View source for On-base plus slugging

{{short description|Hitting statistic in baseball}}

'''On-base plus slugging (OPS)''' is a [[Sabermetrics|sabermetric]] [[baseball statistics|baseball statistic]] calculated as the sum of a player's [[on-base percentage]] and [[slugging percentage]].<ref>See [http://www.baseballprospectus.com/glossary/index.php?mode=viewstat&stat=118 www.baseballprospectus.com] or [http://www.baseball1.com/faqs/glossary.html#O rec.sport.baseball] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810235654/http://www.baseball1.com/faqs/glossary.html#O |date=2010-08-10 }}.</ref> The ability of a player both to get on base and to hit for power, two important offensive skills, are represented. An OPS of .800 or higher in [[Major League Baseball]] puts the player in the upper echelon of hitters. Typically, the league leader in OPS will score near, and sometimes above, the 1.000 mark.

==Equation==
The basic equation is

<math>OPS = OBP + SLG \,</math>
<!-- Please retain \, above for proper rendering -->

where OBP is [[on-base percentage]] and SLG is [[Slugging percentage|slugging average]]. These averages are defined below as:

<math>OBP = \frac{H+BB+HBP} {AB+BB+SF+HBP}</math>

- the numerator "H + BB + HBP" effectively means "number of trips to first base at least"

- the denominator "AB + BB + SF + HBP" effectively means "total plate appearances", but does not include sacrifice bunts

This is because though a batter makes a trip to the plate he is not given an "AB" when he walks (BB or HBP) or when he hits the ball into play and is called out, but the action allows a run to score (SF). As a result, the 4 counts (AB + BB + SF +HBP) are needed to calculate a batter's total trips to the plate.

and

<math>SLG = \frac{TB} {AB}</math>

where:
*''H'' = [[Hit (baseball)|hits]]
*''BB'' = [[Base on balls|bases on balls]]
*''HBP'' = times [[hit by pitch]]
*''AB'' = [[at bat]]s
*''SF'' = [[Sacrifice fly|sacrifice flies]]
*''TB'' = [[total bases]]

In one equation, OPS can be represented as:

<math>OPS = \frac{AB*(H+BB+HBP)+TB*(AB+BB+SF+HBP)}{AB*(AB+BB+SF+HBP)}</math>

==History==
On-base plus slugging was first popularized in 1984 by [[John Thorn]] and [[Pete Palmer]]'s book, ''[[The Hidden Game of Baseball]]''.<ref>John Thorn and Pete Palmer, ''The Hidden Game of Baseball,'' pp. 69-70.</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' then began carrying the leaders in this statistic in its weekly "By the Numbers" box, a feature that continued for four years. Baseball journalist [[Peter Gammons]] used and evangelized the statistic, and other writers and broadcasters picked it up. The popularity of OPS gradually spread, and by 2004 it began appearing on [[Topps]] baseball cards.<ref>[[Alan Schwarz]], ''The Numbers Game,'' pp. 165, 233.</ref>

OPS was formerly sometimes known as ''production''. For instance, ''production'' was included in early versions of Thorn's ''[[Total Baseball]]'' encyclopedia, and in the ''[[Strat-O-Matic Computer Baseball]]'' game. This term has fallen out of use.

OPS gained popularity because of the availability of its components, OBP and SLG, and that team OPS correlates well with team runs scored.

==An OPS scale==
[[Bill James]], in his essay titled "The 96 Families of Hitters"<ref>James, Bill. ''The 96 Families of Hitters''. <u>The Bill James Gold Mine</u>, 2009, p.24.</ref> uses seven different categories for classification by OPS:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Category !! Classification !! OPS range
|-
| A || Great || .9000 and higher
|-
| B || Very good || .8334 to .8999
|-
| C || Above average || .7667 to .8333
|-
| D || Average || .7000 to .7666
|-
| E || Below average || .6334 to .6999
|-
| F || Poor || .5667 to .6333
|-
| G || Very poor || .5666 and lower
|}

This effectively transforms OPS into a seven-point ordinal scale. Substituting quality labels such as ''excellent'' (A), ''very good'' (B), ''good'' (C), ''average'' (D), ''fair'' (E), ''poor'' (F) and ''very poor'' (G) for the A–G categories creates a subjective reference for OPS values.

==Leaders==
{{Further|List of Major League Baseball career OPS leaders}}
The top ten [[Major League Baseball]] players in lifetime OPS, with at least 3,000 plate appearances {{As of|2024|06|08||df=US|lc=y}}, were:

#[[Babe Ruth]], 1.1636
#[[Ted Williams]], 1.1155
#[[Lou Gehrig]], 1.0798
#[[Oscar Charleston]], 1.0632
#[[Barry Bonds]], 1.0512
#[[Jimmie Foxx]], 1.0376
#[[Turkey Stearnes]], 1.0340
#[[Mule Suttles]], 1.0276
#[[Hank Greenberg]], 1.0169
#[[Rogers Hornsby]], 1.0103

The top five were all left-handed batters. Jimmie Foxx has the highest career OPS for a right-handed batter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/leaders/onbase_plus_slugging_career.shtml|title=Career Leaders & Records for OPS|website=[[Baseball-Reference.com]]|access-date=July 26, 2019}}</ref>

The top ten single-season performances in MLB are (all left-handed hitters):

#Barry Bonds, 1.4217 ({{mlby|2004}})
#Barry Bonds, 1.3807 ({{mlby|2002}})
#Babe Ruth, 1.3791 ({{mlby|1920}})
#Barry Bonds, 1.3785 ({{mlby|2001}})
#Babe Ruth, 1.3586 ({{mlby|1921}})
#Babe Ruth, 1.3089 ({{mlby|1923}})
#Ted Williams, 1.2875 ({{mlby|1941}})
#Barry Bonds, 1.2778 ({{mlby|2003}})
#Babe Ruth, 1.2582 ({{mlby|1927}})
#Ted Williams, 1.2566 ({{mlby|1957}})

The highest single-season mark for a right-handed hitter was 1.2449 by [[Rogers Hornsby]] in {{mlby|1925}}, 13th on the all-time list. Since 1935, the highest single-season OPS for a right-hander is 1.2224 by [[Mark McGwire]] in {{mlby|1998}}, which was 16th all-time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/leaders/onbase_plus_slugging_season.shtml|title=Single-Season Records for OPS|website=[[Baseball-Reference.com]]|access-date=July 26, 2019}}</ref>

==Adjusted OPS (OPS+)==
OPS+, adjusted OPS, is a closely related statistic. OPS+ is OPS adjusted for the park and the league in which the player played. An OPS+ of 100 is defined to be the league average. An OPS+ of 150 or more is excellent and 125 very good, while an OPS+ of 75 or below is poor.

The basic equation for OPS+ is

<math>OPS+ = 100 * (\frac{OBP} {*lgOBP} + \frac{SLG} {*lgSLG} - 1)</math>

where *lgOBP is the park-adjusted OBP of the league and *lgSLG is the park-adjusted SLG of the league.

A common misconception is that OPS+ closely matches the ratio of a player's OPS to that of their league. In fact, due to the additive nature of the two components in OPS+, a player with an OBP and SLG both 50% better than the league average in those metrics will have an OPS+ of 200 (twice the league average OPS+) while still having an OPS that is only 50% better than the average OPS of the league. It would be a better (although not exact) approximation to say that a player with an OPS+ of 150 produces 50% more ''runs'', in a given set of plate appearances than a player with an OPS+ of 100 (though see clarification above, under "History").

===Leaders in OPS+===
Through the end of the 2019 season, the career top twenty leaders in OPS+ (minimum 3,000 plate appearances) were:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/leaders/onbase_plus_slugging_plus_career.shtml|title=Career Leaders & Records for Adjusted OPS+|website=[[Baseball-Reference.com]]|access-date=July 26, 2019}}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
#[[Babe Ruth]], 206
#[[Ted Williams]], 190
#[[Barry Bonds]], 182
#[[Lou Gehrig]], 179
#[[Mike Trout]], 176
#[[Rogers Hornsby]], 175
#[[Mickey Mantle]], 172
#[[Dan Brouthers]], 171
#[[Shoeless Joe Jackson|Joe Jackson]], 170
#[[Ty Cobb]], 168
#[[Pete Browning]], 163
#<li value="11">[[Jimmie Foxx]], 163
#<li value="11">[[Mark McGwire]], 163
#<li value="14">[[Dave Orr]], 162
#<li value="15">[[Stan Musial]], 159
#[[Hank Greenberg]], 158
#<li value="16">[[Johnny Mize]], 158
#<li value="18">[[Tris Speaker]], 157
#<li value="19">[[Dick Allen]], 156
#<li value="19">[[Willie Mays]], 156
#<li value="19">[[Frank Thomas (designated hitter)|Frank Thomas]] 156
{{div col end}}

The only purely right-handed batters to appear on this list are Browning, Hornsby, Foxx, Orr, Trout, McGwire, Allen, Mays, and Thomas. Mantle is the only switch-hitter in the group.

The highest single-season performances were:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/leaders/onbase_plus_slugging_plus_season.shtml|title=Single-Season Leaders & Records for Adjusted OPS+|website=[[Baseball-Reference.com]]|access-date=July 26, 2019}}</ref>

#[[Barry Bonds]], 268 ({{mlby|2002}})
#[[Barry Bonds]], 263 ({{mlby|2004}})
#[[Barry Bonds]], 259 ({{mlby|2001}})
#[[Fred Dunlap]], 258 ([[1884 in baseball|1884]]) *
#[[Babe Ruth]], 256 ({{mlby|1920}})
#[[Babe Ruth]], 239 ({{mlby|1921}})
#[[Babe Ruth]], 239 ({{mlby|1923}})
#[[Ted Williams]], 235 ({{mlby|1941}})
#[[Ted Williams]], 233 ({{mlby|1957}})
#[[Ross Barnes]], 231 ([[1876 in baseball|1876]]) **
#[[Barry Bonds]], 231 ({{mlby|2003}})

<nowiki>*</nowiki> - Fred Dunlap's historic 1884 season came in the [[Union Association]], which some baseball experts consider not to be a true major league.

<nowiki>**</nowiki> - Ross Barnes may have been aided by a rule that made a bunt fair if it first rolled in fair territory. He did not play nearly so well when this rule was removed, although injuries may have been mostly to blame, as his fielding statistics similarly declined.

If Dunlap's and Barnes's seasons were to be eliminated from the list, two other Ruth seasons (1926 and 1927) would be on the list. This would also eliminate the only two right-handed batters in the list.

==Criticism==
Despite its simple calculation, OPS is a controversial measurement. OPS weighs on-base percentage and slugging percentage equally. However, on-base percentage correlates better with scoring runs.<ref>Lewis, Michael (203). ''Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game''{{page needed|date=June 2019}}</ref> Statistics such as [[wOBA]] build on this distinction using [[linear weights]]. Additionally, the components of OPS are not typically equal (league-average slugging percentages are usually 75–100 points higher than league-average on-base percentages). As a point of reference, the OPS for all of Major League Baseball in 2019 was .758.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/MLB/2019-standard-batting.shtml|title=2019 Major League Baseball Standard Batting |website=Baseball-Reference.com}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Baseball}}
*[[Sabermetrics]]
*[[Gross production average]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*{{Cite book|last=Thorn|first=John|author2=Pete Palmer|title=The Hidden Game of Baseball|year=1984|publisher=Doubleday & Company|isbn=0-385-18283-X}}
*{{Cite book|last=Schwarz|first=Alan|author-link=Alan Schwarz|title=The Numbers Game|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312322236|url-access=registration|year=2004|publisher=Thomas Dunne Books|isbn=0-312-32222-4}}

{{Baseball statistics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:On-Base Plus Slugging}}
[[Category:Batting statistics]]