View source for JPEG 2000

{{Short description|Image compression standard and coding system}}
{{Infobox file format
| name = JPEG 2000
| icon = JPEG 2000 logo.svg
| screenshot = JPEG JFIF and 2000 Comparison.png
| caption = Comparison of JPEG 2000 with the original JPEG format
| extension = <code>.jp2</code>, <code>.j2k</code>, <code>.jpf</code>, <code>.jpm</code>, <code>.jpg2</code>, <code>.j2c</code>, <code>.jpc</code>, <code>.jpx</code>, <code>.mj2</code>
| mime = <code>image/jp2</code>, <code>image/jpx</code>, <code>image/jpm</code>, <code>video/mj2</code>
| uniform type = <code>public.jpeg-2000</code>
| magic = {{code|00 00 00 0C 6A 50 20 20 0D 0A 87 0A}} / {{code|FF 4F FF 51}}
| owner = [[Joint Photographic Experts Group]]
| genre = [[Graphics file format]]
| containerfor =
| containedby =
| extendedfrom = [[JPEG]]
| standard = ISO/IEC 15444
| open = Yes
| free = See {{section link||Legal status}}
| url = {{Official URL}}
}}

'''JPEG 2000''' ('''JP2''') is an [[image compression]] standard and coding system. It was developed from 1997 to 2000 by a [[Joint Photographic Experts Group]] committee chaired by Touradj Ebrahimi (later the JPEG president),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Taubman |first1=David |last2=Marcellin |first2=Michael |title=JPEG2000 Image Compression Fundamentals, Standards and Practice: Image Compression Fundamentals, Standards and Practice |date=2012 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9781461507994 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7HeBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA402 }}</ref> with the intention of superseding their original [[JPEG]] standard (created in 1992), which is based on a [[discrete cosine transform]] (DCT), with a newly designed, [[wavelet]]-based method. The standardized [[filename extension]] is '''.jp2''' for [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]/[[International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]] 15444-1 conforming files and '''.jpx''' for the extended part-2 specifications, published as ISO/IEC 15444-2. The [[Internet media type|MIME types]] for JPEG 2000 are defined in RFC 3745.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clark |first1=Richard |last2=Lee |first2=Daniel T. |last3=Singer |first3=David |title=RFC 3745: MIME Type Registrations for JPEG 2000 (ISO/IEC 15444) |url=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3745 |website=IETF Datatracker |publisher=Internet Engineering Task Force |access-date=21 April 2024 |date=April 2004}}</ref> The MIME type for JPEG 2000 (ISO/IEC 15444-1) is '''image/jp2'''.

The JPEG 2000 project was motivated by [[Ricoh|Ricoh's]] submission in 1995 of the CREW ('''C'''ompression with '''R'''eversible '''E'''mbedded '''W'''avelets) algorithm<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Zandi |first1=A. |last2=Allen |first2=J.D. |last3=Schwartz |first3=E.L. |last4=Boliek |first4=M. |date=1995 |title=CREW: Compression with Reversible Embedded Wavelets |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/515511 |publisher=IEEE Comput. Soc. Press |pages=212–221 |doi=10.1109/DCC.1995.515511 |isbn=978-0-8186-7012-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Boliek |first1=Martin P. |last2=Gormisch |first2=Michael J. |last3=Schwartz |first3=Edward L. |last4=Keith |first4=Alexander F. |date=July 1998 |title=Decoding compression with reversible embedded wavelets (CREW) codestreams |url=https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/journal-of-electronic-imaging/volume-7/issue-3/0000/Decoding-compression-with-reversible-embedded-wavelets-CREW-codestreams/10.1117/1.482653.full |journal=Journal of Electronic Imaging |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=402–409 |doi=10.1117/1.482653 |bibcode=1998JEI.....7..402B |issn=1017-9909}}</ref> to the standardization effort of [[JPEG-LS]]. Ultimately the [[Lossless JPEG#LOCO-I_algorithm|LOCO-I algorithm]] was selected as the basis for [[JPEG-LS]], but many of the features of CREW ended up in the JPEG 2000 standard.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Marcellin |first1=M.W. |last2=Gormish |first2=M.J. |last3=Bilgin |first3=A. |last4=Boliek |first4=M.P. |date=2000 |title=An overview of JPEG-2000 |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/838192 |publisher=IEEE Comput. Soc |pages=523–541 |doi=10.1109/DCC.2000.838192 |isbn=978-0-7695-0592-3}}</ref>

JPEG 2000 codestreams are [[Region of interest|regions of interest]] that offer several mechanisms to support spatial random access or region of interest access at varying degrees of granularity. It is possible to store different parts of the same picture using different quality.

JPEG 2000 is a compression standard based on a [[discrete wavelet transform]] (DWT). The standard could be adapted for motion imaging [[video compression]] with the [[Motion JPEG&nbsp;2000]] extension. JPEG&nbsp;2000 technology was selected as the [[video coding standard]] for [[digital cinema]] in 2004.<ref>{{cite book |last=Swartz |first=Charles S. |title=Understanding Digital Cinema: A Professional Handbook |date=2005 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=9780240806174 |page=147 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tYw3ehoBnjkC&pg=PA147 }}</ref> However, JPEG&nbsp;2000 is generally not supported in [[web browser]]s for [[Web page|web pages]] {{As of|2024|lc=on|post=,}} and hence is not generally used on the [[World Wide Web]]. Nevertheless, for those with [[PDF]] support, web browsers generally support JPEG&nbsp;2000 in PDFs.

==Design goals==
While there is a modest increase in compression performance of JPEG&nbsp;2000 compared to JPEG, the main advantage offered by JPEG&nbsp;2000 is the significant flexibility of the codestream. The codestream obtained after compression of an image with JPEG&nbsp;2000 is scalable in nature, meaning that it can be decoded in a number of ways; for instance, by truncating the codestream at any point, one may obtain a representation of the image at a lower resolution, or [[signal-to-noise ratio]] – see [[Lossy data compression#Downsampling/compressed representation scalability|scalable compression]]. By ordering the codestream in various ways, applications can achieve significant performance increases. However, as a consequence of this flexibility, JPEG&nbsp;2000 requires [[codec]]s that are complex and computationally demanding. Another difference, in comparison with JPEG, is in terms of visual [[compression artifact|artifacts]]: JPEG&nbsp;2000 only produces [[ringing artifacts]], manifested as blur and rings near edges in the image, while JPEG produces both ringing artifacts and 'blocking' artifacts, due to its [[JPEG#Block splitting|8×8 blocks]].

JPEG 2000 has been published as an [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] standard, ISO/IEC 15444. The cost of obtaining all documents for the standard has been estimated at 2,718{{nbsp}}[[Swiss franc|CHF]] ([[United States dollar|US$]]2,720 as of 2015).<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:925474/FULLTEXT01.pdf |last1=Lundell |first1=B. |last2=Gamalielsson |first2=J. |last3=Katz |first3=A. |date=2015 |title=On Implementation of Open Standards in Software: To What Extent Can ISO Standards Be Implemented in Open Source Software? |journal=International Journal of Standardization Research |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=47–73 |doi=10.4018/IJSR.2015010103 }}</ref>

===Applications===
Notable markets and applications intended to be served by the standard include:
* Consumer applications such as multimedia devices (e.g. digital cameras, personal digital assistants, 3G mobile phones, color facsimile, printers, scanners)
* Client/server communication (e.g. the Internet, image database, video streaming, video server)
* Military/surveillance (e.g. HD satellite images, Motion detection, network distribution and storage)
* [[Medical imagery]], specifically the [[DICOM]] specifications for medical data interchange.
* Biometrics
* [[Remote sensing]]
* High-quality frame-based video recording, editing and storage.
* Live HDTV feed contribution (I-frame only video compression with low transmission latency), such as live HDTV feed of a sport event linked to the TV station studio
* [[Digital cinema]], such as [[Digital Cinema Package]]
* Digitized Audio-visual contents and images for long term [[digital preservation]]
* [[World Meteorological Organization]] has built JPEG 2000 Compression into the new GRIB2 file format.  The GRIB file structure is designed for global distribution of meteorological data.  The implementation of JPEG 2000 compression in GRIB2 has reduced file sizes up to 80%.<ref>[http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/wesley/wgrib2/ wgrib2 home page]</ref>

==Improvements over the 1992 JPEG standard==
[[File:JPEG 2000 Artifacts Demonstration.png|thumb|128px|Top-to-bottom demonstration of the artifacts of JPEG&nbsp;2000 compression. The numbers indicate the compression ratio used.]]

===Multiple resolution representation===
JPEG 2000 decomposes the image into a multiple resolution representation in the course of its compression process. This [[Pyramid (image processing)|pyramid representation]] can be put to use for other image presentation purposes beyond compression.

===Progressive transmission by pixel and resolution accuracy===
These features are more commonly known as ''progressive decoding'' and ''signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) scalability''. JPEG&nbsp;2000 provides efficient codestream organizations which are progressive by pixel accuracy and by image resolution (or by image size). This allows the viewer to see a lower quality version of the final picture before the whole file has been downloaded. The quality improves progressively as more data is downloaded from the source.

===Choice of lossless or lossy compression===
Like the [[Lossless JPEG]] standard,<ref>[http://www.cis.temple.edu/~vasilis/Courses/CIS750/Papers/doc_jpeg_c_5.pdf The JPEG Still Picture Compression Standard] pp.6–7</ref> the JPEG 2000 standard provides both [[Lossless compression|lossless]] and [[lossy compression]] in a single compression architecture. Lossless compression is provided by the use of a reversible integer wavelet transform in JPEG&nbsp;2000.

===Error resilience===
Like JPEG 1992, JPEG 2000 is robust to bit errors introduced by noisy communication channels, due to the coding of data in relatively small independent blocks.

===Flexible file format===
The JP2 and JPX file formats allow for handling of color-space information, metadata, and for interactivity in networked applications as developed in the JPEG Part 9 JPIP protocol.

===High dynamic range support===
JPEG 2000 supports bit depths of 1 to 38 bits per component. Supported color spaces include monochrome, 3 types of YCbCr, sRGB, [[Photo CD|PhotoYCC]], CMY(K), YCCK and CIELab. It also later added support for CIEJab ([[CIECAM02]]), e-sRGB, ROMM, YPbPr and others.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guest post: Color in JP2 |url=http://blog.wellcomelibrary.org/2011/04/guest-post-color-in-jp2/ |website=Wellcome Library |access-date=18 January 2021}}</ref>

===Side channel spatial information===
Full support for transparency and alpha planes.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}

==JPEG 2000 image coding system – Parts==
The JPEG 2000 image coding system (ISO/IEC 15444) consists of the following parts:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ JPEG 2000 image coding system – Parts<ref name="jpeg2000-jpeg">{{cite web | url = http://www.jpeg.org/jpeg2000/index.html | title = Joint Photographic Experts Group, JPEG2000 | author=JPEG | access-date=2009-11-01 }}</ref><ref name="jpeg2000-ign">{{cite web | url = https://eden.ign.fr/std/JPEG2000/index_html | title=JPEG2000 (ISO 15444) | author=IGN Standardization Team | access-date=2009-11-01 }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" | Part
! rowspan="2" | Number
! colspan="2" | public release date
! rowspan="2" | Latest<br />amend-<br />ment
! rowspan="2" | Identical<br />ITU-T<br />standard
! rowspan="2" | Title
! rowspan="2" | Description
|-
! First<br />edition
! Current<br />edition
|-
| Part 1
| [https://www.iso.org/standard/87632.html ISO/IEC 15444-1]
| 2000
| 2024
|
| [http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.800 T.800]
| Core coding system
| the basic characteristics of JPEG 2000 compression (''.jp2'')
|-
| Part 2
| [https://www.iso.org/standard/84573.html ISO/IEC 15444-2]
| 2004
| 2023<ref>{{cite web |author=International Organization for Standardization |title=ISO/IEC 15444-2:2023 - Information technology — JPEG 2000 image coding system — Part 2: Extensions |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/84573.html |access-date=2023-07-20}}</ref>
|
| [http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.801 T.801]
| Extensions
| (''.jpx'', ''.jpf'', ''floating points'')
|-
| Part 3
| [https://www.iso.org/standard/41570.html ISO/IEC 15444-3]
| 2002
| 2007
| 2010<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.iso.org/standard/41570.html | title=ISO/IEC 15444-3:2007 – Information technology – JPEG 2000 image coding system: Motion JPEG 2000 | author=International Organization for Standardization | access-date=2017-10-19 }}</ref>
| [http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.802 T.802]
| [[Motion JPEG 2000]]
| (''.mj2'')
|-
| Part 4
| [https://www.iso.org/standard/85636.html ISO/IEC 15444-4]
| 2002
| 2024
|
| [http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.803 T.803]
| Conformance testing
|
|-
| Part 5
| [https://www.iso.org/standard/81575.html ISO/IEC 15444-5]
| 2003
| 2021<ref>{{cite web |author=International Organization for Standardization |title=ISO/IEC 15444-5:2021 – Information technology – JPEG 2000 image coding system: Reference software |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/81575.html |access-date=2017-10-19}}</ref>
|
| [http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.804 T.804]
| Reference software
| Java and C implementations
|-
| Part 6
| [https://www.iso.org/standard/61124.html ISO/IEC 15444-6]
| 2003
| 2013
|
| [http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.805 T.805]
| Compound image file format
| (''.jpm'') e.g. document imaging, for pre-press and fax-like applications
|-
| Part 7
| ''abandoned''<ref name="jpeg2000-jpeg" />
|
|
|
|
| Guideline of minimum support function of ISO/IEC 15444-1<ref>{{cite web | url = http://kikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/open/29view/29n39731.doc | title = JPEG, JBIG – Resolutions of 22nd WG1 New Orleans Meeting | format=DOC | author=International Organization for Standardization/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 1 |date=2000-12-08 | access-date=2009-11-01 | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140512215828/http://kikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/open/29view/29n39731.doc | archive-date=2014-05-12 }}</ref>
| (Technical Report on Minimum Support Functions<ref>{{cite web | url = http://kikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/open/29view/29n39741.doc | title=22nd WG1 New Orleans Meeting, Draft Meeting Report | format=DOC | date=2000-12-08 | access-date=2009-11-01 | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224331/http://kikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/open/29view/29n39741.doc | archive-date=2014-05-12 }}</ref>)
|-
| Part 8
| [https://www.iso.org/standard/82566.html ISO/IEC 15444-8]
| 2007
| 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=iso |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/82566.html}}</ref>
|
| [http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.807 T.807]
| Secure JPEG 2000
| JPSEC (security aspects)
|-
| Part 9
| [https://www.iso.org/standard/82567.html ISO/IEC 15444-9]
| 2005
| 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=iso |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/82567.html}}</ref>
|
| [http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.808 T.808]
| Interactivity tools, APIs and protocols
| [[JPIP]] (interactive protocols and API)
|-
| Part 10
| [https://www.iso.org/standard/61534.html ISO/IEC 15444-10]
| 2008
| 2011<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.iso.org/standard/61534.html | title = ISO/IEC 15444-10:2011 – Information technology – JPEG 2000 image coding system: Extensions for three-dimensional data | author=International Organization for Standardization | access-date=2017-10-19 }}</ref>
|
| [http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.809 T.809]
| Extensions for three-dimensional data
| JP3D (volumetric imaging)
|-
| Part 11
| [https://www.iso.org/standard/40025.html ISO/IEC 15444-11]
| 2007
| 2007
| 2013<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.iso.org/standard/40025.html | title=ISO/IEC 15444-11:2007 – Information technology – JPEG 2000 image coding system: Wireless | author=International Organization for Standardization | access-date=2017-10-19 }}</ref>
| [http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.810 T.810]
| Wireless
| JPWL (wireless applications)
|-
| Part 12
| [https://www.iso.org/standard/38612.html ISO/IEC 15444-12]<br />''(withdrawn in 2017)''
| 2004
| 2015<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.iso.org/standard/68963.html | title=ISO/IEC 15444-12:2015 – Information technology – JPEG 2000 image coding system – Part 12: ISO base media file format |author=International Organization for Standardization | access-date=2017-10-19 }}</ref>
|
|
| [[ISO base media file format]]
|
|-
| Part 13
| [https://www.iso.org/standard/42271.html ISO/IEC 15444-13]
| 2008
| 2008<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.iso.org/standard/42271.html | title = ISO/IEC 15444-13:2008 – Information technology – JPEG 2000 image coding system: An entry level JPEG 2000 encoder | author=International Organization for Standardization | access-date=2017-10-19 }}</ref>
|
| [http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.812 T.812]
| An entry-level JPEG 2000 encoder
|
|-
| Part&nbsp;14
| [https://www.iso.org/standard/50410.html ISO/IEC 15444-14]
| 2013<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iso.org/standard/50410.html | title=ISO/IEC 15444-14:2013 – Information technology – JPEG 2000 image coding system – Part 14: XML representation and reference | author=International Organization for Standardization | date=2007-07-01 | access-date=2009-11-01 }}</ref>
|
|
| [http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.813 T.813]
| XML representation and reference
| JPXML<ref>{{cite web | url = http://kikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/open/29view/29n83811.doc | title=Resolutions of 41st WG1 San Jose Meeting | format=DOC | date=2007-04-27 | access-date=2009-11-01 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224659/http://kikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/open/29view/29n83811.doc | archive-date=2014-05-12 }}</ref>
|-
| Part 15
| [https://www.iso.org/standard/76621.html ISO/IEC 15444-15]
| 2019
| 2019
|
| [https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.814-201906-I/en T.814]
| High-throughput JPEG 2000
| HTJ2K and JPH file format
|-
| Part 16
| [https://www.iso.org/standard/80620.html ISO/IEC 15444-16]
| 2019
| 2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=iso |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/80620.html}}</ref>
|
| [https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.815/en T.815]
| Encapsulation of JPEG 2000 images into ISO/IEC 23008-12
| [[High Efficiency Image File Format|HEIF]]
|}

==Technical discussion==
The aim of JPEG 2000 is not only improving compression performance over JPEG but also adding (or improving) features such as scalability and editability. JPEG&nbsp;2000's improvement in compression performance relative to the original JPEG standard is actually rather modest and should not ordinarily be the primary consideration for evaluating the design.  Very low and very high compression rates are supported in JPEG&nbsp;2000. The ability of the design to handle a very large range of effective bit rates is one of the strengths of JPEG&nbsp;2000. For example, to reduce the number of bits for a picture below a certain amount, the advisable thing to do with the first JPEG standard is to reduce the resolution of the input image before encoding it. That is unnecessary when using JPEG&nbsp;2000, because JPEG&nbsp;2000 already does this automatically through its multi-resolution decomposition structure. The following sections describe the algorithm of JPEG&nbsp;2000.

According to the [[Royal Library of the Netherlands]], "the current JP2 format specification leaves room for multiple interpretations when it comes to the support of ICC profiles, and the handling of grid resolution information".<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.dlib.org/dlib/may11/vanderknijff/05vanderknijff.html|doi=10.1045/may2011-vanderknijff |title=JPEG 2000 for Long-term Preservation: JP2 as a Preservation Format |first=Johan |last=van der Knijff |journal=D-Lib Magazine |date=2011 |volume=17 |issue=5/6 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Color components transformation===
Initially images have to be transformed from the RGB [[color space]] to another color space, leading to three ''components'' that are handled separately. There are two possible choices:
# Irreversible Color Transform (ICT) uses the well known BT.601 [[YCbCr#JPEG_conversion|YC{{sub|B}}C{{sub|R}}]] color space. It is called "irreversible" because it has to be implemented in floating or fix-point and causes round-off errors. The ICT shall be used only with the 9/7 wavelet transform.
# Reversible Color Transform (RCT) uses a modified YUV color space (almost the same as [[YCoCg|YC{{sub|G}}C{{sub|O}}]]) that does not introduce quantization errors, so it is fully reversible. Proper implementation of the RCT requires that numbers be rounded as specified and cannot be expressed exactly in matrix form. The RCT shall be used only with the 5/3 wavelet transform. The transformations are:
::<math>
\begin{array}{rl}
Y &=& \left\lfloor \frac{R+2G+B}{4} \right\rfloor ;  \\
C_B &=& B - G ; \\
C_R &=& R - G ;
\end{array}
\qquad
\begin{array}{rl}
G &=& Y - \left\lfloor \frac{C_B + C_R}{4} \right\rfloor ; \\
R &=& C_R + G ; \\
B &=& C_B + G.
\end{array}
</math>
If R, G, and B are normalized to the same precision, then numeric precision of C{{sub|B}} and C{{sub|R}} is one bit greater than the precision of the original components. This increase in precision is necessary to ensure reversibility. The [[chrominance]] components can be, but do not necessarily have to be, downscaled in resolution; in fact, since the wavelet transformation already separates images into scales, downsampling is more effectively handled by dropping the finest wavelet scale. This step is called ''multiple component transformation'' in the JPEG&nbsp;2000 language since its usage is not restricted to the [[RGB color model]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=T.800 : Information technology - JPEG 2000 image coding system: Core coding system |url=https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.800-201511-S/en |access-date=2021-03-19 |website=ITU.int }}</ref>

===Tiling===
After color transformation, the image is split into so-called ''tiles'', rectangular regions of the image that are transformed and encoded separately. Tiles can be any size, and it is also possible to consider the whole image as one single tile. Once the size is chosen, all the tiles will have the same size (except optionally those on the right and bottom borders). Dividing the image into tiles is advantageous in that the decoder will need less memory to decode the image and it can opt to decode only selected tiles to achieve a partial decoding of the image. The disadvantage of this approach is that the quality of the picture decreases due to a lower [[peak signal-to-noise ratio]]. Using many tiles can create a blocking effect similar to the older [[JPEG]]&nbsp;1992 standard.

===Wavelet transform===
[[File:Wavelet Bior2.2.svg|thumb|[[Cohen-Daubechies-Feauveau wavelet|CDF]] 5/3 wavelet used for lossless compression]]
[[File:Jpeg2000 2-level wavelet transform-lichtenstein.png|thumb|256px|An example of the wavelet transform that is used in JPEG&nbsp;2000. This is a 2nd-level CDF 9/7 [[wavelet transform]].]]

These tiles are then [[wavelet transform|wavelet-transformed]] to an arbitrary depth, in contrast to JPEG&nbsp;1992 which uses an 8×8 block-size [[discrete cosine transform]]. JPEG&nbsp;2000 uses two different [[wavelet]] transforms:

# ''irreversible'': the [[Cohen-Daubechies-Feauveau wavelet|CDF]] 9/7 wavelet transform (developed by [[Ingrid Daubechies]]).<ref name="Unser">{{cite journal |last1 = Unser |first1 = M. |last2=Blu |first2=T. |title = Mathematical properties of the JPEG2000 wavelet filters |journal=IEEE Transactions on Image Processing |year = 2003 |volume=12 |issue=9 |pages=1080–1090 |doi=10.1109/TIP.2003.812329 |pmid=18237979 |bibcode=2003ITIP...12.1080U |s2cid=2765169 |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6ed4/dece8b364416d9c390ba53df913bca7fb9a6.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013222932/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6ed4/dece8b364416d9c390ba53df913bca7fb9a6.pdf |archive-date=2019-10-13 }}</ref> It is said to be "irreversible" because it introduces quantization noise that depends on the precision of the decoder.
# ''reversible'': a rounded version of the biorthogonal Le Gall–Tabatabai (LGT) 5/3 wavelet transform<ref>{{cite web |last=Sullivan |first=Gary |title=General characteristics and design considerations for temporal subband video coding |publisher=[[Video Coding Experts Group]] |website=[[ITU-T]] |date=8–12 December 2003 |url=https://www.itu.int/wftp3/av-arch/video-site/0312_Wai/VCEG-U06.doc |access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref><ref name="Unser" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Bovik |first=Alan C. |title=The Essential Guide to Video Processing |year=2009 |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |isbn=9780080922508 |page=355 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXmSPPB_c_0C&pg=PA355 }}</ref> (developed by Didier Le Gall and Ali J. Tabatabai).<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Le Gall |first1=Didier |last2=Tabatabai |first2=Ali J. |title=Sub-band coding of digital images using symmetric short kernel filters and arithmetic coding techniques |conference=ICASSP-88., International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing |date=1988 |pages=761–764 |volume=2 |doi=10.1109/ICASSP.1988.196696 |s2cid=109186495 }}</ref> It uses only integer coefficients, so the output does not require rounding (quantization) and so it does not introduce any quantization noise. It is used in lossless coding.

The wavelet transforms are implemented by the [[lifting scheme]] or by [[convolution]].

===Quantization===
After the wavelet transform, the coefficients are scalar-[[Quantization (image processing)|quantized]] to reduce the number of bits to represent them, at the expense of quality. The output is a set of integer numbers which have to be encoded bit-by-bit. The parameter that can be changed to set the final quality is the quantization step: the greater the step, the greater is the compression and the loss of quality. With a quantization step that equals 1, no quantization is performed (it is used in lossless compression).

===Coding===
<!-- [[EBCOT]] redirects here. -->
The result of the previous process is a collection of ''sub-bands'' which represent several approximation scales. A sub-band is a set of ''coefficients''—[[real numbers]] which represent aspects of the image associated with a certain frequency range as well as a spatial area of the image.

The quantized sub-bands are split further into ''precincts'', rectangular regions in the wavelet domain. They are typically sized so that they provide an efficient way to access only part of the (reconstructed) image, though this is not a requirement.

Precincts are split further into ''code blocks''. Code blocks are in a single sub-band and have equal sizes—except those located at the edges of the image. The encoder has to encode the bits of all quantized coefficients of a code block, starting with the most significant bits and progressing to less significant bits by a process called the ''EBCOT'' scheme. ''EBCOT'' here stands for ''Embedded Block Coding with Optimal Truncation''. In this encoding process, each [[bit plane]] of the code block gets encoded in three so-called ''coding passes'', first encoding bits (and signs) of insignificant coefficients with significant neighbors (i.e., with 1-bits in higher bit planes), then refinement bits of significant coefficients and finally coefficients without significant neighbors. The three passes are called ''Significance Propagation'', ''Magnitude Refinement'' and ''Cleanup'' pass, respectively.

In lossless mode all bit planes have to be encoded by the EBCOT, and no bit planes can be dropped.

The bits selected by these coding passes then get encoded by a context-driven binary [[Arithmetic coding|arithmetic coder]], namely the binary MQ-coder (as also employed by [[JBIG2]]). The context of a coefficient is formed by the state of its eight neighbors in the code block.

The result is a bit-stream that is split into ''packets'' where a ''packet'' groups selected passes of all code blocks from a precinct into one indivisible unit. Packets are the key to quality scalability (i.e., packets containing less significant bits can be discarded to achieve lower bit rates and higher distortion).

Packets from all sub-bands are then collected in so-called ''layers''.
The way the packets are built up from the code-block coding passes, and thus which packets a layer will contain, is not defined by the JPEG&nbsp;2000 standard, but in general a codec will try to build layers in such a way that the image quality will increase monotonically with each layer, and the image distortion will shrink from layer to layer. Thus, layers define the progression by image quality within the codestream.

The problem is now to find the optimal packet length for all code blocks which minimizes the overall distortion in a way that the generated target bitrate equals the demanded bit rate.

While the standard does not define a procedure as to how to perform this form of [[rate–distortion optimization]], the general outline is given in one of its many appendices: For each bit encoded by the EBCOT coder, the improvement in image quality, defined as mean square error, gets measured; this can be implemented by an easy table-lookup algorithm. Furthermore, the length of the resulting codestream gets measured. This forms for each code block a graph in the rate–distortion plane, giving image quality over bitstream length. The optimal selection for the truncation points, thus for the packet-build-up points is then given by defining critical ''slopes'' of these curves, and picking all those coding passes whose curve in the rate–distortion graph is steeper than the given critical slope. This method can be seen as a special application of the method of ''[[Lagrange multiplier]]'' which is used for optimization problems under constraints. The [[Lagrange multiplier]], typically denoted by λ, turns out to be the critical slope, the constraint is the demanded target bitrate, and the value to optimize is the overall distortion.

Packets can be reordered almost arbitrarily in the JPEG&nbsp;2000 bit-stream; this gives the encoder as well as image servers a high degree of freedom.

Already encoded images can be sent over networks with arbitrary bit rates by using a layer-progressive encoding order. On the other hand, color components can be moved back in the bit-stream; lower resolutions (corresponding to low-frequency sub-bands) could be sent first for image previewing. Finally, spatial browsing of large images is possible through appropriate tile or partition selection. All these operations do not require any re-encoding but only byte-wise copy operations.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}

===Compression ratio===
[[File:Lichtenstein jpeg2000 difference.png|thumb|225px|This image shows the (accentuated) difference between an image saved as JPEG&nbsp;2000 (quality 50%) and the original.]]
[[File:Comparison between JPEG, JPEG 2000, JPEG XR and HEIF.png|thumb|225px|Comparison of JPEG, JPEG&nbsp;2000, [[JPEG&nbsp;XR]], and [[HEIF]] at similar file sizes.]]

Compared to the previous JPEG standard, JPEG&nbsp;2000 delivers a typical compression gain in the range of 20%, depending on the image characteristics. Higher-resolution images tend to benefit more, where JPEG&nbsp;2000's spatial-redundancy prediction can contribute more to the compression process. In very low-bitrate applications, studies have shown JPEG&nbsp;2000 to be outperformed<ref>{{cite web |last=Halbach |first=Till |title=Performance Comparison: H.26L Intra Coding vs. JPEG2000 |date=July 2002 |url=http://etill.net/papers/jvt-d039.pdf |access-date=2008-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723120739/http://etill.net/papers/jvt-d039.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-23 }}</ref> by the intra-frame coding mode of H.264.

===Computational complexity and performance===
JPEG 2000 is much more complicated in terms of computational complexity in comparison with JPEG standard. Tiling, color component transform, discrete wavelet transform, and quantization could be done pretty fast, though entropy codec is time-consuming and quite complicated. EBCOT context modelling and arithmetic MQ-coder take most of the time of JPEG&nbsp;2000 codec.

On CPU the main idea of getting fast JPEG 2000 encoding and decoding is closely connected with AVX/SSE and multithreading to process each tile in a separate thread. The fastest JPEG&nbsp;2000 solutions utilize both CPU and GPU power to get high performance benchmarks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fastvideo |title=JPEG2000 Performance Benchmarks on GPU |date=September 2018 |url=https://www.fastcompression.com/benchmarks/benchmarks-j2k.htm |access-date=2019-04-26 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Comprimato |title=JPEG2000 Performance Specification |date=September 2016 |url=http://comprimato.com/specifications/ |access-date=2016-09-01 |archive-date=2016-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913132744/http://comprimato.com/specifications/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==File format and codestream==
Similar to JPEG-1, JPEG 2000 defines both a file format and a codestream. Whereas JPEG&nbsp;2000 entirely describes the image samples, JPEG-1 includes additional meta-information such as the resolution of the image or the color space that has been used to encode the image. JPEG&nbsp;2000 images should—if stored as files—be boxed in the JPEG&nbsp;2000 file format, where they get the '''.jp2''' extension. The part-2 extension to JPEG&nbsp;2000 (ISO/IEC 15444-2) enriches the file format by including mechanisms for animation or composition of several codestreams into one single image. This extended file format is called JPX, and should use the file extension '''.jpf''',<ref>{{Citation|title=ISO/IEC 15444-2 Information technology — JPEG 2000 image coding system: Extensions|publisher=[[ISO]]|date=2004-05-15}} (in Annex M, section M.2.1 File identification)</ref> although '''.jpx''' is also used.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000154.shtml|title=JPEG 2000 Part 2 (Extensions) jpf (jpx) File Format|date=22 November 2022 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=20 July 2023}}</ref>

There is no standardized extension for codestream data because codestream data is not to be considered to be stored in files in the first place, though when done for testing purposes, the extension '''.jpc''', '''.j2k''' or '''.j2c''' is commonly used.

==Metadata==
For traditional JPEG, additional [[metadata]], e.g. lighting and exposure conditions, is kept in an application marker in the [[Exchangeable image file format|Exif]] format specified by the JEITA. JPEG&nbsp;2000 chooses a different route, encoding the same metadata in [[XML]] form. The reference between the Exif tags and the XML elements is standardized by the ISO TC42 committee in the standard 12234-1.4.

[[Extensible Metadata Platform]] can also be embedded in JPEG 2000.

==Legal status==
{{Original research section|date=May 2020}}

ISO 15444 is covered by patents and the specification lists 17 patent holders, but the contributing companies and organizations agreed that licenses for its first part—the core coding system—can be obtained free of charge from all contributors. But this is not a formal guarantee.<ref>{{cite tech report |publisher=Library of Congress |location=Washington, D.C. |series=Sustainability of Digital Formats |type=Full draft |title=JPEG 2000 Part 1 (Core) jp2 File Format |date=27 April 2022 |url=https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000143.shtml |access-date=23 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite tech report |publisher=Library of Congress |location=Washington, D.C. |series=Sustainability of Digital Formats |type=Full draft |title=JPEG 2000 Part 1, Core Coding System |date=22 November 2022 |url=https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000138.shtml |access-date=23 February 2024}}</ref> License and royalties may be required to use some extensions.<ref>{{cite tech report |publisher=Library of Congress |location=Washington, D.C. |series=Sustainability of Digital Formats |type=Full draft |title=JPEG 2000 Part 2 (Extensions) jpf (jpx) File Format |date=22 November 2022 |url=https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000154.shtml |access-date=23 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite tech report |publisher=Library of Congress |location=Washington, D.C. |series=Sustainability of Digital Formats |type=Full draft |title=JPEG 2000 Part 2, Coding Extensions |date=21 June 2005 |url=https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000141.shtml |access-date=23 February 2024}}</ref>

The JPEG committee has stated:

{{quote|It has always been a strong goal of the JPEG committee that its standards should be implementable in their baseline form without payment of royalty and license fees... The up and coming JPEG&nbsp;2000 standard has been prepared along these lines, and agreement reached with over 20 large organizations holding many patents in this area to allow use of their intellectual property in connection with the standard without payment of license fees or royalties.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jpeg.org/newsrel1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714232941/http://www.jpeg.org/newsrel1.html|url-status=dead|title=JPEG 2000 Concerning recent patent claims|archive-date=July 14, 2007}}</ref>}}

However, the JPEG committee acknowledged in 2004 that undeclared [[submarine patent]]s may present a hazard:{{Importance inline|reason=Water is wet, too;  See also [[AV1#Patent_claims|AV1]] .  The difference here is that the vague 2004 statement on JPEG2000 was made on Feb 7th of that year;  patents last 20 years and they wouldn't have been referring to new patents at the time.  The threat on the base standard is dead and this section is rather pointless unless it's going to be boilerplate on every software page.  }}

{{quote|It is of course still possible that other organizations or individuals may claim intellectual property rights that affect implementation of the standard, and any implementers are urged to carry out their own searches and investigations in this area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jpeg.org/jpeg2000/CDs15444.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060702065150/http://www.jpeg.org/jpeg2000/CDs15444.html|url-status=dead|title=JPEG 2000 Committee Drafts|archive-date=July 2, 2006}}</ref>}}

In ISO/IEC 15444-1:2016, the JPEG committee stated in "Annex L: Patent statement":

{{quote|The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) draw attention to the fact that it is claimed that compliance with this Recommendation {{!}} International Standard may involve the use of patents.

The complete list of intellectual property rights statements can be obtained from the ITU-T and ISO patent declaration databases (available at https://www.iso.org/iso-standards-and-patents.html)

ISO and IEC take no position concerning the evidence, validity and scope of these patent rights.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this Recommendation {{!}} International Standard may be the subject of patent rights other than those identified in the above mentioned databases. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.}}

==Related standards==
Several additional parts of the JPEG 2000 standard exist; amongst them are ISO/IEC 15444-2:2000, JPEG&nbsp;2000 extensions defining the '''.jpx''' file format, featuring for example [[Trellis quantization]], an extended file format and additional [[color space]]s,<ref name="ISO-15444-2">{{cite web
 | url = http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=33160
 | author = International Organization for Standardization
 | title = ISO/IEC 15444-2:2004, Information technology – JPEG 2000 image coding system: Extensions
 | year = 2004
 | access-date = 2009-06-11 }}</ref> ISO/IEC 15444-4:2000, the reference testing and ISO/IEC 15444-6:2000, the compound image file format ('''.jpm'''), allowing compression of compound text/image graphics.<ref name="ISO-15444-6">{{cite web
 | url = http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=35458
 | author = International Organization for Standardization
 | title = ISO/IEC 15444-6:2003, Information technology – JPEG 2000 image coding system – Part 6: Compound image file format
 | year = 2003
 | access-date = 2009-06-11 }}</ref>

Extensions for secure image transfer, ''JPSEC'' (ISO/IEC 15444-8), enhanced error-correction schemes for wireless applications, ''JPWL'' (ISO/IEC 15444-11) and extensions for encoding of volumetric images, ''JP3D'' (ISO/IEC 15444-10) are also already available from the ISO.

===JPIP protocol for streaming JPEG 2000 images===
In 2005, a JPEG 2000–based image browsing protocol, called [[JPIP]] was published as ISO/IEC 15444-9.<ref name="ISO-15444-9">{{cite web
 | url = http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=39413
 | author = International Organization for Standardization
 | title = ISO/IEC 15444-9:2005, Information technology – JPEG 2000 image coding system: Interactivity tools, APIs and protocols
 | year = 2005
 | access-date = 2009-06-11 }}</ref> Within this framework, only selected regions of potentially huge images have to be transmitted from an image server on the request of a client, thus reducing the required bandwidth.

JPEG 2000 data may also be streamed using the ECWP and ECWPS protocols found within the ERDAS [[ECW (file format)|ECW]]/JP2 SDK.

===Motion JPEG 2000===
{{main|Motion JPEG 2000}}
[[Motion JPEG 2000]], (MJ2), originally defined in Part 3 of the ISO Standard for JPEG2000 (ISO/IEC 15444-3:2002,) as a standalone document, has now been expressed by ISO/IEC 15444-3:2002/Amd 2:2003 in terms of the ISO Base format, ISO/IEC 15444-12 and in [[ITU-T]] Recommendation T.802.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.802/en | title=T.802 : Information technology – JPEG 2000 image coding system: Motion JPEG 2000 | date=January 2005 | access-date=2009-11-01}}</ref> It specifies the use of the JPEG 2000 format for timed sequences of images (motion sequences), possibly combined with audio, and composed into an overall presentation.<ref name="ISO-15444-3">{{cite web
 | url = http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=41570
 | author = International Organization for Standardization
 | title = ISO/IEC 15444-3:2007, Information technology – JPEG 2000 image coding system: Motion JPEG 2000
 | year = 2007
 | access-date = 2009-06-11 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.jpeg.org/jpeg2000/j2kpart3.html | title=Motion JPEG 2000 (Part 3) | author=JPEG | year=2007 | access-date=2009-11-01 | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121005163250/http://jpeg.org/jpeg2000/j2kpart3.html | archive-date=2012-10-05 }}</ref> It also defines a file format,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-t/rec/t/T-REC-T.802-200501-I!!SUM-HTM-E.htm |title = T.802 : Information technology – JPEG 2000 image coding system: Motion JPEG 2000 – Summary |author = ITU-T |access-date=2010-09-28 }}</ref> based on ISO base media file format (ISO 15444-12). Filename extensions for Motion JPEG&nbsp;2000 video files are '''.mj2''' and '''.mjp2''' according to RFC 3745.

It is an open [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] standard and an advanced update to [[MJPEG]] (or MJ), which was based on the legacy [[JPEG]] format. Unlike common video formats, such as [[MPEG-4 Part 2]], [[Windows Media Video|WMV]], and [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC|H.264]], MJ2 does not employ temporal or inter-frame compression. Instead, each frame is an independent entity encoded by either a lossy or lossless variant of JPEG&nbsp;2000. Its physical structure does not depend on time ordering, but it does employ a separate profile to complement the data. For audio, it supports [[LPCM]] encoding, as well as various MPEG-4 variants, as "raw" or complement data.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jpeg.org/jpeg2000/j2kpart3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005163250/http://jpeg.org/jpeg2000/j2kpart3.html|url-status=dead|title=Motion JPEG 2000 (Part 3)|archive-date=October 5, 2012}}</ref>

Motion JPEG 2000 (often referenced as MJ2 or MJP2) is considered as a digital archival format<ref>[https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000127.shtml Motion JPEG 2000 mj2 File Format]. Sustainability of Digital Formats Planning for Library of Congress Collections.</ref> by the [[Library of Congress]] though MXF_OP1a_JP2_LL (lossless JPEG&nbsp;2000 wrapped in MXF operational pattern 1a) is preferred by the LOC Packard Campus for Audio-Visual Conservation.

===ISO base media file format===
ISO/IEC 15444-12 is identical with ISO/IEC 14496-12 (MPEG-4 Part 12) and it defines [[ISO base media file format]]. For example, Motion JPEG&nbsp;2000 file format, [[MP4]] file format or [[3GP]] file format are also based on this ISO base media file format.<ref name="mpeg4part12">{{cite web
  | author = International Organization for Standardization
  | author-link = International Organization for Standardization
  | title =  ISO Base Media File Format white paper – Proposal
  | date = April 2006
  | url = http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/technologies/mp04-ff/index.htm
   | access-date = 2009-12-26 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080714101745/http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/technologies/mp04-ff/index.htm |archive-date = 2008-07-14}}</ref><ref name="mpeg4part12--old">{{cite journal
  | author = International Organization for Standardization
  | author-link = International Organization for Standardization
  | title =  MPEG-4 File Formats white paper – Proposal
  | date = October 2005
  | url = http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/technologies/mp04-ff/index.htm
   | access-date = 2009-12-26 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080115035235/http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/technologies/mp04-ff/index.htm |archive-date = 2008-01-15 }}</ref><ref name="mpeg4part12--new">{{cite journal
  | author = International Organization for Standardization
  | author-link = International Organization for Standardization
  | title =  ISO Base Media File Format white paper – Proposal
  | publisher = chiariglione.org
  | date = October 2009
  | url = http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/technologies/mpeg-4/mp04-ff/index.htm
  | access-date = 2009-12-26 }}</ref><ref name="ISO-14496-12">{{cite web
 | url = http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=38539
 | author = International Organization for Standardization
 | title = ISO/IEC 14496-12:2004, Information technology – Coding of audio-visual objects – Part 12: ISO base media file format
 | year = 2004
 | access-date = 2009-06-11 }}</ref><ref name="ISO-15444-12">{{cite web
 | url = http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=51537
 | author = International Organization for Standardization
 | title = ISO/IEC 15444-12:2008, Information technology – JPEG 2000 image coding system – Part 12: ISO base media file format
 | year = 2008
 | access-date = 2009-06-11 }}</ref>

===GML JP2 georeferencing===
The [[Open Geospatial Consortium]] (OGC) has defined a [[metadata (computing)|metadata]] standard for [[georeferencing]] JPEG&nbsp;2000 images with embedded [[XML]] using the [[Geography Markup Language]] (GML) format: ''GML in JPEG&nbsp;2000 for Geographic Imagery Encoding (GMLJP2)'', version 1.0.0, dated 2006-01-18.<ref name="gmljp2">Open Geospatial Consortium [http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/gmljp2 GMLJP2 Home Page]</ref>  Version 2.0, entitled ''GML in JPEG 2000 (GMLJP2) Encoding Standard Part 1: Core'' was approved 2014-06-30.<ref name="gmljp2"/>

JP2 and JPX files containing GMLJP2 markup can be located and displayed in the correct position on the Earth's surface by a suitable [[Geographic Information System]] (GIS), in a similar way to [[GeoTIFF]] and GTG images.

==Application support==

===Applications===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
|+ Application support for JPEG 2000
!rowspan="2" | Program
!colspan="2" | Part 1
!colspan="2" | Part 2
!rowspan="2" | License
|-
!Read
!Write
!Read
!Write
|-
! {{rh}} | [[ACDSee]]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Acorn (software)|Acorn]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://flyingmeat.com/acorn/docs/creating__opening__and_saving_images.html|title=Creating, Opening, and Saving Images|work=Flying Meat|access-date=13 October 2023}}</ref>
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Affinity Photo]] {{r|group=Note|AffinityPhotosupport}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | Apple [[iPhoto]]
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | Autodesk [[AutoCAD]]{{Clarify|reason=version 2007 does not support it yet|date=June 2020}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[BAE Systems]] CoMPASS
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Blender (software)|Blender]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blender.org/development/release-logs/blender-249/ |title=Blender 2.49 |date=2009-05-30 |access-date=2010-01-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611183623/http://www.blender.org/development/release-logs/blender-249/ |archive-date=2009-06-11 }}</ref>
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{open source|[[GNU General Public License|GPL]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | Phase One [[Capture One]]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Chasys Draw IES]]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{nonfree|[[Freeware]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[CineAsset]]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Photodex|CompuPic Pro]]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Corel Photo-Paint]]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Daminion]]<ref name="daminion.net">{{Cite web|url=https://daminion.net/|title=Daminion &#124; an Effective Digital Asset Management Solution|website=daminion.net}}</ref>
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[darktable]]<ref name="darktable.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.darktable.org/|title=darktable|website=darktable}}</ref>
|{{dunno}}
|{{yes}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{open source|[[GNU General Public License|GPL]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[DBGallery]]
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[digiKam]]<ref name="kde-jpeg2000">{{cite web |url=http://docs.kde.org/development/en/extragear-graphics/digikam/using-fileformatsupport.html |publisher=docs.kde.org |title=The digiKam Handbook – Supported File Formats |access-date=2010-01-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901120259/http://docs.kde.org/development/en/extragear-graphics/digikam/using-fileformatsupport.html |archive-date=2009-09-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.kde.org/development/en/extragear-graphics/showfoto/using-fileformatsupport.html |title=The Showfoto Handbook – Supported File Formats |access-date=2010-01-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110213230715/http://docs.kde.org/development/en/extragear-graphics/showfoto/using-fileformatsupport.html |archive-date=2011-02-13 }}</ref> ([[KDE]]<ref name="kde3">{{cite web |url=http://techbase.kde.org/Development/Architecture/KDE3/Imaging_and_Animation |title=Development/Architecture/KDE3/Imaging and Animation |access-date=2010-01-20}}</ref>)
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{open source|[[GNU General Public License|GPL]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[ECognition]]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[ENVI (software)|ENVI]]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[ERDAS IMAGINE]]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Evince|evince (PDF 1.5 embedding)]]
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{open source|[[GNU General Public License version 2|GPL v2]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[FastStone Image Viewer]]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{nonfree|[[Freeware]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[FastStone MaxView]]
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Fotografix|FotoGrafix 2.0]]
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | FotoSketcher 2.70
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[GIMP]] 2.7<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gimp.org/release-notes/gimp-2.7.html |title=GIMP 2.7 RELEASE NOTES |author=The GIMP Team |date=2009-08-16 |access-date=2009-11-17}}</ref>
|{{yes}}
|{{partial|Plug-in}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{open source|[[GNU General Public License|GPL]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Global Mapper]]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[GNOME Web]]
|{{yes}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{open source|[[GNU General Public License|GPL]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Google Chrome]]
|{{Partial|PDF}}
|{{no}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{no}}
|{{nonfree|[[Freeware]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[GraphicConverter]]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{nonfree|[[Shareware]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Gwenview]] ([[KDE]]<ref name="kde3" />)
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{open source|[[GNU General Public License|GPL]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[IDL (programming language)|IDL]]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[ImageGlass]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://imageglass.org/docs/supported-formats	| title=Supported Formats &#124; ImageGlass Docs | newspaper=Imageglass - A Lightweight, Versatile Image Viewer | access-date=30 September 2024 | last1=Phap | first1=Duong Dieu }}</ref>
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{open source|[[GNU General Public License|GPL]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://github.com/d2phap/ImageGlass/blob/develop/LICENSE	| title=ImageGlass/LICENSE at develop · d2phap/ImageGlass | website=[[GitHub]] | access-date=30 September 2024}}</ref>}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[ImageMagick]]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{open source|[[ImageMagick License]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Imagine (image viewer)|Imagine]] (with a plugin)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyam.pe.kr/dev/imagine/ |title=Imagine: Freeware Image & Animation Viewer for Windows |author=Sejin Chun |access-date=2018-05-02}}</ref>
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{nonfree|[[Freeware]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[IrfanView]]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{nonfree|[[Freeware]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[KolourPaint]] ([[KDE]]<ref name="kde3" />)
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{open source|[[2-clause BSD]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Krita]]
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{no}}
|{{open source|[[GNU General Public License|GPL]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[LEADTOOLS]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.leadtools.com/help/sdk/v21/dh/to/file-formats-jpeg-and-lead-compressed-jpg-j2k-jpx-jp2-jls-cmp-cmw.html | title=File Formats: JPEG and LEAD Compressed (JPG, J2K, JPX, JP2, JLS, CMP, CMW) &#124; Raster, Medical, Document Help }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.leadtools.com/sdk/compression/jpeg2000|title = JPEG 2000 Image Compression SDK Libraries for Windows, Linux, macOS, Android, iOS, Web, .NET Framework, .NET Core, Xamarin, UWP, C++ Class Library, C#, VB, C/C++, Java, Objective-C, Swift, and HTML / JavaScript &#124; LEADTOOLS}}</ref>
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Lightroom]]
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Mathematica]]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Matlab]]
|via toolbox
|via toolbox
|via toolbox
|via toolbox
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Mozilla Firefox]]{{r|group=Note|FirefoxBug}}
|{{Partial|PDF, plugin}} 
|{{n/a}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{open source|[[Mozilla Public License|MPL]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Opera (web browser)|Opera]]
|{{Partial|PDF}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[PaintShop Pro]]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[PhotoFiltre]]
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[PhotoLine]]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Photoshop]] {{r|group=Note|PhotoShopsupport}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [https://www.dl-c.com/site/products/ Picture Window Pro 7]
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{no}}
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | Pixel image editor
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Pixelmator Pro]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pixelmator.com/pro/updates/|title=Creating, Opening, and Saving Images|work=Flying Meat|access-date=13 October 2023}}</ref>
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Preview (software)|Preview]]  {{r|group=Note|Previewsupport}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[QGIS]] (with a plugin)
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{open source|[[GNU General Public License|GPL]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]]{{r|group=Note|SafariSupport}}
|{{Partial|PDF}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Seashore (software)|Seashore]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lowendmac.com/2008/seashore-a-free-basic-image-editor-for-mac-os-x/|title=Seashore: A Free, Basic Image Editor for Mac OS X|work=Low End Mac|first=Charles|last=W Moore|date=8 September 2008|access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref>
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{open source|[[GNU General Public License|GPL]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[SilverFast]]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[XnView]]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Ziproxy]]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{open source|[[GNU General Public License|GPL]]}}
|}
{{Reflist|group=Note|refs=
<ref name=PhotoShopsupport>Adobe Photoshop CS2 and CS3's official JPEG 2000 plug-in package is not installed by default and must be manually copied from the install disk/folder to the Plug-Ins &gt; File Formats folder.</ref>
<ref name=AffinityPhotosupport>.jpf files open but are unusable.</ref>
<ref name=Previewsupport>Tested with Preview.app 7.0 in Mac OS 10.9</ref>
<ref name=FirefoxBug>Mozilla support for JPEG 2000 was requested in April 2000, but the report was closed as WONTFIX in August 2009.[https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=36351] There is an extension that adds support to older versions of Firefox.[http://eschew.org/test/jp2/xpi/]</ref>
<ref name=SafariSupport>Safari 18 dropped support for JPEG-2000 images.[https://webkit.org/blog/15865/webkit-features-in-safari-18-0/#deprecations] Older versions of Safari since Safari 5 supported JPEG-2000 images.</ref>
}}

===Libraries===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
|+ Library support for JPEG 2000
!rowspan="2" | Program
!colspan="2" | Part 1
!colspan="2" | Part 2
!rowspan="2" | Language
!rowspan="2" | License
|-
! Read
! Write
! Read
! Write
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Grok (JPEG 2000)|Grok]]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{partial}}
|{{no}}
|[[C++]]
|{{open source|[[GNU Affero General Public License|AGPL]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[JasPer]]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|[[C (programming language)|C]]
|{{open source|[https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jasper-software/jasper/master/LICENSE.txt JasPer Software License]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Kakadu (software)|Kakadu]]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|[[C++]]
|{{nonfree|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[OpenJPEG]]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{partial}}
|{{partial}}
|[[C (programming language)|C]]
|{{open source|[[2-clause BSD]]}}
|}

==See also==
* [[AVIF]]
* [[Comparison of graphics file formats]]
* [[Digital cinema]]
* [[DjVu]]&nbsp;– a compression format that also uses wavelets and that is designed for use on the web.
* [[ECW (file format)|ECW]]&nbsp;– a wavelet compression format that compares well to JPEG 2000.
* [[High bit rate media transport]]
* [[JPEG-LS]] – another lossless image compression standard from JPEG.
* [[JPEG XL]] - Long-term replacement for JPEG.
* [[JPIP]]&nbsp;– JPEG 2000 Interactive Protocol
* [[MrSID]]&nbsp;– a wavelet compression format that compares well to JPEG 2000
* [[Progressive Graphics File|PGF]]&nbsp;– a fast wavelet compression format that compares well to JPEG&nbsp;2000
* [[QuickTime]]&nbsp;– a multimedia framework, application and web browser plugin developed by Apple, capable of encoding, decoding and playing various multimedia files (including JPEG&nbsp;2000 images by default).
* [[Video compression picture types]]
* [[Wavelet]]
* [[WebP]]&nbsp;– an image format related to [[WebM]], supporting lossy and lossless compression

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{Refbegin}}
* [https://jpeg.org/jpeg2000/ Official JPEG 2000 page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060702065150/http://www.jpeg.org/jpeg2000/CDs15444.html Final Committee Drafts of JPEG 2000 standard (archived 2006)] (as the official JPEG 2000 standard is not freely available, the final drafts are the most accurate freely available documentation about this standard)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060111082752/http://www.crc.ricoh.com/~gormish/jpeg2000.html Gormish Notes on JPEG 2000 (last updated 2004, archived 2006)] by Michael J. Gormish of Ricoh
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041108232228/http://www.rii.ricoh.com/%7egormish/pdf/dcc2000_jpeg2000_note.pdf Technical overview of JPEG 2000] ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]], archived 2004), ''Proc. of IEEE Data Compression Conference'', pp. 523—541, 2000

{{Refend}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* [https://handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/13911 ITU-T T.800 JPEG 2000 image coding system: Core coding system] from [[ITU]]
* Format descriptions of [https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000143.shtml JPEG 2000 Part 1 (Core) jp2 File Format] and  [https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000138.shtml JPEG 2000 Part 1, Core Coding System] from [[Library of Congress]]
* [https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/nvjpeg2000/userguide.html nvJPEG2000] – Nvidia's CUDA decoder and encoder

{{Graphics file formats}}
{{CCSDS}}
{{Compression formats}}
{{ISO standards}}
{{List of International Electrotechnical Commission standards}}

[[Category:JPEG|2000]]
[[Category:Graphics file formats]]
[[Category:Image compression]]
[[Category:ISO/IEC standards]]
[[Category:ITU-T recommendations]]
[[Category:Open formats]]
[[Category:Wavelets]]