View source for Hosea 8

{{Bible chapter|letname= Hosea 8 |previouslink= Hosea 7 |previousletter= chapter 7 |nextlink= Hosea 9 |nextletter= chapter 9 |book=[[Book of Hosea]] |biblepart=[[Old Testament]] | booknum= 28 |category= [[Nevi'im]] | filename= 4Q166.jpg | size=250px | name= 4Q166, 1st century BC |caption=<div style="width: 250px; text-align: center; line-height: 1em">4Q166 "The Hosea Commentary Scroll", late first century B.C.</div>}}

'''Hosea 8''' is the eighth chapter of the [[Book of Hosea]] in the [[Hebrew Bible]] or the [[Old Testament]] of the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[Bible]].<ref name=Halley>Halley, Henry H. ''Halley's Bible Handbook'': an abbreviated Bible commentary. 24th edition. Zondervan Publishing House. 1965. p. 355</ref><ref name=Holman>Holman Illustrated Bible Handbook. Holman Bible Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee. 2012.</ref> In the Hebrew Bible it is a part of the [[Twelve Minor Prophets|Book of the Twelve Minor Prophets]].<ref>[[Bruce M. Metzger|Metzger, Bruce M.]], et al. ''The Oxford Companion to the Bible''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.</ref><ref>Keck, Leander E. 1996. ''The New Interpreter's Bible: Volume: VII''. Nashville: Abingdon.</ref> This chapter contains prophecies attributed to the prophet [[Hosea]], son of [[Beeri]], about the impending destruction of [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Israel]] and [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]]{{efn|Judah is mentioned just once, in verse 14}} for their impiety and idolatry.<ref name=jfb/> 

== Text ==
The original text was written in [[Biblical Hebrew|Hebrew]]. Some early [[biblical manuscript|manuscripts]] containing the text of this chapter in [[Biblical Hebrew|Hebrew]] are of the [[Masoretic Text]] tradition, which includes the [[Codex Cairensis]] (895), [[Codex Babylonicus Petropolitanus|the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets]] (916), [[Aleppo Codex]] (10th century), [[Leningrad Codex|Codex Leningradensis]] (1008).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=35-37}} Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]], including 4Q82 (4QXII<sup>g</sup>; 25 BCE) with extant verse 1.{{sfn|Ulrich|2010|p=594}}<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh>[https://thewaytoyahuweh.com/dead-sea-scrolls/general-info/#hosea Dead sea scrolls - Hosea]</ref>{{sfn|Fitzmyer|2008|p=39}}<ref>[https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/4Q82-1 4Q82 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library]</ref>

There is also a translation into [[Koine Greek]] known as the [[Septuagint]], made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include [[Codex Vaticanus]] ('''B'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>B</sup>; 4th century), [[Codex Alexandrinus]] ('''A'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>A</sup>; 5th century) and [[Codex Marchalianus]] ('''Q'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>Q</sup>; 6th century).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=73-74}}{{efn|Book of Hosea is missing from the extant [[Codex Sinaiticus]].<ref>{{cite book| last= Shepherd|first= Michael |title= A Commentary on the Book of the Twelve: The Minor Prophets | series= Kregel Exegetical Library | publisher= Kregel Academic | year= 2018 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_iNZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13|isbn= 978-0825444593 | page= 13}}</ref>}}

[[Chapters and verses of the Bible|This chapter is divided into]] 14 verses.

==Contents and commentary==
===Verse 1===
:''Put the trumpet to your lips!''
::''One like an eagle is over the house of the Lord!''
:''Because they have violated my covenant,''
::''and rebelled against my law.''<ref>{{bibleverse|Hosea|8:1|NABRE}}: New American Bible Revised Edition</ref>
The editors of the [[New American Bible Revised Edition]] suggest that the [[eagle]] mentioned in this verse may refer to [[Tiglath-Pileser III]] of [[Assyria]], who overran the land of Israel in 733 B.C.<ref>[[Confraternity of Christian Doctrine#Contemporary usage|Confraternity of Christian Doctrine]], [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Hosea%208&version=NABRE#fen-NABRE-26515a Footnote a at Hosea 8:1], accessed 30 November 2023</ref> [[Thomas Kelly Cheyne]] reads "great emotion" in the short clauses of this verse.<ref>Cheyne, T. K. (1884), [https://biblehub.com/commentaries/cambridge/hosea/8.htm Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges] on Hosea 8, accessed 30 November 2023</ref>

===Verse 7===
:''For they have sown the wind, and they shall reap the whirlwind:''
:''it hath no stalk; the bud shall yield no meal: if so be it yield, the strangers shall swallow it up.''<ref>{{bibleverse|Hosea|8:7|9}}: KJV</ref>
"For they have sown the wind, and they shall reap the [[whirlwind]]" is considered a [[proverb]] which states that works have rewards and actions have consequences, especially that people may face negative consequences for their bad actions.<ref name=benson>Benson, Joseph. [http://biblehub.com/commentaries/benson/hosea/8.htm ''Commentary on the Old and New Testaments'': Hosea 8], accessed 9 July 2019</ref> Several [[fiction|works of fiction]] have the title "[[Reap the whirlwind (disambiguation)|Reap the Whirlwind]]".

===Verse 9===
: ''For they have gone up to Assyria,''
:: ''like a wild donkey alone by itself;''
: ''Ephraim has hired lovers.''<ref>{{bibleref2|Hosea|8:9|MEV}} [[Modern English Version|MEV]]</ref>
* "Gone up": reflecting Israel's sunken state, and Assyria's superiority, because normally the foreigners were said to "go up" when they came to the land of Israel.<ref name=jfb>Robert Jamieson, Andrew Robert Fausset; David Brown. ''[[Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary|Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary On the Whole Bible]]''. 1871.</ref>
* "To Assyria" may refer to the request of [[Menahem]] for help from Pul, the king of Assyria, to put him on the throne (cf. {{bibleverse|Hosea|5:13|KJV}}; {{bibleverse-nb|Hosea|7:11|KJV}}). Menahem's name is found as a tributary to the Assyrian king in his 'eighth year' in inscriptions discovered in the southwest palace of Nimrod.<ref name=jfb/> The dynasty of Pul ('Phalluka') was supplanted by that of Tiglath-Pileser III at [[Nineveh]] about 768 (or 760) BCE.<ref name=jfb/>
* "Wild ass": of the East or "pere", is "heady, unruly, un-disciplinable" (cf. {{bibleverse|Job|11:12|KJV}}; Abraham was told that Ishmael would be one in {{bibleverse|Genesis|16:12|KJV}}), "obstinate, running with swiftness far outstripping the swiftest horse", without rule or direction. However, the one breaking away alone would expose itself for as prey to lions (cf. "the wild donkey is the lion's prey in the wilderness"; [[Book of Sirach|Ecclesiasticus]] 13:19). Israel had become "stubborn, heady, self-willed, refusing to be ruled by God's law and His counsel", but instead running to the Assyrian, then would perish there.<ref name=barnes>[[Albert Barnes (theologian)|Barnes, Albert]]. Notes on the Old Testament. London, Blackie & Son, 1884. Reprint, Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1998.{{PD-notice}}</ref> This is a figure of Israel's headstrong perversity in following her bent ({{bibleverse|Jeremiah|2:24|KJV}}).<ref name=jfb/>
* "Hired lovers": or "sued for lovers", in contrast of being independent by going alone, Ephraim lost independence by soliciting help from foreign allies.<ref name=pulpit>Joseph S. Exell; Henry Donald Maurice Spence-Jones (Editors). The [[Pulpit Commentary]]. 23 volumes. First publication: 1890.{{PD-notice}}</ref>

===Verse 11===
: ''Because Ephraim hath made many altars to sin,''
:: ''altars shall be unto him to sin.''<ref>{{bibleverse|Hosea|8:11|KJV}} KJV</ref>
* "Many altars to sin": The altars were built not with an intention to commit sin, but to offer sacrifice for sin (make atonement for it). However, they are directed to idols, not the God of Israel, so the people sinned in making these and also caused sin for other people who followed their example. This refers to the action of King Jeroboam of Israel, who erected altars in Dan and Bethel, and caused the people to build the altars in all high places, and tops of mountains, where they sacrificed to idols, against the commandment of God, who required sacrifice only at one place, and on one altar ({{bibleverse|Deuteronomy|12:5|9}}).<ref name=gill>[[John Gill (theologian)|John Gill]]. John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible. Exposition of the Old and New Testament. ''Hosea 8''. Published in 1746-1763.</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Bible}}
*Related [[Bible]] parts: [[Hosea 6]], [[Hosea 7]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{Cite book
|last      = Collins
|first     = John J.
|title     = Introduction to the Hebrew Scriptures
|publisher = Fortress Press
|year      = 2014
|isbn = 9781451469233
|url       = https://books.google.com/books?id=fbsoBAAAQBAJ
}}
*{{cite book|last= Day | first= John | chapter = 27. Hosea | title=The Oxford Bible Commentary | editor-first1=John| editor-last1=Barton |editor1-link = John Barton (theologian) | editor-first2=John| editor-last2= Muddiman |editor2-link = John Muddiman | publisher = Oxford University Press |edition= first (paperback) | date = 2007 | pages = 571–578 | isbn = 978-0199277186 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ| access-date=February 6, 2019}}
* {{Cite book|title = A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature|last = Fitzmyer|first = Joseph A.|author-link= Joseph Fitzmyer |publisher = William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC | year = 2008|isbn = 9780802862419|location = Grand Rapids, MI }}
*{{Cite book
|last      = Hayes
|first     = Christine
|title     = Introduction to the Bible
|publisher = Yale University Press
|year      = 2015
|isbn = 978-0300188271
|url       = https://books.google.com/books?id=SKbkXYHxvlAC
}}
* {{Cite book
| editor-last  = Ulrich
| editor-first = Eugene |editor-link= Eugene Ulrich
| title        = The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants
| year         = 2010
| publisher    = Brill
| url          = https://archive.org/details/TheBiblicalQumranScrolls}}
*{{cite book | last = Würthwein | first = Ernst | author-link = Ernst Würthwein | title = The Text of the Old Testament | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans |location = Grand Rapids, MI | year=  1995 | translator-first1 = Erroll F.| translator-last1 = Rhodes |isbn = 0-8028-0788-7 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC | access-date= January 26, 2019}}

==External links==

===Jewish===
*[http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1308.htm Hosea 8 Hebrew with Parallel English]
*[http://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/16162 Hosea 8 Hebrew with Rashi's Commentary]

===Christian===
*[http://www.latinvulgate.com/lv/verse.aspx?t=0&b=33&c=8 Hosea 8 English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207032107/http://www.latinvulgate.com/lv/verse.aspx?t=0&b=33&c=8 |date=2017-02-07 }}

{{Book of Hosea}}

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