View source for Haplogroup K (mtDNA)

{{Short description|Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup}}
{{about|the human mtDNA haplogroup|the human Y-DNA haplogroup|Haplogroup K-M9}}
{{Infobox haplogroup
| name         = K
| origin-date  = 26,700 ± 4,300 years ago<ref>Behar et al. (2012), [http://haplogroup.org/mtdna/rsrs/l123456/l23456/l2346/l346/l34/l3/n/r/u/u8/u8b/k/ haplogroup.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212033212/http://haplogroup.org/mtdna/rsrs/l123456/l23456/l2346/l346/l34/l3/n/r/u/u8/u8b/k |date=2018-02-12 }}</ref>
| origin-place =  Possibly [[West Asia]]
| ancestor     = [[Haplogroup U8 (mtDNA)|U8b'K]]
| descendants  = K1, K2
| mutations    = 3480 10550 11299 14798 16224 16311<ref name="vanOven">{{cite journal|title=Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation|journal=Human Mutation|date=13 Oct 2008|first=Mannis|last=van Oven|author2=Manfred Kayser|volume=30|issue=2|pages=E386–E394|doi=10.1002/humu.20921|pmid=18853457 |s2cid=27566749|doi-access=free}}</ref>
}}

'''Haplogroup K''', formerly '''Haplogroup UK''', is a [[Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup|human mitochondrial DNA]] (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is defined by the [[Hypervariable region#Mitochondrial|HVR1]] mutations 16224C and 16311C. It is now known that K is a [[subclade]] of [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)#Haplogroup U8|U8]].<ref>[http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/7/124 A. González et al. ''The mitochondrial lineage U8a reveals a Paleolithic settlement in the Basque country''. BMC Genomics, 2006]</ref>

==Origin==
Haplogroup K is believed to have originated in the mid-[[Upper Paleolithic]], between about 30,000 and 22,000 years ago. It is the most common subclade of [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)#Haplogroup U8|haplogroup U8b]].<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1186/1471-2164-7-124 | volume=7 | year=2006 | journal=BMC Genomics | page=124  | last1 = González | first1 = Ana M | title = The mitochondrial lineage U8a reveals a Paleolithic settlement in the Basque country | pmid=16719915 | pmc=1523212 | doi-access=free }}</ref> 

==Distribution==
[[File:Frequency distribution maps for mtDNA haplogroups K.png|thumb|Projected spatial frequency distribution for haplogroup K.]]
Haplogroup K appears in [[Central Europe]], [[Southern Europe]], [[Northern Europe]], [[North Africa]], the [[Horn of Africa]], [[South Asia]] and [[West Asia]] and in populations with such an ancestry. Overall the mtDNA haplogroup K is found in about 6% of the population of Europe and the [[Near East]], but it is more common in certain populations. 

In Europe, K appears to be most common in the [[Morbihan]] (17.5%) and [[Périgord]]-[[Limousin]] (15.3%) regions of [[France]], and in [[Norway]] and [[Bulgaria]] (13.3%).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dubut |first1=Vincent |year=2003 |title=mtDNA polymorphisms in five French groups: importance of regional sampling |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=293–300 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201145 |pmid=14694359 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The level is 12.5% in [[Belgium]], 11% in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and 10% in [[Austria]] and [[Great Britain]].<ref name="Lucia Simoni 2000 pp. 262">Lucia Simoni, Francesc Calafell, Davide Pettener, Jaume Bertranpetit, and Guido Barbujani, Geographic Patterns of mtDNA Diversity in Europe, ''American Journal of Human Genetics'', vol. 66 (2000), pp. 262–278.</ref> Some specific subclades of K among Europeans are K1a1b2b in [[Finland]],<ref>{{GenBank|JX153625.1}}</ref> K1a3a1 in [[Sardinia]],<ref>{{GenBank|KY410196.1}}</ref> K1a19 in [[Hungary]],<ref>{{GenBank|MG952853.1}}</ref> K1b1b1a in [[Greeks]],<ref>{{GenBank|KC847159.1}}</ref> K1b1c in [[Serbia]],<ref>{{GenBank|KT697998.1}}</ref> [[Slovakia]],<ref>{{GenBank|KT698038.1}}</ref> and [[Poland]],<ref>{{GenBank|KT698035.1}}</ref> K1c2 in [[Irish people|Irish]]<ref>{{GenBank|HQ342147.1}}</ref> and [[Germans]]<ref>{{GenBank|MF929062.1}}</ref> and in Hungary,<ref>{{GenBank|MG952847.1}}</ref> and K2a9a in Sardinia.<ref>{{GenBank|KY410181.1}}</ref> A 2013 study had suggested that K1a1b1a, K1a9, and K2a2a1 could have originated from Western Europe.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Richards |first1=Martin B. |last2=Pereira |first2=Luísa |last3=Soares |first3=Pedro |last4=Carr |first4=Martin |last5=Macaulay |first5=Vincent |last6=Eng |first6=Ken Khong |last7=Woodward |first7=Scott R. |last8=Hatina |first8=Jiři |last9=Naumova |first9=Oksana |last10=Rychkov |first10=Sergei |last11=Perego |first11=Ugo A. |last12=Achilli |first12=Alessandro |last13=Olivieri |first13=Anna |last14=Fernandes |first14=Verónica |last15=Pala |first15=Maria |date=8 October 2013 |title=A substantial prehistoric European ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages |journal=Nature Communications |volume=4 |pages=2543 |bibcode=2013NatCo...4.2543C |doi=10.1038/ncomms3543 |pmc=3806353 |pmid=24104924 |first16=Joana B. |last16=Pereira |first17=Marta D. |last17=Costa}}</ref>

Approximately 16% of the [[Druze]] of [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], [[Israel]], and [[Jordan]], belong to haplogroup K.<ref name="nature.com">{{cite journal |last1=Skorecki |first1=Karl |last2=Quintana-Murci |first2=Lluis |last3=Pergola |first3=Sergio Della |last4=Kaplan |first4=Matthew |last5=Rosengarten |first5=Dror |last6=David Gurwitz |last7=Richards |first7=Martin |last8=Bonne-Tamir |first8=Batsheva |last9=Villems |first9=Richard |last10=Garrigan |first10=Daniel |last11=Hammer |first11=Michael F. |last12=Behar |first12=Doron M. |date=1 May 2004 |title=MtDNA evidence for a genetic bottleneck in the early history of the Ashkenazi Jewish population |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=355–364 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201156 |pmid=14722586 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Examples of Druze branches of K are K1a5a<ref>{{GenBank|EU600367.1}}</ref> and K1a17a.<ref>{{GenBank|EU600361.1}}</ref> It is also found among 8% of [[Palestinians]].<ref name="Non">{{cite web |last1=Non |first1=Amy |title=ANALYSES OF GENETIC DATA WITHIN AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FRAMEWORK TO INVESTIGATE RECENT HUMAN EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY AND COMPLEX DISEASE |url=http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0041981/non_a.pdf |access-date=17 April 2016 |publisher=University of Florida |archive-date=13 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013000218/http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0041981/non_a.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Additionally, K reaches a level of 17% in [[Kurdistan]].<ref name="Lucia Simoni 2000 pp. 262" />

Approximately 32% of people with [[Ashkenazi Jewish]] ancestry are in haplogroup K, with about 21% in K1a1b1a alone. This high percentage points to a [[Population bottleneck|genetic bottleneck]] occurring around the years 800-1000<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.002|title=Genome-wide data from medieval German Jews show that the Ashkenazi founder event pre-dated the 14th century|last1=Waldman|first1=Shamam|last2=Backenroth|first2=Daniel|display-authors = etal|date=8 December 2022|journal=Cell|volume=185|issue=25|page=Supplemental Data S1, p. 48|pmid=36455558 |pmc=9793425 }}</ref> under which K1a1b1a was particularly affected since K1a1b1a carriers' proportions of founder alleles and pathogenic variants were higher than in carriers of other haplogroups, and the K1a1b1a carriers had longer total lengths for runs of homozygosity compared to carriers of other haplogroups.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.002|title=Genome-wide data from medieval German Jews show that the Ashkenazi founder event pre-dated the 14th century|last1=Waldman|first1=Shamam|last2=Backenroth|first2=Daniel|display-authors = etal|date=8 December 2022|journal=Cell|volume=185|issue=25|page=Supplemental Data S1, p. 33|pmid=36455558 |pmc=9793425 }}</ref> Ashkenazi mtDNA K clusters into six subclades: K1a1b1*, [[Haplogroup K1a1b1a (mtDNA)|K1a1b1a]], K1a4a, K1a9, K2a*, and K2a2a1.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brook|first=Kevin Alan|page=15|date=2022|title=The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews|publisher=Academic Studies Press|isbn=978-1644699843}}</ref> 

Haplogroup K is also found among [[Gurage people|Gurage]] (10%),<ref name="Non"/> [[Syrian people|Syrians]] (9.1%),<ref name="Non"/> [[Afar people|Afar]] (6.3%),<ref name="Non"/> [[Zenata]] [[Berbers]] (4.11%),<ref name="Bekada2015">{{cite journal|author1=Asmahan Bekada |author2=Lara R. Arauna |author3=Tahria Deba |author4=Francesc Calafell |author5=Soraya Benhamamouch |author6=David Comas |title=Genetic Heterogeneity in Algerian Human Populations|journal=PLOS ONE|date=September 24, 2015|volume=10|issue=9|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0138453|pmid=26402429 |pmc=4581715 |pages=e0138453|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1038453B |doi-access=free }}; [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/asset?unique&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138453.s007 S5 Table]</ref> [[Reguibat tribe|Reguibate]] [[Sahrawi people|Sahrawi]] (3.70%),<ref name="Bekada2015"/> [[Oromo people|Oromo]] (3.3%),<ref name="Non"/> [[Iraqis]] (2.4%),<ref name="Non"/> [[Saudis]] (0%-10.5%),<ref name="Non"/> [[Yemen]]is (0%-9.8%),<ref name="Non"/> and [[Algeria]]ns (0%-4.3%).<ref name="Bekada2015"/>

Derenko ''et al.'' (2007) found haplogroup K in many samples of [[Iranian languages|Iranic]], [[Turkic languages|Turkic]], [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]], and [[Tungusic languages|Tungusic]] peoples of central Eurasia, including 6.8% (3/44) of a sample of [[Tajiks]], 6.7% (6/90) of a sample of [[Altai people|Altai Kizhi]], 3.7% (3/82) of a sample of [[Persians]], 2.7% (2/73) of a sample of West [[Evenks]] from [[Krasnoyarsk Krai|the Krasnoyarsk region]], 2.7% (3/110) of a sample of [[Kalmyks]], 2.1% (1/47) of a sample of [[Mongolia|Mongolians]], 2.0% (2/99) of a sample of Khamnigans, 1.9% (1/53) of a sample of [[Teleuts]], 1.4% (4/295) of a sample of [[Buryats]], and 1.2% (1/82) of a sample of [[Shors]].<ref name = "Derenko2007">Miroslava Derenko, Boris Malyarchuk, Tomasz Grzybowski, ''et al.'' (2007), "Phylogeographic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations." ''Am. J. Hum. Genet.'' 2007;81:1025–1041. {{doi|10.1086/522933}}</ref> Min-Sheng Peng ''et al.'' found haplogroup K1 in 10.3% (7/68) of a sample of [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]] from Taxkorgan, 7.6% (5/66) of a sample of [[Wakhi people|Wakhi]] from Taxkorgan, 5.8% (5/86) of a sample of [[Sarikoli language|Sarikoli]] from Taxkorgan, 3.7% (1/27) of a sample of [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] from Artux, and 2.0% (1/50) of a sample of [[Pamiri people|Pamiri]] from Gorno-Badakhshan. In eastern [[China]], mtDNA haplogroup K has been found in 1.3% (1/149 K1a13, 1/149 K2a5) of a sample of [[Barga Mongols]] in [[Hulunbuir]]<ref name = "Derenko2012">Derenko M, Malyarchuk B, Denisova G, Perkova M, Rogalla U, ''et al.'' (2012), "Complete Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Eastern Eurasian Haplogroups Rarely Found in Populations of Northern Asia and Eastern Europe." ''PLoS ONE'' 7(2): e32179. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0032179}}</ref> and in 0.9% of a sample of Beijing Han.<ref name="pmid28178941">{{cite journal| author=Rishishwar L, Jordan IK| title=Implications of human evolution and admixture for mitochondrial replacement therapy. | journal=BMC Genomics | year= 2017 | volume= 18 | issue= 1 | pages= 140 | pmid=28178941 | doi=10.1186/s12864-017-3539-3 | pmc=5299762 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Ancient DNA==
The more ancient evidence of Haplogroup K has been found in the remains of three individuals from Upper Palaeolithic Magdalenian of Spain 11,950 years ago<ref>[https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1xfeK8HvVjkCY7mKj3WEKAjapAqltooWJMptY0nStKbo/edit#gid=1942507897&range=B4875 CAS.181, 191, 202, Los Cascajos, Navarre].</ref>{{ugc|certain=y|date=May 2024}} and in the [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic B]] site of [[Tell Ramad]], [[Syria]], dating from c. 6000&nbsp;BC.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fernández Domínguez|first1=Eva|title=Polimorfismos de DNA mitocondrial en poblaciones antiguas de la cuenca mediterránea|date=16 December 2005|url=http://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/handle/2445/35896|publisher=Universitat de Barcelona|isbn=9788468964799|access-date=19 October 2017}}</ref> The clade was also discovered in skeletons of early farmers in Central Europe dated to around 5500–5300 BC, at percentages that were nearly double the percentage present in modern Europe. Some techniques of farming, together with associated plant and animal breeds, spread into Europe from the Near East. The evidence from ancient DNA suggests that the Neolithic culture spread by human migration.<ref>{{cite journal |first=W. |last=Haak |display-authors=etal |title=Ancient DNA from the First European Farmers in 7500-Year-Old Neolithic Sites |journal=Science |volume=310 |issue=5750 |year=2005 |pages=1016–1018|doi=10.1126/science.1118725 |pmid=16284177 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=B. |last=Bramanti |title=Ancient DNA: Genetic analysis of aDNA from sixteen skeletons of the Vedrovice |journal=Anthropologie |volume=46 |issue=2–3 |year=2008 |pages=153–160}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=B. |last=Bramanti |display-authors=etal |title=Genetic Discontinuity Between Local Hunter-Gatherers and Central Europe's First Farmers |journal=Science |date=3 September 2009|volume=326 |issue=5949 |pages=137–140 |doi=10.1126/science.1176869 |pmid=19729620 |bibcode=2009Sci...326..137B }}{{fcn|date=May 2024|reason=missing volume and issue, also supposedly published online but no URL}}</ref>

Analysis of the mtDNA of [[Ötzi]], the frozen mummy from [[34th century BC|3300 BC]] found on the [[Austria–Italy border]], has shown that Ötzi belongs to the K1 subclade. It cannot be categorized into any of the three modern branches of that subclade (K1a, K1b or K1c). The new subclade has provisionally been named ''K1ö'' for ''Ötzi''.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Luca |last=Ermini |display-authors=etal |title=Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequence of the Tyrolean Iceman |journal=Current Biology |volume=18 |issue=21 |date=30 October 2008 |pages=1687–1693|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.09.028 |pmid=18976917 |bibcode=2008CBio...18.1687E |doi-access=free }}</ref> Multiplex assay study was able to confirm that the Iceman's mtDNA belongs to a new European mtDNA clade with a very limited distribution amongst modern data sets.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Phillip |last1=Endicott |first2=Juan J. |last2=Sanchez |first3=Irene |last3=Pichler |first4=Paul |last4=Brotherton |first5=Jerome |last5=Brooks |first6=Eduard |last6=Egarter-Vigl |first7=Alan |last7=Cooper |first8=Peter |last8=Pramstaller |display-authors=4 |title=Genotyping human ancient mtDNA control and coding region polymorphisms with a multiplexed Single-Base-Extension assay: the singular maternal history of the Tyrolean Iceman |journal=BMC Genetics |volume=10 |id=article 29 |date=19 June 2009|page=29 |doi=10.1186/1471-2156-10-29 |doi-access=free |pmid=19545382 |pmc=2717998 }}</ref>

A woman buried some time between 2650 and 2450 BC in a presumed [[Amorites|Amorite]] tomb at Terqa (Tell Ashara), Middle Euphrates Valley, Syria carried Haplogroup K.<ref>{{cite journal |first=J. |last=Tomczyk |display-authors=etal |title=Anthropological Analysis of the Osteological Material from an Ancient Tomb (Early Bronze Age) from the Middle Euphrates Valley, Terqa (Syria) |journal=International Journal of Osteoarchaeology |year=2010}}{{fcn|reason=Supposedly published online but lacking a URL|date=May 2024}}</ref>

A lock of hair kept at a reliquary at Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte Baume basilica, France, which local tradition holds belonged to the biblical figure [[Mary Magdalene]], was also assigned to haplogroup K. Ancient DNA sequencing of a capillary bulb bore the K1a1b1a subclade and according to the highly controversial researcher {{ill|Gérard Lucotte|fr}}, who claims to have discovered the DNA of Jesus Christ,<ref>{{cite book |first1=André |last1=Marion |first2=Gérard |last2=Lucotte |title=L'Église Le linceul de Turin et la tunique d'Argenteuil, Paris |trans-title=The Church, the Shroud of Turin and the Tunic of Argenteuil, Paris |language=fr |publisher=Presses de la Renaissance |year=2006 |isbn=978-2-7509-0204-9}}</ref> it would indicate that she would have been of [[Pharisees|Pharisian]] maternal origin.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lucotte|first1=Gérard|title=The Mitochondrial DNA Mitotype of Sainte Marie-Madeleine|journal=International Journal of Sciences|date=December 2016|volume=5|issue=12|url=http://www.ijsciences.com/pub/pdf/V52016121167.pdf|access-date=16 February 2017}}</ref>

Haplogroup K1 has likewise been observed among specimens at the mainland cemetery in [[Kulubnarti]], [[Sudan]], which date from the Early Christian period (AD 550-800).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sirak |first1=Kendra |last2=Frenandes |first2=Daniel |last3=Novak |first3=Mario |last4=Van Gerven |first4=Dennis |last5=Pinhasi |first5=Ron|title=A community divided? Revealing the community genome(s) of Medieval Kulubnarti using next- generation sequencing|journal=Abstract Book of the Iuaes Inter-Congress 2016 |date=2016|page=115 |publisher=IUAES|url=https://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?&lang=EN&rad=824672}}</ref>

In 2016, researchers extracted the DNA from the tibia of two individuals separately dated to 7288–6771 BCE and 7605–7529 BCE buried in [[Theopetra cave]], Greece, the oldest known human-made structure, and both individuals were found to belong to mtDNA Haplogroup K1c.<ref name="HofmanováKreutzer2016">{{cite journal|last1=Hofmanová|first1=Zuzana|last2=Kreutzer|first2=Susanne|last3=Hellenthal|first3=Garrett|last4=Sell|first4=Christian|last5=Diekmann|first5=Yoan|last6=Díez-del-Molino|first6=David|last7=van Dorp|first7=Lucy|last8=López|first8=Saioa|last9=Kousathanas|first9=Athanasios|last10=Link|first10=Vivian|last11=Kirsanow|first11=Karola|last12=Cassidy|first12=Lara M.|last13=Martiniano|first13=Rui|last14=Strobel|first14=Melanie|last15=Scheu|first15=Amelie|last16=Kotsakis|first16=Kostas|last17=Halstead|first17=Paul|last18=Triantaphyllou|first18=Sevi|last19=Kyparissi-Apostolika|first19=Nina|last20=Urem-Kotsou|first20=Dushka|last21=Ziota|first21=Christina|last22=Adaktylou|first22=Fotini|last23=Gopalan|first23=Shyamalika|last24=Bobo|first24=Dean M.|last25=Winkelbach|first25=Laura|last26=Blöcher|first26=Jens|last27=Unterländer|first27=Martina|last28=Leuenberger|first28=Christoph|last29=Çilingiroğlu|first29=Çiler|last30=Horejs|first30=Barbara|last31=Gerritsen|first31=Fokke|last32=Shennan|first32=Stephen J.|last33=Bradley|first33=Daniel G.|last34=Currat|first34=Mathias|last35=Veeramah|first35=Krishna R.|last36=Wegmann|first36=Daniel|last37=Thomas|first37=Mark G.|last38=Papageorgopoulou|first38=Christina|last39=Burger|first39=Joachim|display-authors=6|title=Early farmers from across Europe directly descended from Neolithic Aegeans|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=113|issue=25|year=2016|pages=6886–6891|issn=0027-8424|doi=10.1073/pnas.1523951113|pmid=27274049|pmc=4922144|bibcode=2016PNAS..113.6886H |doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[Yuya]], a powerful ancient Egyptian courtier during the 18th Dynasty of Egypt (circa 1390 BC) and his wife [[Thuya]], an Egyptian noblewoman associated with the royal family, both belonged to the maternal haplogroup K, as did their descendants:
*Queen [[Tiye]]
*Pharaoh [[Akhenaten]] 
*[[The Younger Lady]] (KV35YL)
*Pharoah [[Tutankhamun]]<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/30/R1/R24/5924364 |journal=Human Molecular Genetics |volume=30 |issue=R1 |date=2020 |title=Insights from ancient DNA analysis of Egyptian human mummies: clues to disease and kinship |last1=Gad |first1=Yehia |doi=10.1093/hmg/ddaa223 |pages=R24–R28 |pmid=33059357 |access-date=19 December 2022 |archive-date=2 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502033524/https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/30/R1/R24/5924364 |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref> 

The remains of 3 Haplogroup K carriers were among [[ancient Egypt]]ian mummies excavated at the [[Abusir el-Meleq]] archaeological site in Middle Egypt as follows beginning with their sample number, followed by clade and date:
*JK2139 K1a AD 54-124
*JK2150 K1a4 BC 650-551
*JK2895 K 16T AD AD 25-111<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schuenemann |first1=Verena J.|display-authors=etal|title=Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods|journal=Nature Communications|date=2017|volume=8|page=15694|pmid=28556824|doi=10.1038/ncomms15694|pmc=5459999|bibcode=2017NatCo...815694S}}</ref> 

Fossils excavated at the Late Neolithic site of [[Kelif el Boroud]] in [[Morocco]], which have been dated to around 3,000 BCE, have likewise been observed to carry the K1 subclade.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Rosa |last1=Fregel |first2=Fernando L. |last2=Méndez |first3=Youssef |last3=Bokbot |first4=Dimas |last4=Martín-Socas |first5=María D. |last5=Camalich-Massieu |first6=Jonathan |last6=Santana |first7=Jacob |last7=Morales |first8=María C. |last8=Ávila-Arcos |first9=Peter A. |last9=Underhill |first10=Beth |last10=Shapiro |first11=Genevieve |last11=Wojcik |first12=Morten |last12=Rasmussen |first13=André E. R. |last13=Soares |first14=Joshua |last14=Kapp |first15=Alexandra |last15=Sockell |first16=Francisco J. |last16=Rodríguez-Santos |first17=Abdeslam |last17=Mikdad |first18=Aioze |last18=Trujillo-Mederos |first19=Carlos D. |last19=Bustamante |display-authors=6 |editor-first=Anne C. |editor-last=Stone |title=Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=June 12, 2018 |volume=115 |issue=26 |pages=6774–6779 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1800851115 |doi-access=free |pmid=29895688 |biorxiv=10.1101/191569|pmc=6042094 |bibcode=2018PNAS..115.6774F }}</ref>

==Subclades==

===Tree===
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup K subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser ''Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation''<ref name="vanOven" /> and subsequent published research.
{|class="talk collapsed collapsible"
|-
! mtDNA HG "K" p-tree
|- style="text-align: left;"
!
*'''U8b'K'''
**'''U8b'''
**'''K'''
***'''K1'''
****'''K1a'''
*****'''K1a1'''
******'''K1a1a'''
*******'''K1a1a1'''
******'''K1a1b'''
*******'''K1a1b1'''
********'''[[Haplogroup K1a1b1a (mtDNA)|K1a1b1a]]'''
********'''K1a1b1b'''
*******'''K1a1b2'''
********'''K1a1b2a'''
*****'''K1a2'''
******'''K1a2a'''
*******'''K1a2a1'''
*******'''K1a2a2'''
******'''K1a2b'''
******'''K1a2c'''
*****'''K1a3'''
******'''K1a3a'''
*******'''K1a3a1'''
********'''K1a3a1a'''
********'''K1a3a1b'''
*****'''K1a4'''
******'''K1a4a'''
*******'''K1a4a1'''
********'''K1a4a1a'''
********'''K1a4a1b'''
********'''K1a4a1c'''
********'''K1a4a1d'''
********'''K1a4a1e'''
********'''K1a4a1f'''
********'''K1a4a1g'''
******'''K1a4b'''
*******'''K1a4b1'''
******'''K1a4c'''
******'''K1a4d'''
*****'''K1a5'''
*****'''K1a6'''
*****'''K1a7'8'''
******'''K1a7'''
******'''K1a8'''
*******'''K1a8a'''
*****'''K1a9'''
*****'''K1a10'''
*****'''K1a11'''
*****'''K1a12'''
******'''K1a12a'''
*****'''K1a17'''
*****'''K1a18'''
*****'''K1a19'''
*****'''K1a23'''
*****'''K1a27'''
*****'''K1a28'''
*****'''K1a29'''
******'''K1a29a'''
****'''K1b'''
*****'''K1b1'''
******'''K1b1a'''
*******'''K1b1a1'''
******'''K1b1b'''
******'''K1b1c'''
*****'''K1b2'''
******'''K1b2a'''
******'''K1b2b'''
****'''K1c'''
*****'''K1c1'''
******'''K1c1a'''
******'''K1c1b'''
*****'''K1c2'''
****'''K1ö'''
***'''K2'''
****'''K2a'''
*****'''K2a1'''
******'''K2a1a'''
*****'''K2a2'''
******'''K2a2a'''
*******'''K2a2a1'''
*****'''K2a3'''
******'''K2a3a'''
*******'''K2a3a1'''
*****'''K2a4'''
*****'''K2a5'''
******'''K2a5a'''
*******'''K2a5a1'''
******'''K2a5b'''
*****'''K2a6'''
*****'''K2a7'''
*****'''K2a8'''
*****'''K2a9'''
*****'''K2a10'''
*****'''K2a11'''
****'''K2b'''
*****'''K2b1'''
******'''K2b1a'''
****'''K2c'''
|}

== Genetic traits ==
A study involving Caucasian patients showed that individuals classified as [[Haplogroup J (mtDNA)|haplogroup J]] or K demonstrated a significant decrease in risk of [[Parkinson's disease]] versus individuals carrying [[Haplogroup H (mtDNA)|the most common haplogroup, H]].<ref name="van der WaltNicodemus2003">{{cite journal|last1=van der Walt|first1=Joelle M.|last2=Nicodemus|first2=Kristin K.|last3=Martin|first3=Eden R.|last4=Scott|first4=William K.|last5=Nance|first5=Martha A.|last6=Watts|first6=Ray L.|last7=Hubble|first7=Jean P.|last8=Haines|first8=Jonathan L.|last9=Koller|first9=William C.|last10=Lyons|first10=Kelly|last11=Pahwa|first11=Rajesh|last12=Stern|first12=Matthew B.|last13=Colcher|first13=Amy|last14=Hiner|first14=Bradley C.|last15=Jankovic|first15=Joseph|last16=Ondo|first16=William G.|last17=Allen Jr.|first17=Fred H.|last18=Goetz|first18=Christopher G.|last19=Small|first19=Gary W.|last20=Mastaglia|first20=Frank|last21=Stajich|first21=Jeffrey M.|last22=McLaurin|first22=Adam C.|last23=Middleton|first23=Lefkos T.|last24=Scott|first24=Burton L.|last25=Schmechel|first25=Donald E.|last26=Pericak-Vance|first26=Margaret A.|last27=Vance|first27=Jeffery M.|title=Mitochondrial Polymorphisms Significantly Reduce the Risk of Parkinson Disease|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=72|issue=4|year=2003|pages=804–811|issn=0002-9297|doi=10.1086/373937|pmid=12618962|pmc=1180345}}</ref> Additionally, a study from 2020 found that the presence of haplogroup K served as a protective agent against [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|ADHD]], with a significant value (<math>P = 0.0105</math>).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Chang |first1=Xiao |last2=Liu |first2=Yichuan |last3=Mentch |first3=Frank |last4=Glessner |first4=Joseph |last5=Qu |first5=Huiqi |last6=Nguyen |first6=Kenny |last7=Sleiman |first7=Patrick M. A. |last8=Hakonarson |first8=Hakon |date=2020-11-02 |title=Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and risk of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in European Americans |journal=Translational Psychiatry |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=370 |doi=10.1038/s41398-020-01064-1 |issn=2158-3188 |pmc=7608630 |pmid=33139694}}</ref> Used in conjunction with [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)|haplogroup U]], the precursor to haplogroup K, was shown to have an even more significant effect in protecting against ADHD in the participants (<math>P = 2.46 \times 10 ^{-3}</math>).<ref name=":0" />

==In popular culture==
{{See also|List of haplogroups of historic people}}
In his popular book ''[[The Seven Daughters of Eve]]'', [[Bryan Sykes]] named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup ''Katrine''.

On an 18 November 2005 broadcast of the ''[[Today (U.S. TV program)|Today Show]]'', during an interview with Dr. Spencer Wells of The National Geographic Genographic Project, host [[Katie Couric]] was revealed to belong to haplogroup K.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Okwu|first=Michael|date=November 18, 2005|title=Family tree project helps trace deep history|work=[[Today (American TV program)|The Today Show]]|publisher=NBC Universal|url=https://www.today.com/news/family-tree-project-helps-trace-deep-history-wbna10095659|access-date=July 27, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Slatalla|first=Michelle|date=October 25, 2007|title=Marie Antoinette, Is That You?|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/25/fashion/25Cyber.html|access-date=July 27, 2021}}</ref>

On 14 August 2007, [[Stephen Colbert]] was told by geneticist [[Spencer Wells]] that he is a member of this haplogroup during a segment on ''[[The Colbert Report]]''.

[[Henry Louis Gates Jr.]] states that [[Meryl Streep]] belongs to Haplogroup K in his book ''[[Faces of America]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gates|first=Henry Louis Jr.|author-link=Henry Louis Gates Jr.|title=Faces of America: How 12 Extraordinary People Discovered their Pasts|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780814732649|url-access=registration|year=2010|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-3265-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780814732649/page/49 49]}}</ref>

[[Mayim Bialik]] belongs to the subclade K1a9,<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Nadine Epstein |date=September–October 2012 |title=The Moment Magazine Great DNA Experiment |page=42 |url=https://momentmag.com/the-moment-magazine-great-dna-experiment/ |magazine=Moment Magazine |access-date=2024-03-07}}</ref> as does [[Larry David]].<ref>{{Cite episode |series=Finding Your Roots |network=PBS |date=2017-10-03 |season=4 |number=1 |language=en}}</ref>

Notable carriers of subclade K2a2a have included [[Steven Pinker]],<ref name="Moment p43">{{cite magazine |author=Nadine Epstein |date=September–October 2012 |title=The Moment Magazine Great DNA Experiment |page=43 |url=https://momentmag.com/the-moment-magazine-great-dna-experiment/ |magazine=Moment Magazine |access-date=2024-03-07}}</ref> [[Nadine Epstein]],<ref name="Moment p43" /> [[Mike Nichols]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Gates|first=Henry Louis Jr.|author-link=Henry Louis Gates Jr.|title=Faces of America: How 12 Extraordinary People Discovered their Pasts|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780814732649|url-access=registration|year=2010|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-3265-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780814732649/page/31 31]}}</ref> and [[Amy Harmon]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Harmon |first=Amy |date=January 22, 2006 |title=Love You, K2a2a, Whoever You Are |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/22/weekinreview/love-you-k2a2a-whoever-you-are.html |work=The New York Times |page=1 of Section 4 |access-date=2024-03-10}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Commons category|Haplogroup K (mtDNA)}}
*[[Genealogical DNA test]]
*[[Genetic genealogy]]
*[[Haplogroup K1a1b1a (mtDNA)]]
*[[Human mitochondrial genetics]]
*[[Population genetics]]
*[[Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup]]

{{mtDNA}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Behar DM, van Owen M, Rosset, Metspalu M|display-authors=etal |title=A "Copernican" reassessment of the human mitochondrial DNA tree from its root |journal=Am J Hum Genet |volume=90 |issue=4 |pages=675–684 |year=2012 |pmid= 22482806|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.03.002 |pmc=3322232}}
*{{cite journal|title=Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock|year=2009|url= |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001|pmid=19500773|last1=Soares|first1=P|last2=Ermini|first2=L|last3=Thomson|first3=N|last4=Mormina|first4=M|last5=Rito|first5=T|last6=Röhl|first6=A|last7=Salas|first7=A|last8=Oppenheimer|first8=S|last9=MacAulay|first9=V|last10=Richards|first10=Martin B.|volume=84|issue=6|pages=740–59|pmc=2694979|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|display-authors=8}}

==External links==
*General
**Mannis van Oven's [http://www.phylotree.org Phylotree]
**Ian Logan's [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/sequences_by_group/haplogroup_select.htm Mitochondrial DNA Site]
*Haplogroup K
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20060320195815/https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=mm021 Spread of Haplogroup K], from ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]''
**[https://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_K_mtDNA.shtml Eupedia Haplogroup K page]
**[http://www.familytreedna.com/public/mtDNA_K/ mtDNA Haplogroup K Project] at [[familytreedna|Family Tree DNA]]
**[http://dgmweb.net/genealogy/DNA/DK/DanishDemes-mtDNA-results-HgK.shtml Danish Demes Regional DNA Project: mtDNA Haplogroup K]{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
**MITOMAP's [https://mitomap.org/cgi-bin/haplo_distribution?hg=K Haplogroup K]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haplogroup K (Mtdna)}}
[[Category:Human mtDNA haplogroups|K]]
[[Category:Ashkenazi Jews topics]]
[[Category:Ötzi]]
[[Category:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B]]