View source for Köppen climate classification

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{{Short description|Climate classification system}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}

The '''Köppen climate classification''' divides Earth climates into five main climate groups, with each group being divided based on patterns of seasonal precipitation and temperature. The five main groups are ''A'' (tropical), ''B'' (arid), ''C'' (temperate), ''D'' (continental), and ''E'' (polar). Each group and subgroup is represented by a letter. All climates are assigned a main group (the first letter). All climates except for those in the ''E'' group are assigned a seasonal precipitation subgroup (the second letter). For example, ''Af'' indicates a [[tropical rainforest climate]]. The system assigns a temperature subgroup for all groups other than those in the ''A'' group, indicated by the third letter for climates in ''B'', ''C'', ''D'', and the second letter for climates in ''E''. Other examples include: ''Cfb'' indicating an [[oceanic climate]] with warm summers as indicated by the ending ''b.'', while  ''Dwb'' indicates a semi-[[Monsoon continental climate|monsoonal continental climate]], also with warm summers. Climates are classified based on specific criteria unique to each climate type.<ref name="kottek2006">{{Cite journal |last=Kottek |first=Markus |last2=Grieser |first2=Jürgen |last3=Beck |first3=Christoph |last4=Rudolf |first4=Bruno |last5=Rubel |first5=Franz |date=2006 |title=World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated |url=https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/files/40083/metz_Vol_15_No_3_p259-263_World_Map_of_the_Koppen_Geiger_climate_classification_updated_55034.pdf |journal=Meteorologische Zeitschrift |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=259–263 |bibcode=2006MetZe..15..259K |doi=10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130}}</ref>

The Köppen climate classification is the most widely used [[climate classification]] scheme.<ref>{{cite web |title=EnergyPlus™ Version 24.2.0 Documentation: Auxiliary Programs |url=https://energyplus.net/assets/nrel_custom/pdfs/pdfs_v24.2.0/AuxiliaryPrograms.pdf |website=EnergyPlus |access-date=22 January 2025 |page=52 |date=4 October 2024}}</ref> It was first published by German-Russian [[climate science|climatologist]] [[Wladimir Köppen]] (1846–1940) in 1884,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Köppen |first=Wladimir |date=1884 |title=Die Wärmezonen der Erde, nach der Dauer der heissen, gemässigten und kalten Zeit und nach der Wirkung der Wärme auf die organische Welt betrachtet |trans-title=The thermal zones of the earth according to the duration of hot, moderate and cold periods and to the impact of heat on the organic world) |url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/koeppen.htm |url-status=live |journal=Meteorologische Zeitschrift |publication-date=2011 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=351–360 |bibcode=2011MetZe..20..351K |doi=10.1127/0941-2948/2011/105 |s2cid=209855204 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908130507/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/koeppen.htm |archive-date=8 September 2016 |access-date=2 September 2016 |translator1-first=E. |translator1-last=Volken |translator2-first=S |translator2-last=Brönnimann}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rubel |first=F. |last2=Kottek |first2=M |date=2011 |title=Comments on: 'The thermal zones of the Earth' by Wladimir Köppen (1884) |journal=Meteorologische Zeitschrift |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=361–365 |bibcode=2011MetZe..20..361R |doi=10.1127/0941-2948/2011/0285}}</ref> with several later modifications by Köppen, notably in 1918 and 1936.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1918 |title=Klassification der Klimate nach Temperatur, Niederschlag and Jahreslauf |encyclopedia=Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen |last=Köppen |first=Wladimir |volume=64 |pages=193–203, 243–248 |via=koeppen-geiger.Vu-Wien.ac.at/Koeppen.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1936 |title=Das geographische System der Klimate |publisher=Borntraeger |location=Berlin |url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/Koppen_1936.pdf |access-date=2 September 2016 |last=Köppen |first=Wladimir |editor-last=Köppen |editor-first=Wladimir |volume=1 |trans-title=The geographic system of climates |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135236/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/Koppen_1936.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |section=C |editor2-first=Rudolf |editor2-last=Geiger (publisher)}}</ref> Later, German climatologist [[Rudolf Geiger]] (1894–1981) introduced some changes to the classification system in 1954 and 1961, which is thus sometimes called the '''Köppen–Geiger climate classification'''.<ref>{{Citation |last=Geiger |first=Rudolf |title=Klassifikation der Klimate nach W. Köppen |date=1954 |work=Landolt-Börnstein – Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Physik, Chemie, Astronomie, Geophysik und Technik, alte Serie |volume=3 |pages=603–607 |trans-title=Classification of climates after W. Köppen |place=Berlin |publisher=Springer |mode=cs1}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Geiger |first=Rudolf |title=Überarbeitete Neuausgabe von Geiger, R.: Köppen-Geiger / Klima der Erde |date=1961 |mode=cs1}} (Wandkarte 1:16 Mill.) – Klett-Perthes, Gotha.</ref>

As Köppen designed the system based on his experience as a [[botanist]], his main climate groups represent a classification by vegetation type. In addition to identifying climates, the system can be used to analyze ecosystem conditions and identify the main types of vegetation within climates. Due to its association with the plant life of a given region, the system is useful in predicting future changes of plant life within that region.<ref name=" Beck"/>

The Köppen climate classification system was modified further within the [[Trewartha climate classification]] system in 1966 (revised in 1980). The Trewartha system sought to create a more refined [[Middle latitudes|middle latitude]] climate zone, which was one of the criticisms of the Köppen system (the climate group C was too general).<ref name="McKnight">{{Cite book |last=McKnight |first=Tom L |url=https://archive.org/details/physicalgeographmckn |title=Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation |last2=Hess |first2=Darrel |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-13-020263-5 |location=Upper Saddle River, NJ |chapter=Climate Zones and Types |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/physicalgeographmckn |url-access=registration |chapter-url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|200–1}}
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[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 World 1991–2020.svg|thumb|center|upright=2.5|Köppen–Geiger climate map 1991–2020<ref name="Beck">{{Cite journal |last=Beck |first=Hylke E. |last2=Zimmermann |first2=Niklaus E. |last3=McVicar |first3=Tim R. |last4=Vergopolan |first4=Noemi |last5=Berg |first5=Alexis |last6=Wood |first6=Eric F. |author-link6=Eric Franklin Wood |date=30 October 2018 |title=Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution |journal=Scientific Data |language=En |volume=5 |pages=180214 |bibcode=2018NatSD...580214B |doi=10.1038/sdata.2018.214 |issn=2052-4463 |pmc=6207062 |pmid=30375988}}</ref>
{|
|- valign=top |
|
{{legend|#0000FE|[[tropical rainforest climate|Af]]}}
{{legend|#0077FF|[[tropical monsoon climate|Am]]}}
{{legend|#46A9FA|[[tropical savanna climate|Aw]]}}
{{legend|#79BAEC|[[tropical savanna climate|As]]}}
| width=10 |
|
{{legend|#FE0000|[[hot desert climate|BWh]]}}
{{legend|#FE9695|[[cold desert climate|BWk]]}}
{{legend|#F5A301|[[hot semi-arid climate|BSh]]}}
{{legend|#FFDB63|[[cold semi-arid climate|BSk]]}}
| width=5 |
|
{{legend|#FFFF00|[[hot-summer Mediterranean climate|Csa]]}}
{{legend|#C6C700|[[warm-summer Mediterranean climate|Csb]]}}
{{legend|#969600|[[Mediterranean climate#Cold-summer Mediterranean climate|Csc]]}}
| width=5 |
|
{{legend|#96FF96|[[humid subtropical climate|Cwa]]}}
{{legend|#63C764|[[subtropical highland climate|Cwb]]}}
{{legend|#329633|[[subtropical highland climate|Cwc]]}}
| width=5 |
|
{{legend|#C6FF4E|[[humid subtropical climate|Cfa]]}}
{{legend|#66FF33|[[oceanic climate|Cfb]]}}
{{legend|#33C701|[[subpolar oceanic climate|Cfc]]}}
| width=5 |
|
{{legend|#FF00FE|[[humid continental climate|Dsa]]}}
{{legend|#C600C7|[[humid continental climate|Dsb]]}}
{{legend|#963295|[[subarctic climate|Dsc]]}}
{{legend|#966495|[[subarctic climate|Dsd]]}}
| width=5 |
|
{{legend|#ABB1FF|[[humid continental climate|Dwa]]}}
{{legend|#5A77DB|[[humid continental climate|Dwb]]}}
{{legend|#4C51B5|[[subarctic climate|Dwc]]}}
{{legend|#320087|[[subarctic climate|Dwd]]}}
| width=5 |
|
{{legend|#00FFFF|[[humid continental climate|Dfa]]}}
{{legend|#38C7FF|[[humid continental climate|Dfb]]}}
{{legend|#007E7D|[[subarctic climate|Dfc]]}}
{{legend|#00455E|[[subarctic climate|Dfd]]}}
| width=5 |
|
{{legend|#B2B2B2|[[tundra climate|ET]]}}
{{legend|#686868|[[ice cap climate|EF]]}}
|}
]]

== Overview ==
{|class="wikitable plainlist" style="margin:auto;"
|+ Köppen climate classification scheme symbols description table<ref name="Beck" /><ref name="kottek2006" /><ref name="Peel">{{Cite journal |last=Peel |first=M. C. |last2=Finlayson |first2=B. L. |last3=McMahon |first3=T. A. |name-list-style=amp |year=2007 |title=Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification |url=https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1633–1644 |bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P |doi=10.5194/Hess-11-1633-2007 |issn=1027-5606 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
!scope="col"| 1st
!scope="col"| 2nd
!scope="col"| 3rd
|-
! scope="row" | A (Tropical)
|
*f (Rainforest)
*m (Monsoon)
*w (Savanna, dry winter)
*s (Savanna, dry summer)
|
|-
! scope="row" | B (Dry)
|
*W (Arid desert)
*S (Semi-arid steppe)
|
*h (Hot)
*k (Cold)
|-
! scope="row" | C (Temperate)
|
*w (Dry winter)
*f (No dry season)
*s (Dry summer)
|
*a (Hot summer)
*b (Warm summer)
*c (Cold summer)
|-
! scope="row" | D (Continental)
|
*w (Dry winter)
*f (No dry season)
*s (Dry summer) 
|
*a (Hot summer)
*b (Warm summer)
*c (Cold summer)
*d (Very cold winter)
|-
! scope="row" | E (Polar)
|
*T (Tundra)
*F (Ice cap)
|
|}

The Köppen climate classification scheme divides climates into five main climate groups: ''A'' (tropical), ''B'' (arid), ''C'' (temperate), ''D'' (continental), and ''E'' (polar).<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Koppen climate classification {{!}} climatology |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Koppen-climate-classification |access-date=4 August 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804183630/https://www.britannica.com/science/Koppen-climate-classification |archive-date=4 August 2017}}</ref> The second letter indicates the seasonal precipitation type, while the third letter indicates the level of heat.<ref name="hanschen">{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=Hans |last2=Chen |first2=Deliang |author-link2=Chen Deliang |title=Köppen climate classification |url=http://hanschen.org/koppen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814145617/http://hanschen.org/koppen/ |archive-date=14 August 2017 |access-date=4 August 2017 |website=hanschen.org}}</ref> Summers are defined as the six-month period that is warmer either from April to September and/or October to March, while winter is the six-month period that is cooler.<ref name="Beck" /><ref name="Peel" />

===Group A: Tropical climates===

[[Tropical climate]]s have an average temperature of {{convert|18|°C|°F|1}} or higher every month of the year, with significant [[precipitation]].<ref name="Beck" /><ref name="Peel" />
* ''Af'' = [[Tropical rainforest climate]]; average precipitation of at least {{convert|60|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in every month.
* ''Am'' = [[Tropical monsoon climate]]; driest month (which nearly always occurs at or soon after the "winter" solstice for that side of the equator) with precipitation less than {{convert|60|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}, but at least <math display="inline">100-\left ( \frac{\mathrm{total\,annual\,precipitation\,(mm)}}{25} \right )</math>.<ref name="Beck" /><ref name="Peel" />
* ''Aw'' or ''As'' = Tropical wet and dry or [[Tropical savanna climate|savanna]] climate; with the driest month having precipitation less than {{convert|60|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} and less than <math display="inline">100-\left ( \frac{\mathrm{total\,annual\,precipitation\,(mm)}}{25} \right )</math>.<ref name="Beck" /><ref name="Peel" />

===Group B: Desert and semi-arid climates===

[[Desert climate|Desert]] and [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]] climates are defined by low precipitation in a region that does not fit the polar (EF or ET) criteria of no month with an average temperature greater than {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}.

The precipitation threshold in millimeters is determined by multiplying the average annual temperature in [[Celsius]] by 20, then adding:{{ordered list |type=lower-alpha
| 280 if 70% or more of the total precipitation is in the spring and summer months (April–September in the Northern Hemisphere, or October–March in the Southern), or
| 140 if 30%–70% of the total precipitation is received during the spring and summer, or
| 0 if less than 30% of the total precipitation is received during the spring and summer.}}

If the annual precipitation is less than 50% of this threshold, the classification is BW (arid: desert climate); if it is in the range of 50%–100% of the threshold, the classification is BS ([[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]]: steppe climate).<ref name="Beck" /><ref name="Peel" />

A third letter can be included to indicate temperature. Here, h signifies low-latitude climates (average annual temperature above {{convert|18|°C|°F|1}}) while k signifies middle-latitude climates (average annual temperature less than 18&nbsp;°C). In addition, n is used to denote a climate characterized by frequent fog and H for high altitudes.<ref name="Cereceda" /><ref name="gepchile">{{Cite web |title=Clasificación climática de Köppen |url=http://www.gep.uchile.cl/Biodiversidad/medio_fisico/clima_01.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122045953/http://www.gep.uchile.cl/Biodiversidad/medio_fisico/clima_01.html |archive-date=22 January 2018 |access-date=21 January 2018 |publisher=University of Chile |language=es}}</ref><ref name="Inzunza">{{Cite web |last=Inzunza |first=Juan |title=Capitulo 15. Climas de Chile |url=http://nimbus.com.uy/weather/Cursos/Curso_2006/Textos%20complementarios/Meteorologia%20descriptiva_Inzunza/cap15_Inzunza_Climas%20de%20Chile.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122051833/http://nimbus.com.uy/weather/Cursos/Curso_2006/Textos%20complementarios/Meteorologia%20descriptiva_Inzunza/cap15_Inzunza_Climas%20de%20Chile.pdf |archive-date=22 January 2018 |access-date=22 January 2018 |website=Meteorología Descriptiva y Aplicaciones en Chile |page=427 |language=es}}</ref>
* ''BWh'' = [[Hot desert climate]]
* ''BWk'' = [[Cold desert climate]]
* ''BSh'' = [[Hot semi-arid climate]]
* ''BSk'' = [[Cold semi-arid climate]]

===Group C: Temperate climates===

[[Temperate climate]]s have the coldest month averaging between {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}}<ref name="Peel" /> (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}})<ref name="kottek2006" /> and {{convert|18|°C|°F|1}} and at least one month averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}.<ref name="Peel" /><ref name="kottek2006" /> For the distribution of precipitation in locations that both satisfy a dry summer (Cs) and a dry winter (Cw), a location is considered to have a wet summer (Cw) when more precipitation falls within the summer months than the winter months while a location is considered to have a dry summer (Cs) when more precipitation falls within the winter months.<ref name=Peel/> This additional criterion applies to locations that satisfies both Ds and Dw as well.<ref name=Peel/>
* ''Cfa'' = [[Humid subtropical climate]]; coldest month averaging above {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}), at least one month's average temperature above {{convert|22|°C|°F|1}}, and at least four months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
* ''Cfb'' = Temperate [[oceanic climate]] or [[subtropical highland climate]]; coldest month averaging above {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}), all months with average temperatures below {{convert|22|°C|°F|1}}, and at least four months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
* ''Cfc'' = [[Subpolar oceanic climate]]; coldest month averaging above {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}) and 1–3 months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
* ''Cwa'' = [[Monsoon]]-influenced humid subtropical climate; coldest month averaging above {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}), at least one month's average temperature above {{convert|22|°C|°F|1}}, and at least four months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
* ''Cwb'' = [[Subtropical highland climate]] or Monsoon-influenced temperate oceanic climate; coldest month averaging above {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}), all months with average temperatures below {{convert|22|°C|°F|1}}, and at least four months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
* ''Cwc'' = Cold [[subtropical highland climate]] or Monsoon-influenced subpolar oceanic climate; coldest month averaging above {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}) and 1–3 months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
* ''Csa'' = [[Hot-summer Mediterranean climate]]; coldest month averaging above {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}), at least one month's average temperature above {{convert|22|°C|°F|1}}, and at least four months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than {{convert|40|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Beck" />
* ''Csb'' = [[Warm-summer Mediterranean climate]]; coldest month averaging above {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}), all months with average temperatures below {{convert|22|°C|°F|1}}, and at least four months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than {{convert|40|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Beck" />
* ''Csc'' = [[Mediterranean climate#Cold-summer Mediterranean climate|Cold-summer Mediterranean climate]]; coldest month averaging above {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}) and 1–3 months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than {{convert|40|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Beck" />

===Group D: Continental climates===

[[Continental climate]]s have at least one month averaging below {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}) and at least one month averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}.<ref name="Peel" /><ref name="kottek2006" />
* ''Dfa'' = Hot-summer [[humid continental climate]]; coldest month averaging below {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}), at least one month's average temperature above {{convert|22|°C|°F|1}}, and at least four months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
* ''Dfb'' = Warm-summer [[humid continental climate]]; coldest month averaging below {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}), all months with average temperatures below {{convert|22|°C|°F|1}}, and at least four months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
* ''Dfc'' = [[Subarctic climate]]; coldest month averaging below {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}) and 1–3 months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
* ''Dfd'' = Extremely cold subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below {{convert|−38|°C|°F|1}} and 1–3 months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
* ''Dwa'' = Monsoon-influenced hot-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}), at least one month's average temperature above {{convert|22|°C|°F|1}}, and at least four months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
* ''Dwb'' = Monsoon-influenced warm-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}), all months with average temperatures below {{convert|22|°C|°F|1}}, and at least four months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
* ''Dwc'' = Monsoon-influenced [[subarctic climate]]; coldest month averaging below {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}) and 1–3 months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
* ''Dwd'' = Monsoon-influenced extremely cold [[subarctic climate]]; coldest month averaging below {{convert|−38|°C|°F|1}} and 1–3 months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
* ''Dsa'' = [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]]-influenced hot-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}), average temperature of the warmest month above {{convert|22|°C|°F|1}} and at least four months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than {{convert|30|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}.
* ''Dsb'' = Mediterranean-influenced warm-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}), average temperature of the warmest month below {{convert|22|°C|°F|1}} and at least four months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than {{convert|30|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}.
* ''Dsc'' = Mediterranean-influenced subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}) and 1–3 months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than {{convert|30|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}.
* ''Dsd'' = Mediterranean-influenced extremely cold subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below {{convert|−38|°C|°F|1}} and 1–3 months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than {{convert|30|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}.

===Group E: Polar and alpine climates===

[[Polar climate|Polar]] and [[alpine climate]]s has every month of the year with an average temperature below {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}.<ref name="Beck" /><ref name="Peel" />
* ''ET'' = [[Tundra climate]]; average temperature of warmest month between {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} and {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}.<ref name="Beck" /><ref name="Peel" />
* ''EF'' = [[Ice cap climate]]; eternal winter, with all 12 months of the year with average temperatures below {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}}.<ref name="Beck" /><ref name="Peel" />

== Group A: Tropical/megathermal climates ==
[[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_A_1991–2020.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Tropical climate distribution]]
[[Tropical climate]]s are characterized by constant high temperatures (at sea level and low elevations); all 12 months of the year have average temperatures of 18&nbsp;°C (64.4&nbsp;°F) or higher; and generally high annual precipitation. They are subdivided as follows:

=== ''Af'': Tropical rainforest climate ===
{{Main|Tropical rainforest climate}}

All 12 months have an average precipitation of at least {{Convert|60|mm|abbr=on}}. These climates usually occur within 10° latitude of the [[equator]]. This climate has no natural seasons in terms of thermal and moisture changes.<ref name="McKnight" /> When it is dominated most of the year by the [[doldrums]] low-pressure system due to the presence of the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]] (ITCZ) and when there are no cyclones then the climate is qualified as equatorial. When the trade winds dominate most of the year, the climate is a tropical trade-wind rainforest climate.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Estienne |first=Pierre |title=Climatologie |last2=Godard |first2=Alain |publisher=Éditions Armand Colin |isbn=2-200-31042-0 |pages=308–323 |language=fr |chapter=Chapitre XVI}}</ref>

====Examples====
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* [[Alofi]], [[Niue]], [[New Zealand]]
* [[Antalaha]], [[Madagascar]]
* [[Apia]], [[Samoa]]
* [[Atuona]], [[Hiva Oa]], [[French Polynesia]]
* [[Avarua]], [[Cook Islands]]
* [[Bandar Seri Begawan]], [[Brunei]]
* [[Bluefields]], [[Nicaragua]]
* [[Bocas Town, Bocas del Toro|Bocas del Toro]], [[Panama]]
* [[Boende]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
* [[Buenaventura, Valle del Cauca|Buenaventura]], [[Colombia]]
* [[Castries]], [[Saint Lucia]] (bordering on ''Am'')
* [[Changuinola]], [[Panama]]
* [[Cocos Island]], [[Costa Rica]]
* [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]]
* [[Davao City|Davao]], [[Philippines]]
* [[Easter Island]], [[Chile]]
* [[Fort Lauderdale]], [[Florida]], [[United States]] (bordering on ''Am'')
* [[Funafuti]], [[Tuvalu]]
* [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]], [[Guyana]]
* [[Hagåtña]], [[Guam]]
* [[Hamilton, Bermuda|Hamilton]], [[Bermuda]] (bordering on ''Cfa'')
* [[Higüey]], [[Dominican Republic]] (bordering on ''Am'')
* [[Hilo]], [[Hawaii]], [[United States]]
* [[Honiara]], [[Solomon Islands]]
* [[Innisfail, Queensland|Innisfail]], [[Queensland]], [[Australia]]
* [[Ipoh]], [[Malaysia]]
* [[Iquitos]], [[Peru]]
* [[Ishigaki, Okinawa|Ishigaki]], [[Japan]]
* [[Johor Bahru]], [[Malaysia]]
* [[Kampala]], [[Uganda]]
* [[Kisumu]], [[Kenya]]
* [[Koror (city)|Koror]], [[Palau]]
* [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]]
* [[Kuching]], [[Malaysia]]
* [[Kurunegala]], [[Sri Lanka]] (bordering on ''Am'')
* [[La Ceiba]], [[Honduras]]
* [[Lae]], [[Papua New Guinea]]
* [[Majuro]], [[Marshall Islands]]
* [[Manaus]], [[Brazil]]
* [[Mata Utu]], [[Wallis and Futuna]], [[French Polynesia]]
* [[Medan]], [[Indonesia]]
* [[Moroni, Comoros|Moroni]], [[Comoros]]
* [[Nakhon Si Thammarat]], [[Thailand]]
* [[Narathiwat]], [[Thailand]] (bordering on ''Am'')
* [[Nuku'alofa]], [[Tonga]]
* [[Orchid Island]], [[Taiwan]]
* [[Padang]], [[Indonesia]]
* [[Pago Pago]], [[American Samoa]]
* [[Palembang]], [[Indonesia]]
* [[Palikir]], [[Micronesia]]
* [[Paramaribo]], [[Suriname]]
* [[Papeete]], [[Tahiti]], [[French Polynesia]]
* [[Pitcairn Island]], [[United Kingdom]]
* [[Pointe-à-Pitre]], [[Guadeloupe]] (bordering on ''Am'')
* [[Polomolok]], [[Philippines]]
* [[Port Antonio]], [[Jamaica]]
* [[Port Vila]], [[Vanuatu]]
* [[Puerto Barrios]], [[Guatemala]]
* [[Punta Gorda, Belize|Punta Gorda]], [[Belize]]
* [[Puyo, Pastaza|Puyo]], [[Ecuador]]
* [[Quibdó]], [[Colombia]]
* [[Ratnapura]], [[Sri Lanka]]
* [[Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]], [[French Guiana]]
* [[Salvador da Bahia]], [[Brazil]]
* [[Santos, Sao Paulo|Santos]], [[Brazil]]
* [[Singapore]]
* [[Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte]], [[Sri Lanka]] (bordering on ''Am'')
* [[St. George's, Grenada|St. George's]], [[Grenada]]
* [[Suva]], [[Fiji]]
* [[Tabubil]], [[Papua New Guinea]]
* [[Tacloban]], [[Philippines]]
* [[Tarawa]], [[Kiribati]]
* [[Toamasina]], [[Madagascar]]
* [[Tubuai]], [[Austral Islands]], [[France]]
* [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]], [[Seychelles]]
* [[Villa Tunari]], [[Bolivia]]
* [[West Palm Beach]], [[Florida]], [[United States]] (bordering on ''Am'')
* [[Yaren, Nauru|Yaren]], [[Nauru]]
{{div col end}}

Some of the places with this climate are indeed uniformly and monotonously wet throughout the year (e.g., the northwest [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] coast of [[South America|South]] and [[Central America]], from [[Ecuador]] to [[Costa Rica]]; see, for instance, [[Andagoya]], Colombia), but in many cases, the period of higher sun and longer days is distinctly wettest (as at [[Palembang]], Indonesia) or the time of lower sun and shorter days may have more rain (as at [[Sitiawan]], Malaysia). Among these places, some have a pure equatorial climate (Balikpapan, Kuala Lumpur, Kuching, Lae, Medan, Paramaribo, Pontianak, and Singapore) with the dominant ITCZ aerological mechanism and no cyclones or a subequatorial climate with occasional hurricanes (Davao, Ratnapura, Victoria).

(The term [[season|aseasonal]] refers to the lack in the tropical zone of large differences in daylight hours and mean monthly (or daily) temperature throughout the year. Annual cyclic changes occur in the tropics, but not as predictably as those in the temperate zone, albeit unrelated to temperature, but to water availability whether as rain, mist, soil, or groundwater. Plant response (e.g., [[phenology]]), animal (feeding, migration, reproduction, etc.), and human activities (plant sowing, harvesting, hunting, fishing, etc.) are tuned to this 'seasonality'. Indeed, in tropical South America and Central America, the 'rainy season' (and the 'high water season') is called {{lang|es|[[rainy season|invierno]]}} (Spanish) or {{lang|pt|inverno}} (Portuguese), though it could occur in the Northern Hemisphere summer; likewise, the 'dry season (and 'low water season') is called {{lang|es|[[dry season|verano]]}} or {{lang|pt|verão}}, and can occur in the Northern Hemisphere winter).

=== ''Am'': Tropical monsoon climate ===
{{Main|Tropical monsoon climate}}
This type of climate results from the [[monsoon]] winds which change direction according to the seasons. This climate has a driest month (which nearly always occurs at or soon after the "winter" solstice for that side of the equator) with rainfall less than {{convert|60|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}, but at least <math display="inline">100-\left (\frac{\mathrm{total\,annual\,precipitation\,(mm)}}{25} \right)</math> of average monthly precipitation.<ref name="McKnight" />{{rp|208}}

====Examples====

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* [[Alor Setar]], [[Malaysia]]
* [[Aracaju]], [[Brazil]]
* [[Baguio]], [[Philippines]] (bordering on ''Cwb'')
* [[Bandung]], [[Indonesia]] (bordering on ''Af'')
* [[Barrancabermeja]], [[Colombia]]
* [[Basseterre]], [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
* [[Bata, Equatorial Guinea|Bata]], [[Equatorial Guinea]]
* [[Batticaloa]], [[Sri Lanka]] (bordering on ''As'')
* [[Belmopan]], [[Belize]]
* [[Cà Mau]], [[Vietnam]]
* [[Cali]], [[Colombia]]
* [[Cairns]], [[Queensland]], [[Australia]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Linacre |first=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkZa1KLHCAQC&pg=PA379 |title=Climates and Weather Explained |last2=Geerts |first2=Bart |publisher=Routledge |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-415-12519-2 |location=London |page=379}}</ref>
* [[Cayenne]], [[French Guiana]] (bordering on ''Af'')
* [[Chichijima]], [[Japan]] (bordering on ''Aw'' and ''Cfa'')
* [[Chittagong]], [[Bangladesh]]
* [[Christmas Island]], [[Australia]]
* [[Coatzacoalcos]], [[Veracruz]], [[Mexico]]
* [[Conakry]], [[Guinea]]
* [[Curepipe]], [[Mauritius]]
* [[Da Nang]], [[Vietnam]]
* [[David, Chiriquí|David]], [[Panama]]
* [[Douala]], [[Cameroon]]
* [[Freetown]], [[Sierra Leone]]
* [[Fort Myers, Florida|Fort Myers]], [[Florida]], [[United States]] (bordering on ''Cfa'')
* [[Guanare]], [[Venezuela]]
* [[Hat Yai]], [[Thailand]] (bordering on ''Aw'')
* [[Huế]], [[Vietnam]]
* [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]]
* [[Kisangani]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
* [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
* [[Ko Samui]], [[Thailand]] (bordering on ''Af'')
* [[Langkawi]], [[Malaysia]]
* [[Libreville]], [[Gabon]]
* [[Maceió]], [[Brazil]]
* [[Makassar]], [[Indonesia]]
* [[Managua]], [[Nicaragua]]
* [[Malabo]], [[Equatorial Guinea]]
* [[Malé]], [[Maldives]]
* [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
* [[Manila]], [[Philippines]]
* [[Mérida, Mérida|Mérida]], [[Venezuela]]
* [[Miami]], [[Florida]], [[United States]]
* [[Monrovia]], [[Liberia]]
* [[Nassau, The Bahamas|Nassau]], [[The Bahamas]] (bordering on ''Aw'')
* [[Panama City]], [[Panama]]
* [[Pattani, Thailand|Pattani]], [[Thailand]]
* [[Phuntsholing]], [[Bhutan]] (bordering on ''Cwa'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Data Book of Bhutan, 2018 |url=https://www.nchm.gov.bt/attachment/ckfinder/userfiles/files/Climate%20Data%20Book%20of%20Bhutan%2C%202018.pdf |access-date=13 July 2021 |publisher=[[National Center for Hydrology and Meteorology]]}}</ref>
* [[Pingtung County|Pingtung]], [[Taiwan]]
* [[Port Harcourt]], [[Rivers State]], [[Nigeria]]
* [[Port of Spain]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]]
* [[Pucallpa]], [[Peru]]
* [[Puerto Ayacucho]], [[Venezuela]]
* [[Puerto Maldonado]], [[Peru]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Puerto Maldonado Climate Normals 1961–1990 |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REGIII/PR/84658.TXT |access-date=23 April 2015 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]}}</ref>
* [[Qionghai]], [[China]]<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Experience Template |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 |url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |access-date=17 June 2023 |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language=zh-hans}}</ref>
* [[Quezon City]], [[Philippines]]
* [[Recife]], [[Pernambuco]], [[Brazil]]
* [[Roseau]], [[Dominica]]
* [[Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands|Saipan]], [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[United States]] (bordering on ''Af'')
* [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]], [[Puerto Rico]]
* [[Santo Domingo]], [[Dominican Republic]]
* [[Sihanoukville (city)|Sihanoukville]], [[Cambodia]]
* [[Sylhet]], [[Bangladesh]] (bordering on ''Cwa'')
* [[Taitung City|Taitung]], [[Taiwan]]
* [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
* [[Trinidad, Bolivia|Trinidad]], [[Bolivia]]
* [[Villahermosa]], [[Mexico]]
* [[Wanning]], [[China]]
* [[Wenchang]], [[China]]<ref name="auto1" />
* [[Yangon]], [[Myanmar]]
* [[Zanzibar City]], [[Tanzania]]
{{div col end}}

=== ''Aw/As'': Tropical savanna climate ===
{{Main|Tropical savanna climate}}

==== ''Aw'': Tropical savanna climate with dry winters ====

''Aw'' climates have a pronounced dry season, with the driest month having precipitation less than {{convert|60|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} and less than <math display="inline">100-\left (\frac{\mathrm{total\,annual\,precipitation\,(mm)}}{25} \right)</math> of average monthly precipitation.<ref name="McKnight" />{{rp|208–211}}

====Examples====

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* [[Abidjan]], [[Ivory Coast]]
* [[Abuja]], [[Nigeria]]
* [[Bahir Dar]], [[Ethiopia]] (bordering on ''Cwb'')
* [[Bamako]], [[Mali]]
* [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]
* [[Bangui]], [[Central African Republic]]
* [[Banjul]], [[The Gambia]]
* [[Barranquilla]], [[Colombia]]
* [[Belo Horizonte]], [[Brazil]]
* [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
* [[Bissau]], [[Guinea-Bissau]]
* [[Bobo-Dioulasso]], [[Burkina Faso]]
* [[Brasília]], [[Brazil]]
* [[Brazzaville]], [[Republic of the Congo]]
* [[Bridgetown]], [[Barbados]]
* [[Bujumbura]], [[Burundi]]
* [[Cancún]], [[Quintana Roo]], [[Mexico]] (bordering on ''Am'')
* [[Caracas]], [[Venezuela]]
* [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]], [[Colombia]]
* [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
* [[Chipata]], [[Zambia]]
* [[Chinandega]], [[Nicaragua]]
* [[Cotonou]], [[Benin]]
* [[Cuernavaca]], [[Mexico]] (bordering on ''Cwa'')<ref name="SMN">{{Cite web |title=Estado de Morelos-Estacion: Cuernavaca |url=http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Normales5110/NORMAL17004.TXT |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205016/http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Normales5110/NORMAL17004.TXT |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=25 April 2015 |website=Normales Climatologicas 1951–2010 |publisher=Servicio Meteorologico Nacional |language=es}}</ref>
* [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Tanzania]]
* [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]], [[Northern Territory]], [[Australia]]
* [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]
* [[Dili]], [[East Timor]]
* [[Dongfang, Hainan|Dongfang]], [[Hainan]], [[China]]
* [[Guatemala City]], [[Guatemala]] (bordering on ''Cwa'')
* [[Guayaquil]], [[Ecuador]]
* [[Haikou]], [[Hainan]], [[China]] (bordering on ''Cwa'')<ref name="Mengla">{{Cite web |title=Pure tabular statistics |url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=ArcGIS Experience Builder |publisher=China Meteorological Administration}}</ref>
* [[Havana]], [[Cuba]] (bordering on ''Af'')
* [[Ho Chi Minh City]], [[Vietnam]]
* [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]] (bordering on ''BSh'')
* [[Juba]], [[South Sudan]]
* [[Kano (city)|Kano]], [[Nigeria]]
* [[Kaohsiung]], [[Taiwan]]
* [[Key West]], [[Florida]], [[United States]]
* [[Khulna]], [[Bangladesh]]
* [[Kigali]], [[Rwanda]]
* [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], [[Jamaica]] (bordering on ''BSh'')
* [[Kinshasa]], [[Democratic Republic of Congo]]
* [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
* [[Kumasi]], [[Ghana]]
* [[Kupang]], [[Indonesia]]
* [[Lagos]], [[Nigeria]]
* [[Lomé]], [[Togo]]
* [[Malanje]], [[Angola]] (bordering on ''Cwa'' and ''Cwb'')
* [[Managua]], [[Nicaragua]]
* [[Mandalay]], [[Myanmar]] (bordering on ''BSh'')
* [[Maputo]], [[Mozambique]] (bordering on ''BSh'')
* [[Minamitorishima]], [[Japan]]
* [[Moundou]], [[Chad]]
* [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]] (bordering on ''Am'')
* [[Naples, Florida|Naples]], [[Florida]], [[United States]]
* [[Phnom Penh]], [[Cambodia]]
* [[Port-au-Prince]], [[Haiti]]
* [[Port Louis]], [[Mauritius]]
* [[Port Moresby]], [[Papua New Guinea]]
* [[Porto-Novo]], [[Benin]]
* [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]] (bordering on ''Am'')
* [[San Pedro Sula]], [[Honduras]] (bordering on ''Am'')
* [[San Cristóbal Island]], [[Ecuador]]
* [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]], [[Costa Rica]]
* [[San Salvador]], [[El Salvador]]
* [[Sansha]], [[Hainan]], [[China]]
* [[Santa Cruz de la Sierra]], [[Bolivia]] (bordering on ''Af'')
* [[Santiago de Cuba]], [[Cuba]]
* [[Sanya]], [[Hainan]], [[China]]
* [[St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda|St. John's]], [[Antigua and Barbuda]]
* [[Surabaya]], [[Indonesia]]
* [[Tangail]], [[Bangladesh]]
* [[Tegucigalpa]], [[Honduras]]
* [[Townsville]], [[Queensland]], [[Australia]]
* [[Veracruz, Veracruz]], [[Mexico]]
* [[Vientiane]], [[Laos]]
* [[Wake Island]], [[United States]]
* [[Yaoundé]], [[Cameroon]]
* [[Ziguinchor]], [[Senegal]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020 — Ziguinchor |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Senegal/CSV/Ziguinchor_61695.csv |access-date=10 January 2024 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

Most places that have this climate are found at the outer margins of the [[tropical]] zone from the low teens to the mid-20s latitudes, but occasionally an inner-tropical location (e.g., [[San Marcos, Antioquia]], Colombia) also qualifies. The [[Caribbean Sea|Caribbean]] coast, eastward from the [[Gulf of Urabá]] on the [[Colombia]]–[[Panama]] border to the [[Orinoco River]] delta, on the [[Atlantic Ocean]] (about {{Convert|4000|km|abbr=on}}), have long dry periods (the extreme is the ''BWh'' climate (see below), characterized by very low, unreliable precipitation, present, for instance, in extensive areas in the [[Guajira Peninsula|Guajira]], and [[Coro region|Coro]], western [[Venezuela]], the northernmost peninsulas in South America, which receive <{{Convert|300|mm|abbr=on}} total annual precipitation, practically all in two or three months).

This condition extends to the [[Lesser Antilles]] and [[Greater Antilles]] forming the circum-Caribbean dry belt. The length and severity of the dry season diminish inland (southward); at the latitude of the Amazon River—which flows eastward, just south of the [[equator]]ial line—the climate is ''Af''. East from the [[Andes]], between the dry, arid Caribbean and the ever-wet Amazon are the Orinoco River's [[Llanos]] or [[savanna]]s, from where this climate takes its name.

==== ''As'': Tropical savanna climate with dry summers ====

Sometimes ''As'' is used in place of ''Aw'' if the dry season occurs during the time of higher sun and longer days (during summer).<ref name="kottek2006" /><ref name="nwskoppen">{{Cite web |title=JetStream Max: Addition Köppen-Geiger Climate Subdivisions |url=https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/climate_max |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224025419/https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/climate_max |archive-date=24 December 2018 |access-date=24 December 2018 |publisher=National Weather Service}}</ref> This is the case in parts of [[Hawaii]], northwestern Dominican Republic, East Africa, southeast India and northeast Sri Lanka, and the Brazilian Northeastern Coast. In places that have this climate type, the dry season occurs during the time of lower sun and shorter days generally  because of [[rain shadow]] effects during the 'high-sun' part of the year.

====Examples====

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* [[Cape Coast]], [[Ghana]] (both ''Aw''/''As'')
* [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] (bordering on ''Aw'')
* [[Fortaleza]], [[Brazil]]
* [[Jaffna]], [[Sri Lanka]]
* [[Kapalua]], [[Hawaii]], [[United States]]
* [[Lanai City]], [[Hawaii]], [[United States]]
* [[Mombasa]], [[Kenya]]
* [[Natal, Rio Grande do Norte]], [[Brazil]]
* [[Nha Trang]], [[Vietnam]]
* [[Nouméa]], [[New Caledonia]]
* [[São Tomé]], [[São Tomé and Principe]]
* [[Trincomalee]], [[Sri Lanka]]
{{div col end}}

== Group B: Arid (desert and semi-arid) climates ==
{{Main|Desert climate|Semi-arid climate}}
[[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_B_1991–2020.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Arid climate]] distribution]]

These climates are characterized by the amount of annual precipitation less than a threshold value that approximates the [[potential evapotranspiration]].<ref name="McKnight" />{{rp|212}} The threshold value (in millimeters) is calculated as follows:

Multiply the average annual temperature in °C by 20, then add{{ordered list|type=lower-alpha
| 280 if 70% or more of the total precipitation is in the high-sun half of the year (April through September in the Northern Hemisphere, or October through March in the Southern), or
| 140 if 30%–70% of the total precipitation is received during the applicable period, or
| 0 if less than 30% of the total precipitation is so received.}}

According to the modified Köppen classification system used by modern climatologists, total precipitation in the warmest six months of the year is taken as a reference instead of the total precipitation in the high-sun half of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Critchfield, H.J. |year=1983 |title=Criteria for classification of major climatic types in modified Köppen system |url=http://snow.cals.uidaho.edu/Clim_Map/koppen_criteria.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930221104/http://snow.cals.uidaho.edu/Clim_Map/koppen_criteria.htm |archive-date=30 September 2009 |publisher=University of Idaho |edition=4}}</ref>

If the annual precipitation is less than 50% of this threshold, the classification is ''BW'' (arid: [[desert climate]]); if it is in the range of 50%–100% of the threshold, the classification is ''BS'' (semi-arid: [[semi-arid climate|steppe climate]]).

A third letter can be included to indicate temperature. Here, ''h'' signifies low-latitude climate (average annual temperature above 18&nbsp;°C) while ''k'' signified middle-latitude climate (average annual temperature below 18&nbsp;°C).

Desert areas situated along the west coasts of continents at tropical or near-tropical locations characterized by [[Fog desert|frequent fog]] and low clouds, although these places rank among the driest on earth in terms of actual precipitation received, can be labeled ''BWn'' with the n denoting a climate characterized by frequent fog.<ref name="Cereceda">{{Cite journal |last=Cereceda |first=P. |last2=Larrain |first2=H. |last3=osses |first3=P. |last4=Farias |first4=M. |last5=Egaña |first5=I. |year=2008 |title=The climate of the coast and fog zone in the Tarapacá Region, Atacama Desert, Chile |journal=Atmospheric Research |volume=87 |issue=3–4 |pages=301–311 |bibcode=2008AtmRe..87..301C |doi=10.1016/j.atmosres.2007.11.011 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10533/139314}}</ref><ref name="gepchile" /><ref name="Inzunza" /> An equivalent ''BSn'' category can be found in foggy coastal steppes.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Atlas Agroclimático de Chile–Estado Actual y Tendencias del Clima (Tomo I: Regiones de Arica Y Parinacota, Tarapacá y Antofagasta |url=http://www.agrimed.cl/atlas/tomo1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222105247/http://www.agrimed.cl/atlas/tomo1.html |archive-date=22 December 2018 |access-date=9 December 2018 |publisher=Universidad de Chile |language=es}}</ref>

=== ''BW'': Arid climates ===
{{main|Desert climate}}

==== ''BWh'': Hot deserts ====
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* [[ʽAziziya]], [[Jafara]], [[Libya]]
* [[Aden]], [[Yemen]]
* [[Agadez]], [[Niger]]
* [[Ahvaz]], [[Khuzestan province|Khuzestan]], [[Iran]]
* [[Alice Springs]], [[Northern Territory]], [[Australia]]
* [[Almería]], [[Andalusia]], [[Spain]] (bordering on ''BSh'')
* [[Arica]], [[Chile]]
* [[Ascension Island]], [[United Kingdom]]
* [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]]
* [[Biskra]], [[Algeria]]<ref name="Biskra">{{Cite web |title=World Weather Information Service |url=https://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=1436 |access-date=28 July 2023 |website=worldweather.wmo.int |publisher=WMO}}</ref>
* [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]]
* [[Cartagena, Spain|Cartagena]], [[Region of Murcia|Murcia]], [[Spain]]
* [[Coober Pedy]], [[Australia]]
* [[Dallol, Ethiopia|Dallol]], [[Ethiopia]], location of the hottest average annual temperature on Earth
* [[Death Valley]], [[California]], [[United States]], location of the hottest air temperature ever reliably recorded on Earth
* [[Djibouti City]], [[Djibouti]]
* [[Doha, Qatar|Doha]], [[Qatar]]
* [[Dubai, United Arab Emirates|Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]]
* [[Eilat]], [[Southern District (Israel)|Southern District]], [[Israel]]
* [[Faya-Largeau]], [[Chad]]
* [[Fuerteventura]], [[Canary Islands]], [[Spain]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Valores Climatológicos Normales – España 1981–2010 |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos |access-date=4 January 2024 |website=Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia |publisher=AEMET}}</ref>
* [[Gabès]], [[Tunisia]] (bordering on ''BSh'')
* [[Hermosillo]], [[Sonora]], [[Mexico]] (bordering on ''BSh'')
* [[Iquique]], [[Chile]] (bordering on ''BWk'')
* [[Jalalabad]], [[Nangarhar Province|Nangarhar]], [[Afghanistan]]
* [[Jamestown, Saint Helena|Jamestown]], [[Saint Helena]], [[United Kingdom]]
* [[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
* [[Karachi, Pakistan|Karachi]], [[Pakistan]]
* [[Keetmanshoop]], [[Namibia]]
* [[Khartoum]], [[Sudan]]
* [[Kufra]], [[Libya]]
* [[Kuwait City]], [[Kuwait]]
* [[Laayoune]], [[Western Sahara]]
* [[Lanzarote]], [[Canary Islands]], [[Spain]]<ref name="auto" />
* [[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]], [[United States]]
* [[Lima]], [[Peru]]
* [[Luxor]], [[Egypt]]
* [[Manama]], [[Bahrain]]
* [[Mary, Turkmenistan|Mary]], [[Turkmenistan]]
* [[Mecca]], [[Makkah Region]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
* [[Mexicali]], [[Baja California]], [[Mexico]]
* [[Moçâmedes]], [[Angola]]
* [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]], [[Oman]]
* [[Nouakchott]], [[Mauritania]]
* [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], [[Arizona]], [[United States]]
* [[Praia]], [[Cape Verde]]
* [[Punto Fijo]], [[Venezuela]]
* [[Qom]], [[Iran]]
* [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
* [[Sabha, Libya|Sabha]], [[Libya]]
* [[Semnan, Iran|Semnan]], [[Iran]] (bordering on ''BWk'')
* [[Sharm El Sheikh]], [[Egypt]]
* [[Tamanrasset]], [[Algeria]]
* [[Trujillo, Peru|Trujillo]], [[Peru]]
* [[Timbuktu]], [[Mali]]
* [[Upington]], [[Northern Cape]], [[South Africa]]
* [[Yazd]], [[Iran]]
{{div col end}}

==== ''BWk'': Cold deserts ====
{{div col|colwidth=50}}
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* [[Aktau]], [[Kazakhstan]]
* [[Antofagasta]], [[Chile]]
* [[Aral, Kazakhstan|Aral]], [[Kazakhstan]]
* [[Arequipa]], [[Peru]]
* [[Ashgabat]], [[Turkmenistan]]
* [[Bamyan]], [[Afghanistan]]
* [[Ciudad Juárez]], [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]], [[Mexico]] (bordering on ''BWh'')
* [[Dalanzadgad]], [[Mongolia]]
* [[Damascus]], [[Syria]]
* [[Golmud]], [[Qinghai]], [[China]]
* [[Isfahan]], [[Iran]]
* [[Kerki]], [[Uzbekistan]] (bordering on ''BWh'')
* [[Kerman]], [[Iran]]
* [[Khovd (city)|Khovd]], [[Mongolia]]
* [[Kingman, Arizona|Kingman]], [[Arizona]], [[United States]]
* [[Kyzylorda]], [[Kazakhstan]]
* [[Las Cruces, New Mexico|Las Cruces]], [[New Mexico]], [[United States]] (bordering on ''BWh'')
* [[Leh, India|Leh]], [[India]]
* [[Lorca, Spain|Lorca]], [[Spain]] (bordering on ''BWh'')<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Evolución de los climas de Koppen en España: 1951–2020 |url=https://www.aemet.es/documentos/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/NT_37_AEMET/NT_37_AEMET.pdf |access-date=16 February 2024 |website=Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia |publisher=AEMET}}</ref>
* [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]], [[Argentina]]
* [[Naâma]], [[Algeria]] (bordering on ''BSk'')
* [[Neuquén]], [[Argentina]]
* [[Nukus]], [[Karakalpakstan]], [[Uzbekistan]]
* [[Ölgii (city)|Ölgii]], [[Mongolia]]<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:КЛИМАТ УЛАН-БАТОРА |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate4.php?id=44214 |access-date=4 January 2015 |publisher=Pogoda.ru.net |language=ru}}</ref>
* [[St. George, Utah |St. George]], [[Utah]], [[United States]] (bordering on ''BWh'')
* [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]], [[Argentina]] (''BWk''/''BWh'')
* [[Sanaa]], [[Yemen]] (bordering on ''BSk'')
* [[Swakopmund]], [[Namibia]]
* [[Tabernas, Spain|Tabernas]], [[Spain]] (bordering on ''BWh'')<ref name="auto2" />
* [[Turpan]], [[Xinjiang]], [[China]]
* [[Walvis Bay]], [[Erongo Region]], [[Namibia]]
* [[Yinchuan]], [[Ningxia]], [[China]]
{{div col end}}

=== ''BS'': Semi-arid (steppe) climates ===
{{main|Semi-arid climate}}

==== ''BSh'': Hot semi-arid ====
{{div col|colwidth=50}}
<!-- A SPACE PRECEDES ANY OTHER CHARACTERS IN ALPHANUMERIC ARRANGEMENTS / THIS MEANS ALL LOCATIONS THAT HAVE A SPACE WITHIN THE NAME ARE LISTED BEFORE ANY OTHER NAMES THAT START WITH THAT LETTER AND DON'T CONTAIN SPACES / DO NOT ADD MORE THAN THREE EXAMPLES FROM EACH COUNTRY -->
* [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]] (bordering on ''Aw'')
* [[Airolaf]], [[Djibouti]]
* [[Accra]], [[Ghana]] (bordering on ''Aw'')
* [[Aguascalientes (city)]], [[Mexico]]
* [[Alexandria, Egypt|Alexandria]], [[Egypt]] (bordering on ''BWh'')
* [[Alicante, Spain|Alicante]], [[Spain]]
* [[Barquisimeto]], [[Venezuela]]
* [[Broome, Western Australia|Broome]], [[Western Australia]], [[Australia]]
* [[Bulawayo]], [[Zimbabwe]]
* [[Bushehr]], [[Iran]]
* [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
* [[Dakar]], [[Senegal]]
* [[Dezful]], [[Iran]]
* [[Gaborone]], [[Botswana]]
* [[Hargeisa]], [[Somaliland]]
* [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], [[United States]]
* [[Kandahar]], [[Afghanistan]] (bordering on ''BWh'')
* [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]], [[Northern Cape]], [[South Africa]]
* [[Kiritimati]], [[Kiribati]]
* [[Kurnool]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
* [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]] (bordering on ''Cwa'')
* [[Lampedusa]], [[Sicily]], [[Italy]]
* [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], [[United States]] (bordering on ''Csa'')
* [[Luanda]], [[Angola]]
* [[Mafikeng]], [[South Africa]]
* [[Malakal]], [[South Sudan]]
* [[Maracaibo]], [[Venezuela]]
* [[Marrakesh]], [[Morocco]]
* [[Mogadishu]], [[Somalia]]
* [[Monte Cristi, Dominican Republic|Monte Cristi]], [[Dominican Republic]] (bordering on ''As'')
* [[Monterrey]], [[Mexico]] (bordering on ''Cfa'')<ref name="Monterreynormales">{{Cite web |title=Estado de Nuevo Leon-Estacion: Monterrey |url=https://smn.conagua.gob.mx/tools/RESOURCES/Normales5110/NORMAL19049.TXT |access-date=16 October 2021 |website=Normales Climatologicas 1951–2010 |publisher=Servicio Meteorológico Nacional |language=es}}</ref>
* [[Mosul]], [[Nineveh Governorate|Nineveh]], [[Iraq]] (bordering on ''Csa'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Weather Information Service |url=https://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=1467 |access-date=27 October 2023 |website=worldweather.wmo.int |publisher=WMO}}</ref>
* [[Mount Isa]], [[Queensland]], [[Australia]]
* [[Murcia]], [[Spain]]
* [[N'Djamena]], [[Chad]]
* [[Niamey]], [[Niger]]
* [[Nicosia]], [[Cyprus]]
* [[Odessa, Texas|Odessa]], [[Texas]], [[United States]] (bordering on ''BSk'')
* [[Oranjestad, Aruba|Oranjestad]], [[Aruba]]
* [[Ouagadougou]], [[Burkina Faso]]
* [[Patos]], [[Paraíba]], [[Brazil]]
* [[Petrolina]], [[Pernambuco]], [[Brazil]]
* [[Piraeus]], [[Greece]]
* [[Polokwane]], [[South Africa]]
* [[Querétaro City]], [[Querétaro]], [[Mexico]]
* [[Santiago del Estero]], [[Argentina]]<ref name="SMNextremes">{{Cite web |title=Clima en la Argentina: Guia Climática por Santiago del Estero Aero |url=https://www.smn.gob.ar/estadisticas |access-date=5 April 2023 |website=Caracterización: Estadísticas de largo plazo |publisher=Servicio Meteorológico Nacional |language=Spanish}}</ref>
* [[Sfax]], [[Tunisia]]
* [[Shiraz]], [[Iran]] (bordering on ''BSk'')
* [[Toliara]], [[Madagascar]]
* [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]], [[Libya]]
* [[Valencia]], [[Spain]] (bordering on ''Csa'')<ref name="auto" />
* [[Windhoek]], [[Namibia]]
* [[Yuanmou County|Yuanmou]], [[Yunnan]], [[China]]
{{div col end}}

==== ''BSk'': Cold semi-arid ====
{{div col|colwidth=50}}
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* [[Albacete]], [[Spain]]<ref name="auto" />
* [[Aleppo]], [[Syria]]
* [[Alexandra, New Zealand|Alexandra]], [[New Zealand]] (bordering on ''Cfb'')
* [[Amman]], [[Jordan]] (bordering on ''BSh'' and ''Csa'')
* [[Ankara]], [[Turkey]] (bordering on ''Csa'')
* [[Asmara]], [[Eritrea]]
* [[Astrakhan]], [[Russia]]
* [[Atyrau]], [[Kazakhstan]] (bordering on ''BWk'')
* [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]] (bordering on ''BWk'')
* [[Batna (city)|Batna]], [[Algeria]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Normals for Batna |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-I/AL/60468.TXT |access-date=11 February 2013}}</ref>
* [[Bloemfontein]], [[South Africa]]<ref name="saws-climstats">{{Cite web |title=Climate data for Bloemfontein |url=http://old.weathersa.co.za/Climat/Climstats/BloemfonteinStats.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315025056/http://old.weathersa.co.za/Climat/Climstats/BloemfonteinStats.jsp |archive-date=15 March 2012 |access-date=7 March 2010 |publisher=South African Weather Service}}</ref>
* [[Boise, Idaho|Boise]], [[Idaho]], [[United States]]
* [[Choibalsan (city)|Choibalsan]], [[Mongolia]]
* [[Cochabamba]], [[Bolivia]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bolivia – Cochabamba |url=http://www.ucm.es/info/cif/station/bo-cocha.htm |access-date=28 January 2014 |publisher=Sistema de Clasificación Bioclimática Mundial}}</ref>
* [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Argentina]]
* [[Daraa]], [[Syria]] (bordering on ''BSh'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Weather Information Service |url=http://worldweather.wmo.int/099/c01266.htm |access-date=13 November 2023 |website=World Weather |publisher=WMO}}</ref>
* [[Denver]], [[Colorado]], [[United States]]
* [[Essaouira]], [[Morocco]] (bordering on ''BSh'')
* [[Gevgelija]], [[North Macedonia]]
* [[Herat]], [[Afghanistan]]
* [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]]
* [[Kalgoorlie]], [[Western Australia]], [[Australia]] (bordering on ''BSh/BWh/BWk'')
* [[Kamloops]], [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]]
* [[Karaj]], [[Iran]]
* [[Konya, Turkey|Konya]], [[Turkey]]
* [[Kyzyl]], [[Tuva]], [[Russia]] (bordering on ''Dwb'')
* [[L'Agulhas]], [[Western Cape]], [[South Africa]]
* [[La Quiaca]], [[Jujuy Province|Jujuy]], [[Argentina]]
* [[Lethbridge]], [[Alberta]], [[Canada]] (bordering on ''Dfb'')
* [[Lhasa]], [[Tibet]], [[China]] (bordering on ''Cwb'' and ''Dwb'')
* [[Madrid]], [[Spain]]
* [[Mashhad]], [[Iran]]
* [[Mazar-i-Sharif]], [[Balkh Province|Balkh]], [[Afghanistan]] (bordering on ''BSh/BWh/BWk'')
* [[Medicine Hat]], [[Alberta]], [[Canada]] (bordering on ''Dfb'')
* [[Mildura]], [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]], [[Australia]] (bordering on ''BSh'')
* [[Mörön]], [[Mongolia]]
* [[Navoiy]], [[Uzbekistan]] (bordering on ''BWk'')
* [[Pachuca]], [[Hidalgo (state)|Hidalgo]], [[Mexico]]
* [[Quetta]], [[Pakistan]]
* [[Reno]], [[Nevada]], [[United States]]
* [[Saiq]], [[Oman]]
* [[Samarkand]], [[Uzbekistan]]
* [[Santiago]], [[Chile]]
* [[Shijiazhuang]], [[Hebei]], [[China]]
* [[Skardu]], [[Pakistan]]
* [[Sulina]], [[Romania]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Sulina |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Romania/CSV/Sulina_15360.csv |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=ncei.noaa.gov |publisher=[[NOAA]] |format=CSV}}</ref>
* [[Tabriz]], [[Iran]] (bordering on ''Dsa'')
* [[Taraz]], [[Kazakhstan]]
* [[Tehran]], [[Iran]] (bordering on ''BSh'' and ''Csa'')
* [[Thala, Tunisia|Thala]], [[Tunisia]] (bordering on ''Csa'')
* [[Thessaloniki]], [[Greece]] (bordering on ''BSh/Cfa/Csa'')
* [[Tianjin]], [[China]] (bordering on ''Dwa'')
* [[Turkistan (city)|Turkistan]], [[Kazakhstan]]
* [[Ulaanbaatar]], [[Mongolia]] (bordering on ''Dwb'' and ''Dwc'')
* [[Ulan-Ude]], [[Buryatia]], [[Russia]] (bordering on ''Dwb'' and ''Dwc'')
* [[Viedma, Río Negro|Viedma]], [[Argentina]]
* [[Yerevan]], [[Armenia]] (bordering on ''Dfa'')
* [[Zacatecas City]], [[Zacatecas]], [[Mexico]]
* [[Zaragoza, Spain|Zaragoza]], [[Spain]]
{{div col end}}

== Group C: Temperate/mesothermal climates ==
{{Main|Temperate climate}}
[[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_C_1991–2020.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Temperate climate]] distribution]]

In the Köppen climate system, temperate climates are defined as having an average temperature above {{convert|0|°C|°F}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}, as noted previously) in their coldest month but below {{convert|18|°C|°F|1}}. The average temperature of {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}} roughly coincides with the equatorward limit of frozen ground and snow cover lasting for a month or more.

The second letter indicates the precipitation pattern—''w'' indicates dry winters (driest winter month average precipitation less than one-tenth wettest summer month average precipitation). ''s'' indicates at least three times as much rain in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer. ''f'' means significant precipitation in all seasons (neither above-mentioned set of conditions fulfilled).<ref name="Beck" />

The third letter indicates the degree of summer heat—''a'' indicates warmest month average temperature above {{convert|22|°C|°F|1}} while ''b'' indicates warmest month averaging below 22&nbsp;°C but with at least four months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|1}}, and ''c'' indicates one to three months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|1}}.<ref name="Beck" /><ref name="Peel" /><ref name="kottek2006" />

===''Cs'': Mediterranean-type climates===
{{Main|Mediterranean climate}}
==== ''Csa'': Hot-summer Mediterranean climates ====

These climates usually occur on the western sides of continents between the latitudes of 30° and 45°.<ref>{{Cite web |last=George |first=Melvin R. |title=Mediterranean Climate |url=http://californiarangeland.ucdavis.edu/Mediterranean_Climate/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304235950/http://californiarangeland.ucdavis.edu/Mediterranean_Climate/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=26 January 2015 |website=UCRangelands |publisher=University of California}}</ref> These climates are in the polar front region in winter, and thus have moderate temperatures and changeable, rainy weather. Summers are hot and dry, due to the domination of the subtropical high-pressure systems, except in the immediate coastal areas, where summers are milder due to the nearby presence of cold ocean currents that may bring [[fog]] but prevent rain.<ref name="McKnight" />{{rp|221–223}}

====Examples====

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* [[Adelaide]], [[Australia]]
* [[Algiers]], [[Algeria]]
* [[Angra do Heroísmo]], [[Terceira Island]], [[Portugal]] (bordering on ''Csb/Cfa/Cfb'')
* [[Antalya]], [[Turkey]]
* [[Athens]], [[Greece]] (bordering on ''BSh'')
* [[Barcelona]], [[Spain]] (bordering on ''Cfa'')
* [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]]
* [[Casablanca]], [[Morocco]]
* [[Chitral]], [[Pakistan]] (bordering on ''BSk'')
* [[Dubrovnik]], [[Croatia]]
* [[Dushanbe]], [[Tajikistan]]
* [[Erbil]], [[Iraq]]
* [[Faro, Portugal|Faro]], [[Portugal]]
* [[Fez, Morocco|Fez]], [[Morocco]]
* [[Funchal]], [[Portugal]] (bordering on ''As'')
* [[Gibraltar]]
* [[Heraklion]], [[Greece]]
* [[Homs]], [[Syria]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Weather Information service |url=https://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=1267 |access-date=13 November 2023 |website=World Weather |publisher=WMO}}</ref>
* [[Ilam, Iran|Ilam]], [[Iran]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=FORM 1: STATION ILAM |url=http://www.irimo.ir/english/statistics/climanormals/ilam/ILAM.txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508054914/http://www.irimo.ir/english/statistics/climanormals/ilam/ILAM.txt |archive-date=8 May 2012 |access-date=18 November 2011 |publisher=Iranian Meteorological Organization}}</ref>
* [[Irbid]], [[Jordan]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Weather Information for Irbid |url=http://jometeo.gov.jo/ |access-date=27 November 2016 |publisher=Jordan Meteorological}}</ref>
* [[İzmir]], [[Turkey]]
* [[Jerusalem]], [[Israel]]
* [[Kardzhali]], [[Bulgaria]] (bordering on ''Cfa'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Bulgaria-Kardzhali |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Bulgaria/CSV/Kardzhali_15730.csv |access-date=3 January 2024 |publisher=NOAA |format=CSV}}</ref>
* [[Kermanshah]], [[Iran]]
* [[Latakia]], [[Syria]]
* [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]]
* [[Marseille]], [[France]]
* [[Maymana]], [[Afghanistan]]
* [[Menorca]], [[Balearic Islands]], [[Spain]]
* [[Mersin]], [[Turkey]]
* [[Monaco]]
* [[Naples]], [[Italy]] (bordering on ''Cfa'')
* [[Nice, France|Nice]], [[France]]
* [[Novorossiysk]], [[Krasnodar Krai]], [[Russia]] (bordering on ''Cfa'')
* [[Palermo]], [[Italy]]
* [[Patras]], [[Greece]]
* [[Perth]], [[Western Australia]], [[Australia]]
* [[Podgorica]], [[Montenegro]] (bordering on ''Cfa'')
* [[Prodromos (Cyprus)|Prodromos]], [[Cyprus]]
* [[Provo, Utah|Provo]], [[Utah]], [[United States]] (bordering on ''Dsa'')
* [[Rome]], [[Italy]]
* [[Sacramento]], [[California]], [[United States]]
* [[Seville]], [[Spain]]
* [[Sanandaj]], [[Iran]] (bordering on ''Dsa'')
* [[Shkodër]], [[Albania]] (bordering on ''Cfa'')
* [[Split, Croatia|Split]], [[Croatia]]
* [[Tangier]], [[Morocco]]
* [[Tashkent]], [[Uzbekistan]] (bordering on ''BSk'')
* [[Tecate]], [[Baja California]], [[Mexico]]
* [[Tel Aviv]], [[Israel]]
* [[Tlemcen]], [[Algeria]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Weather Information Service–Tlemcen |url=http://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=1440 |access-date=21 October 2016 |publisher=World Meteorological Organization}}</ref>
* [[Tunis]], [[Tunisia]]
* [[Urfa]], [[Turkey]]
* [[Valletta]], [[Malta]]
* [[Vatican City]]
* [[Walla Walla, Washington|Walla Walla]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[United States]]
* [[Zhetisay]], [[Kazakhstan]] (bordering on ''Dsa'' and ''BSk'')
{{div col end}}

==== ''Csb'': Warm-summer Mediterranean climates ====
Dry-summer climates sometimes extend to additional areas where the warmest month average temperatures do not reach {{convert|22|C|1}}, most often in the 40s latitudes. These climates are classified as ''Csb''.<ref name="Beck" />

====Examples====

{{div col|colwidth=50}}
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* [[Albany, Western Australia|Albany]], [[Western Australia]], [[Australia]]
* [[Aluminé (town)|Aluminé]], [[Neuquén Province]], [[Argentina]]
* [[Bayda, Libya|Bayda]], [[Libya]]
* [[Cape Town]], [[South Africa]] (bordering on ''Csa'')
* [[Concepción, Chile|Concepción]], [[Chile]]
* [[Guarda, Portugal|Guarda]], [[Portugal]]
* [[Ibarra, Ecuador|Ibarra]], [[Ecuador]]
* [[Ipiales]], [[Colombia]] (bordering on ''Cfb'')
* [[Karlskrona]], [[Sweden]] (bordering on ''Cfb'')
* [[Korçë]], [[Albania]] (bordering on ''Dsb'')<ref name="noaa">{{Cite web |title=Korçë Climate Normals 1961–1990 |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/TABLES/REG__VI/AB/13629.TXT |access-date=22 January 2023 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Surface Summary of the Day – GSOD |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=global-summary-of-the-day&stations=13629099999&startDate=1700-01-01&endDate=2023-12-31&dataTypes=MAX,MIN,PRCP |access-date=22 January 2023 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]}}</ref>
* [[Kütahya]], [[Turkey]] (bordering on ''Dsb'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020) |url=https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=H&m=KUTAHYA |access-date=1 May 2021 |publisher=Turkish State Meteorological Service |language=tr}}</ref> 
* [[León, Spain|León]], [[Spain]]<ref name="auto" />
* [[Linares, Chile|Linares]], [[Chile]]
* [[Lonquimay]], [[Araucanía Region]], [[Chile]] (bordering on ''Cfb'')
* [[Mount Gambier, South Australia]], [[Australia]]
* [[Nakuru]], [[Kenya]]
* [[Nanaimo, British Columbia|Nanaimo]], [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]]
* [[Ohrid]], [[North Macedonia]]
* [[Pasto, Colombia|Pasto]], [[Colombia]]
* [[Port Lincoln]], [[South Australia]], [[Australia]] (bordering on ''Cfb'')
* [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Oregon]], [[United States]]
* [[Porto]], [[Portugal]]
* [[Rieti]], [[Italy]] 
* [[Salamanca]], [[Spain]]
* [[San Carlos de Bariloche]], [[Argentina]]
* [[San Cristóbal de la Laguna]], [[Spain]]
* [[San Francisco]], [[California]], [[United States]]
* [[San Martín de los Andes]], [[Neuquén Province]], [[Argentina]] (bordering on ''Cfb'')
* [[Segovia]], [[Spain]]
* [[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[United States]]
* [[Siah Bisheh, Chalus|Siah Bisheh]], [[Iran]]
* [[Sintra]], [[Portugal]]
* [[Tulcán]], [[Ecuador]] (bordering on ''Cfb'')
* [[Valladolid]], [[Spain]]
* [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]], [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]]
{{div col end}}

==== ''Csc'': Cold-summer Mediterranean climates ====
Cold summer Mediterranean climates (''Csc'') exist in high-elevation areas adjacent to coastal ''Csb'' climate areas, where the strong maritime influence prevents the average winter monthly temperature from dropping below {{Convert|0|°C|abbr=on}}. This climate is rare and is predominantly found in climate fringes and isolated areas of the Cascades and Andes Mountains, as the dry-summer climate extends further poleward in the Americas than elsewhere.<ref name="McKnight" /> Rare instances of this climate can be found in some coastal locations in the North Atlantic and at high altitudes in Hawaii.

====Examples====

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* [[Balmaceda, Chile|Balmaceda]], [[Chile]] (bordering on ''Csb'')
* [[Haleakalā]] Summit, [[Hawaii]], [[United States]]
* [[Liawenee]], [[Australia]] (bordering on ''Csb/Cfb/Cfc'')
* [[Røst Municipality|Røst]], [[Norway]] (bordering on ''Cfc'')
* [[Spirit Lake (Washington)|Spirit Lake]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[United States]] (bordering on ''Dsc'')
{{div col end}}

=== ''Cfa'': Humid subtropical climates ===
{{Main|Humid subtropical climate}}
These climates usually occur on the eastern coasts and eastern sides of continents, usually in the high 20s and 30s latitudes. Unlike the dry summer Mediterranean climates, humid subtropical climates have a warm and wet flow from the tropics that creates warm and moist conditions in the summer months. As such, summer (not winter as is the case in Mediterranean climates) is often the wettest season.

The flow out of the subtropical highs and the summer monsoon creates a southerly flow from the tropics that brings warm and moist air to the lower east sides of continents. This flow is often what brings the frequent and strong but short-lived summer thundershowers so typical of the more southerly subtropical climates like the southeast United States, southern China, and Japan.<ref name="McKnight" />{{rp|223–226}}

====Examples====

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* [[Astara, Azerbaijan|Astara]], [[Azerbaijan]] (bordering on ''Csa'')
* [[Asunción]], [[Paraguay]] (bordering on ''Aw'')
* [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[United States]]
* [[Balbalan]], [[Philippines]] (bordering on ''Am'')
* [[Bandar-e Anzali]], [[Gilan province|Gilan]], [[Iran]]
* [[Belgrade, Serbia|Belgrade]], [[Serbia]]
* [[Bologna]], [[Italy]]
* [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakia]] (bordering on ''Cfb/Dfa/Dfb'')
* [[Brisbane]], [[Queensland]], [[Australia]]
* [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]] (bordering on ''Dfa'')
* [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]
* [[Chongqing]], [[China]] (bordering on ''Cwa'')
* [[Ciudad del Este]], [[Paraguay]]
* [[Constanța]], [[Romania]] (bordering on ''BSk'')
* [[Corvo Island]], [[Portugal]]
* [[Dallas]], [[Texas]], [[United States]]
* [[Dir (city)|Dir]], [[Pakistan]]
* [[Durban, South Africa|Durban]], [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[South Africa]]
* [[Florianópolis]], [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], [[Brazil]]
* [[Florina]], [[Greece]] (bordering on ''Dfa'')
* [[Geoje]], [[South Korea]] (bordering on ''Cwa'')
* [[Giresun]], [[Turkey]]
* [[Girona]], [[Spain]] (bordering on ''Csa'')<ref name="auto" />
* [[Huesca]], [[Spain]] 
* [[Ijevan]], [[Tavush Province|Tavush]], [[Armenia]] (bordering on ''Dfa'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Ijevan |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Armenia/CSV/Ijevan_37711.csv |access-date=6 March 2024 |publisher=[[NOAA]] |format=CSV}}</ref>
* [[Jeju Island|Jeju]], [[South Korea]]
* [[Juan Fernández Islands]], [[Chile]] (bordering on ''Cfb/Csa/Csb'')
* [[Koper]], [[Slovenia]]
* [[Kozani]], [[Greece]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Κλιματικά Δεδομένα ανά Πόλη- ΜΕΤΕΩΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΑ, ΕΜΥ, Εθνική Μετεωρολογική Υπηρεσία |url=http://www.emy.gr/emy/el/climatology/climatology_city?perifereia=West+Macedonia&poli=Kozani |access-date=17 August 2023 |website=emy.gr}}</ref>
* [[Krasnodar]], [[Russia]] (bordering on ''Dfa'')
* [[Kutaisi]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
* [[La Plata]], [[Argentina]]
* [[Lugano]], [[Ticino]], [[Switzerland]] (bordering on ''Cfb'')
* [[Lyon]], [[France]] (bordering on ''Cfb'')
* [[Matamoros, Tamaulipas|Matamoros]], [[Tamaulipas]], [[Mexico]] (bordering on ''Aw'')
* [[Maykop]], [[Adygea]], [[Russia]] (bordering on ''Dfa'')
* [[Milan]], [[Italy]]
* [[Montevideo]], [[Uruguay]]
* [[Mostar]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (bordering on ''Csa'')
* [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[United States]] (bordering on ''Dfa'')
* [[Osaka]], [[Japan]]
* [[Porto Alegre]], [[Rio Grande do Sul]], [[Brazil]]
* [[Prizren]], [[Kosovo]] (bordering on ''Cfb/Dfa/Dfb'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prizren: Monthly and annual means, maximum and minimum values of meteorological elements for the period 1961 – 1990 |url=http://www.hidmet.gov.rs/eng/meteorologija/stanica_sr.php?moss_id=13477 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720081039/http://www.hidmet.gov.rs/eng/meteorologija/stanica_sr.php?moss_id=13477 |archive-date=20 July 2021 |access-date=3 October 2021 |publisher=[[Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia]]}}</ref>
* [[Raoul Island]], [[New Zealand]]
* [[Rasht]], [[Gilan province|Gilan]], [[Iran]]
* [[Rijeka]], [[Croatia]]
* [[Rosario]], [[Argentina]] (bordering on ''Cwa'')
* [[Samsun]], [[Turkey]]
* [[San Marino]]
* [[Sari, Iran|Sari]], [[Mazandaran province|Mazandaran]], [[Iran]]
* [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]] (bordering on ''Cwa'')
* [[Siguatepeque]], [[Honduras]] (bordering on ''Cwa'')
* [[Shanghai]], [[China]]
* [[Simferopol]], [[Ukraine]] (bordering on ''Dfa'')
* [[Skopje]], [[North Macedonia]] (bordering on ''Dfa'' and ''BSk'')
* [[Sochi]], [[Russia]]
* [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
* [[Sydney]], [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]]
* [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]]
* [[Tbilisi]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] (bordering on ''BSk'')
* [[Tirana]], [[Albania]] (bordering on ''Csa'')
* [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]
* [[Toulouse]], [[France]]
* [[Tulcea]], [[Romania]] (bordering on ''Dfa'')
* [[Ulsan]], [[South Korea]]
* [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]], [[Bulgaria]]
* [[Valence, Drôme|Valence]], [[France]] (bordering on ''Cfb'')
* [[Venice]], [[Italy]]
* [[Vienna]], [[Austria]] (bordering on ''Cfb/Dfa'')
* [[Wagga Wagga]], [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]]
* [[Washington, D.C.]], [[United States]]
* [[Wuhan]], [[Hubei]], [[China]]
* [[Yalta]], [[Ukraine]] (bordering on ''Csa'')
* [[Yokohama]], [[Japan]]
* [[Zaqatala (city)|Zaqatala]], [[Azerbaijan]]<ref name="Zaqatala">{{Cite web |title=Zagatala Climate Normals 1961–1990 |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/AJ/37575.TXT |access-date=22 March 2015 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]}}</ref>
* [[Zonguldak]], [[Turkey]] (bordering on ''Cfb'')
{{div col end}}

=== ''Cfb'': Oceanic climates ===
==== Marine west coast climate ====
''Cfb'' climates usually occur in the higher middle latitudes on the western sides of continents; they are typically situated immediately poleward of the Mediterranean climates in the 40s and 50s latitudes. However, in southeast Australia, southeast South America, and extreme southern Africa this climate is found immediately poleward of temperate climates, on places near the coast and at a somewhat lower latitude. In western Europe, this climate occurs in coastal areas up to 68°N in Norway.

These climates are dominated all year round by the polar front, leading to changeable, often overcast weather. Summers are mild due to cool ocean currents. Winters are milder than other climates in similar latitudes, but usually very cloudy, and frequently wet. ''Cfb'' climates are also encountered at high elevations in certain subtropical and tropical areas, where the climate would be that of a subtropical/tropical rainforest if not for the altitude. These climates are called "highlands".<ref name="McKnight" />{{rp|226–229}}

====Examples====

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* [[Amsterdam, Netherlands|Amsterdam]], [[North Holland]], [[Netherlands]]
* [[Artvin]], [[Turkey]] (bordering on ''Cfa/Csa/Csb'')<ref name="Artvin">{{Cite web |title=Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Genel İstatistik Verileri |url=https://mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=A&m=ARTVIN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122032753/https://mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=A&m=ARTVIN |archive-date=22 January 2019 |access-date=11 December 2021 |publisher=Turkish State Meteorological Service |language=tr}}</ref>
* [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]]
* [[Baltiysk]], [[Kaliningrad Oblast]], [[Russia]] (bordering on ''Dfb'')
* [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]], [[United Kingdom]]
* [[Bergen (city)|Bergen]], [[Vestland]], [[Norway]]
* [[Berlin]], [[Germany]]
* [[Bern]], [[Switzerland]] (bordering on ''Dfb'')
* [[Bilbao]], [[Spain]]
* [[Block Island]], [[Rhode Island]], [[United States]] (bordering on ''Dfb'')
* [[Bolu]], [[Turkey]]
* [[Bordeaux]], [[France]] (bordering on ''Cfa'')
* [[Bornholm]], [[Denmark]]
* [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]]
* [[Caransebeş]], [[Romania]] (bordering on ''Dfb'')
* [[Cetinje]], [[Montenegro]] (bordering on ''Dfb'')
* [[Christchurch]], [[New Zealand]]
* [[Copenhagen]], [[Denmark]]
* [[Dublin]], [[Ireland]]
* [[Forks, Washington|Forks]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[United States]]
* [[Frankfurt]], [[Hesse]], [[Germany]]
* [[Gdynia]], [[Poland]]
* [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]]
* [[George, Western Cape|George]], [[Western Cape]], [[South Africa]]
* [[Gijón]], [[Spain]]
* [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]], [[United Kingdom]]
* [[Gothenburg]], [[Sweden]]
* [[Graz]], [[Austria]] (bordering on ''Dfb'')
* [[Győr]], [[Hungary]] (bordering on ''Cfa/Dfa/Dfb'')
* [[Hobart]], [[Tasmania]], [[Australia]]
* [[Île Amsterdam]], [[French Southern and Antarctic Lands]]
* [[Île d'Yeu]], [[France]]
* [[Kaposvár]], [[Hungary]] (bordering on ''Cfa/Dfa/Dfb'')
* [[Ketchikan]], [[Alaska]], [[United States]]
* [[L'Aquila]], [[Italy]] (bordering on ''Cfa'')
* [[Ljubljana]], [[Slovenia]]
* [[Lofoten]], [[Nordland]], [[Norway]] (bordering on ''Cfc/Dfb/Dfc'')
* [[London]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom]]
* [[Luxembourg City]], [[Luxembourg]]
* [[Malmö]], [[Sweden]]
* [[Mar del Plata]], [[Argentina]]
* [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]], [[Australia]] (bordering on ''Cfa'')
* [[Merano]], [[Italy]] (bordering on ''Cfa'')
* [[Munich]], [[Bavaria]], [[Germany]]
* [[Ørland Municipality|Ørland]], [[Trøndelag]], [[Norway]]
* [[Osorno, Chile|Osorno]], [[Los Lagos Region]], [[Chile]]
* [[Paris]], [[France]]
* [[Port Elizabeth]], [[South Africa]]
* [[Prague]], [[Czech Republic]] (bordering on ''Dfb'')
* [[Prince Rupert, British Columbia|Prince Rupert]], [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]]
* [[Puerto Montt]], [[Los Lagos Region]], [[Chile]]
* [[Puerto Natales]], [[Chile]] (bordering on ''Cfc'')
* [[Punta del Este]], [[Uruguay]] (bordering on ''Cfa'')
* [[Salzburg]], [[Austria]] (bordering on ''Dfb'')
* [[Santander, Spain|Santander]], [[Spain]]
* [[Sarajevo]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (bordering on ''Dfb'')
* [[Skagen]], [[Denmark]]
* [[Szczecin]], [[Poland]]
* [[Vaduz, Liechtenstein|Vaduz]], [[Liechtenstein]]
* [[Valdivia]], [[Los Ríos Region]], [[Chile]]
* [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] (bordering on ''Csb'')
* [[Villa La Angostura]], [[Neuquén Province]], [[Argentina]]
* [[Wellington]], [[New Zealand]]
* [[Wollongong]], [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]] (bordering on ''Cfa'')
* [[Wrocław]], [[Poland]] (bordering on ''Dfb'')
* [[Zagreb]], [[Croatia]] (bordering on ''Dfb'')
* [[Zürich]], [[Switzerland]]
{{div col end}}

==== <span class="anchor" id="Cfb"></span>Subtropical highland climate with uniform rainfall ====
{{main|Oceanic climate#Subtropical highland variety (Cfb, Cwb)}}
Subtropical highland climates with uniform rainfall (''Cfb'') are a type of oceanic climate mainly found in the highlands of [[Australia]], such as in or around the [[Great Dividing Range]] in the north of the state of [[New South Wales]], and also sparsely in other continents, such as in [[South America]], among others. Unlike a typical ''Cwb'' climate, they tend to have rainfall spread evenly throughout the year. They have characteristics of both the ''Cfb'' and ''Cfa'' climates, but unlike these climates, they have a high [[diurnal temperature variation]] and low humidity, owing to their inland location and relatively high [[elevation]].

====Examples====
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* [[Andorra la Vella]], [[Andorra]]
* [[Blue Mountains (Jamaica)|Blue Mountains]], [[Jamaica]]
* [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]]
* [[Briançon]], [[France]] (bordering on ''Dfb'')
* [[Brinchang]], [[Malaysia]]
* [[Cameron Highlands District|Cameron Highlands]], [[Malaysia]]
* [[Campos do Jordão]], [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]], [[Brazil]]
* [[Canberra]], [[Australian Capital Territory]], [[Australia]]
* [[Chachapoyas, Peru|Chachapoyas]], [[Peru]]
* [[Cobán]], [[Guatemala]] (bordering on ''Cwb'')
* [[Constanza, Dominican Republic|Constanza]], [[Dominican Republic]]
* [[Cuenca, Ecuador|Cuenca]], [[Ecuador]]
* [[Curitiba]], [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]], [[Brazil]]
* [[Dullstroom]], [[South Africa]]
* [[Eldoret]], [[Kenya]]
* [[Goris]], [[Syunik Province|Syunik]], [[Armenia]] (bordering on ''Dfb'')
* [[Mount Heng (Hunan)|Hengshan]], [[China]] (bordering on ''Cfa/Dfa/Dfb'')
* [[Kabale]], [[Uganda]]
* [[Kodaikanal]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
* [[Le Tampon]], [[Réunion]], [[France]]
* [[Lithgow, New South Wales|Lithgow]], [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]]
* [[Intibucá, Intibucá|La Esperanza]], [[Honduras]] (bordering on ''Cwb'')
* [[Manizales]], [[Colombia]]
* [[Maseru]], [[Lesotho]] (bordering on ''Cwb'')
* [[Mthatha]], [[South Africa]]
* [[Mucuchíes]], [[Venezuela]]
* [[Nuwara Eliya]], [[Sri Lanka]]
* [[Oruro]], [[Bolivia]]
* [[Quito]], [[Pichincha Province|Pichincha]], [[Ecuador]]
* [[Riobamba]], [[Ecuador]] (bordering on ''Csb'')
* [[Sa Pa]], [[Vietnam]]
* [[Soria]], [[Spain]]
* [[Teresópolis]], [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]]
* [[Trevico]], [[Italy]]<ref name="WMONormals">{{Cite web |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020 — Trevico |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Italy/CSV/Trevico_16263.csv |access-date=3 February 2024 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}</ref>
* [[Tunja]], [[Colombia]]
* [[Volcano, Hawaii|Volcano]], [[Hawaii]], [[United States]]
* [[Wabag]], [[Papua New Guinea]]
* [[Waynesville, North Carolina|Waynesville]], [[North Carolina]], [[United States]]
* [[Williams, Arizona|Williams]], [[Arizona]], [[United States]]
* [[Xalapa]], [[Veracruz]], [[Mexico]] (bordering on ''Cfa'')
{{div col end}}

=== ''Cfc'': Subpolar oceanic climate ===
Subpolar oceanic climates (''Cfc'') occur poleward of or at higher elevations than the maritime temperate climates and are mostly confined either to narrow coastal strips on the western poleward margins of the continents, or, especially in the Northern Hemisphere, to islands off such coasts. They occur in both hemispheres, generally in the high 50s and 60s latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere and the 50s latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere.<ref name="McKnight" />

====Examples====
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* [[Adak, Alaska|Adak]], [[Alaska]], [[United States]] (bordering on ''Dfc'')
* [[Auckland Islands]], [[New Zealand]]
* [[Bø Municipality (Nordland)|Bø]], [[Nordland]], [[Norway]] (bordering on ''Cfb/Dfb/Dfc'')
* [[Hafnarfjörður]], [[Iceland]] (bordering on ''Dfc'')
* [[Karlsøy Municipality|Karlsøy]], [[Norway]] (bordering on ''Dfc'')
* [[Miena, Tasmania|Miena]], [[Tasmania]], [[Australia]]
* [[Mount Baw Baw]], [[Australia]]
* [[Punta Arenas]], [[Chile]]
* [[Porvenir, Chile|Porvenir]], [[Chile]]
* [[Reykjavík]], [[Iceland]]
* [[Río Grande, Tierra del Fuego|Río Grande]], [[Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego]], [[Argentina]] (bordering on ''BSk/Dfc/ET'')
* [[Río Turbio]], [[Santa Cruz Province, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Argentina]]
* [[Stanley, Falkland Islands|Stanley]], [[Falkland Islands]]
* [[Tórshavn]], [[Faroe Islands]]
* [[Unalaska, Alaska|Unalaska]], [[Alaska]], [[United States]]
* [[Værøy Municipality|Værøy]], [[Norway]] (bordering on ''Csc'')
* [[Vestmannaeyjar]], [[Iceland]] (bordering on ''ET'')
{{div col end}}

=== ''Cw'': Dry-winter subtropical climates ===

====''Cwa'': Dry-winter humid subtropical climate====
''Cwa'' is a monsoonal influenced version of the [[humid subtropical climate]], having the classic dry winter–wet summer pattern associated with tropical monsoonal climates. They are found at similar latitudes as the ''Cfa'' climates, except in regions where monsoons are more prevalent. These regions are in the [[Southern Cone]] of South America, the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Gangetic Plain]] of South Asia, southeastern Africa, parts of East Asia and Mexico, and [[Northern Vietnam]] of Southeast Asia.

====Examples====
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* [[Antananarivo]], [[Madagascar]] (bordering on ''Cwb'')
* [[Birgunj]], [[Nepal]]
* [[Busan]], [[South Korea]]
* [[Changwon]], [[South Korea]] (bordering on ''Cfa'')
* [[Chengdu]], [[Sichuan]], [[China]]
* [[Chimoio]], [[Mozambique]]
* [[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]], [[Argentina]]
* [[Delhi]], [[India]] (bordering on ''BSh'')
* [[Dinajpur]], [[Bangladesh]]
* [[Guadalajara]], [[Jalisco]], [[Mexico]]
* [[Guangzhou]], [[Guangdong]], [[China]] (bordering on ''Cfa'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pure tabular statistics |url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=ArcGIS Experience Builder |publisher=China Meteorological Data Service Center}}</ref>
* [[Guwahati]], [[India]] (bordering on ''Aw'')
* [[Hanoi]], [[Vietnam]]
* [[Hong Kong]]
* [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]]
* [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]]
* [[León, Guanajuato|León]], [[Guanajuato]], [[Mexico]]
* [[Lilongwe]], [[Malawi]]
* [[Lubumbashi]], [[Democratic Republic of Congo]]
* [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
* [[Luena, Angola|Luena]], [[Angola]] (bordering on ''Aw'')
* [[Lusaka]], [[Zambia]]
* [[Macau]]
* [[Mackay, Queensland|Mackay]], [[Queensland]], [[Australia]] (bordering on ''Aw'')
* [[Mengla]], [[Yunnan]], [[China]]<ref name="Mengla" />
* [[Ndola]], [[Zambia]]
* [[Phonsavan]], [[Laos]]
* [[Pokhara]], [[Nepal]]
* [[Pretoria]], [[Gauteng]], [[South Africa]]
* [[Qingdao]], [[Shandong]], [[China]] (bordering on ''Dwa'')
* [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]], [[Bangladesh]]
* [[Rawalpindi]], [[Pakistan]]
* [[Saidpur, Bangladesh|Saidpur]], [[Bangladesh]]
* [[San Luis, Argentina|San Luis]], [[Argentina]] (bordering on ''BSk'')
* [[Santa Rosa de Copan]], [[Honduras]]
* [[Sialkot]], [[Pakistan]]
* [[Taunggyi]], [[Myanmar]]
* [[San Miguel de Tucumán|Tucumán]], [[Argentina]]
* [[Yeosu]], [[South Korea]]
* [[Zapopan]], [[Jalisco]], [[Mexico]]
{{div col end}}

==== ''Cwb'': Dry-winter subtropical highland climate ====
Dry-winter subtropical highland climate (''Cwb'') is a type of climate mainly found in highlands inside the tropics of [[Central America]], [[South America]], [[Africa]], and [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]] or areas in the subtropics. Winters are noticeable and dry, and summers can be very rainy. In the tropics, the monsoon is provoked by the tropical air masses and the dry winters by subtropical high pressure.

====Examples====

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* [[Addis Ababa]], [[Ethiopia]]
* [[Arusha]], [[Tanzania]]
* [[Batu, East Java|Batu]], [[Indonesia]]
* [[Byumba]], [[Rwanda]]
* [[Cajamarca]], [[Peru]]
* [[Cherrapunji]], [[India]]
* [[Cusco]], [[Peru]]
* [[Da Lat]], [[Vietnam]]
* [[Dali City]], [[China]]
* [[Dedza]], [[Malawi]]
* [[Diamantina, Minas Gerais|Diamantina]], [[Brazil]]
* [[Dieng Plateau]], [[Indonesia]]
* [[Fraijanes]], [[Guatemala]]
* [[Gangtok]], [[India]]
* [[Hakha]], [[Myanmar]]
* [[Harare]], [[Zimbabwe]]
* [[Huambo]], [[Angola]]
* [[Huaraz]], [[Peru]]
* [[Ixchiguán]], [[Guatemala]] (bordering on ''Cwc'')
* [[Jijiga]], [[Ethiopia]]
* [[Johannesburg]], [[South Africa]]
* [[Kenscoff]], [[Haiti]] (bordering on ''Aw'')
* [[Kunming]], [[China]]
* [[La Paz]] (lower elevations), [[Bolivia]]
* [[La Trinidad, Benguet|La Trinidad]], [[Philippines]]
* [[Lichinga]], [[Mozambique]]
* [[Lukla]], [[Nepal]]
* [[Mbabane]], [[Eswatini]]
* [[Mbeya]], [[Tanzania]]
* [[Mexico City]], [[Mexico]]
* [[Mokhotlong]], [[Lesotho]]
* [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]]
* [[Ndu, Cameroon|Ndu]], [[Cameroon]]
* [[Ooty]], [[India]]
* [[Phongsali]], [[Laos]]
* [[Puebla]], [[Mexico]]
* [[Quetzaltenango]], [[Guatemala]]
* [[Qujing]], [[Yunnan]], [[China]] (bordering on ''Cfb'')
* [[Salta]], [[Argentina]]
* [[Shimla]], [[India]]
* [[Sucre]], [[Bolivia]]
* [[Thimphu]], [[Bhutan]] (bordering on ''Cwa'')
* [[Toluca]], [[Mexico]]
{{div col end}}

==== ''Cwc'': Dry-winter cold subtropical highland climate ====
Dry-winter cold subtropical highland climates (''Cwc'') exist in high-elevation areas adjacent to ''Cwb'' climates. This climate is rare and is found mainly in isolated locations mostly in the Andes in Bolivia and Peru, as well as in sparse mountain locations in Southeast Asia.
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* [[El Alto]], [[Bolivia]] (bordering on ''ET'')
* [[Juliaca]], [[Peru]] (bordering on ''ET'' and ''Cwb'')
* [[La Paz]] (high elevations), [[Bolivia]] (bordering on ''ET'')
* [[Mount Pulag]], [[Philippines]] (bordering on ''ET'' and ''Cwb'')
* [[Potosí]], [[Bolivia]]  (bordering on ''ET'' and ''Cwb'')
{{div col end}}

== Group D: Continental/microthermal climates ==
{{Main|Continental climate}}
[[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_D_1991–2020.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Continental climate]] distribution]]

These climates have an average temperature above {{Convert|10|°C|abbr=on}} in their warmest months, and the coldest month average below {{Convert|0|°C|abbr=on}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}, as noted previously). These usually occur in the interiors of continents and on their upper east coasts, normally north of 40°N. In the Southern Hemisphere, group D climates are extremely rare due to the smaller land masses in the middle latitudes and the almost complete absence of land at 40–60°S, existing only in some highland locations.

=== ''Dfa/Dwa/Dsa'': Hot summer humid continental climates ===

{{Main|Hot-summer humid continental climate}}

''Dfa'' climates usually occur in the high 30s and low 40s latitudes, with a qualifying average temperature in the warmest month of greater than {{convert|22|C}}. In Europe, these climates tend to be much drier than in North America. ''Dsa'' exists at higher elevations adjacent to areas with hot summer Mediterranean (''Csa'') climates.<ref name="McKnight" />{{rp|231–32}}

These climates exist only in the Northern Hemisphere because the Southern Hemisphere has no large landmasses isolated from the moderating effects of the sea within the middle latitudes.

====Examples====

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* [[Aktobe]], [[Kazakhstan]]
* [[Almaty]], [[Kazakhstan]]
* [[Aomori]], [[Japan]] (bordering on ''Cfa'')
* [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], [[United States]] (bordering on ''Cfa'')
* [[Bucharest]], [[Romania]] (bordering on ''Cfa'')
* [[Çankırı]], [[Turkey]] (bordering on ''Cfa'' and ''BSk'')
* [[Cheonan]], [[South Korea]] (bordering on ''Dwa'')
* [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]]
* [[Chișinău]], [[Moldova]]
* [[Dnipro]], [[Ukraine]] (bordering on ''Dfb'')
* [[Donetsk]], [[Ukraine]]
* [[Hakodate]], [[Hokkaido]], [[Japan]] (bordering on ''Dfb'')
* [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]] (bordering on ''Dfb'')
* [[Iași]], [[Romania]] (bordering on ''Dfb'')
* [[Kimchaek]], [[North Korea]] (bordering on ''Dwa'')
* [[Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota]], [[United States]]
* [[Odesa]], [[Ukraine]] (bordering on ''Cfa'' and ''BSk'')
* [[Oral, Kazakhstan|Oral]], [[Kazakhstan]] (bordering on ''BSk'')
* [[Pleven]], [[Bulgaria]]
* [[Pogradec]], [[Albania]] (bordering on ''Cfa/Cfb/Dfb'')
* [[Qabala]], [[Azerbaijan]] (bordering on ''Cfa/Cfb/Dfb'')
* [[Rostov-on-Don]], [[Russia]]
* [[Ruse, Bulgaria|Ruse]], [[Bulgaria]] (bordering on ''Cfa'')
* [[Sapporo]], [[Hokkaido]], [[Japan]] (bordering on ''Dfb'')
* [[Saratov]], [[Russia]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Meteorological Organization |url=https://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=915 |access-date=7 December 2022 |language=English}}</ref>
* [[Szeged]], [[Hungary]] (bordering on ''Cfa'')
* [[Tanchon]], [[North Korea]] (bordering on ''Dfb/Dwa/Dwb'')
* [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]] (bordering on ''Dfb'')
* [[Ürümqi]], [[Xinjiang]], [[China]] (bordering on ''BSk'')
* [[Volgograd]], [[Russia]] (bordering on ''BSk'')<ref name="pogoda">{{Cite web |title=Pogoda.ru.net |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/34560.htm |access-date=8 November 2021 |language=ru}}</ref>
* [[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]
* [[Zaječar]], [[Serbia]] (bordering on ''Cfa'')
{{div col end}}

In eastern Asia, ''Dwa'' climates extend further south into the mid-30s latitudes due to the influence of the Siberian high-pressure system, which also causes winters there to be dry, and summers can be very wet because of [[monsoon]] circulation.

====Examples====
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* [[Beijing]], [[China]] (bordering on ''BSk'')
* [[Blagoveshchensk]], [[Amur Oblast]], [[Russia]] (bordering on ''Dwb'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Климат Благовещенска |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/31510.htm |access-date=8 November 2021 |publisher=Погода и Климат |language=ru}}</ref>
* [[Chongjin]], [[North Korea]]
* [[Chuncheon]], [[Gangwon Province (South Korea)|Gangwon Province]], [[South Korea]]
* [[Harbin]], [[Heilongjiang]], [[China]]
* [[Incheon]], [[South Korea]]
* [[Kaesong]], [[North Korea]]
* [[Lesozavodsk]], [[Primorsky Krai]], [[Russia]] (bordering on ''Dwb'')
* [[North Platte, Nebraska|North Platte]], [[Nebraska]], [[United States]] (bordering on ''Dfa'' and ''BSk'')
* [[Phillipsburg, Kansas|Phillipsburg]], [[Kansas]], [[United States]] (bordering on ''Dfa'')
* [[Pyongyang]], [[North Korea]]
* [[Rapid City, South Dakota|Rapid City]], [[South Dakota]], [[United States]] (bordering on ''BSk'')
* [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]]
* [[Xi'an]], [[Shaanxi]], [[China]] (bordering on ''Cwa'')
{{div col end}}

''Dsa'' exists only at higher elevations adjacent to areas with hot summer Mediterranean (''Csa'') climates.

====Examples====
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* [[Arak, Iran|Arak]], [[Iran]] (bordering on ''BSk'' and ''Csa'')
* [[Arys, Kazakhstan|Arys]], [[Kazakhstan]] (bordering on ''BSk'')
* [[Bishkek]], [[Kyrgyzstan]]
* [[Bitlis]], [[Turkey]]
* [[Cambridge, Idaho|Cambridge]], [[Idaho]], [[United States]]
* [[Chirchiq]], [[Uzbekistan]] (bordering on ''Csa'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chirchiq, Uzbekistan Travel Weather Averages (Weatherbase) |url=https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=605930&cityname=Chirchiq-Toshkent-Uzbekistan |access-date=12 August 2024 |publisher=Weatherbase}}</ref>
* [[Fayzabad, Badakhshan|Fayzabad]], [[Badakhshan Province|Badakhshan]], [[Afghanistan]] (bordering on ''Csa'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faiz abad Climate Normals for 1964–1983 |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-II/AH/40904.TXT |access-date=7 May 2024 |publisher=[[NOAA]]}}</ref>
* [[Ghazni]], [[Afghanistan]]
* [[Hakkâri (city)|Hakkâri]], [[Turkey]]
* [[Hamedan]], [[Iran]] (bordering on ''BSk'')
* [[Isfara]], [[Tajikistan]]
* [[Logan, Utah|Logan]], [[Utah]], [[United States]]
* [[Lytton, British Columbia]], [[Canada]] (bordering on ''Csa'')
* [[Muş]], [[Turkey]]
* [[Osh]], [[Kyrgyzstan]]
* [[Salt Lake City]], [[Utah]], [[United States]] (bordering on ''Csa'')
* [[Saqqez]], [[Iran]]
* [[Shymkent]], [[Kazakhstan]] (bordering on ''Csa'')
{{div col end}}

=== ''Dfb/Dwb/Dsb'': Warm summer humid continental/hemiboreal climates ===
{{Main|Warm-summer humid continental climate}}
''Dfb'' climates are immediately poleward of hot summer continental climates, generally in the high 40s and low 50s latitudes in North America and Asia, and also extending to higher latitudes into the high 50s and low 60s latitudes in central and eastern Europe, between the maritime temperate and continental subarctic climates.<ref name="McKnight" />

====Examples====

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* [[Aetomilitsa]], [[Greece]] (bordering on ''Cfb'')
* [[Akhaltsikhe]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
* [[Ardahan]], [[Turkey]]
* [[Asahikawa]], [[Hokkaido]], [[Japan]]
* [[Astana]], [[Kazakhstan]]
* [[Augsburg]], [[Bavaria]], [[Germany]] (bordering on ''Cfb'')
* [[Belluno]], [[Italy]] (bordering on ''Cfb'')
* [[Bitola]], [[North Macedonia]] (bordering on ''Dfa'')
* [[Briceni]], [[Moldova]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Briceni Climate Normals 1991–2020 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Moldova/CSV/Briceni_33664.csv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821165029/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Moldova/CSV/Briceni_33664.csv |archive-date=21 August 2023 |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}</ref>
* [[Brno]], [[Czech Republic]]
* [[Chamonix]], [[France]]
* [[Cluj-Napoca]], [[Romania]]
* [[Cortina d'Ampezzo]], [[Italy]]
* [[Debrecen]], [[Hungary]] (bordering on ''Cfa/Cfb/Dfa'')
* [[Edmonton]], [[Alberta]], [[Canada]]
* [[El Pas de la Casa]], [[Andorra]] (bordering on ''Dfc'')
* [[Erzurum]], [[Turkey]]
* [[Fairbanks]], [[Alaska]], [[United States]] (bordering on ''Dfc'')
* [[Falls Creek, Victoria|Falls Creek]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Australia]] (bordering on ''Cfb/Cfc/Dfc'')
* [[Falun]], [[Dalarna County|Dalarna]], [[Sweden]]
* [[Görlitz]], [[Saxony]], [[Germany]] (bordering on ''Cfb'')
* [[Gospić]], [[Croatia]] (bordering on ''Cfb'')
* [[Gyumri]], [[Shirak Province|Shirak]], [[Armenia]]
* [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]]
* [[Imilchil]], [[Morocco]] (bordering on ''Cfb'')
* [[Innsbruck]], [[Austria]]
* [[Karaganda]], [[Kazakhstan]]
* [[Karakol]], [[Kyrgyzstan]]
* [[Kars]], [[Turkey]]
* [[Kharkiv]], [[Ukraine]] (bordering on ''Dfa'')
* [[Klaipeda]], [[Lithuania]] (bordering on ''Cfb'')
* [[Klagenfurt]], [[Austria]]
* [[Košice]], [[Slovakia]]
* [[Kraków]], [[Poland]]
* [[Kushiro]], [[Hokkaido]], [[Japan]]
* [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]
* [[La Brévine]], [[Switzerland]] (bordering on ''Dfc'')
* [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]], [[Switzerland]]
* [[Lendava]], [[Slovenia]] (bordering on ''Cfb'')
* [[Lillehammer (town)|Lillehammer]], [[Norway]] (bordering on ''Dfc'')
* [[Livno]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (bordering on ''Cfb'')
* [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]
* [[Marquette, Michigan|Marquette]], [[Michigan]], [[United States]]
* [[Miercurea Ciuc]], [[Romania]]
* [[Minsk]], [[Belarus]]
* [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] (bordering on ''Dfa'')
* [[Moscow, Russia|Moscow]], [[Russia]]
* [[Mount Buller]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Australia]] (bordering on ''Cfb/Cfc/Dfc'')
* [[Mouthe]], [[France]]
* [[Mutsu, Aomori|Mutsu]], [[Aomori Prefecture]], [[Japan]] (bordering on ''Cfb'')
* [[Novosibirsk]], [[Russia]]
* [[Oslo]], [[Norway]]
* [[Ottawa, Ontario|Ottawa]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]
* [[Pavlodar]], [[Kazakhstan]] (bordering on ''Dfa'')
* [[Perisher Valley]], [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]] (bordering on ''Cfb/Cfc/Dfc'')
* [[Pljevlja]], [[Montenegro]]
* [[Portland, Maine|Portland]], [[Maine]], [[United States]]
* [[Poznań]], [[Poland]] (bordering on ''Cfb'')
* [[Pristina]], [[Kosovo]]
* [[Regensburg]], [[Bavaria]], [[Germany]] (bordering on ''Cfb'')
* [[Riga]], [[Latvia]]
* [[Saint Petersburg, Russia|Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]]
* [[Saint-Véran]], [[France]] (bordering on ''Dfc'')
* [[Schaan]], [[Liechtenstein]] (bordering on ''Cfb'')
* [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]] (bordering on ''Cfb'')
* [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]
* [[Subotica]], [[Serbia]] (bordering on ''BSk'')
* [[Szombathely]], [[Hungary]] (bordering on ''Cfb'')
* [[Tallinn]], [[Estonia]]
* [[Tampere]], [[Finland]] (bordering on ''Dfc'')
* [[Toblach]], [[Italy]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010: Dobbiaco-16033 |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Italy/WMO_Normals_CliNo81-10.xls |access-date=28 February 2024 |website=ncei.noaa.gov |publisher=[[NOAA|National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration]] |type=Excel |format=XLS |no-pp=y}}</ref>
* [[Trondheim (city)|Trondheim]], [[Norway]]
* [[Turku]], [[Finland]]
* [[Uppsala]], [[Sweden]]
* [[Vanadzor]], [[Armenia]]
* [[Vilnius]], [[Lithuania]]
* [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]] (bordering on ''Cfb'')
* [[Žabljak]], [[Montenegro]]
{{div col end}}

Like with all Group D climates, ''Dwb'' climates mostly only occur in the northern hemisphere.

====Examples====
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* [[Baruunturuun]], [[Mongolia]] (bordering on ''Dwc'')
* [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]], [[Canada]] (bordering on ''BSk'')
* [[Darkhan (city)|Darkhan]], [[Mongolia]] (bordering on ''Dwc'' and ''BSk'')
* [[Harrison, Nebraska|Harrison]], [[Nebraska]], [[United States]] (bordering on ''Dfb'')
* [[Heihe]], [[Heilongjiang]], [[China]]
* [[Hoeryong]], [[North Korea]]
* [[Irkutsk]], [[Russia]] (bordering on ''Dwc'')
* [[Khabarovsk]], [[Russia]] (bordering on ''Dwa'')
* [[Pembina, North Dakota|Pembina]], [[North Dakota]], [[United States]] (bordering on ''Dfb'')
* [[Pyeongchang County|Pyeongchang]], [[South Korea]]
* [[Rason]], [[North Korea]]
* [[Shigatse]], [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]], [[China]]
* [[Thief River Falls]], [[Minnesota]], [[United States]] (bordering on ''Dwa'')
* [[Vladivostok]], [[Primorsky Krai]], [[Russia]]
* [[Yanji]], [[Jilin]], [[China]] (bordering on ''Dwa'')
{{div col end}}

''Dsb'' arises from the same scenario as ''Dsa'', but at even higher altitudes or latitudes, and chiefly in North America, since the Mediterranean climates extend further poleward than in Eurasia.

====Examples====

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* [[Abali]], [[Iran]] (''Dsb'')<ref>[http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/iranarchive.asp I.R of Iran Shahrekord Meteorological Organization ( in Persian )].</ref>
* [[Ağrı]], [[Turkey]]
* [[Alto Río Senguer]], [[Chubut Province]], [[Argentina]] (bordering on ''BSk/Csb/Csc/Dsc'')
* [[Castlegar, British Columbia|Castlegar]], [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] (bordering on ''Dfb'')
* [[Chaghcharan]], [[Ghor Province|Ghor]], [[Afghanistan]]
* [[Dras]], [[Ladakh]], [[India]]
* [[Flagstaff, Arizona|Flagstaff]], [[Arizona]], [[United States]] (bordering on ''Csb'')
* [[Jermuk]], [[Vayots Dzor Province|Vyots Dzor]], [[Armenia]] (bordering on ''Dfb'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020 – Jermuk |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Armenia/CSV/Jermuk_37883.csv |access-date=6 March 2024 |publisher=[[NCEI]] |format=CSV}}</ref>
* [[Las Leñas]], [[Mendoza Province]], [[Argentina]]
* [[Puente del Inca]], [[Mendoza Province]], [[Argentina]] (bordering on ''Csb'')
* [[Puerto de Navacerrada]], [[Spain]] (bordering on ''Csb'')<ref name="auto" />
* [[Rocca di Mezzo]], [[Italy]] (bordering on ''Csb'' and ''Cfb'')
* [[Roghun]], [[Tajikistan]]
* [[Sivas]], [[Turkey]]
* [[Smolyan]], [[Bulgaria]]
* [[South Lake Tahoe, California|South Lake Tahoe]], [[California]], [[United States]] (bordering on ''Csb'')
* [[Spokane, Washington|Spokane]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[United States]] (bordering on ''Csa/Csb/Dsa'')
{{div col end}}

=== ''Dfc/Dwc/Dsc'': Subarctic/boreal climates ===
{{Main|Subarctic climate}}
''Dfc'', ''Dsc'' and ''Dwc'' climates occur poleward of the other group D climates, or at higher altitudes, generally in the 50s and 60s latitudes.<ref name="McKnight" />{{rp|232–235}}

====Examples====
=====Dfc climates=====
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* [[Alta (town)|Alta]], [[Norway]]
* [[Anchorage, Alaska|Anchorage]], [[Alaska]], [[United States]] (bordering on ''Dfb'')
* [[Arkhangelsk]], [[Russia]]
* [[Bethel, Alaska|Bethel]], [[Alaska]], [[United States]]
* [[Brocken]], [[Saxony-Anhalt]], [[Germany]]
* [[Charlotte Pass]], [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]]
* [[Coma Pedrosa]], [[Andorra]]
* [[Davos]], [[Switzerland]]
* [[Feldberg, Baden-Württemberg|Feldberg]], [[Baden-Württemberg]], [[Germany]]
* [[Fraser, Colorado|Fraser]], [[Colorado]], [[United States]]
* [[Great Dun Fell]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom]] (bordering on ''ET'' and ''Cfc'')
* [[Hikkim]], [[Himachel Pradesh]], [[India]]
* [[Horská Kvilda]], [[Czech Republic]]
* [[Jyväskylä]], [[Finland]]
* [[Kangerlussuaq]], [[Greenland]], [[Denmark]] (bordering on ''ET'' and ''BSk'')
* [[Kiruna]], [[Sweden]]
* [[Kopaonik]], [[Serbia]]
* [[Labrador City]], [[Newfoundland and Labrador]], [[Canada]]
* [[Livigno]], [[Italy]]
* [[Luleå]], [[Sweden]]
* [[Lysá hora]], [[Czech Republic]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lysa hora Climate Normals 1991–2020 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/CzechRepublic/CSV/LysaHora_11787.csv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828031641/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/CzechRepublic/CSV/LysaHora_11787.csv |archive-date=28 August 2023 |access-date=28 August 2023 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]}}</ref>
* [[Narsarsuaq]], [[Greenland]], [[Denmark]] (bordering on ''ET'')
* [[Norilsk]], [[Krasnoyarsk Krai]], [[Russia]]
* [[Obergurgl]], [[Austria]]
* [[Oulu]], [[Finland]] (bordering on ''Dfb'')
* [[Paganella]], [[Italy]] (bordering on ''Dwc'')
* [[Røros (town)|Røros]], [[Norway]]
* [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]], [[France]] (bordering on ''Dfb'')
* [[St. Moritz]], [[Grisons]], [[Switzerland]]
* [[Šerák]], [[Czech Republic]]
* [[Štrbské Pleso]], [[Slovakia]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Štrbské Pleso Climate Normals 1991–2020 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Slovakia/CSV/STRBSKE_PLESO_11933.csv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820203243/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Slovakia/CSV/STRBSKE_PLESO_11933.csv |archive-date=20 August 2023 |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}</ref>
* [[Tromsø (city)|Tromsø]], [[Norway]]
* [[Umeå]], [[Sweden]] (bordering on ''Dfb'')
* [[Vaasa]], [[Finland]]
* [[Valle Nevado]], [[Chile]]
* [[Whitehorse]], [[Yukon]], [[Canada]]
* [[Yakutsk]], [[Sakha Republic]], [[Russia]] (bordering on ''Dfd'')
* [[Yellowknife]], [[Northwest Territories]], [[Canada]]
{{div col end}}
=====Dwc climates=====
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* [[Bulgan (city)|Bulgan]], [[Mongolia]] (bordering on ''Dwb'')
* [[Delta Junction]], [[Alaska]], [[United States]] (bordering on ''BSk'')
* [[Mohe County|Mohe]], [[Heilongjiang]], [[China]]
* [[Nagqu]], [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]], [[China]] (bordering on ''ET'')
* [[Okhotsk]], [[Khabarovsk Krai]], [[Russia]]
* [[Samjiyon]], [[North Korea]] (bordering on ''Dwb'')
* [[Susuman]], [[Magadan Oblast]], [[Russia]] (bordering on ''Dwd'')
* [[Tsetserleg (city)|Tsetserleg]], [[Arkhangai Province]], [[Mongolia]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tsetserleg Climate Normals 1961–1990 |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/MO/44282.TXT |access-date=13 January 2013 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]}}</ref>
* [[Usolye-Sibirskoye]], [[Irkutsk Oblast]], [[Russia]]
* [[Yushu City, Qinghai|Yushu City]], [[Qinghai]], [[China]] (bordering on ''Dwb'')
{{div col end}}

=====Dsc climates=====
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* [[Akureyri]], [[Iceland]] (bordering on ''Csc'')
* [[Anadyr (town)|Anadyr]], [[Chukotka Autonomous Okrug|Chukotka]], [[Russia]]
* [[Atlin, British Columbia|Atlin]], [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]]
* [[Bodie, California|Bodie]], [[California]], [[United States]] (bordering on ''Dsb'')
* [[Crater Lake]], [[Oregon]], [[United States]]
* [[Dawson City]], [[Yukon]], [[Canada]]
* [[Nyurba]], [[Sakha Republic]], [[Russia]] (bordering on ''Dfc'')
* [[Seymchan (urban-type settlement)|Seymchan]], [[Magadan Oblast]], [[Russia]] (bordering on ''Dsd/Dfd/Dfc'')
* [[Skjåk Municipality|Skjåk]], [[Norway]] (bordering on ''BSk'')
* [[Soldotna, Alaska|Soldotna]], [[Alaska]], [[United States]]
{{div col end}}

===''Dfd/Dwd/Dsd'': Subarctic/boreal climates with severe winters===
Places with this climate have severe winters, with the temperature in their coldest month lower than {{Convert|−38|°C|abbr=on}}. These climates occur only in eastern [[Siberia]], and are the second coldest, before EF. The coldest recorded temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere belonged to this climate. The names of some of the places with this climate have become veritable synonyms for the extreme, severe winter cold.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2017 |title=Climate Types: Types of Climate {{!}} Climatology |url=https://www.geographynotes.com/climate/types/climate-types-types-of-climate-climatology/5506 |access-date=17 June 2022 |website=Geography Notes}}</ref>

====Examples====
=====Dfd climates=====
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
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* [[Okhotsky-Perevoz]], [[Sakha Republic]], [[Russia]]
* [[Oymyakon]], [[Sakha Republic]], [[Russia]] (bordering on ''Dwd'')
* [[Udachny]], [[Sakha Republic]], [[Russia]] (bordering on ''Dfc'')
{{div col end}}
=====Dwd climates=====
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* [[Allakh-Yun]], [[Sakha Republic]], [[Russia]]
* [[Delyankir]], [[Sakha Republic]], [[Russia]]
* [[Khonuu]], [[Sakha Republic]], [[Russia]] (bordering on ''Dfd'')
{{div col end}}
=====Dsd climates=====
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
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* [[Verkhoyansk]], [[Sakha Republic]], [[Russia]] (bordering on ''Dfd'')
{{div col end}}

== Group E: Polar climates ==
[[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_E_1991–2020.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Polar climate]] distribution]]
In the Köppen climate system, polar climates are defined as the warmest temperature of any month being below {{Convert|10|°C|abbr=on}}. Polar climates are further divided into two types, tundra climates and icecap climates:

=== ''ET'': Tundra climate ===
{{main article|Tundra climate}}
[[Tundra climate]] (''ET''): warmest month has an average temperature between {{Convert|0|°C|abbr=on}} and {{Convert|10|°C|abbr=on}}. These climates occur on the northern edges of the North American and Eurasian land masses (generally north of 70 °N although they may be found farther south depending on local conditions), and on nearby islands. ''ET'' climates are also found on some islands near the Antarctic Convergence, and at high elevations outside the polar regions, above the tree line.

==== Examples ====
{{div col|colwidth=50}}
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* [[Alert, Nunavut|Alert]], [[Nunavut]], [[Canada]] (bordering on ''EF'')
* [[Amdo County|Amdo]], [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]], [[China]]
* [[Ben Nevis]], [[Scotland]], [[United Kingdom]]
* [[Bouvet Island]]
* [[Cairn Gorm]], [[Scotland]], [[United Kingdom]]
* [[Campbell Island, New Zealand|Campbell Island]], [[New Zealand]]
* [[Cerro de Pasco]], [[Peru]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anexos |url=https://www.senamhi.gob.pe/pdf/anexos-atlas-climatico.pdf |access-date=2 January 2023 |publisher=National Meteorology and Hydrology Service of Peru}}</ref>
* [[Crozet Islands]]
* [[Dikson Island]], [[Russia]]
* [[Dingboche]], [[Nepal]]
* [[El Aguilar]], [[Argentina]]
* [[Esperanza Base]], [[Antarctica]]
* [[Finse]], [[Norway]]
* [[Ilulissat]], [[Greenland]], [[Denmark]]
* [[Iqaluit, Nunavut|Iqaluit]], [[Nunavut]], [[Canada]]
* [[Ísafjörður]], [[Iceland]] (bordering on ''Csc'')
* [[Ittoqqortoormiit]], [[Greenland]], [[Denmark]]
* [[Jan Mayen]], [[Norway]]
* [[Jungfraujoch]], [[Switzerland]] (bordering on ''EF'')
* [[Kasprowy Wierch]], [[Poland]]
* [[Kerguelen Islands]]
* [[La Rinconada, Peru|La Rinconada]], [[Peru]]
* [[Lomnický štít]], [[Prešov Region]], [[Slovakia]]<ref name="WMOCLINO">{{Cite web |title=Lomnický štít Climate Normals 1991–2020 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Slovakia/CSV/LOMNICKY_STIT_11930.csv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820192653/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Slovakia/CSV/LOMNICKY_STIT_11930.csv |archive-date=20 August 2023 |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}</ref>
* [[Longyearbyen]], [[Svalbard]], [[Norway]]
* [[Macquarie Island]], [[Australia]]
* [[Mauna Loa]], [[Hawaii]], [[United States]] (bordering on ''Csc'' and ''Cfc'')
* [[Möðrudalur]], [[Iceland]]
* [[Mount Apo]], [[Philippines]] (bordering on ''Cfc'')
* [[Mount Aragats]] (slopes), [[Armenia]] (bordering on ''Dfc'')
* [[Mount Fuji]], [[Japan]]
* [[Mount Rainier]] (slopes), [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[United States]]
* [[Mount Washington]], [[New Hampshire]], [[United States]] (bordering on ''Dfc'')
* [[Mount Wellington (Tasmania)|Mount Wellington]], [[Tasmania]], [[Australia]]
* [[Murghab, Tajikistan|Murghab]], [[Tajikistan]]
* [[Musala]], [[Bulgaria]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Musala Peak Climate Normals 1991–2020 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Bulgaria/CSV/MusalaPeak_64215.csv |access-date=29 August 2023 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]}}</ref>
* [[Mykines, Mykines|Mykines]], [[Faroe Islands]] (bordering on ''Cfc'')
* [[Mys Shmidta]], [[Chukotka Autonomous Okrug|Chukotka]], [[Russia]]
* [[Nevado de Toluca]], [[Mexico]]
* [[North Salang]], [[Afghanistan]] (bordering on ''Dsc'')
* [[Novaya Zemlya]], [[Arkhangelsk Oblast]], [[Russia]]
* [[Nuuk, Greenland|Nuuk]], [[Greenland]], [[Denmark]]
* [[Parinacota, Chile|Parinacota]], [[Chile]]
* [[Phari]], [[China]]
* [[Piz Corvatsch]], [[Switzerland]]
* [[Prince Edwards Islands]]
* [[Puerto Williams]], [[Chile]] (bordering on ''Cfc'')
* [[Qarabolaq]], [[Afghanistan]]
* [[Sachs Harbour]], [[Northwest Territories]], [[Canada]]
* [[Shimshal]], [[Pakistan]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Simulated historical climate & weather data for Shimshal |url=https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/shimshal_pakistan_1165098 |access-date=September 8, 2024 |website=meteoblue.com |publisher=Meteoblue}}</ref>
* [[Sněžka]], [[Czech Republic]] (bordering on ''Dfc'')
* [[Hoher Sonnblick|Sonnblick]], [[Austria]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Sonnblick |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Austria/CSV/Sonnblick_11343.csv |access-date=16 February 2024 |website=ncei.noaa.gov |publisher=[[NOAA]]}}</ref>
* [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]]
* [[Tanggulashan]], [[Qinghai]], [[China]]
* [[Tiksi]], [[Sakha Republic]], [[Russia]]
* [[Tolhuin]], [[Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego]], [[Argentina]] (bordering on ''Dfc'')
* [[Trepalle]], [[Italy]]
* [[Ushuaia]], [[Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego]], [[Argentina]] (bordering on ''Cfc'')
* [[Utqiagvik]], [[Alaska]], [[United States]]
* [[Vârful Omu]], [[Romania]]
* [[Vetas]], [[Colombia]]
* [[Yu Shan]], [[Taiwan]]
* [[Zugspitze]], [[Bavaria]], [[Germany]]
{{div col end}}

=== ''EF'': Ice cap climate ===
{{main article|Ice cap climate}}
[[Ice cap climate]] (''EF''): this climate is dominant in Antarctica, inner Greenland, and summits of many high mountains, even at lower latitudes. Monthly average temperatures never exceed {{Convert|0|°C|abbr=on}}.

====Examples====
{{div col|colwidth=50}}
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* [[Aconcagua]], [[Chile]]/[[Argentina]]
* [[Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station|Amundsen–Scott Station]], [[Antarctica]]
* [[Chimborazo]], [[Ecuador]]
* [[Denali]], [[Alaska]], [[United States]]
* [[Dome Fuji]], [[Antarctica]]
* [[Huascarán]], [[Peru]]
* [[Ismoil Somoni Peak]], [[Tajikistan]]
* [[Jengish Chokusu]], [[China]]/[[Kyrgyzstan]]
* [[K2]], [[China]]/[[Pakistan]]
* [[Kangchenjunga]], [[India]]/[[Nepal]]
* [[Kilimanjaro]], [[Tanzania]]
* [[Lhotse]], [[Nepal]]
* [[Makalu]], [[Nepal]]/[[China]]
* [[Mount Ararat]], [[Turkey]]
* [[Mount Everest]], [[China]]/[[Nepal]]
* [[Mount Logan]], [[Canada]]
* [[Mount Rainier]] (summit), [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[United States]]
* [[Ojos del Salado]], [[Chile]]
* [[Pico de Orizaba]], [[Mexico]]
* [[Puncak Jaya]], [[Indonesia]] (bordering on ''ET'')
* [[Nevado Sajama|Sajama]], [[Bolivia]]
* [[Summit Camp]], [[Greenland]], [[Denmark]]
* [[Ushakov Island]], [[Russia]] (bordering on ''ET'')
* [[Vostok Station]], [[Antarctica]]
{{div col end}}

== Ecological significance ==
=== Biomass ===
The Köppen climate classification is based on the empirical relationship between climate and vegetation. This classification provides an efficient way to describe climatic conditions defined by temperature and precipitation and their seasonality with a single metric. Because climatic conditions identified by the Köppen classification are ecologically relevant, it has been widely used to map the geographic distribution of long-term climate and associated ecosystem conditions.<ref name="Chen">{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=D. |last2=Chen |first2=H. W. |year=2013 |title=Using the Köppen classification to quantify climate variation and change: An example for 1901–2010 |url=http://hanschen.org/uploads/Chen_and_Chen_2013_envdev.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Environmental Development |volume=6 |pages=69–79 |doi=10.1016/j.envdev.2013.03.007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031103425/http://hanschen.org/uploads/Chen_and_Chen_2013_envdev.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref>

=== Climate change ===
Over recent years, there has been an increasing interest in using the classification to identify changes in climate and potential changes in vegetation over time.<ref name="hanschen" /> The most important ecological significance of the Köppen climate classification is that it helps to predict the dominant vegetation type based on the climatic data and vice versa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Critchfield |first=Howard J |title=General Climatology |date=1983 |publisher=Prentice Hall |isbn=978-81-203-0476-5 |edition=4th |location=New Delhi |pages=154–161}}</ref>

In 2015, a [[Nanjing University]] paper published in ''Scientific Reports'' analyzing climate classifications found that between 1950 and 2010, approximately 5.7% of all land area worldwide had moved from wetter and colder classifications to drier and hotter classifications. The authors also found that the change "cannot be explained as natural variations but are driven by anthropogenic factors".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chan, D. |last2=Wu, Q. |date=2015 |title=Significant anthropogenic-induced changes of climate classes since 1950 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=5 |pages=13487 |bibcode=2015NatSR...513487C |doi=10.1038/srep13487 |pmc=4551970 |pmid=26316255 |number=13487}}</ref>

A 2018 study provides detailed maps for present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beck |first=Hylke E. |last2=Zimmermann |first2=Niklaus E. |last3=McVicar |first3=Tim R. |last4=Vergopolan |first4=Noemi |last5=Berg |first5=Alexis |last6=Wood |first6=Eric F. |date=30 October 2018 |title=Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution |journal=Scientific Data |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=180214 |bibcode=2018NatSD...580214B |doi=10.1038/sdata.2018.214 |issn=2052-4463 |pmc=6207062 |pmid=30375988 |s2cid=53111021}}</ref>

== Other Köppen climate maps ==
All maps use the ≥{{Convert|0|°C|abbr=on}} definition for the temperate-continental border.<ref name="Beck" />
<gallery mode="packed" style="text-align:center">
File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_North_America_1991–2020.svg|North America
File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Europe_1991–2020.svg|Europe
File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_RUS_1991–2020.svg|Russia
File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Central_Asia_1991–2020.svg|Central Asia
File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Eastern_Asia_1991–2020.svg|East Asia
File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_South_America_1991–2020.svg|South America
File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Africa_1991–2020.svg|Africa
File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Western_Asia_1991–2020.svg|Western Asia
File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Southern_Asia_1991–2020.svg|South Asia
File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Southeastern_Asia_1991–2020.svg|Southeast Asia
File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Melanesia_1991–2020.svg|Melanesia/Oceania
File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_AUS_1991–2020.svg|Australia
File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_NZL_1991–2020.svg|New Zealand
File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_World_1991–2020.svg|World (1991–2020)
File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_World_2071–2099_SSP245.svg|World (2071–2099, SSP245)
</gallery>
<!-- Try wikitable
{| class="wikitable" style="background:white;"
|-
| rowspan="2" style="width:20em;" colspan="2" | [[File:North America map of Köppen climate classification.svg|frameless|upright=1.4667|Köppen map of North America]]
| rowspan="2" style="width:15em;" colspan="2" | [[File:Europe map of Köppen climate classification.svg|frameless|upright=1.1|Köppen map of Europe]]
| rowspan="3" style="width:28em;" colspan="2" | [[File:Asia Koppen Map.png|frameless|upright=2.0|Köppen map of Asia]]
|
| rowspan="4" | [[File:World Koppen Classification (without labels and title).svg|frameless|upright=2.7|World Koppen Classification (without labels and title)]]
|-
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="width:15em;" | [[File:South America map of Köppen climate classification.svg|frameless|upright=1|Köppen map of South America]]
| rowspan="2" style="width:15em;" colspan="2" | [[File:Africa map of Köppen climate classification.svg|frameless|upright=1|Köppen map of Africa]]
| colspan="1" style="width:5em;" | [[File:Middle East map of Köppen climate classification.svg|frameless|upright=.4|Köppen map of Middle East]]
|
|-
| colspan="2" style="width:18em;" |
| colspan="1" style="width:5em;" | [[File:Oceania map of Köppen climate classification.svg|frameless|upright=.7|Köppen map of Australia/Oceania]]
|
|}
-->

== See also ==
* [[Trewartha climate classification]]
* [[Hardiness zone]]
* [[Holdridge life zones]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Köppen-Geiger}}
* [https://360.org/climate/koppen-classification/ World maps and graphs plus a video about the Köppen climate classification]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100906034159/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/ World Map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification for the period 1951–2000] (archived 6 September 2010)
*{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110084254/http://www.fao.org/nr/climpag/globgrids/KC_classification_en.asp |date=10 January 2021 |title=New gridded maps of Koeppen's climate classification}}

=== Climate records ===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160418082322/http://www.ipcc-data.org/maps/ IPCC Data Distribution Center] (archived 18 April 2016)

{{Köppen}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Koppen Climate Classification}}
[[Category:Köppen climate types| ]]
[[Category:Climate and weather classification systems]]