View source for Hilbert manifold

{{Short description|Manifold modelled on Hilbert spaces}}
In [[mathematics]], a '''Hilbert manifold''' is a [[manifold]] modeled on [[Hilbert spaces]]. Thus it is a [[Separable space|separable]] [[Hausdorff space]] in which each point has a neighbourhood [[homeomorphic]] to an infinite dimensional [[Hilbert space]]. The concept of a Hilbert manifold provides a possibility of extending the theory of manifolds to infinite-dimensional setting. Analogous to the finite-dimensional situation, one can define a ''differentiable'' Hilbert manifold by considering a maximal atlas in which the transition maps are differentiable.

== Properties ==

Many basic constructions of manifold theory, such as the [[tangent space]] of a manifold and a [[tubular neighbourhood]] of a [[submanifold]] (of finite codimension) carry over from the finite dimensional situation to the Hilbert setting with little change. However, in statements involving maps between manifolds, one often has to restrict consideration to ''Fredholm maps'', that is, maps whose differential at every point is [[Fredholm operator|Fredholm]]. The reason for this is that [[Sard's lemma]] holds for Fredholm maps, but not in general. Notwithstanding this difference, Hilbert manifolds have several very nice properties.

* '''[[Kuiper's theorem]]''': If <math>X</math> is a [[Compact space|compact]] [[topological space]] or has the [[homotopy type]] of a [[CW complex]] then every (real or complex) Hilbert space [[Vector bundle|bundle]] over <math>X</math> is trivial. In particular, every Hilbert manifold is [[parallelizable]].
* Every smooth Hilbert manifold can be smoothly embedded onto an open subset of the model Hilbert space. 
* Every [[homotopy equivalence]] between two Hilbert manifolds is homotopic to a [[diffeomorphism]]. In particular every two homotopy equivalent Hilbert manifolds are already diffeomorphic. This stands in contrast to [[lens space]]s and [[exotic sphere]]s, which demonstrate that in the finite-dimensional situation, homotopy equivalence, homeomorphism, and diffeomorphism of manifolds are distinct properties. 
* Although Sard's Theorem does not hold in general, every continuous map <math>f : X \to \R^n</math> from a Hilbert manifold can be arbitrary closely approximated by a smooth map <math>g : X \to \R^n</math> which has no [[Critical point (mathematics)|critical points]].

== Examples ==

* Any Hilbert space <math>H</math> is a Hilbert manifold with a single global chart given by the [[identity function]] on <math>H.</math> Moreover, since <math>H</math> is a vector space, the tangent space <math>\operatorname{T}_p H</math> to <math>H</math> at any point <math>p \in H</math> is canonically isomorphic to <math>H</math> itself, and so has a natural inner product, the "same" as the one on <math>H.</math> Thus <math>H</math> can be given the structure of a [[Riemannian manifold]] with metric <math display=block>g(v, w)(p) := \langle v, w \rangle_H \text{ for } v, w \in \mathrm{T}_p H,</math> where <math>\langle \,\cdot, \cdot\, \rangle_H</math> denotes the inner product in <math>H.</math>
* Similarly, any [[Open set|open subset]] of a Hilbert space is a Hilbert manifold and a Riemannian manifold under the same construction as for the whole space.
* There are several [[Function space|mapping spaces]] between manifolds which can be viewed as Hilbert spaces by only considering maps of suitable [[Sobolev space|Sobolev class]]. For example we can consider the space <math>\operatorname{L} M</math> of all <math>H^1</math> maps from the unit circle <math>\mathbf{S}^1</math> into a manifold <math>M.</math> This can be topologized via the [[compact open topology]] as a subspace of the space of all continuous mappings from the circle to <math>M,</math> that is, the [[free loop space]] of <math>M.</math> The Sobolev kind mapping space <math>\operatorname{L} M</math> described above is homotopy equivalent to the free loop space. This makes it suited to the study of algebraic topology of the free loop space, especially in the field of [[string topology]]. We can do an analogous Sobolev construction for the [[loop space]], making it a [[codimension]] <math>d</math> Hilbert submanifold of <math>\operatorname{L} M,</math> where <math>d</math> is the dimension of <math>M.</math>

== See also ==

* {{annotated link|Banach manifold}}
* {{annotated link|Differentiation in Fréchet spaces}}
* {{annotated link|Finsler manifold}}
* {{annotated link|Fréchet manifold}}
* [[Global analysis]] – which uses Hilbert manifolds and other kinds of infinite-dimensional manifolds

==References==

{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

*{{citation|title=Riemannian Geometry|first= Wilhelm |last=Klingenberg| isbn= 978-3-11-008673-7|year=1982|publisher=W. de Gruyter|location=Berlin}}. Contains a general introduction to Hilbert manifolds and many details about the free loop space.
*{{citation|title=Differential and Riemannian Manifolds|first= Serge |last=Lang| isbn= 978-0387943381 |year=1995|publisher=Springer|location=New York}}. Another introduction with more differential topology.
*N. Kuiper, The homotopy type of the unitary group of Hilbert spaces", Topology 3, 19-30
*J. Eells, K. D. Elworthy, "On the differential topology of Hilbert manifolds", Global analysis. Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics, Volume XV 1970, 41-44.
*J. Eells, K. D. Elworthy, "Open embeddings of certain Banach manifolds", Annals of Mathematics 91 (1970), 465-485
*D. Chataur, "A Bordism Approach to String Topology", preprint https://arxiv.org/abs/math.at/0306080

==External links==

* [http://www.map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/Hilbert_manifold Hilbert manifold] at the Manifold Atlas

{{Manifolds}}
{{Riemannian geometry}}
{{Analysis in topological vector spaces}}
{{Functional analysis}}
{{Hilbert space}}

[[Category:Differential geometry]]
[[Category:General topology]]
[[Category:Generalized manifolds]]
[[Category:Manifolds]]
[[Category:Nonlinear functional analysis]]
[[Category:Riemannian geometry]]
[[Category:Riemannian manifolds]]
[[Category:Structures on manifolds]]