowrap|80,000,000 bits}} – In 1985 a {{nowrap|10 MB}} harddisk cost US$710,<ref name="hddcost">{{cite web|title=Cost of Hard Drive Space |url=http://ns1758.ca/winch/winchest.html |date=2013-05-11|access-date=2013-06-23}}</ref> {{Inflation|US|710|1985|fmt=eq}}.
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 98,304,000 bits – capacity of a high-resolution computer monitor as of 2011, {{nowrap|2560 × 1600 pixels,}} {{nowrap|24 bpp}}
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 50 – 100 megabits – amount of information in a typical [[telephone directory|phone book]]
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>26</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 10<sup>8</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 67,108,864 bit (8 mebibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>27</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 134,217,728 bits (16 mebibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 150 megabits – amount of data in a large foldout [[map]]
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>28</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 268,435,456 bits (32 mebibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| {{nowrap|144,000,000 bits}}: In 1980 an {{nowrap|18 MB}} hard disk cost US$4,199,<ref name=hddcost/> {{Inflation|US|4,199|1980|fmt=eq}}.
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 423,360,000 bits: a five-minute audio recording, in [[Compact Disc|CDDA]] quality
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>29</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 536,870,912 bits (64 mebibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 10<sup>9</sup>
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| [[gigabit]]<br />(Gbit)
| 1,000,000,000 bits
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>30</sup>
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| [[gibibit]]<br />(Gibit)
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 1,073,741,824 bits (128 mebibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>31</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 2,147,483,648 bits (256 mebibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>32</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 4,294,967,296 bits (512 mebibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 5.45{{e| 9}} bits (650 mebibytes) – capacity of a regular [[compact disc]] (CD)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 5.89{{e| 9}} bits (702 mebibytes) – capacity of a large regular compact disc
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 6.4{{e| 9}} bits – capacity of the [[human genome]] (assuming 2 bits for each [[base pair]])
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| {{nowrap|6,710,886,400 bits}} – average size of a movie in [[MPEG-4 Part 2|Divx]] format in 2002.<ref name="divxshrink">{{cite web|title=How much does DivX shrink a file? |url=http://forum.doom9.org/archive/index.php/t-23408.html |date=2002-04-18|access-date=2013-06-24}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| [[gigabyte]]<br />(GB)
| {{nowrap|8,000,000,000 bits}} (1,000 megabytes) – In 1995 a {{nowrap|1 GB}} harddisk cost US$849,<ref name=hddcost/> {{Inflation|US|849|1995|fmt=eq}}.
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>33</sup>
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| [[gibibyte]]<br />(GiB)
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| {{nowrap|8,589,934,592 bits}} (1,024 mebibytes) –  The maximum disk capacity using the [[21-bit LBA]] [[SCSI]] standard introduced in 1979.
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 10<sup>10</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 10,000,000,000 bits
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>34</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| {{nowrap|17,179,869,184 bits}} (2 gibibytes). The storage limit of [[AT Attachment#Features introduced with each ATA revision|IDE]] standard for harddisks in 1986, also the volume size limit for the [[FAT16B]] file system (with 32 KiB clusters) released in 1987 as well as the maximum file size (2&nbsp;GiB-1) in [[DOS]] operating systems prior to the introduction of [[large file support]] in DOS 7.10 (1997).
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>35</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 34,359,738,368 bits (4 gibibytes) – maximum addressable memory for the [[Motorola 68020]] (1984) and [[i386|Intel 80386]] (1985), also the volume size limit for the [[FAT16B]] file system (with 64 KiB clusters) as well as the maximum file size (4&nbsp;GiB-1) in [[MS-DOS 7.1]]-[[MS-DOS 8.0|8.0]].<!-- Some versions of DR-DOS support files up to 256 GiB-1 following the FAT+ specification, though. -->
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 3.76{{e| 10}} bits (4.7 gigabytes) – capacity of a single-layer, single-sided [[DVD]]
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>36</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 68,719,476,736 bits (8 gibibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| {{nowrap|79,215,880,888 bits}} – {{nowrap|9.2 GiB}} size of [[Wikipedia]] article text compressed with [[bzip2]] on 2013-06-05
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 10<sup>11</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 100,000,000,000 bits
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>37</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| {{nowrap|137,438,953,472 bits}} (16 gibibytes).
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 1.46{{e| 11}} bits (17 gigabytes) – capacity of a double-sided, dual-layered [[DVD]]
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 2.15{{e| 11}} bits (25 gigabytes) – capacity of a single-sided, single-layered 12-cm [[Blu-ray]]
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>38</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 274,877,906,944 bits (32 gibibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>39</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 549,755,813,888 bits (64 gibibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 10<sup>12</sup>
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| [[terabit]]<br />(Tbit)
| 1,000,000,000,000 bits
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>40</sup>
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| [[tebibit]]<br />(Tibit)
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 1,099,511,627,776 bits (128 gibibytes) – estimated capacity of the ''[[Polychaos dubium]]'' genome, the largest known [[genome]]. The storage limit for [[AT Attachment#Features introduced with each ATA revision|ATA-1]] compliant disks introduced in 1994.
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 1.6{{e| 12}} bits (200 [[gigabyte]]s) – capacity of a [[hard disk]] that would be considered average {{As of| 2008| lc=on}}.  In 2005 a {{nowrap|200 GB}} harddisk cost US$100,<ref name=hddcost/> {{Inflation|US|100|2005|fmt=eq}}. As of April 2015, this is the maximum capacity of a fingernail-sized [[microSD]] card.
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>41</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 2,199,023,255,552 bits (256 gibibytes) – As of 2017, this is the maximum capacity of a fingernail-sized [[microSD]] card
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>42</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 4,398,046,511,104 bits (512 gibibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| [[terabyte]]<br />(TB)
| {{nowrap|8,000,000,000,000 bits}} (1,000 gigabytes) – In 2010 a {{nowrap|1 TB}} hard disk cost US$80,<ref name=hddcost/> {{Inflation|US|80|2010|fmt=eq}}.
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>43</sup>
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| [[tebibyte]]<br />(TiB)
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 8,796,093,022,208 bits (1,024 gibibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 10<sup>13</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| {{nowrap|10,000,000,000,000 bits}} (1.25 [[terabyte]]s) – capacity of a human being's functional memory, according to [[Raymond Kurzweil]] in [[The Singularity Is Near]], p.&nbsp;126
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| {{nowrap|16,435,678,019,584 bits}} (1.9 [[terabyte]]s) – Size of all multimedia files used in the [[English Wikipedia]] in May 2012
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>44</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| {{nowrap|17,592,186,044,416 bits}} (2 tebibytes) – Maximum size of [[Master boot record|MBR]] partitions used in PCs introduced in 1983, also the maximum disk capacity using the [[32-bit LBA]] [[SCSI]] introduced in 1987
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>45</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 35,184,372,088,832 bits (4 tebibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>46</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 70,368,744,177,664 bits (8 tebibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 10<sup>14</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 100,000,000,000,000 bits
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>47</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| {{nowrap|140,737,488,355,328 bits}} (16 tebibytes). [[NTFS]] volume capacity in [[Windows 7]], [[Windows Server 2008 R2]] or earlier implementation.<ref name="How NTFS Works">{{cite web
   | url = https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc781134(v=ws.10).aspx
   | title = How NTFS Works
   | date = 2003-03-28
   | work = Windows Server 2003 Technical Reference
   | author = [[Microsoft TechNet]]
   | access-date = 2011-09-12
}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 1.5{{e| 14}} bits (18.75 terabytes)
|- valign="top"
| rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:0px;" | 2<sup>48</sup>
| rowspan="2" style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;" |
| rowspan="2" style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;" |
| rowspan="2" style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;" |
| 281,474,976,710,656 bits (32 tebibytes)
|-
|(approximately) 4{{e| 14}} bits – as of 2022, data of [[pi|π]] to the largest number of decimal digits ever calculated (1{{e| 14}}).
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>49</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 562,949,953,421,312 bits (64 tebibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 10<sup>15</sup>
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| [[petabit]]<br />(Pbit)
| 1,000,000,000,000,000 bits
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>50</sup>
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| [[pebibit]]<br />(Pibit)
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 1,125,899,906,842,624 bits (128 tebibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>51</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 2,251,799,813,685,248 bits (256 tebibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>52</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 4,503,599,627,370,496 bits (512 tebibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| [[petabyte]]<br />(PB)
| 8,000,000,000,000,000 bits (1,000 terabytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>53</sup>
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| [[pebibyte]]<br />(PiB)
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 9,007,199,254,740,992 bits (1,024 tebibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 10<sup>16</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 10,000,000,000,000,000 bits
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>54</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 18,014,398,509,481,984 bits (2 pebibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>55</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 36,028,797,018,963,968 bits (4 pebibytes) – theoretical maximum of addressable physical memory in the [[x86-64|AMD64]] architecture {{Citation needed|date=December 2012}}
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 4.5{{e| 16}} bits (5.625 [[petabyte]]s) – estimated hard drive space in [[Google]]'s [[server farm]] {{As of| 2004| lc=on}} {{Citation needed|date=December 2012}}
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>56</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 72,057,594,037,927,936 bits (8 pebibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 10 petabytes (10<sup>16</sup> bytes) – estimated approximate size of the [[Library of Congress]]'s collection, including non-book materials, as of 2005.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://outgoing.typepad.com/outgoing/2005/06/entire_library_.html| title=Entire Library of Congress| last=Hickey| first=Thom ([[OCLC]] Chief Scientist)| date=21 June 2005| work=Outgoing| access-date=5 May 2010}}</ref> Size of the [[Internet Archive]] topped 10 PB in October 2013<ref>[https://gizmodo.com/5955437/the-internet-archive-has-now-saved-a-whopping-10000000000000000-bytes-of-data The Internet Archive Has Now Saved a Whopping 10,000,000,000,000,000 Bytes of Data], retrieved October 2nd 2013</ref>
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 10<sup>17</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 100,000,000,000,000,000 bits
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>57</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 144,115,188,075,855,872 bits (16 pebibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 2{{e| 17}} bits (25 [[petabyte]]s) – Storage space of [[Megaupload]] file-hosting service at the time it was shut down in 2012<ref>[http://www.hellkom.co.za/newsviewer/technology/873/ 25 petabyte on Megaupload.] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120801155629/http://www.hellkom.co.za/newsviewer/technology/873/ |date=1 August 2012 }} Retrieved 16 February 2012</ref>
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>58</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 288,230,376,151,711,744 bits (32 pebibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>59</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 576,460,752,303,423,488 bits (64 pebibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 8 {{e| 17}}, the storage capacity of the fictional ''[[Star Trek]]'' character [[Data (Star Trek)|Data]]
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 10<sup>18</sup>
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| [[exabit]]<br />(Ebit)
| 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>60</sup>
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| [[exbibit]]<br />(Eibit)
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| {{nowrap|1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bits}} (128 pebibytes). The storage limit using the [[48-bit LBA]] [[AT Attachment#Features introduced with each ATA revision|ATA-6]] standard introduced in 2002.
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 1.6{{e| 18}} bits (200 [[petabyte]]s) – total amount of [[Printing|print]]ed material in the world {{Citation needed|date=December 2012}}
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 2{{e| 18}} bits (250 [[petabyte]]s) – storage space at [[Facebook]] data warehouse as of June 2013,<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://gigaom.com/2013/06/06/facebook-unveils-presto-engine-for-querying-250-pb-data-warehouse/|title = Facebook unveils Presto engine for querying 250 PB data warehouse|date = 7 June 2013|access-date = 29 March 2014|archive-date = 13 April 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140413072941/http://gigaom.com/2013/06/06/facebook-unveils-presto-engine-for-querying-250-pb-data-warehouse/|url-status = dead}}</ref> growing at a rate of 15 PB/month.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.backblaze.com/2014/03/18/100-petabytes-of-cloud-data/|title = 100 Petabytes of Cloud Data|date = 18 March 2014}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>61</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 2,305,843,009,213,693,952 bits (256 pebibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 2.4{{e| 18}} bits (300 [[petabyte]]s) – storage space at [[Facebook]] data warehouse as of April 2014, growing at a rate of 0.6 PB/day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://code.facebook.com/posts/229861827208629/scaling-the-facebook-data-warehouse-to-300-pb/|title=Scaling the Facebook data warehouse to 300 PB|date=10 April 2014}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>62</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 4,611,686,018,427,387,904 bits (512 pebibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| [[exabyte]]<br />(EB)
| 8,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits (1,000 petabytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>63</sup>
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| [[exbibyte]]<br />(EiB)
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 9,223,372,036,854,775,808 bits (1,024 pebibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 10<sup>19</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 10,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>64</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 bits (2 exbibytes).
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>65</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 36,893,488,147,419,103,232 bits (4 exbibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 50,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits (50 [[exabit]])
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>66</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 73,786,976,294,838,206,464 bits (8 exbibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 10<sup>20</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| {{nowrap|100,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits}}
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 1.2{{e| 20}} bits (15 [[exabyte]]s) – estimated storage space at [[Google]] data warehouse as of 2013<ref>[[Exabyte#Google|Estimated storage space at Google]]</ref>
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>67</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| {{nowrap|147,573,952,589,676,412,928 bits}} (16 exbibytes) – maximum addressable memory using 64-bit addresses without [[x86 memory segmentation|segmentation]].<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/zos/basics/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.zos.zconcepts/zconcepts_102.htm | title=A brief history of virtual storage and 64-bit addressability | access-date=2007-02-17}}</ref>  Maximum file size for [[ZFS]] filesystem.
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>68</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 295,147,905,179,352,825,856 bits (32 exbibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 3.5 × 10<sup>20</sup> bits – increase in information capacity when {{nowrap|1 [[joule]]}} of energy is added to a heat-bath at {{nowrap|300 K}} {{nowrap|(27 °C)}}<ref><math>\scriptstyle\frac{1}{300}</math>{{Citation needed|date=December 2012}} J K<sup>−1</sup></ref>
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>69</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 590,295,810,358,705,651,712 bits (64 exbibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 10<sup>21</sup>
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| [[zettabit]]<br />(Zbit)
| 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>70</sup>
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| [[zebibit]]<br />(Zibit)
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 bits (128 exbibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>71</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 2,361,183,241,434,822,606,848 bits (256 exbibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 3.4{{e| 21}} bits (0.36 [[zettabyte]]s) – amount of information that can be stored in {{nowrap|1 gram}} of [[DNA]]<ref>http://www.tmrfindia.org/ijcsa/V2I29.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 4.7{{e| 21}} bits (0.50 zettabytes) – amount of digitally stored information in the world as of May 2009<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/may/18/digital-content-expansion "Internet data heads for 500bn gigabytes"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 18 May 2009. Retrieved on 23 April 2010.</ref>
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 4.8{{e| 21}} bits (0.61 zettabytes) – total hard drive capacity shipped in 2016<ref>[https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2017/02/22/469-million-hdds-shipped-in-2016-trendfocus/ 424 Million HDDs Shipped in 2016 – Trendfocus]</ref>
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>72</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 4,722,366,482,869,645,213,696 bits (512 exbibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| [[zettabyte]]<br />(ZB)
| 8,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits (1,000 exabytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>73</sup>
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| [[zebibyte]]<br />(ZiB)
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 9,444,732,965,739,290,427,392 bits (1,024 exbibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 10<sup>22</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>76</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 2<sup>76</sup> bits – Maximum volume and file size in the [[Unix File System]] (UFS) and maximum disk capacity using the [[64-bit LBA]] [[SCSI]] standard introduced in 2000 using 512-byte blocks.<ref name="sbc2r04">{{cite web|title=Working Draft T10, American National Standard Project 1417-D, Revision 4, 28 July 2001 |url=http://www.o3one.org/hwdocs/scsispecs/hard_disk_sbc2r04.pdf |page=72 |date=2002-01-08|access-date=2013-06-23|publisher=o3one.org}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 10<sup>23</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 1.0{{e| 23}} bits – increase in information capacity when 1 joule of energy is added to a heat-bath at 1 K (−272.15&nbsp;°C)<ref>1 J K<sup>−1</sup>.  Equivalent to 1/(''[[Boltzmann constant|k]]'' ln 2) bits, where ''k'' is the [[Boltzmann constant]]</ref>
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>77</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 6.0{{e| 23}} bits – information content of 1 mole (12.01 g) of [[graphite]] at 25&nbsp;°C; equivalent to an average of 0.996 bits per [[atom]].<ref>Equivalent to 5.74 J K<sup>−1</sup>. Standard molar entropy of graphite.</ref>
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 10<sup>24</sup>
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| [[yottabit]]<br />(Ybit)
| 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 7.3{{e| 24}} bits – information content of 1 mole (18.02 g) of liquid water at 25&nbsp;°C; equivalent to an average of 12.14 bits per molecule.<ref>Equivalent to 69.95 J K<sup>−1</sup>. Standard molar entropy of water.</ref>
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>80</sup>
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| [[yobibit]]<br />(Yibit)
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|  1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176 bits (128 zebibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| [[yottabyte]]<br />(YB)
|  8,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits (1,000 zettabytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2<sup>83</sup>
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| [[yobibyte]]<br />(YiB)
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|  9,671,406,556,917,033,397,649,408 bits (1,024 zebibytes)
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-bottom:0px;"| 10<sup>25</sup>
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 1.1{{e| 25}} bits – entropy increase of {{nowrap|1 mole}} {{nowrap|(18.02 g)}} of water, on [[vaporization|vaporizing]] at {{nowrap|100 °C}} at [[standard pressure]]; equivalent to an average of {{nowrap|18.90 bits}} per molecule.<ref>Equivalent to 108.9 J K<sup>−1</sup></ref>
|- valign="top"
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| rowspan="6" style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;" |
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
|style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"|
| 1.5{{e| 25}} bits – information content of 1 mole (20.18 g) of [[neon]] gas at 25&nbsp;°C and 1 atm; equivalent to an average of 25.39 bits per atom.<ref>Equivalent to 146.33 J K<sup>−1</sup>. Standard molar entropy of neon. An experimental value, see [http://cccbdb.nist.gov/thermo.asp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527095017/http://cccbdb.nist.gov/thermo.asp |date=27 May 2010 }} for a theoretical calculation.</ref>
|-
|2<sup>86</sup>
|10<sup>26</sup>
|
|
|-
|2<sup>89</sup>
| rowspan="2" |10<sup>27</sup>
|[[Bit|ronnabit]]<br />(Rbit)
|
|-
|2<sup>93</sup>
|[[Byte|ronnabyte]]<br />(RB)
|
|-
|2<sup>100</sup>
| rowspan="2" |10<sup>30</sup>
|[[Bit|quettabit]]<br />(Qbit)
|
|-
|2<sup>102</sup>
|[[Byte|quettabyte]]<br />(QB)
|
|- valign="top"
|colspan="5"| '''Beyond standardized [[SI prefix|SI]] / [[IEC 80000-13|IEC]] ([[Binary prefix|binary]]) prefixes'''
|-
|2<sup>127</sup>
| rowspan="7" |N/A
|10<sup>38</sup>
| rowspan="7" |N/A
|2<sup>127</sup> bits, 2<sup>124</sup> bytes – [[IBM Eagle]]
|-
|2<sup>131</sup>
|10<sup>39</sup>
|2<sup>131</sup> bits, 2<sup>128</sup> bytes – theoretical maximum volume size of the ZFS filesystem.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What Is ZFS? - Oracle Solaris ZFS Administration Guide|url=https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E23823_01/html/819-5461/zfsover-2.html|access-date=2021-05-06|website=docs.oracle.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lloyd|first=Seth|date=August 2000|title=Ultimate physical limits to computation|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/35023282|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=406|issue=6799|pages=1047–1054|doi=10.1038/35023282|pmid=10984064|issn=0028-0836|arxiv=quant-ph/9908043|bibcode=2000Natur.406.1047L|s2cid=75923}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-02-10|title=To Boil the Oceans|url=https://hbfs.wordpress.com/2009/02/10/to-boil-the-oceans/|access-date=2021-05-06|website=Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger|language=en}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| 2<sup>150</sup>
| style="border-bottom:0px;" | 10<sup>42</sup>
| ~ 10<sup>42</sup> bits – the number of bits required to perfectly recreate the natural matter of the average-sized U.S. adult male [[human brain]] down to the [[Quantum state|quantum level]] on a computer is about 2.6{{e|42}} bits of information (see [[Bekenstein bound]] for the basis for this calculation).
|- valign="top"
| style="border-bottom:0px;" | 2<sup>193</sup>
| style="border-bottom:0px;" | 10<sup>58</sup>
|~ 10<sup>58</sup> bits – [[Thermodynamics|thermodynamic]] [[entropy]] of the [[sun]]<ref>Given as 10<sup>42</sup> erg K<sup>−1</sup> in Bekenstein (1973), [http://128.112.100.2/~mcdonald/examples/QM/bekenstein_prd_7_2333_73.pdf Black Holes and Entropy]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[Physical Review D]]'' '''7''' 2338</ref> (about 30 bits per [[proton]], plus 10 bits per [[electron]]).
|- valign="top"
| style="border-bottom:0px;" | 2<sup>230</sup>
| style="border-bottom:0px;" | 10<sup>69</sup>
| ~ 10<sup>69</sup> bits – thermodynamic entropy of the [[Milky Way|Milky Way Galaxy]] (counting only the [[star]]s, not the [[black hole]]s within the galaxy) {{Citation needed|date=December 2012}}
|- valign="top"
| style="border-bottom:0px;" | 2<sup>255</sup>
| style="border-bottom:0px;" | 10<sup>77</sup>
| 1.5{{e| 77}} bits – information content of a one-[[solar-mass]] [[black hole]].<ref>Entropy = <math>\scriptstyle A c^3 / 4 G \hbar</math> in nats, with <math>A = 16\pi G^2 M^2/c^4</math> for a Schwarzschild black hole. 1 nat = 1/ln(2) bits.  See [[Jacob D. Bekenstein]] (2008), [http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Bekenstein-Hawking_entropy Bekenstein-Hawking entropy], ''[[Scholarpedia]]''.</ref>
|- valign="top"
| style="border-bottom:0px;" | 2<sup>305</sup>
| style="border-bottom:0px;" | 10<sup>90</sup>
| The information capacity of the [[observable universe]], according to [[Seth Lloyd]] (not including [[gravitation]])<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lloyd |first1=Seth |title=Computational Capacity of the Universe |journal=Physical Review Letters |date=24 May 2002 |volume=88 |issue=23 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.237901 |url=http://fab.cba.mit.edu/classes/862.16/notes/computation/Lloyd-2002.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111160807/http://fab.cba.mit.edu/classes/862.16/notes/computation/Lloyd-2002.pdf |archive-date=2017-11-11 |url-status=live|arxiv=quant-ph/0110141 |bibcode=2002PhRvL..88w7901L |pmid=12059399 |page=237901 |s2cid=6341263 }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|}

== See also ==
* [[Data-rate units]]
* [[List of interface bit rates]]
* [[Orders of magnitude (entropy)]]
* [[Unit prefix#Unofficial prefixes]]

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Orders of magnitude}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Orders Of Magnitude (Data)}}
[[Category:Orders of magnitude|Data]]