View source for Jeremiah 31

{{short description|Book of Jeremiah, chapter 31}}
{{For|Jeremiah 31 in the Septuagint|Jeremiah 48}}
{{Bible chapter|letname= Jeremiah 31 |previouslink= Jeremiah 30 |previousletter= chapter 30 |nextlink= Jeremiah 32 |nextletter= chapter 32 |book=[[Book of Jeremiah]] |biblepart=[[Old Testament]] | booknum= 24 |hbiblepart= [[Nevi'im]] | hbooknum = 6 |category= [[Nevi'im|Latter Prophets]] | filename= Aleppo-fascimile-Jeremiah cropped.jpg |size=242px | name= Aleppo Codex (Jeremiah) |caption=<div style="width: 242px; text-align: center; line-height: 1em">Partially torn page from Jeremiah (31:34 - 32:14) of the [[Aleppo Codex]] from a fascimile edition.</div>}}

'''Jeremiah 31''' is the thirty-first [[Chapters and verses of the Bible|chapter]] of the [[Book of Jeremiah]] in the [[Hebrew Bible]] or the [[Old Testament]] of the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[Bible]]. It is numbered as '''Jeremiah 38''' in the [[Septuagint]]. The book contains prophecies attributed to the [[Biblical prophet|prophet]] [[Jeremiah]], and is one of the [[Nevi'im|Books of the Prophets (''Nevi'im'')]]. This chapter is notable for the passage about the "[[New Covenant]]" ([[#Verse 31|31:31]]-[[#Verse 34|34]]) of God with His restored people{{sfn|Huey|1993|p = 268}}{{sfn|Thompson|1980|p=113}} and the quoting of [[#Verse 15|31:15]] in the “[[Massacre of the Innocents]]" narrative ([[Matthew 2|Gospel of Matthew]] [[Matthew 2:16|2:16]][[Matthew 2:18|-18]]).{{sfn|Huey|1993|p = 275}} The [[Jerusalem Bible]] refers to chapters [[Jeremiah 30|30]] and 31 as "the Book of Consolation",<ref>Jerusalem Bible (1966), Heading at Jeremiah 30</ref> and [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] theologian [[Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg|Ernst Hengstenberg]] calls these two chapters "the triumphal hymn of Israel’s salvation".<ref>Quoted in Streane, A. W., [https://biblehub.com/commentaries/cambridge/jeremiah/31.htm Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges] on Jeremiah 31, accessed 10 March 2019</ref> For Annesley William Streane, chapters 30-[[Jeremiah 33|33]] form a unit whose "whole tone" speaks of hope, contrasting with earlier passages marked with melanchony and prophecies of [[divine punishment|punishment]].<ref name=Cambridge />
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== Text ==
The original text of Jeremiah 31 was written in the [[Biblical Hebrew|Hebrew language]]. [[Chapters and verses of the Bible|This chapter is divided into]] 40 verses in Christian Bibles, but only 39 verses in the Hebrew Bible, because [[#Verse 1|verse 31:1]] in Christian Bibles is verse 30:25 in Hebrew Bibles.<ref name=aish>[https://www.aish.com/atr/Jeremiah-31-and-the-New-Covenant.html Jeremiah 31 and the New Covenant]. Aish.com. Retrieved 10 March 2019.</ref> This article follows the common numbering in Christian English Bible versions, with notes to the numbering in Hebrew Bible versions.

===Textual witnesses===
Some early manuscripts containing this chapter in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] are of the [[Masoretic Text]] tradition, which includes the [[Codex Cairensis]] (895), [[Codex Babylonicus Petropolitanus|the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets]] (916), [[Aleppo Codex]] (10th century; since 1947 only verses 34-38 are extant), [[Leningrad Codex|Codex Leningradensis]] (1008).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=35-37}} Some fragments containing parts of this chapter were found among the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]], i.e., 4QJer<sup>c</sup> (4Q72; 1st century BC),<ref>"The Evolution of a Theory of the Local Texts" in Cross, F.M.; Talmon, S. (eds) (1975) Qumran and the History of Biblical Text (Cambridge, MA - London). p.308 n. 8</ref> with extant verses 1–14, 19-26 (similar to Masoretic Text).<ref>{{cite journal
| last= Tov
| first = Emanuel 
| journal = Revue de Qumrân
| issue = 2 (54)
| pages = 189–206
| publisher = Editions Gabalda
| title = The Jeremiah Scrolls from Qumran
| volume = 14
| year = 1989
| issn = 0035-1725
| jstor = 24608791
}}
</ref><ref>{{Cite book | editor-last = Ulrich | editor-first = Eugene | editor-link = Eugene Ulrich | title = The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants | year = 2010 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/TheBiblicalQumranScrolls/page/n591 575]–578 | publisher = Brill | url = https://archive.org/details/TheBiblicalQumranScrolls |access-date= May 15, 2017 | isbn= 9789004181830}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature|last = Fitzmyer|first = Joseph A.| author-link = Joseph Fitzmyer | publisher = William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC | year = 2008 | pages = 38 |isbn = 9780802862419 | location = Grand Rapids, MI | access-date= February 15, 2019}}</ref>

Ancient manuscripts in [[Greek language|Greek]] containing this chapter are mainly of the [[Septuagint]] version, including [[Codex Vaticanus]] ('''B'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>B</sup>; 4th century), [[Codex Sinaiticus]] ('''S'''; [[Biblia Hebraica (Kittel)|BHK]]: <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>S</sup>; 4th century), [[Codex Alexandrinus]] ('''A'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>A</sup>; 5th century) and [[Codex Marchalianus]] ('''Q'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>Q</sup>; 6th century).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=73-74}}

===Verse numbering===
The order of chapters and verses of the Book of Jeremiah in the English Bibles, Masoretic Text (Hebrew), and [[Vulgate]] (Latin), in some places differs from that in the [[Septuagint]] (LXX, the Greek Bible used in the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] and others) according to Rahlfs or Brenton. The following table is taken with minor adjustments from ''Brenton's Septuagint'', page 971.<ref name="ccel">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ccel.org/bible/brenton/Jeremiah/appendix.html|title=Table of Order of Jeremiah in Hebrew and Septuagint|website=www.ccel.org}}</ref>

The order of Computer Assisted Tools for Septuagint/Scriptural Study (CATSS) based on ''[[Alfred Rahlfs]]' Septuaginta'' (1935) differs in some details from Joseph Ziegler's critical edition (1957) in ''Göttingen LXX''. ''Swete's Introduction'' mostly agrees with Rahlfs edition (=CATSS).<ref name="ccel"/>

{| class=wikitable
!Hebrew !! Vulgate, English!!Rahlfs' LXX (CATSS)!!Brenton's LXX
|-
| 30:25-'''31''':39
|align=center| '''31''':1-40
|align=center| 38:1-34,36,37,35,38-40 
|align=center| 38:1-40
|-
|colspan=2; align=center| 48:1-45
|align=center| '''31''':1-45 ||
|-
|colspan=2; align=center| 48:45-47
|align=center| none ||
|-
|}

==Parashot==
The ''[[parashah]]'' sections listed here are based on the [[Aleppo Codex]], and those in the missing parts of the codex (since 1947) are from Kimhi's notes,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/YellinTanakh|title=Yellin Tanakh|first=Yehoshua Kimchi|last=Shalom Shachna Yellin|date=October 8, 1837|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> marked with an asterisk (*).<ref>Ofer 1992, p. 320</ref> Jeremiah 31 is a part of the ''Eleventh prophecy ([[Jeremiah 30]]-31)'' in the ''Consolations (Jeremiah 30-[[Jeremiah 33|33]])'' section. As mentioned in the "Text" section, verses 30:25-31:39 in the Hebrew Bible below are numbered as 31:1-40 in the Christian Bible.<ref name=aish/> {P}: open ''parashah''; {S}: closed ''parashah''.
: [{S*} 30:23-25] {S*} 31:1-5 {P*} 31:6-8 {P*} 31:9-13 {P*} 31:14 {S*} 31:15-19<ref>The Leningrad codex has a closed section break {S} at 31:17 (שמוע), but Kimhi did not note any ''parashah''. The possibility that Kimhi erred by neglecting to note a ''parashah'' at 31:17 is lessened by the fact that [[Codex Cairensis]] also lacks a ''parashah'' at this point, as well as the fact that Finfer records lack of a ''parashah'' break here in most manuscripts (Ofer, Yellin, 1992, p. 332 n. 1). For this reason Breuer's editions based on the Aleppo Codex and Kimhi's notes (''Horev'' and ''The Jerusalem Crown'') do not show a ''parashah'' at 31:17, nor does a break appear in the ''Koren'' edition based on Finfer's list. However, Finfer does note that "a few manuscripts" have {S} here (p. 133).</ref> {S*} 31:20-21 {P*} 31:22-25 {S*} 31:26-29 {S*} 31:30-33 {S*} 31:34-35 {S} 31:36 {S} 31:37-39 {P}

==A remnant returns (31:1–26)==
This part displays some 'pictures of the restored people', opened with 'a variation of the covenant-formula ([[#Verse 1|verse 1]]; cf. {{bibleverse|Jeremiah|30:22|KJV}}) and 'a poetic statement about renewal that lies beyond judgment ({{bibleverse|Jeremiah|31:2|KJV|verse 2}}), followed by God's expression of the special love he has set for his people ({{bibleverse|Jeremiah|31:3|KJV|verse 3}}).{{sfn|McConville|1994|p=695}} Israel is portrayed as a ''[[virgin]]'' ({{bibleverse|Jeremiah|31:4|KJV|verse 4}}), in contrast to the previous imagery as "prostitute" ({{bibleverse|Jeremiah|2:20|KJV}}), leading into images that are 'homely and joyful' (verses 5–6) of the people returning from exile (verses 7−[[#Verse 9|9]]), followed by an oracle to the nations regarding the blessings of the remnant community as a whole (male and female, young and old, priests and lay people; verses 10–14).{{sfn|McConville|1994|p=695}} Thompson sees [[#Verse 1|verse 1]] as a continuation from {{bibleverse|Jeremiah|20:23–24|KJV}}.{{sfn|Thompson|1980|p=128}} The feminine imagery continues with [[Rachel]] weeping for her children ([[#Verse 15|verse 15]]), symbolizing Israel's grief over its losses, which is immediately answered by the future restoration (verses 16–17) as the nation's turning back to God is met by God's turning towards them (verses 18–19) and God's compassion (verse 20).{{sfn|McConville|1994|p=695}} The closing appeal reminds the people of God's continuous call for his people to faithfulness (verses 21–22),{{sfn|McConville|1994|p=695}} and the security from God for the worshipping community (verses 23–25).{{sfn|McConville|1994|p=696}} Verse 26 indicates that the whole vision was given to Jeremiah in a dream.{{sfn|McConville|1994|p=696}}

===Verse 1===
:''"At the same time," says the Lord, "I will be the God of all the families of Israel, and they shall be My people."''<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|31:1|NKJV}}: [[New King James Version|NKJV]]; cf. {{bibleverse-nb|Jeremiah|30:25|HE}} Hebrew Bible</ref>
Streane notes that this verse is "virtually a repetition of {{bibleverse|Jeremiah|30:22|KJV}}" and therefore argues that it should be treated as part of chapter 30.<ref name=Cambridge>Streane, A. W., [https://biblehub.com/commentaries/cambridge/jeremiah/31.htm Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges] on Jeremiah 31, accessed 10 March 2019</ref> Thompson regards this verse as performing a "double function": to conclude the materials in {{bibleverse|Jeremiah|30:1-24|NKJV}} and to be a header for the following materials in chapter 31.{{sfn|Thompson|1980|p=564}}

===Verse 7===
:''For thus says the Lord:''
:''"Sing aloud with gladness for Jacob,''
:''and raise shouts for the chief of the nations;''
:''proclaim, give praise, and say,''
:''‘O Lord, save your people,''
:''the remnant of Israel.'"''<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|31:7|ESV}}: ESV</ref>
For "the chief of the nations", an alternative reading offered by [[Bernhard Duhm]] and supported by Streane is "on the top of the mountains", as suggested by the mention of mountains in the preceding verses 5 and 6 (''the mountains of Samaria ... the hill country of Ephraim'').<ref name=Cambridge />

===Verse 9===
:''They shall come with weeping,''
:''And with supplications I will lead them.''
:''I will cause them to walk by the rivers of waters,''
:''In a straight way in which they shall not stumble;''
:''For I am a Father to Israel,''
:''And Ephraim is My firstborn.''<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|31:9|NKJV}} NKJV; cf. {{bibleverse-nb|Jeremiah|31:8|HE}} Hebrew Bible</ref>
Streane suggests that the weeping described here (from the Hebrew version) reflects tears of [[contrition]] marking the '''return''' from exile, but notes that the Septuagint's text has a different tone:
:''"They '''went forth''' with weeping, but with consolation will I bring them back"''.<ref name=Cambridge />

===Verse 15===
: ''Thus says the Lord:''
: ''"A voice is heard in Ramah,''
::  ''lamentation and bitter weeping.''
: ''Rachel is weeping for her children;''
::  ''she refuses to be comforted for her children,''
:: ''because they are no more."''<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|31:15|ESV}} ESV; cf. {{bibleverse|Jeremiah|31:14|HE}} Hebrew Bible</ref>
“[[Rachel]]”, [[Jacob]]’s wife and the mother of [[Joseph (Genesis)|Joseph]] and [[Benjamin]], is described lamenting her descendants (both northern and southern tribes) carried away to exile for their sins<ref name=Frymer>{{Cite web|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/rachel-bible|title=Rachel: Bible|website=Jewish Women's Archive}}</ref> and would be extinct (“no more”; cf. {{bibleverse|Genesis|42:36|KJV}}), also figuratively grieved when later the children were “brutally murdered” in the area of [[Bethlehem]] where she died ({{bibleverse|Genesis|35:16-20|KJV}}; {{bibleverse-nb|Genesis|48:7|KJV}}).{{sfn|Huey|1993|pp = 274-5}} Rachel's weeping could be heard in "[[Ramah in Benjamin|Ramah]]", "where the Judean exiles were gathered before the deportation to Babylon" ([[Jeremiah 40:1]]).{{sfn|Huey|1993|p= 274}} [[Robert H. Gundry|R. H. Gundry]] sees the connection between this verse and [[Matthew 2:18]] in the context of hope that "in both cases God promises to turn lamentation into rejoicing".<ref>[[Robert H. Gundry|Gundry, Robert H.]] (1975) ''The Use of the Old Testament in St. Matthew Gospel''. Brill, Leiden. p. 210</ref>

===Verse 22===
: ''"How long will you gad about,''
: ''O you backsliding daughter?''
: ''For the Lord has created a new thing in the earth—''
: ''A woman shall encompass a man."''<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|31:22|NKJV}} NKJV; cf {{bibleverse|Jeremiah|31:21|HE}} Hebrew Bible</ref>
"A woman shall encompass a man": This phrase is said to be the basis of the part of a [[Jewish wedding]], where the bride [[Jewish wedding#Circling|traditionally walks around the groom]] three or seven times when she arrives at the [[Chuppah]].<ref name="RKap19">Made in Heaven, A Jewish Wedding Guide by Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan, Moznaim Publishing Company, New York / Jerusalem, 1983, Chapter 19</ref>

==Preamble to the New Covenant (31:27–30)==
This preamble answers a proverb during the time of exile, which complained that the current generation was suffering for the sins of the previous generation (cf. {{bibleverse|Ezekiel|18:2|KJV}}), with the statement that God would deal with each generation, and each individual, 'separately and justly'.{{sfn|McConville|1994|p=696}}

=={{anchor|The New Covenant|Verses 31–34}}The New Covenant (31:31–34)==
{{main|New Covenant|Covenant (biblical)|New Testament}}
The New Covenant is a [[biblical interpretation]] originally derived from a [[Book of Jeremiah#Sections of the Book|phrase in the Book of Jeremiah]] ([[#Verse 31|31:31]][[#Verse 34|-34]]) in the [[Hebrew Bible]] (or [[Old Testament]] in [[Christianity|Christian]] [[Bible]]), and quoted in the [[Hebrews 8|chapter 8 of the Epistle to the Hebrews]] ([[Hebrews 8#The Text for a Homily (8:8–13)|8:8–13]]) in the [[New Testament]] of Christian Bible.<ref>{{bibleverse||Hebrews|8:8–13|KJV}} KJV</ref>

The Jewish view of the wording "new covenant" is no more than a renewed national commitment to abide by God's laws. In this view, the word ''new'' does not refer to a new commitment that replaces a previous one, but rather to an additional and greater level of commitment.<ref>[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=245&letter=N&search=New%20Testament#717 Jewish Encyclopedia: New Testament] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412081828/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=245&letter=N&search=New%20Testament#717 |date=2008-04-12 }}: "The idea of the new covenant is based chiefly upon Jer. xxxi. 31–34 (comp. Heb. viii. 6–13, x. 16). That the prophet's words do not imply an [[Antinomianism|abrogation of the Law]] is evidenced by his emphatic declaration of the immutability of the covenant with Israel ({{bibleverse||Jer|31:35–36|HE}}; comp. {{bibleverse-nb||Jeremiah|33:25|HE}}); he obviously looked for a renewal of the Law through a regeneration of the hearts of the people."</ref>

[[Christian theology|Christians believe]] that the promised "New Covenant" was instituted at the [[Last Supper]] as part of the [[Eucharist]],<ref>{{bibleverse|Luke|22:20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://web.ccbce.com/multimedia/BLB/faq/nbi/271.html |title=Why Are The Two Divisions Of The Bible Called The Old And New Testament ? |access-date=2018-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803223816/http://web.ccbce.com/multimedia/BLB/faq/nbi/271.html |archive-date=2018-08-03 |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803223816/http://web.ccbce.com/multimedia/BLB/faq/nbi/271.html |date=2018-08-03 }}</ref> which in the [[Gospel of John]] includes the [[New Commandment]]. Based on the [[Bible]] teaching that, "For where a testament is, there must also of necessity be the death of the testator. For a testament is of force after men are dead: otherwise it is of no strength at all while the testator liveth,"<ref>{{cite web|title= Hebrews 9:16-17 KJV| url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Hebrews+9%3A16-17&version=KJV|publisher=Biblegateway.com |access-date=2017-01-29}}</ref> Protestants tend to believe that the New Covenant only came into force with the death of Christ.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hebrews 9:16|url=http://biblehub.com/commentaries/hebrews/9-16.htm|website=Bible Hub|publisher=Online Parallel Bible Project|access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Verse-by-Verse Bible Commentary Hebrews 9:16|url=https://www.studylight.org/commentary/hebrews/9-16.html|website=StudyLight.org | publisher = StudyLight.org | access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref> The commentary to the [[Roman Catholic]] New American Bible also affirms that  Christ is the "testator whose death puts his will into effect."<ref>{{cite web|title=New Testament Letters Hebrews Chapter 9|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0839/__P11O.HTM#$4UM|website=The Holy See|publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana|access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref> Christians thus believe that Jesus is the mediator of the New Covenant, and that the Blood of Christ shed at his [[Crucifixion of Jesus|crucifixion]] is the [[Propitiation|required blood of the covenant]].<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07181a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Epistle to the Hebrews]: "... the Epistle opens with the solemn announcement of the superiority of the New Testament Revelation by the Son over Old Testament Revelation by the [[prophet]]s ({{bibleverse||Hebrews|1:1-4}}). It then proves and explains from the Scriptures the superiority of this New Covenant over the Old by the comparison of the Son with the [[angels]] as mediators of the Old Covenant ({{bibleverse-nb||Hebrews|1:5-2:18}}), with [[Moses]] and [[Joshua|Josue]] as the founders of the Old Covenant ({{bibleverse-nb||Hebrews|3:1-4:16}}), and, finally, by opposing the high-priesthood of Christ after the order of [[Melchizedek|Melchisedech]] to the [[Levite|Levitical priesthood]] after the order of [[Aaron]] ({{bibleverse-nb||Hebrews|5:1-10:18}})."</ref>

===Verse 31===
: ''"Behold, the days are coming, says the Lord, when I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah—''<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|31:31|NKJV}} NKJV; cf. {{bibleverse|Jeremiah|31:30|HE}} Hebrew Bible</ref>
* "[[New Covenant|New covenant]]": is translated from {{langx|he|ברית חדשה}}, ''{{Strong|brit|H|1285}} {{Strong|chadashah|H|2319}}''; the exact phrase is only found here in the entire [[Hebrew Bible]]/[[Old Testament]], but Huey notes that "the ideas associated with it are frequently expressed."{{sfn|Huey|1993|p=281}} Kaiser counts "sixteen or seventeen major passages on the new covenant."<ref>W. C. Kaiser Jr. (1972) "The Old Promise and the New Covenant: Jeremiah 31:31-34," ''[[Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society|JETS]]'' 15:14. Cited in Huey 1993, p. 281. For examples, {{bibleverse|Isaiah|41:18-20|NKJV}}; {{bibleverse-nb|Isaiah|42:6-13|NKJV}}; {{bibleverse|Jeremiah |50:4-5|NKJV}}; {{bibleverse|Ezekiel |16:60-63|NKJV}}; {{bibleverse|Joel |2:18-32|NKJV}}, etc.</ref> Thompson holds that this statement can be traced back to the prophet Jeremiah, despite arguments pointing the origin to latter editors, because, in his observation, Jeremiah "was in the verge of stating the doctrine on a number of occasions."{{sfn|Thompson|1980|p=580}}

===Verse 32===
: ''not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers in the day that I took them by the hand to lead them out of the land of Egypt, My covenant which they broke, though I was a husband to them, says the Lord.''<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|31:32|NKJV}} NKJV; cf. {{bibleverse|Jeremiah|31:31|HE}} Hebrew Bible</ref>
*"The covenant that I made with their fathers": refers to the [[Mosaic covenant|Mosaic Covenant]] between God and the people of Israel right after [[The Exodus|they were liberated from the bondage in Egypt]] ({{bibleverse|Exodus|19-24|KJV}}).{{sfn|Huey|1993|p=282}}
*"Husband to them": describing Yahweh as a husband (''ba'al'') to the people of Israel,<ref>Coppens, J (1963). "La nouvelle alliance en Jer. 31:31-34," ''CBQ'' 25:14-ff.</ref> carrying the image of contractual "husband-wife relationship between Yahweh and Israel."{{sfn|Thompson|1980|p=66}} The phrase "though I was a husband to them" is in Masoretic, Targum and Vulgate versions, whereas the Septuagint and Syriac versions have "and I turned away from them."<ref>Note [a] on Jeremiah 31:32 in the [[New King James Version]]</ref>

===Verse 33===
: ''But this shall be the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel; After those days, saith the LORD, I will put my law in their inward parts, and write it in their hearts; and will be their God, and they shall be my people.''<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|31:33|KJV}} KJV; cf. {{bibleverse|Jeremiah|31:32|HE}} Hebrew Bible</ref>
* "Put my law in their inward parts": Instead of putting the law on stone tablets ({{bibleverse|Exodus|31:18|KJV}}; {{bibleverse|Deuteronomy|4:13|KJV}}), God will put his law in "inward parts" (''qereb''; "inmost being" or "minds") and "hearts" (see {{bibleverse|Jeremiah|17:1-2|KJV}}; {{bibleverse|Romans|7:4-6|KJV}}; {{bibleverse|2 Corinthians|3:3, 6-16|NKJV}}).{{sfn|Huey|1993|p=284}}

===Verse 34===
: ''No more shall every man teach his neighbor, and every man his brother, saying, ‘Know the Lord,’ for they all shall know Me, from the least of them to the greatest of them, says the Lord. For I will forgive their iniquity, and their sin I will remember no more."''<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|31:34|NKJV}} NKJV; cf. {{bibleverse|Jeremiah|31:33|HE}} Hebrew Bible</ref>
* "For they shall all know me": "The universal knowledge of God" will be a result of the "new covenant".{{sfn|Huey|1993|p=285}}

==The results of the New Covenant (31:35–40)==
The subsequent two passages affirm that 'the New Covenant will be everlasting' (verses 35–37) and, as a result of it, 'the city of Jerusalem will be rebuilt' ([[#Verse 38|verses 38]]–40).{{sfn|McConville|1994|p=696}}

===Verse 38===
: ''"Behold, the days come, saith the Lord, that the city shall be built to the Lord from the tower of Hananeel unto the gate of the corner."''<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|31:38|KJV}} KJV; cf. {{bibleverse|Jeremiah|31:37|HE}} Hebrew Bible</ref>
* "[[Hananeel (tower)|Tower of Hananeel]]": might be located at the northeast corner of [[Jerusalem]] ([[Nehemiah 3:1]]; [[Nehemiah 12:39]]; [[Zechariah 14:10]]).<ref name=JewishEncyclopedia/> As "Hananeel" (or "Hananel") means "God's grace", Schroeder notes that the Tower of Hananeel "metaphorically designates" the apostles and first believers who were "strengthened like a tower by the grace of the Holy Spirit descending on them on the Day of Pentecost with a visible sign" ([[Acts 2:3]]).<ref>{{Cite book
|editor-last= Schroeder
|editor-first= Joy A.
|title= The Book of Jeremiah
|series= The Bible in medieval tradition
|publisher= Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing
|year= 2017
|isbn= 9780802873293
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lCxbDwAAQBAJ
|page= 253}}</ref>
*"Gate of the corner" (Corner Gate): was to the northwest of Jerusalem ({{bibleverse|2 Kings|14:13|KJV}}; [[Zechariah 14:10]]), a part of expansion to the northwest side of the city under [[Uzziah]] and [[Hezekiah]].<ref name=JewishEncyclopedia>{{JewishEncyclopedia|url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8604-jerusalem|article=JERUSALEM |inline=1}}. Quotes: ''Jehoash of Israel destroyed 400 cubits of the wall from the Ephraim Gate to the corner gate (II Kings xiv. 13). It seems probable that the wall was repaired under Uzziah; at least, according to II Chron. xxvi. 9,... The coming of Sennacherib (701) caused the rebuilding of some portion of the wall ... Hezekiah is mentioned as having done this repairing.... Where the towers Hananeel and Ha-Meah or Meah stood can not be ascertained. They are mentioned in Jer. xxxi. 38; Zech. xiv. 10; Neh. iii. 1, xii. 39. The former seems to have marked the northeast corner of the city;...  The "old gate" or "gate of the old pool"—referring perhaps to the Patriarch's Pool northwest of the city—is called also "Sha'ar ha-Rishon" (Zech. xiv. 10) and "Sha'ar ha-Pinnah" (II Kings xiv. 13; Jer. xxxi. 38; "ha-Poneh," IIChron. xxv. 23; "ha-Pinnim," Zech. xiv. 10).''</ref>
This verse gives an exilic hope, that Jerusalem will be 'rebuilt beyond its former borders to accommodate the population explosion among its inhabitants', and that the city 'will never again be uprooted or overthrown'.{{sfn|O'Connor|2007|p=515}}

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Egypt]]
*[[Gareb]]
*[[Goath]]
*[[Israel]]
*[[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]]
*[[Old Testament messianic prophecies quoted in the New Testament]]
*[[Rachel]]
*[[Ramah in Benjamin|Ramah]]}}
*Related Bible parts: [[Nehemiah 3]], [[Nehemiah 12]], [[Zechariah 14]], [[Matthew 2]], [[Hebrews 8]]

==Notes and References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
* Finfer, Pesah (1906). ''Masoret HaTorah VehaNevi'im.'' Vilna, (Hebrew). Online text: [[:commons:File:Masoret-finfer.djvu|DjVu at Commons]], [http://hebrewbooks.org/6251 (PDF)]
* {{cite book
| last = Huey
| first = F. B.
| title	 = The New American Commentary - Jeremiah, Lamentations: An Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scripture, NIV Text
| publisher = B&H Publishing Group 
| year = 1993
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HBguYZCdAM4C
| isbn = 9780805401165
}}
*{{cite book|last= McConville |first= Gordon | chapter= Jeremiah |editor-last=Carson |editor-first=D. A. |title=New Bible Commentary: 21st Century Edition|editor-link= D. A. Carson| editor-last2= France |editor-first2= R. T. | editor2-link= R. T. France |editor-first3=J. A. |editor-last3= Motyer | editor3-link = J. Alec Motyer| editor-first4= G. J. |editor-last4= Wenham | editor4-link = Gordon Wenham| edition=4, illustrated, reprint, revised| publisher= Inter-Varsity Press | date= 1994| isbn = 9780851106489| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=uveHQgAACAAJ |pages = 671–708}}
*{{cite book|last=O'Connor | first= Kathleen M. | chapter = 23. Jeremiah | title=The Oxford Bible Commentary | editor-first1=John| editor-last1=Barton |editor1-link = John Barton (theologian) | editor-first2=John| editor-last2= Muddiman |editor2-link = John Muddiman | publisher = Oxford University Press |edition= first (paperback) | date = 2007 | pages = 487–533 | isbn = 978-0199277186 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ| access-date=February 6, 2019}}
* Ofer, Yosef (1992). "The Aleppo Codex and the Bible of R. Shalom Shachna Yellin" in ''Rabbi [[Mordechai Breuer]] Festschrift: Collected Papers in Jewish Studies'', ed. M. Bar-Asher, 1:295-353. Jerusalem (in Hebrew). [https://faculty.biu.ac.il/~ofery/papers/Jubilee%20Rabbi%20Mordechai%20Breuer.pdf Online text (PDF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011160307/https://faculty.biu.ac.il/~ofery/papers/Jubilee%20Rabbi%20Mordechai%20Breuer.pdf |date=2021-10-11 }}
* {{cite book
|last =Thompson
|first=  J. A. 
|title=    A Book of Jeremiah
|series=The [[New International Commentary on the Old Testament]]
|author-link = J. A. Thompson
|edition=illustrated, revised
|date= 1980
|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lm6tdzZwNOEC
|isbn=9780802825308
}}
*{{cite book | last = Würthwein | first = Ernst | author-link = Ernst Würthwein | title = The Text of the Old Testament | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans |location = Grand Rapids, MI | year=  1995 | translator-first1 = Erroll F.| translator-last1 = Rhodes |isbn = 978-0-8028-0788-5 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC | access-date= January 26, 2019}}

==External links==

===Jewish===
*[http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1131.htm Jeremiah 31 Hebrew with Parallel English]

===Christian===
*[http://www.latinvulgate.com/lv/verse.aspx?t=0&b=28&c=31 Jeremiah 31 English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate]

{{Book of Jeremiah}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jeremiah 31}}
[[Category:Book of Jeremiah chapters|31]]