View source for Fraktur

{{short description|Typeface category}}
{{About|the script|the folk art|Fraktur (folk art)|other uses}}
{{confused|Fracture}}
{{Special characters}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox writing system
|name      = Latin script <br/>(Fraktur hand)
|type      = [[Alphabet]]
|time      = 16th–20th&nbsp;centuries
|languages = [[German language|German]] and some other [[Languages of Europe|European languages]]
|fam1      = Blackletter
|sisters   = ''See [[Blackletter]]''
|children  = {{lang|de|[[Kurrent]]schrift}}, including {{lang|de|[[Sütterlin]]}}
|sample    = Schriftzug Fraktur.svg
|imagesize = 200px
|iso15924  = Latf
|unicode   = <code>0020</code>–<code>00FF</code>{{efn|normal Latin range; [[#Fraktur in Unicode|see below]]}}
|footnotes = {{notelist}}
|direction = Left-to-right
}}
[[File:Gebrochene Schriften.png|thumb|A modern [[sans-serif]] and four blackletter typefaces (left to right): [[Blackletter|Textur(a)]], [[Rotunda (script)|Rotunda]], [[Schwabacher]] and Fraktur.]]

'''Fraktur''' ({{IPA|de|fʁakˈtuːɐ̯|lang|De-Fraktur.ogg}}) is a [[calligraphic hand]] of the [[Latin alphabet]] and any of several [[blackletter]] typefaces derived from this hand. It is designed such that the beginnings and ends of the individual strokes that make up each letter will be clearly visible, and often emphasized; in this way it is often contrasted with the curves of the [[Antiqua (typeface class)|Antiqua]] (common) typefaces where the letters are designed to flow and strokes connect together in a continuous fashion. The word "Fraktur" derives from Latin {{lang|la|frāctūra}} ("a break"), built from {{lang|la|frāctus}}, passive participle of {{lang|la|frangere}} ("to break"), which is also the root for the English word "fracture". In non-professional contexts, the term "Fraktur" is sometimes misused to refer to ''all'' blackletter typefaces{{snd}} while Fraktur typefaces do fall under that category, not all blackletter typefaces exhibit the Fraktur characteristics described above.{{efn|Similarly, the term "Gothic" is sometimes also incorrectly used to refer to Fraktur typefaces. However, in [[typography]], the term "Gothic" simply means [[sans-serif]].}}

Fraktur is often characterized as "the German typeface", as it remained popular in Germany and much of Eastern Europe far longer than elsewhere. Beginning in the 19th century, the use of Fraktur versus [[Antiqua (typeface class)|Antiqua]] (seen as modern) was the subject of controversy in Germany. The [[Antiqua–Fraktur dispute]] continued until 1941, when the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi government]] banned Fraktur typefaces. After Nazi Germany fell in 1945, Fraktur was unbanned, but it failed to regain widespread popularity.

==Characteristics==
Besides the 26 letters of the [[ISO basic Latin alphabet]],{{efn|[[ISO basic Latin alphabet]] is derived from the [[English alphabet]] hence its 26 letters.}} Fraktur usually includes the Eszett {{angbr|[[ß]]}} in the {{angbr|ſʒ}} form, vowels with [[umlaut (diacritic)|umlauts]], and the [[long s]] {{angbr|ſ}}. Some Fraktur typefaces also include a variant form of the letter r known as the [[r rotunda]], and many include a variety of [[ligature (typography)|ligature]]s which are left over from cursive handwriting and have rules for their use. Most older Fraktur typefaces make no distinction between the [[majuscule]]s {{angbr|I}} and {{angbr|J}} (where the common shape is more suggestive of a {{angbr|J}}), even though the [[lower case|minuscules]] {{angbr|i}} and {{angbr|j}} are differentiated.

One difference between the Fraktur and other blackletter scripts is that in the lower case {{angbr|o}}, the left part of the bow is broken, but the right part is not. In Danish texts composed in Fraktur, the letter {{angbr|[[ø]]}} was already preferred to the German and Swedish {{angbr|[[ö]]}} in the 16th century.{{efn|Compare, for example,
{{lang|da|2=[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bible_of_Christian_III_1550.jpg Bibla: Det er den gantske Hellige Scrifft: udsæt paa Danske]}}. 1550. {{in lang|da}} and {{lang|da|2=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zGRCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PT1089 Biblia: Det er Den gantske Hellige Scrifft paa Danske igien offuerseet oc prentet effter vor allernaadigste herris oc Kongis K. Christian den IV. Befaling]}}. 1633. {{in lang|da}}}}

In the Latvian variant of Fraktur, used mainly until the 1920s, there are additional characters used to denote Latvian letters with [[Diacritic|diacritical marks]].<ref name=Latvian /><ref>{{cite book|last=Švehs|first=Ernsts Aleksandrs|title=Jauna ābece|location=Rīga|publisher=W. F. Häcker|year=1877|url=http://gramatas.lndb.lv/periodika2-viewer/?lang=fr#issue:699218|page=7|access-date=2023-07-29|lang=lv}}</ref> Stroked letters {{angbr|Ꞡ ꞡ}}, {{angbr|Ꞣ ꞣ}}, {{angbr|Ł ł}}, {{angbr|Ꞥ ꞥ}}, {{angbr|Ꞧ ꞧ}} are used for palatalized consonants ({{angbr|Ģ ģ}}, {{angbr|Ķ ķ}}, {{angbr|Ļ ļ}}, {{angbr|Ņ ņ}}, {{angbr|Ŗ ŗ}}) stroked variants of {{angbr|s}} and {{angbr|ſ}} distinguish voiced and unvoiced sibilants or affricates ({{angbr|S ſ}} for voiced [z], {{angbr|Ꞩ ẜ}} for unvoiced [s], {{angbr|ſch}} [ž] / {{angbr|ẜch}} [š], {{angbr|dſch}} [dž] / {{angbr|tẜch}} [č]), while accents ({{angbr|à}}, {{angbr|â}}, {{angbr|ê}}, {{angbr|î}}, {{angbr|ô}}, {{angbr|û}}) together with digraphs ({{angbr|ah}}, {{angbr|eh}} etc.) are used for long vowels ({{angbr|Ā ā}}, {{angbr|Ē ē}}, {{angbr|Ī ī}}, {{angbr|Ō ō}}, {{angbr|Ū ū}}). Stroked variants of {{angbr|s}} are also used in pre-1950 Sorbian orthography.<ref name=Latvian>{{cite web |url=https://unicode.org/L2/L2009/09112r-obliquestrokes.pdf |title=Proposal to encode 10 Latin letters for pre-1921 Latvian orthography |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] |date=2009-04-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127094550/https://unicode.org/L2/L2009/09112r-obliquestrokes.pdf |archive-date= Nov 27, 2023 }}</ref>

==Origin==
The first Fraktur typeface arose in the early 16th century, when Emperor [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]] commissioned the design of the ''[[Triumphal Arch (woodcut)|Triumphal Arch]]'' woodcut by [[Albrecht Dürer]] and had a new typeface created specifically for this purpose, designed by [[Hieronymus Andreae]]. Fraktur types for [[printing]] were established by the [[Augsburg]] publisher {{ill|Johann Schönsperger|de}} at the issuance of a series of Maximilian's works such as his ''Prayer Book'' ({{lang|de|Gebetbuch}}, 1513) or the illustrated ''[[Theuerdank]]'' poem (1517).<ref>{{cite book |first=Fritz|last=Funke |title=Buchkunde: Ein Überblick über die Geschichte des Buches |trans-title=Book Customer: An overview of the history of the book |edition=6 |location=Munich |publisher=Saur |date=1999 |isbn=3-598-11390-0 |url={{GBurl|id=qeLoBQAAQBAJ|p=223}} |page= 223|lang=de}}</ref>

Fraktur quickly overtook the earlier [[Schwabacher]] and [[Textualis]] typefaces in popularity, and a wide variety of Fraktur fonts were carved and became common in the German-speaking world and areas under German influence (Scandinavia, Estonia, Latvia, [[Central Europe]]). In the 18th century, the German [[Theuerdank Fraktur]] was further developed by the [[Leipzig]] typographer [[Johann Gottlob Immanuel Breitkopf]] to create the typeset [[Breitkopf Fraktur]]. While over the succeeding centuries, most Central Europeans switched to [[Antiqua (typeface class)|Antiqua]], German speakers remained a notable holdout.

== Use ==
{{ gallery|title=Page samples|width=190|height=190|align=center
|File:Michna Ceska maryanska muzyka.jpg|A [[Czech language|Czech]] example of Fraktur: Title page of {{lang|cs|Česká mariánská muzika}} by [[Adam Václav Michna z Otradovic]] (1647) ("{{lang|cs-Latf|Cżeská maryánska muzyka}}" by [[Czech orthography|old orthography]])
|File:Gustav Vasas bibel 1541 - title page.jpg|Front page of [[Gustav Vasa]]'s Bible from 1541, printed using [[Fraktur (script)|Fraktur]]
|File:Abecadło poskie XVI.png|Polish alphabet, 16th century
|File:Erstes Lesebuch alphabet.png|German alphabet from an 1850s American Mennonite children's book
|File:German newspaper from Missouri, Westliche Post, typeset with Fraktur, 1906-07-21, 1.png|Use in a German-speaking newspaper, the ''[[Westliche Post]]'', in [[Missouri]] in 1906.<ref name="Westli19060721p7">{{Cite news
  | url         = https://newspapers.com/article/westliche-post-die-letzte-salve/134458998/
  | date        = 1906-07-21
  | page        = 7
  | title       = die letzte salve
  | newspaper   = Westliche Post
  | location    = St. Louis, Missouri
  | via         = Newspapers.com
  | access-date = 2023-11-01
}}</ref>
}}
[[File:Scripts in Europe (1901).jpg|thumb|Usage map: A map presenting the contemporary [[German language|German]] view of the extent of scripts around 1900. In reality only German-speakers, Estonia, and Latvia still used Fraktur as the majority script at this time. Denmark had shifted to Antiqua during the mid 19th century,<ref name=Paulli>{{cite book |first=Richard J.|last=Paulli |title=Den sejrende antikva|publisher=Grafisk Cirkel|location=Copenhagen |date= 1940 |type=special edition anniversary book "Det trykte ord" |lang=da}}</ref> and in Norway the majority of printed texts used Antiqua around 1900.<ref>{{cite book |first=Tore |last=Rem |chapter=Materielle variasjoner. Overgang fra fraktur til antikva i Norge |editor-first=Mats |editor-last=Malm |editor2-first=Barbro Ståhle |editor2-last=Sjönell |editor3-first=Petra |editor3-last=Söderlund |title=Bokens materialitet: Bokhistoria och bibliografi |publisher=Svenska Vitterhetssamfundet |location=Stockholm |year=2009 |isbn=978-91-7230-149-8 |lang=sv}}</ref> Notably, the map itself uses Antiqua for its legend, even though it is in German, indicating that Fraktur was no longer universally used even among German-speakers.]]

Typesetting in Fraktur was still very common in the early 20th century in all [[German language|German-speaking]] countries and areas, as well as in [[Norway]], [[Estonia]], and [[Latvia]], and was still used to a very small extent in [[Sweden]], [[Finland]] and [[Denmark]],{{efn|In Denmark in 1902 the percentage of printed material using antiqua amounted to 95% according to R. Paulli.<ref name=Paulli />}} even though other countries typeset in [[Antiqua (typeface class)|Antiqua]]. Some books at that time used related blackletter fonts such as [[Schwabacher]]; however, the predominant typeface was the Normalfraktur, which came in slight variations.

From the late 18th century to the late 19th century, Fraktur was progressively replaced by [[Antiqua (typeface class)|Antiqua]] as a symbol of the classicist age and emerging cosmopolitanism in most of the countries in Europe that had previously used Fraktur. This move was hotly debated in Germany, a controversy known as the [[Antiqua–Fraktur dispute]]. The shift affected mostly scientific writing in Germany, whereas most [[belletristic]] literature and newspapers continued to be printed in Fraktur.

The Fraktur typefaces remained in use in [[Nazi Germany]], when they were initially represented as true German script; official Nazi documents and letterheads employed the font, and the cover of [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]'s {{lang|de|[[Mein Kampf]]}} used a hand-drawn version of it.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://historyweird.com/1941-nazis-ban-jewish-fonts/ |title= 1941: The Nazis ban Jewish fonts – using a Jewish font |work=historyweird.com |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151207071605/http://historyweird.com/1941-nazis-ban-jewish-fonts/ |access-date=2015-11-21 |archive-date= 2015-12-07}}</ref> However, more modernized fonts of the {{ill|Gebrochene Grotesk|de}} type such as [[Tannenberg (typeface)|Tannenberg]] were in fact the most popular typefaces in Nazi Germany, especially for running text as opposed to decorative uses such as in titles. These fonts were designed in the early 20th century, mainly the 1930s, as [[Sans-serif#Grotesque|grotesque]] versions of blackletter typefaces. The Nazis heavily used these fonts themselves, although the shift remained controversial; in fact, the press was at times scolded for its frequent use of "Roman characters" under "Jewish influence" and German émigrés were urged to use only "German script".<ref>{{cite book |last=Michaud |first=Eric |title=The Cult of Art in Nazi Germany |translator= Janet Lloyd |location= Stanford, California |publisher=Stanford University Press |date=2004 |isbn=0-8047-4326-6 |url={{GBurl|id=QR_9T_8VLPAC|q=characters+known+as+German}} |pages=215–216}}</ref><ref>[{{GBurl|id=QR_9T_8VLPAC&q=German+writing+is+an+expression+of+the+German+people}} Plate 110]</ref> On 3 January 1941, the Nazi Party ended this controversy by switching to international scripts such as Antiqua. [[Martin Bormann]] issued a circular (the "[[Schwabacher#History|normal type decree]]") to all public offices which declared Fraktur (and its corollary, the {{lang|de|[[Sütterlin]]}}-based handwriting) to be {{lang|de|Judenlettern}} (Jewish letters) and prohibited their further use.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ligaturix.de/bormann.htm |title=Rundschreiben (Nicht zur Veröffentlichung) |lang=de |trans-title=Circular (Not for publication) |website=Ligaturix.de |first=Martin |last=Bormann |date=3 January 1941}}</ref> German historian Albert Kapr has speculated that the regime viewed Fraktur as inhibiting communication in the [[Areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied territories]] during [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Albert |last=Kapr |title=Fraktur: Form und Geschichte der gebrochenen Schriften |location=Mainz |publisher=H. Schmidt |year=1993 |page=81 |isbn=3-87439-260-0 |lang=de}}</ref>

The [[Reichsgesetzblatt]] used Fraktur until the end of 1941.

===After 1941===
{{uncited section|date=April 2023}}

Even with the abolition of Fraktur, some publications included elements of it in headlines.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} More often, some ligatures (such as ''ch'' and ''ck'') from Fraktur were used in Antiqua-typed editions up to the offset type period. Fraktur saw a brief resurgence after the war,{{efn|In 1946, for example, the "[[Stuttgart Declaration of Guilt]]",  published in the "Regulations and News Sheet of the Evangelical Church in Germany", was set in [[Tannenberg (typeface)|Tannenberg]].<ref name="Hockenos">{{cite book | first = Matthew D. | last = Hockenos |title = A Church Divided: German Protestants Confront the Nazi Past | url = https://archive.org/details/churchdividedger00hock | url-access = limited |location = Bloomington | publisher= Indiana University Press |year=2004 |isbn = 0 253 344484 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/churchdividedger0000hock/page/75/mode/1up 75{{ndash}}90]}}</ref>}} but thereafter fell out of common use.{{cn|date=April 2023}}

Fraktur is today used mostly for decorative typesetting: for example, a number of traditional German newspapers such as the {{lang|de|[[Frankfurter Allgemeine]]}}, as well as the Norwegian {{lang|no|[[Aftenposten]]}}, still print their name in Fraktur on the [[nameplate (publishing)|masthead]] (as indeed do some newspapers in other European countries and the U.S.) and it is also popular for pub signs and the like. In this modern decorative use, the traditional rules about the use of [[long s]] and short {{angbr|s}} and of [[ligature (typography)|ligature]]s are often disregarded.

Individual Fraktur letters are sometimes used in [[mathematics]], which often denotes associated or parallel concepts by the same letter in different fonts. For example, a [[Lie group]] is often denoted by ''G'', while its associated [[Lie algebra]] is <math>\mathfrak{g}</math>. A [[ring ideal]] might be denoted by <math>\mathfrak{a}</math> (or <math>\mathfrak{p}</math> if a [[prime ideal]]) while an element is <math>a \in \mathfrak{a}</math>. The Fraktur <math>\mathfrak c</math> is also sometimes used to denote the [[cardinality of the continuum]], that is, the cardinality of the real line. In [[model theory]], <math>\mathfrak{A}</math> is used to denote an arbitrary model, with ''A'' as its universe.{{cn|date=April 2023}} 

Fraktur is still used among traditional [[Anabaptism|Anabaptists]] to print German texts, while [[Kurrent]] is used as hand writing for German texts. Groups that use both forms of traditional German script are the [[Amish]], [[Old Order Mennonite]]s, [[Hutterite]]s, and traditional [[Plautdietsch]]-speaking [[Russian Mennonites|Mennonites]] who live mostly in [[Latin America]] today.{{cn|date=April 2023}}

==Typeface samples==
[[File:Fraktur letter A.png|Aa]][[File:Fraktur letter B.png|Bb]][[File:Fraktur letter C.png|Cc]][[File:Fraktur letter D.png|Dd]][[File:Fraktur letter E.png|Ee]][[File:Fraktur letter F.png|Ff]][[File:Fraktur letter G.png|Gg]][[File:Fraktur letter H.png|Hh]][[File:Fraktur letter I.png|Ii]][[File:Fraktur letter J.png|Jj]][[File:Fraktur letter K.png|Kk]][[File:Fraktur letter L.png|Ll]][[File:Fraktur letter M.png|Mm]][[File:Fraktur letter N.png|Nn]][[File:Fraktur letter O.png|Oo]][[File:Fraktur letter P.png|Pp]][[File:Fraktur letter Q.png|Qq]][[File:Fraktur letter R.png|Rr]][[File:Fraktur letter S.png|Ss]][[File:Fraktur letter T.png|Tt]][[File:Fraktur letter U.png|Uu]][[File:Fraktur letter V.png|Vv]][[File:Fraktur letter W.png|Ww]][[File:Fraktur letter X.png|Xx]][[File:Fraktur letter Y.png|Yy]][[File:Fraktur letter Z.png|Zz]][[File:Fraktur letter A-umlaut.png|Ää]][[File:Fraktur letter O-umlaut.png|Öö]][[File:Fraktur letter U-umlaut.png|Üü]][[File:Fraktur letter Eszett.png|ß]][[File:Fraktur ligature CH.png|ch]][[File:Fraktur ligature CK.png|ck]][[File:Fraktur ligature TZ.png|tz]]

In the figures below, the German sentence that appears after the names of the fonts (Walbaum-Fraktur in Fig. 1 and Humboldtfraktur in Fig. 2 reads, {{lang|de|Victor jagt zwölf Boxkämpfer quer über den Sylter Deich}}. It means "Victor chases twelve boxers across the [[Sylt]] dike" and contains all 26 letters of the alphabet plus the [[umlaut (diacritic)|umlauted glyphs]] used in German, making it an example of a [[pangram]].
[[File:Fraktur walbaum.png|center|frame|Fig. 1. Walbaum-Fraktur (1800)]]
[[File:Fraktur humboldtfraktur.png|center|frame|Fig. 2. Humboldtfraktur (Hiero Rhode, 1938)]]

=={{anchor|Fraktur in Unicode}}Unicode==
[[Unicode]] does not encode Fraktur as a separate script. Instead, Fraktur is considered a "presentation form" of the Latin alphabet.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/faq/ligature_digraph.html#Pf1 |title=Ligatures, Digraphs, Presentation Forms vs. Plain Text {{!}} Presentation forms |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] |date=7 July 2015 |access-date=19 September 2022 }}</ref>{{efn|For examples of more obvious "presentation forms", see [[display typeface]].}} Thus, the additional ligatures that are required for Fraktur typefaces will not be encoded in Unicode: support for these ligatures is a font engineering issue left up to font developers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/faq/ligature_digraph.html#Lig2 |title=Ligatures, Digraphs, Presentation Forms vs. Plain Text {{!}} Ligatures |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] |date=7 July 2015 |access-date=19 September 2022  }}</ref>

There are, however, two sets of Fraktur symbols in the [[Unicode block]]s of [[Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols]], [[Letterlike symbols (Unicode block)|Letterlike Symbols]], and [[Latin Extended-E]]. The [[long s]], [[ß]], and the [[Umlaut (diacritic)|umlauted vowels]] are not encoded, as the characters are meant to be used in mathematics and phonetics, so they are not suitable for typesetting German-language texts.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/faq/ligature_digraph.html#Pf5|title=Ligatures, Digraphs, Presentation Forms vs. Plain Text {{!}} Why does Unicode contain whole alphabets of "italic" or "bold" characters in Plane 1? |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] |date=7 July 2015 |access-date=19 September 2022  }}</ref>

: <big>𝔄 𝔅 ℭ 𝔇 𝔈 𝔉 𝔊 ℌ ℑ 𝔍 𝔎 𝔏 𝔐 𝔑 𝔒 𝔓 𝔔 ℜ 𝔖 𝔗 𝔘 𝔙 𝔚 𝔛 𝔜 ℨ</big>
: <big>𝔞 𝔟 𝔠 𝔡 𝔢 𝔣 𝔤 𝔥 𝔦 𝔧 𝔨 𝔩 𝔪 𝔫 𝔬 𝔭 𝔮 𝔯 𝔰 𝔱 𝔲 𝔳 𝔴 𝔵 𝔶 𝔷</big>
: <big>𝕬 𝕭 𝕮 𝕯 𝕰 𝕱 𝕲 𝕳 𝕴 𝕵 𝕶 𝕷 𝕸 𝕹 𝕺 𝕻 𝕼 𝕽 𝕾 𝕿 𝖀 𝖁 𝖂 𝖃 𝖄 𝖅</big>
: <big>𝖆 𝖇 𝖈 𝖉 𝖊 𝖋 𝖌 𝖍 𝖎 𝖏 𝖐 𝖑 𝖒 𝖓 𝖔 𝖕 𝖖 𝖗 𝖘 𝖙 𝖚 𝖛 𝖜 𝖝 𝖞 𝖟</big>

==LaTeX==
Modern [[LaTeX]] implementations (XeTeX, LuaTeX) can utilize a Fraktur font the usual way using the {{code|fontspec}} package.

For traditional implementations (pdfTeX and older), the {{code|\mathfrak{◌} }} command defined in the {{code|amssymb}}, {{code|amsfonts}} or {{code|eufrak}} package is available. This command does not use Unicode to typeset letters in fraktur: it has its own method.<ref>{{cite web | title=Writing LaTEX  for multiple output formats |first=Emma |last=Cliffe |publisher=[[University of Bath]] |date=May 2012 |url=https://people.bath.ac.uk/cspehj/maths-access/latex-instructions/sect0025.html}}</ref>

For example, {{code|\mathfrak{Fraktur} }} produces <math>\mathfrak{Fraktur}</math>. Or, in a real example, 
{{blockquote|Given ideals <math>\mathfrak{a}, \mathfrak{b}</math> of a commutative ring ''R'', the ''R''-annihilator of <math>(\mathfrak{b} + \mathfrak{a})/\mathfrak{a}</math> is an ideal of ''R'' called the [[ideal quotient]] of <math>\mathfrak{a}</math> by <math>\mathfrak{b}</math> and is denoted by {{tmath|1= (\mathfrak{a} : \mathfrak{b}) }}; it is an instance of [[idealizer]] in commutative algebra. |source=[[Ideal (ring theory)]]}}

== See also ==
* {{Annotated link|Breitkopf Fraktur}}
* {{Annotated link|Fette Fraktur}}
* {{Annotated link|Fraktur (folk art)}}
* {{Annotated link|Kurrent}}
* {{Annotated link|Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols}}
* {{Annotated link|Sütterlin}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}} 

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last1=Bain|first1=Peter|first2=Paul|last2=Shaw|title=Blackletter: Type and National Identity|publisher=Princeton Architectural Press|year=1998|isbn=1-56898-125-2}}
* {{cite book|last1=Fiedl|first1=Frederich|first2=Nicholas|last2=Ott|first3=Bernard|last3=Stein|title=Typography: An Encyclopedic Survey of Type Design and Techniques Through History|location=New York|publisher=Black Dog & Leventhal|year=1998|isbn=1-57912-023-7}}
* {{cite book|first=Silvia|last=Hartmann|title=Fraktur oder Antiqua. Der Schriftstreit von 1881 bis 1941|language=de|publisher=Peter Lang|location=Frankfurt am Main|year=1998|isbn=3-631-35090-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Macmillan|first=Neil|title=An A–Z of Type Designers|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|year=2006|isbn=0-300-11151-7}}

==External links==
{{sisterlinks|d=Q148443|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|q=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|species=no}}
* [https://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/fraktur A complete Fraktur chart] (Library of Yale University)
* [http://unifraktur.sourceforge.net/ UniFraktur]: Free Fraktur fonts and resources at [[SourceForge]]
* [https://www.familyhistoryfanatics.com/translating-fraktur-newspaper Translating newspapers set in Fraktur] (familyhistoryfanatics)

{{Typography terms}}
{{List of writing systems}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Blackletter]]
[[Category:Blackletter typefaces]]
[[Category:Latin script]]
[[Category:German orthography]]
[[Category:16th-century introductions]]
[[Category:1941 disestablishments in Germany]]