View source for Mars Oxygen ISRU Experiment

{{Short description|Mars 2020 electrochemical experiment}}
{{Redirect|MOXIE||Moxie (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox spacecraft instrument
| Name = Mars Oxygen ISRU Experiment
| Image = File:PIA24201-MarsPerseveranceRover-MoxieTwin-2021019.jpg
| Caption = Mars Oxygen In-Situ Resource Utilization Experiment (MOXIE)
| Operator = [[NASA]]
| Manufacturer = NASA/Caltech/[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]<br>
OxEon Energy
| Type = [[ISRU]] (in situ resource utilization) experimental technology
| Function = Oxygen production
| Mission_Duration =
| Began = 20 April 2021
| Ceased = 3 August 2023
| Webpage = {{url|https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/instruments/moxie/}}

| Mass = 15 kg (33 lb)
| Dimensions =24 × 24 × 31 cm
| Power_consumption =300 W
| Data_Rate =

| Spacecraft = [[Perseverance (rover)|''Perseverance'']] <!--spacecraft it is hosted aboard-->
| SC_Operator = <!--operator of those spacecraft-->
| Launch = July 30, 2020
| Rocket = Atlas V 541 this is all true 
| Launch_Site = Cape Canaveral SLC-41
| COSPAR = <!--COSPAR ID of host spacecraft-->
}}

The '''Mars Oxygen In-Situ Resource Utilization Experiment''' ('''MOXIE''')<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Hecht|first1=M.|last2=Hoffman|first2=J.|last3=Rapp|first3=D.|last4=McClean|first4=J.|last5=SooHoo|first5=J.|last6=Schaefer|first6=R.|last7=Aboobaker|first7=A.|last8=Mellstrom|first8=J.|last9=Hartvigsen|first9=J.|last10=Meyen|first10=F.|last11=Hinterman|first11=E.|date=2021-01-06|title=Mars Oxygen ISRU Experiment (MOXIE)|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00782-8|journal=Space Science Reviews|language=en|volume=217|issue=1|pages=9|doi=10.1007/s11214-020-00782-8|bibcode=2021SSRv..217....9H|hdl=1721.1/131816.2|s2cid=106398698|issn=1572-9672|hdl-access=free}}</ref> was a [[technology demonstration]] on the [[NASA]] [[Mars 2020]] rover ''[[Perseverance (rover)|Perseverance]]'' investigating the production of [[oxygen]] on [[Mars]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Beutel|first=Allard|date=2015-04-15|title=NASA Announces Mars 2020 Rover Payload to Explore the Red Planet|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/july/nasa-announces-mars-2020-rover-payload-to-explore-the-red-planet-as-never-before|access-date=2021-02-25|website=NASA|archive-date=2021-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219071458/https://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/july/nasa-announces-mars-2020-rover-payload-to-explore-the-red-planet-as-never-before/|url-status=live}}</ref> On April 20, 2021, MOXIE produced oxygen from [[carbon dioxide]] in the [[Atmosphere of Mars|Martian atmosphere]] by using [[Solid oxide electrolyzer cell|solid oxide electrolysis]]. This was the first experimental extraction of a [[natural resource]] from another planet for human use.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Nasa device extracts breathable oxygen from thin Martian air|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/nasa-device-extracts-breathable-oxygen-from-thin-martian-air-1.4544767|access-date=2021-04-22|newspaper=The Irish Times|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422134141/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/nasa-device-extracts-breathable-oxygen-from-thin-martian-air-1.4544767|url-status=live}}</ref> The technology may be scaled up for use in a [[Human mission to Mars|human mission]] to the planet to provide breathable oxygen, [[Oxidizing agent|oxidizer]], and [[propellant]]; water may also be produced by combining the produced oxygen with [[hydrogen]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Potter|first=Sean|date=2021-04-21|title=NASA's Perseverance Mars Rover Extracts First Oxygen from Red Planet|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-perseverance-mars-rover-extracts-first-oxygen-from-red-planet|access-date=2021-04-22|website=NASA|archive-date=2021-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422000817/http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-perseverance-mars-rover-extracts-first-oxygen-from-red-planet/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The experiment was a collaboration between the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], the [[Haystack Observatory]], the NASA/[[Caltech]] [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]], with OxEon Energy.

==Objective==
MOXIE's objective was to produce oxygen of at least 98% purity at a rate of {{convert|6|–|10|g/h|oz/h}} and to do this at least ten times, so the device can be tested in a range of times of the day, including at night, and in most environmental conditions, including during a [[dust storm]].<ref name=":0" />

==Development==

MOXIE builds upon an earlier experiment, the Mars In-situ propellant production Precursor (MIP), which was designed and built to fly on the [[Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander]] mission.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=http://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/6.2000-5145|doi = 10.2514/6.2000-5145|chapter = The 2001 Mars In-situ-propellant-production Precursor (MIP) Flight Demonstration - Project objectives and qualification test results|title = Space 2000 Conference and Exposition|year = 2000|last1 = Kaplan|first1 = David|last2 = Baird|first2 = R.|last3 = Flynn|first3 = Howard|last4 = Ratliff|first4 = James|last5 = Baraona|first5 = Cosmo|last6 = Jenkins|first6 = Phillip|last7 = Landis|first7 = Geoffrey|last8 = Scheiman|first8 = David|last9 = Johnson|first9 = Kenneth|last10 = Karlmann|first10 = Paul|publisher = American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics}}</ref>  MIP was intended to demonstrate In-Situ Propellant Production (ISPP) on a laboratory scale using electrolysis of carbon dioxide to produce oxygen.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Flavell|first=Waryn|date=15 March 2021|title=Making Oxygen on Mars is No Match for This Johnson Team|url=https://roundupreads.jsc.nasa.gov/pages.ashx/1646/Making%20Oxygen%20on%20Mars%20is%20No%20Match%20for%20This%20Johnson%20Team|url-status=live|access-date=22 April 2021|website=NASA Johnson Space Center Features|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422201447/https://roundupreads.jsc.nasa.gov/pages.ashx/1646/Making%20Oxygen%20on%20Mars%20is%20No%20Match%20for%20This%20Johnson%20Team}}</ref> The MIP flight demonstration was postponed when the [[Mars Surveyor 2001]] lander mission was cancelled after the [[Mars Polar Lander]] mission failed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=nasa|url=https://www.history.nasa.gov/presrep00/pages/nasa.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714113702/https://www.history.nasa.gov/presrep00/pages/nasa.html|archive-date=2019-07-14|access-date=2021-04-22|website=www.history.nasa.gov}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Colombano |first1=Silvano |title=Robosphere: Self-Sustaining Robotic Ecologies as Precursors to Human Planetary Exploration |journal=AIAA Space 2003 Conference & Exposition |date=23 September 2003 |doi=10.2514/6.2003-6278 |isbn=978-1-62410-103-8 |s2cid=17750706 }}</ref>

The Principal Investigator (PI) of MOXIE was [[Michael H. Hecht|Michael Hecht]] from the  [[Haystack Observatory]] at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT).<ref name=mars2020>{{Cite web|last=mars.nasa.gov|title=Mars Oxygen In-Situ Resource Utilization Experiment (MOXIE)|url=https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/spacecraft/instruments/moxie/|access-date=2021-02-25|website=mars.nasa.gov|language=en|archive-date=2021-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184226/https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/spacecraft/instruments/moxie/|url-status=live}}</ref> The deputy PI was former NASA astronaut [[Jeffrey A. Hoffman|Jeffrey Hoffman]] from the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at MIT. The project manager was Jeff Mellstrom from the NASA/Caltech [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] (JPL). Along with MIT and JPL, major contributors are OxEon Energy (previously [[CoorsTek|Ceramatec, Inc.]]) and [[Air Squared]]. Other contributors include [[Imperial College London]], Space Exploration Instruments LLC, Destiny Space Systems LLC, the [[Niels Bohr Institute]] at the [[University of Copenhagen]], [[Arizona State University]], and the [[Technical University of Denmark]].<ref name="techport">{{cite web|title=NASA TechPort – Mars OXygen ISRU Experiment Project|url=https://techport.nasa.gov/view/33080|access-date=19 November 2015|website=NASA TechPort|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration|archive-date=17 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017155217/https://techport.nasa.gov/view/33080|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Brix|first=Lise|date=26 April 2015|title=Scientists are trying to brew oxygen on Mars|work=Science Nordic|url=http://sciencenordic.com/scientists-are-trying-brew-oxygen-mars|access-date=2015-05-15|archive-date=2015-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430004817/http://sciencenordic.com/scientists-are-trying-brew-oxygen-mars|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{multiple images
| header =
| align = center
| caption_align = center
| direction = horizontal
| width =
| image1 = PIA24201-MarsPerseveranceRover-MoxieTwin-2021019.jpg
| caption1 = Overview
| width1 = 200
| image2 = PIA24202-MarsPerseveranceRover-Moxie-Testing-20210119.jpg
| caption2 = Testing
| width2 = 250
| image3 = PIA24203-MarsPerseveranceRover-MOXIE-Installed-20210119.jpg
| caption3 = Installed
| width3 = 250
| footer =
}}

==Principle==
MOXIE acquires, compresses, and heats [[Atmosphere of Mars|Martian atmospheric]] gases using a [[HEPA|HEPA filter]], [[scroll compressor]], and heaters alongside insulation,<ref name=":0" /> then splits the [[carbon dioxide]] ({{chem|CO|2}}) molecules into [[oxygen]] (O) and [[carbon monoxide]] (CO) using [[Solid oxide electrolyzer cell|solid oxide electrolysis]], where the O atoms combine to form gaseous oxygen ({{chem|O|2}}).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Game Changing Development The Mars Oxygen ISRU Experiment (MOXIE)|url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/fs_moxie_150908.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=22 April 2021|website=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]|archive-date=3 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203203746/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/fs_moxie_150908.pdf}}</ref>

The conversion process requires a temperature of approximately {{Convert|800|C}}.<ref name=":1"/> A solid oxide electrolysis cell works on the principle that, at elevated temperatures,<ref name=":2" /> certain ceramic oxides, such as [[yttria-stabilized zirconia]] (YSZ) and [[Dopant|doped]] [[ceria]], become oxide ion (O<sup>2–</sup>) [[Electrical conductor|conductors]]. A thin nonporous disk of YSZ (solid electrolyte) is sandwiched between two porous [[electrode]]s. {{chem|CO|2}} diffuses through the porous electrode ([[cathode]]) and reaches the vicinity of the electrode-electrolyte boundary. Through a combination of thermal dissociation and electrocatalysis, an oxygen atom is liberated from the {{chem|CO|2}} molecule and picks up two electrons from the cathode to become an oxide ion (O<sup>2–</sup>). Via oxygen ion vacancies in the crystal lattice of the electrolyte, the oxygen ion is transported to the electrolyte–anode interface due to the applied [[Direct current|DC]] potential. At this interface, the oxygen ion transfers its charge to the [[anode]], combines with another oxygen atom to form oxygen ({{chem|O|2}}), and diffuses out of the anode.<ref name=":0" />

The net reaction was thus {{chem||2 C|O|2}} <math>\longrightarrow</math> {{chem|2 C|O}} + {{chem|O|2}}. [[Inert gas]]es such as [[nitrogen gas]] ({{Chem|N|2}}) and [[argon]] (Ar) are not separated from the feed, but returned to the atmosphere with the carbon monoxide (CO) and unused {{chem|CO|2}}.<ref name=":0" />

==Mars experiment==
[[File:MOXIE first martian oxygen production test graph.jpg|thumb|MOXIE first martian oxygen production test on April 20, 2021, graph]]
Oxygen production was first achieved on April 20, 2021, in [[Jezero (crater)|Jezero Crater]], producing {{convert|5.37|g|oz}} of oxygen, equivalent to what an astronaut on Mars would need to breathe for roughly 10 minutes.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Potter|first=Sean|date=2021-04-21|title=NASA's Perseverance Mars Rover Extracts First Oxygen from Red Planet|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-perseverance-mars-rover-extracts-first-oxygen-from-red-planet|access-date=2021-04-23|website=NASA|archive-date=2021-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422232805/http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-perseverance-mars-rover-extracts-first-oxygen-from-red-planet/|url-status=live}}</ref> MOXIE was designed to safely generate up to {{convert|10|g/h|oz/h|abbr=on}} of oxygen,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aboard NASA's Perseverance rover, MOXIE creates oxygen on Mars|url=https://news.mit.edu/2021/aboard-nasa-perseverance-mars-rover-moxie-creates-oxygen-0421|access-date=2021-04-22|website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology|date=21 April 2021 |language=en|archive-date=2021-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421231758/https://news.mit.edu/2021/aboard-nasa-perseverance-mars-rover-moxie-creates-oxygen-0421|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> with theoretical production limited to {{convert|12|g/h|oz/h}} of oxygen due to the limited capacity of the 4 [[ampere]] flight power supply.<ref name=":0" /> The oxygen produced was analyzed, and then released back into the atmosphere.<ref name="mit">{{cite news |last1=Cody |first1=Sara |title=With Perseverance and a little MOXIE, MIT is going to Mars |url=https://news.mit.edu/2020/perseverance-and-little-moxie-mit-going-to-mars-0729 |access-date=20 May 2021 |work=MIT News |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=29 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

MOXIE was used to isolate oxygen a further nine more times over the course of approximately two Earth years, or one Martian year, in three stages; the first stage will further investigate the oxygen production, the second to test the instrument in a variety of times of day, seasons, and atmospheric conditions, and the third to produce oxygen at different temperatures, and alter the mode of operation to investigate differences in production.<ref name=":1" />

On April 21, 2021, Jim Reuter, the Associate Administrator for STMD explained that the experiment was functioning with results having many uses, stating: "This is a critical first step at converting carbon dioxide to oxygen on Mars. MOXIE has more work to do, but the results from this technology demonstration are full of promise as we move toward our goal of one day seeing humans on Mars. Oxygen isn’t just the stuff we breathe. Rocket propellant depends on oxygen, and future explorers will depend on producing propellant on Mars to make the trip home."<ref name=":3" />

MOXIE had generated a total of {{cvt|122|g|oz}} of oxygen – about what a small dog breathes in 10 hours. At its most efficient, MOXIE was able to produce {{convert|12|g/h|oz/h}} of oxygen – twice as much as NASA’s original goals for the instrument – at 98% purity or better. On its 16th and final run, on August 7, 2023, the instrument made {{cvt|9.8|g|oz}} of oxygen. MOXIE successfully completed all of its technical requirements and was operated at a variety of conditions throughout a full Mars year, allowing the instrument’s developers to learn a great deal about the technology.<ref>{{Cite web |last=mars.nasa.gov |title=NASA's Oxygen-Generating Experiment MOXIE Completes Mars Mission |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/news/9474/nasas-oxygen-generating-experiment-moxie-completes-mars-mission |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=NASA Mars Exploration |date=6 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Implications ==
NASA states that if MOXIE worked efficiently, they could land an approximately 200-times larger, MOXIE-based instrument on the planet, along with a power plant capable of generating {{convert|25|–|30|kW}}.<ref name=":0" /> Over the course of approximately one Earth year, this system would produce oxygen at a rate of at least {{convert|2|kg/h}}<ref name=":0" /> in support of a human mission sometime in the 2030s.<ref name="GFSC">[https://ssed.gsfc.nasa.gov/IPM/Final/PDF/ThursPM.pdf The Mars Oxygen ISRU Experiment (MOXIE)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222161316/http://ssed.gsfc.nasa.gov/IPM/Final/PDF/ThursPM.pdf |date=2016-12-22 }} PDF. Presentation: MARS 2020 Mission and Instruments". November 6, 2014.</ref><ref name="Maxey 2014">{{cite news|last=Maxey|first=Kyle|date=August 5, 2014|title=Can Oxygen Be Produced on Mars? MOXIE Will Find Out|work=Engineering.com|url=http://www.engineering.com/3DPrinting/3DPrintingArticles/ArticleID/8200/Can-Oxygen-Be-Produced-on-Mars-MOXIE-Will-Find-Out.aspx|access-date=2014-11-05|archive-date=2014-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106234344/http://www.engineering.com/3DPrinting/3DPrintingArticles/ArticleID/8200/Can-Oxygen-Be-Produced-on-Mars-MOXIE-Will-Find-Out.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> The stored oxygen could be used for life support, but the primary need is for an oxidizer for a Mars ascent vehicle.<ref name="Register 2014">{{cite news|last=Thomson|first=Iain|date=31 July 2014|title=Mars rover 2020: Oxygen generation and 6 more amazing experiments|work=[[The Register]]|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/07/31/nasa_mars_rover_2020/|access-date=2014-11-05|archive-date=2014-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106203545/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/07/31/nasa_mars_rover_2020/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nasa.gov/content/living-off-the-land-in-the-final-frontier/ Living off the Land in the Final Frontier] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104105852/https://www.nasa.gov/content/living-off-the-land-in-the-final-frontier/|date=November 4, 2014}}.  NASA, 4th November 2014.</ref> It was projected for example, in a mission of four astronauts on Martian surface for a year, only about 1 metric ton of oxygen would be used for life support for the entire year, compared to about 25 metric tons of oxygen for propulsion off the surface of Mars for the return mission.<ref name=":3" /> The CO, a byproduct of the reaction, may be collected and used as a low-grade fuel<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Landis|first1=Geoffrey A.|last2=Linne|first2=Diane L.|date=September–October 2001|title=Mars Rocket Vehicle Using In Situ Propellants|journal=Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets|volume=38|issue=5|pages=730–735|bibcode=2001JSpRo..38..730L|doi=10.2514/2.3739}}</ref> or reacted with water to form [[methane]] ({{chem|CH|4}}) for use as a primary fuel.<ref name="Wall 2014">{{cite news|last=Wall|first=Mike|date=August 1, 2014|title=Oxygen-Generating Mars Rover to Bring Colonization Closer|work=[[Space.com]]|url=http://www.space.com/26705-nasa-2020-rover-mars-colony-tech.html|access-date=2014-11-05|archive-date=2014-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104022307/http://www.space.com/26705-nasa-2020-rover-mars-colony-tech.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sbir.gov/sbirsearch/detail/249271|title=Ceramic Oxygen Generator for Carbon Dioxide Electrolysis Systems &#124; SBIR.gov|website=www.sbir.gov|access-date=2014-11-06|archive-date=2014-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106210500/https://www.sbir.gov/sbirsearch/detail/249271|url-status=live}}</ref> As an alternative use, an oxygen generation system could fill a small oxygen tank as fuel-oxidiser to support a [[Mars sample-return mission|sample return mission]].<ref name="10th">{{cite conference|last1=Landis|first1=Geoffrey A.|last2=Oleson|first2=Steven R.|last3=Packard|first3=Thomas W.|last4=Linne|first4=Diane L.|last5=Woytach|first5=Jeffrey M.|last6=Martini|first6=Michael C.|last7=Fittje|first7=James E.|last8=Gyekenyesi|first8=John Z.|last9=Colozza|first9=Anthony J.|date=9–13 January 2017|title=Design Study of a Mars Ascent Vehicle for Sample Return Using In-Situ Generated Propellant|conference=10th Symposium on Space Resource Utilization|location=Grapevine, Texas|doi=10.2514/6.2017-0424|doi-access=free|last13=Jones|last15=Vento|first15=Daniel|last14=Smith|first14=David|first12=Hector|first13=Robert|last12=Dominguez|last11=Bury|first11=Kristen M.|last10=Fincannon|first10=James}}</ref> The oxygen could also be combined with hydrogen to form water.<ref name=":1" />

==Technical specifications==
''Data from NASA (MARS 2020 Mission Perseverance Rover),<ref name=mars2020 /> Ceramatec and OxEon Energy,<ref name=Hartvigsen>J. Hartvigsen, S. Elangovan, J. Elwell, D. Larsen, L. Clark, E. Mitchel, B. MilletCeramatec, Inc/OxEonEnergy. [https://www.ice2017.net ''Development and Flight Qualification of a Solid Oxide {{CO2}} Electrolysis Stack for the Mars2020 MOXIE Project'']</ref> NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.''<ref name="Aboobaker">{{cite web |last1=Aboobaker |first1=Asad |title=MOXIE: Generating Oxygen On Mars |url=https://trs.jpl.nasa.gov/bitstream/handle/2014/48685/CL%2317-5282.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |website=NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory |publisher=California Institute of Technology |access-date=5 May 2021 |date=18 September 2017}}</ref>

*'''Main job:''' To produce oxygen from the Martian carbon dioxide atmosphere.
*'''Location:''' Inside the rover (front, right side)
*'''Mass:''' 17.1 kilograms
*'''Weight:''' {{cvt|37.7|lbf|N}} on Earth, {{cvt|14.14|lbf|N}} on Mars<!--kg is a unit of mass, not weight – it's still 17.1 kg on Mars-->
*'''Power:''' 300 watts
*'''Volume:''' {{cvt|9.4|x|9.4|x|12.2|in|cm}}
*'''Oxygen production rate:''' Up to {{convert|10|g|lb}} per hour
*'''Operation time:''' Approximately one hour of oxygen ({{O2}}) production per experiment, which will be scheduled intermittently over the duration of the mission.<ref name=mars2020 />

'''MOXIE: Operational Design Drive (SIZE):'''
*'''Gas flow:''' Internally manifolded for {{O2}} purity and dP
*'''Feed:''' Dry {{CO2}} in a range of 30–80 g/hr
*'''Product:''' 99.6% pure {{O2}}, internal manifolding
*'''Structural:''' Robust to survive launch, EDL shock and vibe, compression load requirements
*'''Power:''' Highly constrained
*'''Mass:''' 1&nbsp;kg max
*'''Volume:''' Rigidly constrained
*'''Operation:''' 20+ 120 minute cycles
*'''Heating ramps:''' 90 minutes (c. 515&nbsp;°C/hour) from ambient(potentially &minus;40&nbsp;°C) to 800&nbsp;°C.
*'''Heat application:''' Heaters on endplates only<ref name=Hartvigsen />

'''MOXIE: Materials Design Drivers:'''
*'''Interconnects (IC):''' Powder metallurgy (CFY, Plansee)
*'''Seals:''' Glass seals
*'''Current busbars:''' Brazed rod / welded wire
*'''Feed manifolds:''' Inlet tube/internal manifold {{O2}} purity
*'''Anode electrode:''' [[Perovskite]]
*'''Cathode electrode:''' Modified proprietary [[Cermet]]
*'''Electrolyte:''' Scandia-stabilized zirconia (ScSZ)<ref name=Hartvigsen />

'''MOXIE: Cell design:'''
*'''Number of cells:''' 10 (arranged in two stacks of 5 cells each)
*'''Oxygen production:''' 10 grams per hour (>1g/hr. per cell)<ref name="Aboobaker" />
*'''Each cell consists of:'''
**Electrolyte (yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ))
**Cathode
**Anode

'''Connecting cells:'''
*High chromium alloy (matched CTE to ceramic electrolyte)
**Approximately {{cvt|100|x|50|x|2|mm}}
**Contains manifolding for gas streams<ref name="Aboobaker" />

'''MOXIE: Gas delivery system (scroll compressor):'''
*'''Scroll pump compression rate:''' Up to approximately 1 bar
*'''Scroll pump RPM:''' Low-speed (2000–4000 RPM)
*'''Performance:''' Inlet gas: 83&nbsp;g/hr, P = 7 [[Torr]], T = 20&nbsp;°C, Pin = 120 W, Mass: c. 2&nbsp;kg<ref name="Aboobaker" />

'''MOXIE: Targets:'''
*'''Operational Cycles:''' The primary mission requirements call for the capability to operate a total of 20 cycles:<ref name="ICES_2018_225">{{cite conference |last1=Hartvigsen |first1=Joseph |last2=Elangovan |first2=S. |last3=Frost |first3=Lyman |title=MOXIE Development Driven Prospects for ISRU and Atmosphere Revitalization |conference=48th International Conference on Environmental Systems |date=8 July 2018 |url=https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/2346/74181/ICES_2018_225.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref>
**10 cycles preflight
**10+ cycles on Mars
*'''Qualification and verification testing:''' It involves 60 full operational cycles for proof of extensibility, which is three times the number of cycles planned for the primary mission.<ref name="ICES_2018_225" />
*'''Oxygen purity:''' 99.6%+ at end of life
*'''Temperature capability:''' Capable to operate at &minus;65&nbsp;°C proof temperature
*'''Compression, shock, and vibe requirements:'''
**Withstand 8&nbsp;kN compressive force
**Withstand (PF) + 3&nbsp;dB levels for flight shock and vibe requirements<ref name=Hartvigsen />

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Solar System}}
{{Commons category}}

* {{official|https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/spacecraft/instruments/moxie/}}

{{Mars 2020}}
{{Mars}}
{{Satellite and spacecraft instruments}}

[[Category:Colonization of Mars]]
[[Category:Electrochemical cells]]
[[Category:Mars 2020 instruments]]
[[Category:Oxygen]]
[[Category:Space science experiments]]
[[Category:Technology demonstrations]]