View source for Grunwald–Wang theorem

{{short description|Local-global result for when an element in a number field is an nth power}}
In [[algebraic number theory]], the '''Grunwald–Wang theorem''' is a [[local-global principle]] stating that—except in some precisely defined cases—an element ''x'' in a [[number field]] ''K'' is an ''n''th power in ''K'' if it is an ''n''th power in the [[complete metric space|completion]] <math>K_{\mathfrak{p}}</math> for all but finitely many primes <math>\mathfrak{p}</math> of ''K''. For example, a [[rational number]] is a square of a rational number if it is a square of a [[p-adic number|''p''-adic number]] for almost all primes ''p''. 

It was introduced by {{harvs|txt|authorlink=Wilhelm Grunwald|first=Wilhelm|last=Grunwald|year=1933}}, but there was a mistake in this original version that was found and corrected by {{harvs|txt|last=Wang|first=Shianghao|authorlink=Shianghao Wang|year=1948}}. The theorem considered by Grunwald and Wang was more general than the one stated above as they discussed the existence of cyclic extensions with certain local properties, and the statement about ''n''th powers is a consequence of this.

== History ==
{{quotebox|align=right|width=30%|quote=Some days later I was with [[Emil Artin|Artin]] in his office when Wang appeared. He said he had a counterexample to a lemma which had been used in the proof. An hour or two later, he produced a counterexample to the theorem itself... Of course he [Artin] was astonished, as were all of us students, that a famous theorem with two published proofs, one of which we had all heard in the seminar without our noticing anything, could be wrong. 
|source=[[John Tate (mathematician)|John Tate]], quoted by  {{harvs|txt|last=Roquette|first=Peter|authorlink=Peter Roquette|year=2005|loc=p.30}}
}}
{{harvtxt|Grunwald|1933}}, a student of [[Helmut Hasse]], gave an incorrect proof of the erroneous statement that an element in a number field is an ''n''th power if it is an ''n''th power locally almost everywhere. {{harvs|txt|first=George|last=Whaples|year=1942}} gave another incorrect proof of this incorrect statement. However {{harvtxt|Wang|1948}} discovered the following counter-example: 16 is a ''p''-adic 8th power for all odd primes ''p'', but is not a rational or 2-adic 8th power. In his doctoral thesis {{harvtxt|Wang|1950}} written under [[Emil Artin]], Wang gave and proved the correct formulation of Grunwald's assertion, by describing the rare cases when it fails. This result is what is now known as the Grunwald–Wang theorem. The history of Wang's counterexample is discussed by {{harvs|txt|last=Roquette|first=Peter|authorlink=Peter Roquette|year=2005|loc=section 5.3}}

== Wang's counter-example ==

Grunwald's original claim that an element that is an ''n''th power almost everywhere locally is an ''n''th power globally can fail in two distinct ways: the element can be an ''n''th power almost everywhere locally but not everywhere locally, or it can be an ''n''th power everywhere locally but not globally.

===An element that is an ''n''th power almost everywhere locally but not everywhere locally===

The element 16 in the rationals is an 8th power at all places except 2, but is not an 8th power in the 2-adic numbers.

It is clear that 16 is not a 2-adic 8th power, and hence not a rational 8th power, since the 2-adic valuation of 16 is 4 which is not divisible by 8.

Generally, 16 is an 8th power in a field ''K'' if and only if the polynomial <math>X^8-16</math> has a root in ''K''. Write

:<math>X^8-16=(X^4-4)(X^4+4)=(X^2-2)(X^2+2)(X^2-2X+2)(X^2+2X+2).</math>

Thus, 16 is an 8th power in ''K'' if and only if 2, &minus;2 or &minus;1 is a square in ''K''. Let ''p'' be any odd prime. It follows from the multiplicativity of the [[Legendre symbol]] that 2, &minus;2 or &minus;1 is a square modulo ''p''. Hence, by [[Hensel's lemma]], 2, &minus;2 or &minus;1 is a square in <math>\mathbb{Q}_p</math>.

===An element that is an ''n''th power everywhere locally but not globally===

16 is not an 8th power in <math>\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{7})</math> although it is an 8th power locally everywhere (i.e. in <math>\mathbb{Q}_p(\sqrt{7})</math> for all ''p''). This follows from the above and the equality <math>\mathbb{Q}_2(\sqrt{7})=\mathbb{Q}_2(\sqrt{-1})</math>.

== A consequence of Wang's counter-example ==

Wang's counterexample has the following interesting consequence showing that one cannot always find a cyclic Galois extension of a given degree of a number field in which finitely many given prime places split in a specified way:

There exists no cyclic degree 8 extension <math>K/\mathbb{Q}</math> in which the prime 2 is totally inert (i.e., such that <math>K_2/\mathbb{Q}_2</math> is unramified of degree 8).

== Special fields ==

For any <math>s\geq 2</math> let

:<math>\eta_s:=\exp\left(\frac{2\pi i}{2^s}\right)+\exp\left(-\frac{2\pi i}{2^s}\right)=2\cos\left(\frac{2\pi}{2^s}\right).</math>

Note that the <math>2^s</math>th [[cyclotomic field]] is

:<math>\mathbb{Q}_{2^s}=\mathbb{Q}(i,\eta_s).</math>

A field is called ''s-special'' if it contains <math>\eta_{s}</math>, but neither <math>i</math>, <math>\eta_{s+1}</math> nor <math>i\eta_{s+1}</math>.

== Statement of the theorem ==

Consider a number field ''K'' and a natural number ''n''. Let ''S'' be a finite (possibly empty) set of primes of ''K'' and put

:<math>K(n,S):=\{x\in K\mid x\in K_{\mathfrak{p}}^n \mathrm{\ for\ all\ }\mathfrak{p}\not\in S\}.</math>

The Grunwald–Wang theorem says that

:<math>K(n,S)=K^n</math>

unless we are in the ''special case'' which occurs when the following two conditions both hold:

# <math>K</math> is ''s''-special with an <math>s</math> such that <math>2^{s+1}</math> divides ''n''.
# <math>S</math> contains the ''special set'' <math>S_0</math> consisting of those (necessarily 2-adic) primes <math>\mathfrak{p}</math> such that <math>K_{\mathfrak{p}}</math> is ''s''-special.

In the special case the failure of the Hasse principle is finite of order 2: the kernel of

: <math>K^\times/K^{\times n} \to \prod_{\mathfrak{p}\not\in S}K_\mathfrak{p}^\times/K_\mathfrak{p}^{\times n}</math>

is '''Z'''/2'''Z''', generated by the element η{{su|p=''n''|b=''s''+1}}.

== Explanation of Wang's counter-example ==

The field of rational numbers <math>K=\mathbb{Q}</math> is 2-special since it contains <math>\eta_2=0</math>, but neither <math>i</math>, <math>\eta_3=\sqrt{2}</math> nor <math>i\eta_3=\sqrt{-2}</math>. The special set is <math>S_0=\{2\}</math>. Thus, the special case in the Grunwald–Wang theorem occurs when ''n'' is divisible by 8, and ''S'' contains 2. This explains Wang's counter-example and shows that it is minimal. It is also seen that an element in <math>\mathbb{Q}</math> is an ''n''th power if it is a ''p''-adic ''n''th power for all ''p''.

The field <math>K=\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{7})</math> is 2-special as well, but with <math>S_0=\emptyset</math>. This explains the other counter-example above.<ref>See Chapter X of Artin–Tate.</ref>

==See also==

*The [[Hasse norm theorem]] states that for cyclic extensions an element is a norm if it is a norm everywhere locally.

==Notes==

{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{Citation | last1=Artin | first1=Emil | author1-link=Emil Artin | last2=Tate | first2=John | author2-link=John Tate (mathematician) | title=Class field theory | url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=978-0-8218-4426-7 | isbn=978-0-8218-4426-7 | mr=0223335 | year=1990| publisher=AMS Chelsea Pub. }}
*{{citation|first=Wilhelm |last=Grunwald |authorlink=Wilhelm Grunwald| title= Ein allgemeiner Existenzsatz für algebraische Zahlkörper | journal = Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik | volume= 169 |year= 1933 |pages= 103–107 |doi=10.1515/crll.1933.169.103 | url=http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?GDZPPN002172518}}
*{{Citation | last1=Roquette | first1=Peter | authorlink=Peter Roquette| title=The Brauer-Hasse-Noether theorem in historical perspective | url=http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~ci3/brhano.pdf  | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | location=Berlin, New York | series=Schriften der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften [Publications of the Mathematics and Natural Sciences Section of Heidelberg Academy of Sciences] | isbn=978-3-540-23005-2 | year=2005 | volume=15}}
*{{Citation | last1=Wang | first1=Shianghaw | authorlink=Shianghao Wang| title=A counter-example to Grunwald's theorem | jstor=1969410 | year=1948 | journal=[[Annals of Mathematics]] |series=Second Series | issn=0003-486X | volume=49 | issue=4 | pages=1008–1009|mr=0026992|doi=10.2307/1969410}}
*{{Citation | last1=Wang | first1=Shianghaw | authorlink=Shianghao Wang| title=On Grunwald's theorem | jstor=1969335 | year=1950 | journal=[[Annals of Mathematics]] |series=Second Series | issn=0003-486X | volume=51 | issue=2 | pages=471–484|mr=0033801 | doi=10.2307/1969335}}
*{{Citation | last1=Whaples | first1=George | title=Non-analytic class field theory and Grünwald's theorem | url=http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.dmj/1077493374 |mr=0007010 | year=1942 | journal=[[Duke Mathematical Journal]] | issn=0012-7094 | volume=9 | issue=3 | pages=455–473 | doi=10.1215/s0012-7094-42-00935-9}}

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[[Category:Class field theory]]
[[Category:Theorems in algebraic number theory]]