View source for Fidel V. Ramos

{{Short description|President of the Philippines from 1992 to 1998}}
{{Redirect|FVR|other uses}}
{{Philippine name|[[Valdés (surname)|Valdez]]|[[Ramos]]}}
{{Use Philippine English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image               = Fidel Valdez Ramos Official Photo as President of the Philippines (1995).jpg
| caption             = Official portrait, 1995
| order               = 12th
| office              = President of the Philippines
| vicepresident       = Joseph Estrada
| term_start          = June 30, 1992
| term_end            = June 30, 1998
| predecessor         = [[Corazon Aquino]]
| successor           = [[Joseph Estrada]]
| office2             = 17th [[Secretary of National Defense (Philippines)|Secretary of National Defense]]
| president2          = Corazon Aquino
| term_start2         = January 22, 1988
| term_end2           = July 18, 1991
| predecessor2        = [[Rafael Ileto]]
| successor2          = [[Renato de Villa]]
| office3             = 19th [[Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines]]
| president3          = Corazon Aquino
| term_start3         = February 25, 1986
| term_end3           = January 21, 1988
| predecessor3        = [[Fabian Ver]]
| successor3          = Renato de Villa
| status4             = [[Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines|Acting Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines]]
| president4          = Ferdinand Marcos
| term_start4         = October 24, 1984
| term_end4           = December 2, 1985
| predecessor4        = Fabian Ver
| successor4          = Fabian Ver
| office5             = [[Vice-Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines]]
| president5          = Ferdinand Marcos<br>Corazon Aquino
| term_start5         = December 2, 1985
| term_end5           = February 25, 1986
| predecessor5        = [[Rafael Ileto]]
| successor5          = Salvador M. Mison
| office6             = [[Chief of the Philippine Constabulary|Chief]] of the [[Philippine Constabulary]]
| status6             = <small>Director General of the [[Integrated National Police]] (1975–1986)</small>
| term_start6         = 1972
| term_end6           = February 25, 1986
| president6          = Ferdinand Marcos
| predecessor6        = Eduardo M. Garcia
| successor6          = Victor Natividad
| president7          = Corazon Aquino
| term_start7         = February 25, 1986
| term_end7           = March 5, 1986
| predecessor7        = Victor Natividad
| successor7          = Renato de Villa
| birth_name          = Fidel Valdez Ramos
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1928|3|18|mf=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Lingayen]], [[Pangasinan]], [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|Philippine Islands]]<!-- DO NOT LINK, see [[MOS:GEOLINK]] for further guidance -->{{efn|The Philippines was a unincorporated territory of the [[United States]] known as the [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|Philippine Islands]] at the time of Ramos's birth.}}
| death_date          = {{death date and age|2022|7|31|1928|3|18}}
| death_place         = [[Makati]], Philippines
| resting_place       = [[Libingan ng mga Bayani]] <br/> [[Taguig]], Philippines
| party               = [[Lakas–CMD]] (2008–2022)<br>[[Lakas–CMD (1991)|Lakas–NUCD]] (1991–2008)
| otherparty          = [[Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino|LDP]] (1991)
| spouse              = {{marriage|[[Amelita Ramos|Amelita Martinez]]|1954}}
| children            = 5 (including [[Cristina Ramos-Jalasco|Cristy]])
| alma_mater          = [[United States Military Academy]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])<br/>[[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]] ([[Master of Science|MS]])<br/>[[National Defense College of the Philippines]] (MNSA)<br/>[[Ateneo de Manila University]] ([[Master of Business Administration|MBA]])
| occupation          = Politician
| profession          = Soldier<br>Civil Engineer
| signature           = Fidel V. Ramos Signature.svg
| website             = [https://www.fvrlegacy.org/ Official website] <br>
[http://www.rpdev.org/ Foundation website]<br/>[https://web.archive.org/web/19980110232313/http://www.philippines.gov.ph/ Office of the President]''Archived ''
<!--Military service-->| allegiance          = {{flag|Philippines|1936}}<!---Flag at the time of service--->
| branch              = {{plainlist|
* [[Philippine Constabulary]]
* [[Philippine Army]]
}}
| serviceyears        = 1950–1988
| rank                = [[General officer|General]]
| commands            = {{Collapsible list|title='''See list'''|titlestyle=font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;|
* Platoon Leader, 2nd Battalion Combat Team (BCT), Counter-Insurgency against the Communist [[Hukbalahap]], 1951
* Infantry Company Commander, 16th BCT, Counter-Insurgency against the Communist [[Hukbalahap]], 1951
* Platoon Leader, 20th BCT, [[Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea]], United Nations Command (PEFTOK-UNC), [[Korean War]], 1951–1952
* Duty, Personnel Research Group, General Headquarters, [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]], 1952–1954
* Senior Aide de Camp to Chief of Staff, Armed Forces of the Philippines, 1958–1960
* Associate Infantry Company Officer at [[Fort Bragg (North Carolina)|Fort Bragg]], [[North Carolina]], 1960
* Founder and Commanding Officer of the elite [[Special Forces]] of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, 1962–1965
* Chief of Staff of the Philippine Military Contingent-Philippine Civil Action Group to Vietnam (AFP-PHILCAG), [[Vietnam War]], 1965–1968
* Presidential Assistant on Military Affairs, 1968–1969
* Commander, 3rd Infantry Brigade [[Philippine Army]], 1970
* Chief of the [[Philippine Constabulary]], 1970–1986
* Command and General Staff of the Philippine Army, 1985
* Acting Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, 1984–1985
* Vice Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, 1985–1986
* Military Reformist leader during the [[People Power Revolution]], 1986
* Chief of Staff of the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]], 1986–1988
* [[Department of National Defense (Philippines)|Secretary of National Defense]], 1988–1991
* [[Commander in Chief]] of the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]], 1992–1998
}}
| battles             = {{tree list}}
* [[Hukbalahap Rebellion]]
* [[Korean War]]
** [[Battle of Hill Eerie]]
* [[Vietnam War]]
* [[Moro conflict]]
** [[Battle Of Marawi (1972)]] 
{{tree list/end}}
| mawards             = {{Collapsible list|title='''See list'''|titlestyle=font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;|{{plainlist|
* [[Philippine Legion of Honor]]
* Commander, [[Legion of Merit]]
* [[Military Merit Medal of Philippines|Military Merit Medal]]
* [[United Nations Service Medal]]
* [[Vietnam Service Medal]]
* [[Légion d'honneur]]
* [[Distinguished Conduct Star]] (Philippines)
* [[United States Military Academy]] Distinguished Award
* [[Korean Service Medal]]
* [[Family Order of Laila Utama]] (Brunei)
* Commander, Order of Dharma Pratana ([[Orders, decorations, and medals of Indonesia|Indonesia]])
* Grand [[Supreme Order of Hibiscus|Order of Mugunghwa]]
* Collar, [[Order of Civil Merit]]
* Honorary Knight Grand Cross, [[Order of Saint Michael and Saint George]]
* Knight of the Collar, [[Order of Isabella the Catholic]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1995/04/01/|title=BOE.es – * Índice por secciones del día 01/04/1995|access-date=November 2, 2016}}</ref>
* Knight Grand Cordon, [[Order of the White Elephant]]
* [[Civil decorations of Pakistan|Order of Nishan-I-Pakistan]]
* Collar, [[Order of Charles III|Order of Carlos III]]
* Collar, [[Order of the Merit of Chile]]
}}
}}
| name                = Fidel V. Ramos
| module              = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=President Fidel Ramos Inaugural Speech (1992)(Excerpt).ogg|title=Fidel Ramos's voice|type=speech|description=Excerpt from his inaugural speech as president of the Philippines <br /> (Recorded on June 30, 1992)}}
}}

'''Fidel Valdez Ramos''' {{Post-nominals|post-noms=[[Philippine Legion of Honor|CCLH]] [[Order of Sikatuna|GCS]] [[Order of the Knights of Rizal|KGCR]]}} ({{IPA|tl|pɪˈdɛl bɐlˈdɛs ˈɾamos|lang}}; March 18, 1928 – July 31, 2022),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ITLRpPrrcykC&dq=Fidel+Valdez+Ramos+1928&pg=PA209|title=Philippine History Module-based Learning I' 2002 Ed.|publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc.|isbn=9789712334498 |via=Google Books}}</ref> popularly known as '''FVR''', was a Filipino general and politician who served as the [[List of Presidents of the Philippines|12th President of the Philippines]] from [[Presidency of Fidel V. Ramos|1992 to 1998]]. He was the only career military officer, who reached the rank of five-star general/admiral ''[[de jure]]''. Rising from second lieutenant to commander-in-chief of the armed forces, Ramos is credited for revitalizing and renewing international confidence in the [[Economy of the Philippines|Philippine economy]] during his six years in office.

Ramos rose through the ranks in the Philippine military early in his career and became Chief of the [[Philippine Constabulary]] and Vice Chief-of-Staff of the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]] during the term of President [[Ferdinand Marcos]]. During the [[People Power Revolution|1986 EDSA People Power Revolution]], Ramos was hailed as a hero by many Filipinos for his decision to break away from the administration of Marcos, and pledge allegiance and loyalty to the newly established government of President [[Corazon C. Aquino]]. Prior to his election as president, Ramos served in the cabinet of President Aquino, first as chief-of-staff of the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]] (AFP), and later as [[Department of National Defense (Philippines)|Secretary of National Defense]] from 1986 to 1991.<ref name="malacanang.gov.ph">{{cite web | url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/presidents/fifth-republic/fidel-ramos/ | title=Fidel V. Ramos &#124; Presidential Museum and Library | access-date=March 19, 2013 | archive-date=March 23, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323145024/http://malacanang.gov.ph/presidents/fifth-republic/fidel-ramos/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was credited with the creation of the [[Special Forces Regiment (Philippines)|Philippine Army's Special Forces]] and the [[Philippine National Police Special Action Force]]. After his retirement, he remained active in politics, serving as adviser to his successors.

Ramos died of [[SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant|COVID-19 Omicron variant]] at the [[Makati Medical Center]] in [[Makati]] on July 31, 2022, at the age of 94.

==Early life and education==
[[File:Ramos House facade 1.jpg|250px|left|thumb|Rented family house of Narciso Ramos and Angela Valdez in Lingayen, where Fidel and [[Leticia Ramos-Shahani]] were born]]

Fidel Valdez Ramos was born on March 18, 1928, in [[Lingayen]], [[Pangasinan]] and grew up in [[Asingan]] town during his childhood.<ref name="govph">{{cite web|title=Fidel V. Ramos|url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/presidents/fifth-republic/fidel-ramos/|website=GOVPH|access-date=March 3, 2016|archive-date=March 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323145024/http://malacanang.gov.ph/presidents/fifth-republic/fidel-ramos/|url-status=dead}}</ref> His father, [[Narciso Ramos]] (1900–1986), was a lawyer, journalist and five-term legislator of the [[House of Representatives (Philippines)|House of Representatives]], who eventually rose to the position of [[Secretary of Foreign Affairs (Philippines)|Secretary of Foreign Affairs]].<ref name="rpdev">{{cite web|title=Resumé of Fidel Valdez Ramos|url=http://rpdev.org/about-fidel-v-ramos/biography|website=Ramos Peace and Development Foundation|access-date=March 3, 2016}}</ref> As such, Narciso Ramos was the Philippine signatory to the [[ASEAN]] declaration forged in [[Bangkok]] in 1967, and was a founding member of the [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]]. According to Fidel Ramos's biography for his [[Inauguration of Fidel V. Ramos|presidential inauguration]] in 1992,<ref>{{Cite web |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/1992/06jun/19920630-Ramos.pdf |title=Inauguration of Fidel V. Ramos as President of the Republic of the Philippines |access-date=October 6, 2016 }}</ref> [[Narciso Ramos]] also served as one of the leaders of the anti-Japanese guerrilla group [[Maharlika#Modern Usage|Maharlika]], which was founded by [[Ferdinand Marcos]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Seagrave |first=Sterling |author-link=Sterling Seagrave |url=https://archive.org/details/marcosdynasty0000seag_e8y1/page/262/mode/2up?q=Maharlika |title=The Marcos dynasty |date=1988 |publisher=Harper & Row |isbn=978-0-06-015815-6 |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=263 |language=en |quote=Ramos was the son of Narciso Ramos, Ferdinand's uncle, who had been executive officer of the Maharlika and later foreign minister at the time of the deal with Lyndon Johnson.}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} His mother, Angela Valdez (1905–1978), was an educator, woman [[suffragette]], and member of the Valdez clan of [[Batac]], [[Ilocos Norte]], making him a second degree cousin of former President [[Ferdinand E. Marcos]].<ref name="rpdev"/>

He received elementary education in a Lingayen public school. Ramos began secondary education at the [[University of the Philippines Integrated School|University of the Philippines (UP) High School]]  (now the UP Integrated School), in [[Manila]], and continued in the High School Department of [[Mapúa Institute of Technology]]. He graduated high school from [[Centro Escolar University|Centro Escolar University Integrated School]] in 1945.<ref name="govph"/><ref name="rpdev"/> Afterwards, he went to the United States as he received an appointment to the [[United States Military Academy]], where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Military Engineering degree. He also earned his master's degree in civil engineering at the [[University of Illinois]] and later took Civil Engineering Board Exam in 1953, where he placed 8th overall.<ref name="rpdev"/> He also held a master's degree in National Security Administration from the [[National Defense College of the Philippines]] and a master's degree in Business Administration from [[Ateneo de Manila University]]. In addition, he received a total of 29 [[honorary degree|honorary doctorate degrees]].<ref name="govph"/><ref name="rpdev"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Fidel V. Ramos|url=http://www.dnd.gov.ph/fidel-v-ramos.html|website=Department of National Defense|access-date=March 3, 2016|archive-date=December 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208091640/http://www.dnd.gov.ph/fidel-v-ramos.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Marriage===
Ramos married [[Amelita Ramos|Amelita Martinez]] on October 21, 1954, at the Central Church (now known as [[Central United Methodist Church (Manila)|Central United Methodist Church]]) in [[Ermita]], Manila.<ref name="bride">{{cite news|url=https://www.philstar.com/other-sections/newsmakers/2019/11/01/1964940/here-comes-bride|title=Here comes the bride|first= Joanne Rae|last=Ramirez|publisher=The Philippine Star|date=November 1, 2019|accessdate=August 4, 2022}}</ref> They started as friends while they were classmates at the UP High School and neighbors at [[Padre Faura Street]] in Manila.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://manilastandard.net/?p=275077|title=FVR and Ming Ramos: An enduring love story|publisher=Manila Standard|date=September 8, 2018|accessdate=March 9, 2024}}</ref> Together, they had five daughters: Angelita Ramos-Jones, Josephine Ramos-Samartino, Carolina Ramos-Sembrano, [[Cristina Ramos-Jalasco]], and Gloria Ramos.<ref name="govph"/><ref name="rpdev"/> They also have five grandsons and three granddaughters.<ref name="laid" />

== Military career ==

=== Early career ===
Ramos went to the United States Military Academy at [[West Point]] where he graduated in 1950.

During his stint at the [[Philippine Army]], Ramos founded the [[Special Forces Regiment (Philippines)|Philippine Army Special Forces]]. Later, he was named as the commander of the Army's [[3rd Infantry Division (Philippines)|3rd Division]] based in [[Cebu City]], [[Cebu (province)|Cebu]].

Ramos received several military awards including the [[Philippine Legion of Honor]] (March 18, 1988, and July 19, 1991), the Distinguished Conduct Star (1991), the Distinguished Service Star (May 20, 1966, December 20, 1967, and August 3, 1981), Philippine Military Merit Medal (May 23, 1952), the U.S. Military Academy Distinguished Graduate Award and [[Legion of Merit]] (August 1, 1990), and the French [[Légion d'honneur|Legion of Honor]].<ref name="rpdev"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.philippinesentinel.org/?p=286|title=Fidel Ramos|newspaper=Philippine Sentinel|accessdate=July 17, 2021|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717072443/https://www.philippinesentinel.org/?p=286|archive-date=July 17, 2021}}</ref>

=== Korean War service ===
Ramos was a member of the Philippines' 20th Battalion Combat Team of the [[Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea]] (PEFTOK) that fought in the [[Korean War]]. He was an Infantry Reconnaissance Platoon Leader.<ref name= "rpdev"/> Ramos was one of the heroes of the [[Battle of Hill Eerie]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/peftok/20thbct.html |title=Philippine Expeditionary Force to Korea (1950–1955): 20th Battalion Combat Team |last=Villasanta |first=Art |year=2000 |publisher=Geocities |access-date=July 19, 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091022114608/http://geocities.com/peftok/20thbct.html |archive-date=October 22, 2009 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> where he led his platoon to sabotage the enemy in Hill Eerie.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pʻyŏnchʻan Wiwŏnhoe|first=Chŏnsa|title=The History of the United Nations Forces in the Korean War| editor=Yu Man Kap |editor2=Park Chan Sul |editor3=Kim Chong Ku|publisher=Ministry of National Defense (Republic of Korea)|location=Seoul, Korea|date=December 20, 1977|volume=VI|pages=319–320|chapter=The Philippine Force}}</ref>

=== Vietnam War service ===
Ramos was also in the [[Vietnam War]] as a non-combat civil military engineer and Chief of Staff of the [[Philippine Civic Action Group]] (PHILCAG).<ref name="rpdev"/> It was during this assignment where he forged his lifelong friendship with his junior officer Maj. [[Jose T. Almonte]], who went on to become his National Security Advisor during his administration from 1992 to 1998.

=== Martial Law under Ferdinand Marcos ===
{{main|Martial Law under Ferdinand Marcos|Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship}}
[[File:Awaluddin Djamin with Fidel Ramos, 1979.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Chief of Indonesian National Police Lieutenant General Awaloeddin Djamin received an honorary visit by Chief of [[Philippine Constabulary]] Maj. Gen. Fidel V. Ramos, AFP (left), December 1979]]

==== Implementation of Martial Law ====
In January 1972, Ramos was appointed head of the [[Philippine Constabulary]], then a major service branch of the Armed Forces of the Philippines,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.amnesty.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/asa350251982en.pdf |title=Report of an Amnesty International Mission to the Republic of the Philippines, 11 – 28 Nov 1981 |publisher=Amnesty International |year=1982 |pages=20–21}}</ref> which functioned as the country's national police. He served at this post at the time [[Ferdinand Marcos]] imposed [[Martial law in the Philippines|Martial Law]]<ref name="rpdev"/> on September 21, 1972.

In 1975, all civic and municipal police forces in the country were integrated by decree, and it became known as the [[Integrated National Police]] (INP), which was under the control and supervision of the Philippine Constabulary. As head of the PC, Ramos was ''[[ex officio]]'' the INP's first concurrent Director-General.

==== Last years of the Marcos administration ====
Martial Law was formally lifted nine years later on January 17, 1981, but Marcos retained absolute powers. Due to his accomplishments, Ramos was one of the candidates for the position of Chief of Staff of the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]] in 1981, as replacement to the retiring General [[Romeo Espino]] who was the nation's longest serving chief of staff. Ramos lost to General [[Fabian Ver]] a graduate of the [[University of the Philippines]], whom Marcos appointed to the top military post. Instead Ramos, a cousin of Marcos was named AFP Vice-Chief of staff in 1982, and promoted to the rank of lieutenant general, while remaining as PC-INP Chief.

On May 12, 1983, a new unit in the former [[Philippine Constabulary]] was organized to deal with so-called "terrorist-related" crimes, and named as the Philippine Constabulary [[Special Action Force]]<ref name="Highlights">{{Cite web |date=March 2, 2007 |title=Performance Highlights |url=http://www.pnp.gov.ph/about/content/offices/central/saf/info/body.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412020016/http://www.pnp.gov.ph/about/ |archive-date=April 12, 2009 |access-date=June 30, 2009 |publisher=[[Philippine National Police]]}}</ref> as a requirement of General Order 323 of Philippine Constabulary Headquarters. Fidel Ramos and Gen. [[Renato de Villa]] were the founders of the unit. De Villa tasked Rosendo Ferrer and Sonny Razon to organize a Special Action Force.<ref>{{Cite web |work=Philippine Headline News Online |title=Elite Special Action Force (Saf) Deployed In Makati City |url=http://www.newsflash.org/2003/05/ht/ht003715.htm |access-date=February 6, 2013 |publisher=Newsflash.org |archive-date=March 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304022714/http://www.newsflash.org/2003/05/ht/ht003715.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Subsequently, a training program called the SAF Ranger Course, was used to train the 1st generation of SAF troopers, which numbered 149.<ref name="About">{{Cite web |title=About Special Action Force |url=http://www.pnp.gov.ph/about/content/offices/central/saf/info/about/about.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927220920/http://www.pnp.gov.ph/about/content/offices/central/saf/info/about/about.html |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |access-date=June 30, 2009 |publisher=[[Philippine National Police]]}}</ref> Of that number, 26 were commissioned officers while the rest were enlisted personnel recruited from a wide range of PC units such as the defunct PC Brigade, the Long Range Patrol Battalion (LRP), the K-9 Support Company, PC Special Organized Group, the Light Reaction Unit (LRU) of PC METROCOM, the Constabulary Off-shore Action Command (COSAC), and other PC Units.<ref name="About" /> Later on, they changed the name of the course to the SAF Commando Course.<ref name="About" />

On August 8, 1983, during a speech in [[Camp Crame]] to commemorate Philippine Constabulary Day, Marcos announced his removal of Defense Minister [[Juan Ponce Enrile]] from the chain of command, and the creation of a new arrangement with himself as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces replacing AFP Chief of Staff Gen. [[Fabian Ver]]. Marcos also removed the operational control of the Integrated National Police from the Philippine Constabulary under Gen. Ramos and transferred it under the direct control of Gen. Ver; the Constabulary then had only administrative supervision over the INP.

=== Role in the EDSA Revolution ===
{{main|People Power Revolution}}
On February 22, 1986, Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile protested alleged fraud committed by Marcos in the [[1986 Philippine presidential election|1986 snap elections]], withdrawing support and triggering the non-violent [[People Power Revolution]]. General Ramos later also defected and followed Enrile into Camp Crame, and the duo shifted their fealty to [[Corazón Aquino]], the widow of Senator Benigno Aquino and Marcos' main election rival. On February 25, the "EDSA Revolution" reached its peak when Marcos, along with his family and some supporters, fled into exile in Hawaii with the assistance of the [[United States government]], ending his [[History of the Philippines (1965-1986)|20-year rule]], leaving Corazon Aquino to accede as the country's first female President. Later in life, Ramos would say he considered his role in the revolution as his "atonement" for his role in the implementation of Martial Law.<ref name="RamosToMillenials2016">{{Cite web |last=Gonzales |first=Yuji Vincent |date=2016-02-24 |title=What Ramos wants to tell millennials 30 years after Edsa revolt |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/768159/what-ramos-wants-to-tell-millennials-30-years-after-edsa-revolt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225162149/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/768159/what-ramos-wants-to-tell-millennials-30-years-after-edsa-revolt |archive-date=2016-02-25 |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref>

===Combat record===
When belittled by the press regarding his combat record, Ramos responded with trademark [[sarcasm]] (July 31, 1987):

{{blockquote|I fought the [[Communist Party of the Philippines|communists]] as part of the [[battalion]] combat teams, I went up the ladder. Battalion staff officer. [[Company commander]]. Task Force commander. [[Special Forces Regiment (Philippines)|Special Forces group]] commander. Brigade commander. All in different periods in our country. [[Hukbalahap|Huk]] campaign. [[Korean War]] campaign. The [[Vietnam War]], and I was the head of the advance party of the PHILCAG (Philippine Civil Action Group to Vietnam) that went to a tiny province at the Cambodian border – the so-called Alligator Jaw – War Zone Z where even [[Max Soliven]] said '''The [[Viet-Cong]] will eat us up.''' Of course, we were physically there as non-combat troops. But you try to be a non-combat troop in a combat area – that is the toughest kind of assignment.

Korea – as a Recon platoon leader. What is the job of a recon leader? To recon the front line – no man's land. And what did we do? I had to [[Battle of Hill Eerie|assault]] a fortified position of the Chinese communists and wiped them out. And what is this Special Forces group that we commanded in the Army – '62–'65? That was the only remaining combat unit in the [[Philippine Army]]. The rest were training in a military division unit set-up. We were in [[Luzon]]. We were in [[Sulu Province|Sulu]]. And then, during the previous regime, [[Marawi]] incident. Who was sent there? Ramos. We defended the camp, being besieged by 400 rebels.

So next time, look at the man's record, don't just write and write. You said, no combat experience, no combat experience. Look around you who comes from the platoon, who rose to battalion staff, company commander, group commander, which is like a battalion, [[brigade commander]], here and abroad. Abroad, I never had an abroad assignment that was not combat. NO SOFT JOBS FOR RAMOS. Thirty-seven years in the Armed Forces. REMEMBER THAT. You're only writing about the fringe, but do not allow yourself to destroy the armed forces by those guys. You write about the majority of the Armed Forces who are on the job.

That's why we're here enjoying our freedom, ladies and gentlemen. You are here. If the majority of the Armed Forces did not do their job, I doubt very much if you'd all be here.{{long quote|date=August 2022}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Yabes|first=Criselda| title=The Boys From The Barracks: The Philippine Military After EDSA|editor=Ruben Alabastro |editor2=Eric Gamalinda| publisher=Anvil Publishing Inc|location=Pasig, Metro Manila, Philippines| year=1991|edition= first|page=62|isbn=971-27-0127-1}}</ref>}}

===Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces and Secretary of National Defense===
After Corazon Aquino assumed the Presidency, she appointed Ramos as Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (1986–1988), and later [[Secretary of National Defense]] as well as Chairman of the [[National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council|National Disaster Coordinating Council]] (1988–1991),<ref name="rpdev"/> handling the government's response to disasters such as the [[1990 Luzon earthquake]] and the [[1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo]].

During this time, Ramos personally handled the military operations that crushed [[1986–1987 Philippine coup attempts|nine coup attempts against the Aquino government]].<ref name="Drogin1993">{{Cite web |last=Drogin |first=Bob |date=1993-03-20 |title=REBELLION : Forgiving the Enemy in Manila : President's efforts to neutralize Philippine rebels give him much-needed boost. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-03-20-mn-13170-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205507/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-03-20-mn-13170-story.html |archive-date=2021-06-24 |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

==1992 presidential election==
{{Main|1992 Philippine presidential election}}
In December 1991, Ramos declared his candidacy for president. However, he lost the nomination of the then-dominant party [[Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino]] (LDP) to House Speaker [[Ramon Mitra Jr.]] Days later, he bolted from the LDP and founded his own party, the [[Lakas–CMD (1991)|Partido Lakas Tao]] (People Power Party), inviting [[Cebu]] Governor [[Emilio Mario Osmeña]] to be his running mate. The party formed a coalition with the National Union of Christian Democrats (NUCD) of Senator & DFA Secretary [[Raul Manglapus]] and the United Muslim Democrats of the Philippines (UMDP) of Ambassador Sanchez Ali. Ramos and Osmeña, together with Congressman (later House Speaker) [[Jose de Venecia Jr.|Jose de Venecia]], campaigned for economic reforms and improved national security and unity.

He won the seven-way race on May 11, 1992, narrowly defeating popular Agrarian Reform Secretary [[Miriam Defensor Santiago]]. His running mate, Governor Osmeña, lost to Senator [[Joseph Estrada]] as vice president. Despite winning, he garnered only 23.58% of the vote, the lowest plurality in the country's history. The election results were marred by allegations of fraud as Santiago was leading the race for the first five days of counting but became second after a nationwide energy black-out, putting Ramos in first place. International media were already calling Santiago as the president-elect but withdrew their declarations because of the sudden change in positions in the vote tally. Santiago filed an electoral protest, but it was eventually junked by the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]]. The quote, "Miriam won in the elections, but lost in the counting" became popular nationwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-05-16-mn-1986-story.html |title=Philippines Candidate Calls for Voter Protests : Election: Charging fraud, Santiago urges her supporters to take to the streets. But an opponent warns of civil war |first=Bob |last=Dorgin|date=May 16, 1992|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=November 2, 2016}}</ref>

De los Santos alleged that Libyan leader [[Muammar al-Qaddafi]] had channeled $200,000 (5 million pesos) to Ramos' 1992 election campaign. Philippine election laws prohibit accepting contribution from foreigners.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ph.news.yahoo.com/blogs/the-inbox/wikileaks-ramos-got-p5m-campaign-contribution-gaddafy-191829678.html|title=Wikileaks:Ramos got P5M campaign contribution from Gaddafy|publisher=VERA Files|access-date=November 2, 2016}}</ref> Ramos dismissed the claim as "hearsay by itself, and is further based on a string of successive hearsay conversations" and challenged anyone who believed the claim to produce evidence.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ramos Denies Libyan Campaign Contributions|work=The Philippine Star|date=September 7, 2011|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/724230/ramos-denies-libyan-campaign-contributions|first=Paolo|last=Romero}}</ref>

==Presidency (1992–1998)==
{{Main|Presidency of Fidel V. Ramos}}
[[File:Fidel Ramos Inauguration.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ramos taking his oath of office as the 12th [[president of the Philippines]] on June 30, 1992.]]

{{Infobox President styles
|name=Fidel V. Ramos
|image = [[File:Prior Pres Seal.png|100px]]
|dipstyle= [[His Excellency]]
|offstyle= Your Excellency
|altstyle= Mr. President
}}
At the time of his accession in 1992, he was the first and only [[Protestantism in the Philippines|Protestant]] to date to be elected President of the Philippines with a [[Roman Catholic]] majority and the only Filipino officer in history to have held every rank in the Philippine military from Second Lieutenant to Commander-in-Chief.

The first three years of his administration were characterized by an economic boom, technological development, political stability, and efficient delivery of basic needs to the people. He advocated party platforms as an outline and agenda for governance. He was the first [[Christian Democrat]] to be elected in the country, being the founder of Lakas-CMD (Christian-Muslim Democrats Party). He was one of the most influential leaders and the unofficial spokesman of [[liberal democracy]] in Asia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fidel Ramos|url=http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=4644}}</ref>

===Domestic policies===
==== Philippines 2000 ====
{{main|Philippines 2000}}
Ramos' policies were organized around a [[socioeconomics|socio-economic]] program dubbed "Philippines 2000",<ref name="Canlas2011">{{Cite thesis |last=Canlas |first=Dante |title=Political Governance, Economic Policy Reforms, and Aid Effectiveness: The Case of the Philippines with Lessons from the Ramos Administration |date=May 16, 2011 |publisher=National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies |url=http://www.grips.ac.jp/forum/pdf07/07june07/canlas1.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2022 |access-date=August 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707101444/https://www.grips.ac.jp/forum/pdf07/07june07/canlas1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> which envisioned the Philippines achieving a [[newly industrialized country]] status by the year [[2000]] and beyond.

The five points of the program were:
*Peace and Stability
*Economic Growth and Sustainable Development
*Energy and Power Generation
*Environmental Protection
*Streamlined Bureaucracy

====Peace with armed groups====
{{expand section|more details about other armed groups and of the work of the National Unification Commission|date=August 2022}}
Contrary to expectations as a former military general, Ramos made peace with the country's various armed rebel groups, kickstarting the process by creating a National Unification Commission (NUC) and appointing [[Haydee Yorac]] to be its chair.<ref name="Arguillas2022">{{Cite web |last=Arguillas |first=Carolyn O. |date=2022-08-15 |title=President Fidel V. Ramos: the retired general who negotiated peace put Mindanao on the Philippine map of priorities |url=https://www.mindanews.com/top-stories/2022/08/president-fidel-v-ramos-the-retired-general-who-negotiated-peace-put-mindanao-on-the-philippine-map-of-priorities/ |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=MindaNews |language=en-US}}</ref>

Upon the recommendation of the NUC, Ramos eventually decided to grant amnesty to the rebel military officers of the [[Reform the Armed Forces Movement]] (RAM) led by [[Gregorio Honasan|Col. Gregorio "Gringo" Honasan]] and Capt. Proceso Maligalig.{{contradict-inline|reason=The NUC was formed during the Ramos presidency. It is unclear here how the NUC and Ramos are making recommendations during the Aquino Presidency.|date=August 2022}}

Ramos was instrumental in the signing of the final peace agreement between the government and the [[Moro National Liberation Front]] (MNLF) led by [[Nur Misuari]] in 1996.

Although he battled Communist rebels as a young lieutenant in the 1950s, Ramos signed into law the [[Republic Act]] No. 7636,<ref>{{cite PH act|chamber=RA|number=7636|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1992/09/22/republic-act-no-7636/|title=An Act repealing Republic Act numbered one thousand seven hundred, as amended, otherwise known as the Anti-Subversion Act|date=September 22, 1992|access-date=August 1, 2022}}</ref> which repealed the [[Anti-Subversion Act of 1957|Anti-Subversion Law]].<ref>{{cite PH act|chamber=PD|number=1835, s. 1981|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1981/01/16/presidential-decree-no-1835-s-1981/|title=Codifying the various laws on anti-subversion and increasing the penalties for membership in subversive organizations|access-date=August 1, 2022|date=January 16, 1981}}</ref> With its repeal, membership in the once-outlawed [[Communist Party of the Philippines]] became legal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20071214-106904/Congress_against_AFP_pushes_Anti-Subversion_Law_revival|title=Moves to revive the Anti-Subversion Law|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|access-date=April 30, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806211629/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20071214-106904/Congress_against_AFP_pushes_Anti-Subversion_Law_revival|archive-date=August 6, 2012}}</ref> It was also during his presidency that the Comprehensive Agreement on Respect for Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law (CARHRIHL), which provided a mechanism to monitor human rights abuses in the course of operations was signed between the government and the CPP on 16 March 1998.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Quimpo |first1=Nathan Gilbert |title=The Use of Human Rights for the Protraction of War |journal=Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies |date=2006 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=35 |url=https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/kasarinlan/article/download/417/383 |access-date=4 October 2023 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines Diliman]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025162454/https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/kasarinlan/article/download/417/383 |archive-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref>

====Economic reforms====
{{Infobox
|name         = 
|title        = <small>Economy of the Philippines under</small><br/>President Fidel Ramos<br/><small>1992–1998</small>
|titlestyle   = 
|above        = 
|imagestyle   = 
|captionstyle = 
|image        = 
|caption      = 
|image2       =
|caption2     = 
|bodystyle = width:26em; padding: 0px;
|abovestyle = background: lightblue;
|headerstyle = background: lightblue;
|labelstyle = font-weight: normal;
|header1  = Population
|label2   = '''1992'''
|data2    = <math>\approx</math> 63.82&nbsp;million
|header3  = Gross Domestic Product (constant 1985 prices)
|label4   = '''1992'''
|data4    =  {{increase}} [[Philippine peso|Ph₱]] 718,941 million 
|label5  = '''1997'''
|data5 =   {{increase}}[[Philippine peso|Ph₱]] 893,151 million 
|label6 = '''Growth rate, 1992–1998 average'''
|data6 = 4.9%
|header7 = Per capita income (constant 1985 prices)
|label8 = '''1992'''
|data8 =  {{increase}} [[Philippine peso|Ph₱]] 11,265
|label9 = '''1997'''
|data9 =  {{increase}} [[Philippine peso|Ph₱]] 12,147
|header10 = Total exports
|label11 = '''1992'''
|data11 =  {{increase}} [[Philippine peso|Ph₱]] 250,610 million
|label12 = '''1997'''
|data12 =  {{increase}} [[Philippine peso|Ph₱]] 743,469 million
|header13 = [[Exchange rate]]s
|data14 = 1 [[United States dollar|US$]] = [[Philippine peso|Ph₱]] 29.47<br/> 1 [[Philippine peso|Ph₱]] = US$ 0.034
|data15 = ''Sources'': [http://malacanang.gov.ph/presidents/fifth-republic/fidel-ramos/#efs-tabpane-1-3 FIDEL V. RAMOS]<br/><ref name="govph"/>
}}
During his administration, Ramos began implementing economic reforms intended to open up the once-closed national economy, encourage private enterprise, invite more foreign and domestic investment, and reduce corruption. Ramos ended the government’s monopoly over the skies and opened aviation to new players.<ref>{{cite web |title=The president who freed the skies|url= https://opinion.inquirer.net/155703/the-president-who-freed-the-skies/amp
 |website=Inquirer |date= August 3, 2022
 |accessdate=13 May 2023}}</ref> Ramos was also known as the most-traveled Philippine President compared to his predecessors with numerous foreign trips abroad, generating about {{US$|20&nbsp;billion|link=yes}} worth of foreign investments to the Philippines. To ensure a positive financial outlook on the Philippines, Ramos led the [[APEC Philippines 1996|4th]] [[Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC) Leaders' Summit in the Philippines in November 1996.

Under his administration, the Philippines enjoyed economic growth and stability. The [[Philippine Stock Exchange]] in the mid-1990s was one of the best in the world and his visions of '[[Philippines 2000]]' that led the country into a newly industrialized country in the world and the "Tiger Cub Economy in Asia".<ref>{{citation|author1=Gregorio F. Zaide |author2=Sonia M. Zaide |title=Philippine History and Government, Sixth Edition|publisher=All-Nations Publishing Co. (Quezon City)|year=2004|page= 180}}</ref>

====Power crisis====
At the start of Ramos' tenure, the Philippines was experiencing widespread [[power outage|blackouts]] due to huge demand for electricity, the antiquity of power plants, the abolishment of the [[Department of Energy (Philippines)|Department of Energy]], and the discontinuation of the [[Bataan Nuclear Power Plant]] during the Corazon Aquino administration. During his State of the Nation address on July 27, 1992, he requested that the [[Congress of the Philippines|Congress]] enact a law that would create an Energy Department that would plan and manage the Philippines' energy demands. Congress not only created the Department but gave him special emergency powers to resolve the power crisis. Using the powers given to him, Ramos issued licenses to independent power producers (IPP) to construct power plants within 24 months. Ramos issued supply contracts that guaranteed the government would buy whatever power the IPPs produced under the contract in U.S. dollars to entice investments in power plants. This became a problem during the [[East Asian Financial Crisis]] when the demand for electricity contracted and the [[Philippine peso]] lost half of its value.

Ramos personally pushed for the speedy approval of some of the most expensive power deals, and justified signing more contracts despite warnings from within the government and the [[World Bank]] that an impending oversupply of electricity could push up prices, a situation that persists in the Philippines up to the present. Individuals linked to Ramos lobbied for the approval of some of the contracts for [[independent power producer]]s (IPPs), which came with numerous other deals, including lucrative legal, technical, and financial consultancies that were given to individuals and companies close to him. Among the deals tied to IPP projects were insurance contracts in which companies made millions of dollars in commissions alone. All the IPP contracts came with attractive incentives and guarantees. Every contract was designed to give IPP creditors some degree of comfort in financing ventures that would usually involve huge capital and risks. Most IPPs were funded by foreign loans secured with a form of government guarantee or performance undertaking, which meant that the Philippine government would pay for the loans if the IPPs defaulted. The Ramos government continued signing IPP contracts even after the end of 1993 when the power crisis was considered solved. The World Bank came up with a report in 1994 warning that power rates would rise if the government continued to enter into more IPP contracts that would mean excess power. The World Bank questioned the ambitious projections of the government on economic growth and power demand from 1994 to 1998. It also warned that the power generated by private utilities' IPPs could duplicate those of the [[National Power Corporation]] and create an overcapacity. The World Bank said that the factors created considerable uncertainty in power demand, like substantial overcapacity, particularly under take-or-pay conditions and would require considerable tariff increases that would be unpopular with the public.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pcij.org/stories/print/ramos.html|title=Rimban, Luz and Samonte-Pesayco, Sheila. Trail of Power Mess Leads to Ramos. (August 5–8, 2002)|access-date=September 4, 2014|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084038/http://pcij.org/stories/print/ramos.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Death penalty====
{{Main|Capital punishment in the Philippines}}
While campaigning for the presidency, Ramos declared his support for reinstating the death penalty. Capital punishment was abolished for all crimes in 1987, making the Philippines the first Asian country to do so. In 1996, Ramos signed a bill that returned capital punishment with the [[electric chair]] (method used from 1923 to 1976, making Philippines the only country to do so outside U.S.) ''"until the [[gas chamber]] could be installed"''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/3337273.stm|title=BBC NEWS – Programmes – From Our Own Correspondent – Philippines 'restores' death penalty|access-date=November 2, 2016|date=December 21, 2003}}</ref> However, no one was electrocuted or gassed, because the previously used chair was destroyed earlier in a fire and the Philippines adopted the method of [[lethal injection]]. After his presidency, some people were put to death by this means, until the death penalty was abolished again in 2006.

===Foreign policies===
====Spratly Islands====
[[File:RAMOS pentagon 1998.jpg|thumb|left|250px|President Fidel V. Ramos troops the honor guards at the Pentagon with Secretary of Defense [[William Cohen]] during a state visit in 1998.]]
{{Unsourced section|date=April 2017}}
In early 1995, the Philippines discovered a primitive [[People's Liberation Army|PRC military]] structure on Mischief Reef in the [[Spratly Islands]], {{convert|130|nmi}} off the coast of [[Palawan]]. The Philippine government issued a formal protest over the PRC's occupation of the reef and the [[Philippine Navy]] arrested sixty-two Chinese fishermen at Half Moon Shoal, eighty kilometers from Palawan. A week later, following confirmation from surveillance pictures that the structures were of military design, President Fidel Ramos had the military forces in the region strengthened. He ordered the [[Philippine Air Force]] to dispatch five [[Northrop F-5|F-5 fighters]] backed by four jet trainers and two helicopters, while the navy sent two additional ships. The People's Republic of China had claimed that the structures were shelters for fishermen but these small incidents could have triggered a war in the [[South China Sea]].

====Migrant workers protection====
A perceived weakness{{According to whom|date=April 2017}} of his administration was the situation in handling migrant workers' protection, a very major issue in the Philippines, as there are millions of Filipinos abroad throughout the world serving as workers in foreign countries, and their remittances to relatives at home are very important to the Filipino economy. On the eve of his 67th birthday on March 17, 1995, Ramos was on a foreign trip when [[Flor Contemplación]] was hanged in Singapore. His last-minute effort to negotiate with Singapore President [[Ong Teng Cheong]] and Prime Minister [[Goh Chok Tong]] failed and Ramos' return was marred with protests after his arrival in [[Manila]]. The protests also caused the resignation of Foreign Affairs Secretary [[Roberto Romulo]] and Labor Secretary [[Nieves Confesor]] from the cabinet. He immediately recalled Philippine ambassador to Singapore Alicia Ramos and suspended diplomatic relations with Singapore and created a special commission to look into the case, which was in part an effort to try to rescue his sagging popularity.{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}} The commission was led by retired [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] Justice [[Emilio Gancayco]].

As recommended by the Gancayco Commission, Ramos facilitated the enactment of Republic Act No. 8042, better known as the "Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995", which was signed into law on June 7, 1995.<ref>{{cite PH act |title=Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995 |chamber=RA |number=8042 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/1995/06jun/19950607-RA-08042-FVR.pdf |access-date=October 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618121800/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/1995/06jun/19950607-RA-08042-FVR.pdf |archive-date=June 18, 2021 |date=June 7, 1995}}</ref> Learning from the lessons of the Contemplación case, Ramos immediately ordered Philippines Ambassador to the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] [[Roy Señeres]] to facilitate negotiations after learning of the death penalty verdict of [[Sarah Balabagan]] in September 1995. Balabagan's sentence was reduced and she was released in August 1996. After tensions cooled off, Ramos restored diplomatic relations with Singapore after meeting Goh Chok Tong on the sidelines during the 50th anniversary of the United Nations in New York City.

====Asian Financial Crisis of 1997====
{{Main|Asian Financial Crisis}}
The [[1997 Asian Financial Crisis]], which started in [[Thailand]], was a major blow to the end of the Ramos administration, with him stepping down with a negative GDP growth. The economy was hit by currency devaluation with the [[Philippine Peso]] dropped to ₱45.42/$1 in January 1998 from ₱26.40/$1 in July 1997.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tuaño |first=Philip Arnold P. |date=January 2002 |title=The Effects of the Asian Financial Crisis on the Philippines Labor Market |journal=Regional Project on the Social Impact of the Asian Financial Crisis |publisher=East Asian Development Network |url=http://www.eadn.org/The%20Effects%20of%20the%20Asian%20Financial%20Crisis%20on%20the%20Philippines.pdf |access-date=July 19, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922061615/http://www.eadn.org/The%20Effects%20of%20the%20Asian%20Financial%20Crisis%20on%20the%20Philippines.pdf |archive-date=September 22, 2007 }}</ref> The same was true for the [[Thai baht]], [[Malaysian ringgit]], and [[Indonesian rupiah]]. Growth fell to about −0.6% in 1998 from 5.2% in 1997, but recovered to 3.4% by 1999. It also resulted in the shutdown of some businesses, a decline in importation, a rising unemployment rate, and an unstable financial sector.

====Clark Centennial Expo Scandal====
Supposedly, one of his notable contributions to the Philippines was the revival of nationalistic spirit by embarking on a massive promotion campaign for the centennial of Philippine Independence celebrated on June 12, 1998. However, charges of alleged massive corruption or misuse of funds blemished the resulting programs and various projects, one of which was the Centennial Expo and Amphitheater at the former [[Clark Air Base]] in [[Angeles City]], supposedly Ramos's pet project. The commemorative projects, particularly those undertaken at Clark, were hounded by illegal electioneering and corruption controversies even years after the Centennial celebrations. Clark Air Base at that point was already completely free of American interference and therefore conceived as a suitable venue for [[Independence Day (Philippines)|Independence Day]]. In 1992, all American military bases were transferred to Philippine control after the Senate rejected the military bases agreement with the United States.

Later on it was revealed through a special report by the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism (PCIJ) that the projects relating to the Expo site not only revealed the extravagance and inefficiency of the administration, but also served as a convenient vehicle to affect election fund-raising for the LAKAS political party of Ramos, which came at the expense of tax-payers and was in direct violation of the [[Commission on Elections (Philippines)|Election Code]]. The ''Centennial Expo Pilipino'' project, intended to be the centerpiece for celebrating the 100th anniversary of the country's independence from Spain, also earned extensive criticism for being an expensive [[white elephant]] project that disadvantaged the government at the cost of {{Philippine peso|9 billion}} or 1.7 percent of the country's 1998 national budget.<ref>Centennial Expo: Convenient Cover for Election Fundraising." http://www.pcij.org/stories/1999/expo.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725050056/http://pcij.org/stories/1999/expo.html |date=July 25, 2015 }}</ref> Six ranking Ramos cabinet members and officials, headed by [[Salvador Laurel]] (former vice-president), chairman of the Centennial Commission, were cleared by the [[Ombudsman]] and the [[Sandiganbayan]]. Ramos appeared before a Congressional Committee in October 1998 to help exonerate said officials of any wrongdoing.

====Charter change====
During his final years in office, Ramos tried to amend the country's [[Constitution of the Philippines|1987 constitution]] through a process popularly known to many Filipinos as [[Constitutional reform in the Philippines|charter change]] or ''cha-cha''. Widespread protests led by Corazon Aquino and the [[Roman Catholic Church]] stopped him from pushing through with the plan. Political analysts were divided as to whether Ramos really wanted to use charter change to extend his presidency or only to imbalance his opponents as the next presidential election neared. He also intended to extend the term limits of the presidency to remain in power but his political rival [[Miriam Defensor Santiago]] went to the Supreme Court and negated extending the term limit of the president, which preserved democracy at the time.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/20/world/manila-journal-people-power-2-a-sleeping-giant-is-awakened.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all "Manila Journal; People Power 2: A Sleeping Giant Is Awakened."] ''The New York Times'' (September 22, 1997). Retrieved on August 24, 2008</ref>

=== Administration and cabinet ===
{{Main|Presidency of Fidel Ramos#Administration and cabinet}}

==Post-presidency (1998–2022)==

===Activities===

====EDSA II====
In January 2001, Ramos was instrumental in the success of the so-called [[EDSA II|Second EDSA Revolution]] that deposed Philippine president [[Joseph Estrada]] and installed then-Vice President [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]] as president.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thompson |first=Willard Scott |title=Trustee of the nation: the biography of Fidel V. Ramos |date=2011 |publisher=Anvil |isbn=978-971-27-2632-3 |location=Manila |pages=320–323 |language=en}}</ref>

Ramos was Chairman Emeritus of the [[Lakas–CMD (1991)|Lakas CMD]] (Christian-Muslim Democrats) Party, formerly known as Lakas NUCD-UMDP or the Partido Lakas Tao-National Union of Christian Democrats-Union of Muslim Democrats of the Philippines.

At the height of the [[2005 Philippine electoral crisis|election-rigging scandal]] in July 2005, Ramos publicly convinced President [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]] not to resign from office.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ubac |first=Michael Lim |date=July 10, 2005 |title=FVR factor makes GMA hangs tough |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U1g1AAAAIBAJ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730092614/https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=U1g1AAAAIBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_all_issues_r&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=July 30, 2024 |access-date=July 30, 2024 |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |pages=1, 6}}</ref> Ramos, who was also hounded by charges of electoral fraud during the 1992 elections which were never proven in the Supreme Court, repeatedly stated that the scandal is nowhere as grave as that of People Power Revolutions of 1986 and 2001, citing factors such as the stagnant Philippine economy in the final years of the Marcos regime as well as the allegedly massive corruption of the Estrada administration. According to Arroyo, he also showed full support to her during the failed coups in the latter part of her presidency.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/08/02/i-owe-much-to-fvr-arroyo-gives-poignant-tribute-to-ramos/|title='I owe much to FVR': Arroyo gives poignant tribute to Ramos|first=Elison|last=Quismoro|date=August 2, 2022|accessdate=August 9, 2022|work=Manila Bulletin}}</ref>

===Advocacies===
{{more citations needed section|date=August 2022}}
[[File:President Rodrigo Duterte listens to the reports of former President and Special Envoy to China Fidel V. Ramos during the 5th Cabinet Meeting.jpg|thumb|Ramos, then-Philippine Special Envoy to China, briefs President [[Rodrigo Duterte]] and the cabinet.]]

Ramos also unveiled his proposals for constitutional change of the country. Citing the need to be more economically competitive in the midst of [[globalization]] and the need to improve governance for all Filipinos, Ramos suggested that government should start the process of Charter Change with a set deadline in 2007 (by which time the new charter and new government would take effect). Ramos supported the transformation of the country's political system from the Philippine presidential-bicameral-system into a unicameral parliament in transition to a federal form.

Ramos represented the Philippines in the [[ASEAN Eminent Persons Group]], tasked to draft the Charter of the [[Association of South East Asian Nations]] (ASEAN). He was also a member of numerous international groups and fora, and was the chairman of the board of directors of the [[Boao Forum for Asia]] (also one of the co-founders of BFA) and co-chairman of the Global Meeting of the [[Emerging Markets Forum]] (EMF). Ramos was heavily recommended for the position of the United Nations envoy to [[Myanmar]] (formerly known as Burma) in June 2006.

He served as the [[Carlyle Group]] Asia Advisor Board Member until the board was disbanded in February 2004. More recently, as a private citizen, Ramos was engaged in various private sector advocacies where he played prominent roles. These included; chairman, Ramos Peace and Development Foundation; chairman, [[Boao Forum for Asia]]; Trustee, [[International Crisis Group]] (ICG); Member, Advisory Group, [[University for Peace|UN University for Peace]]; Honorary Director, General Douglas MacArthur Foundation; Founding Member, Policy Advisory Commission, [[World Intellectual Property Organization]] (PAC-WIPO); Honorary Member, World Commission on Water for the 21st century; Member, International Advisory Council, Asia House; Patron, Opportunity International (Philippines); Global Advisor, [[University of Winnipeg]]; Honorary Chairman, Yuchengco Center, [[De La Salle University]]; Member, Advisory Board, [https://web.archive.org/web/20081106190806/http://www.metrobank.com.ph/ Metrobank]; Honorary President, [[Philippine Human Development Network|Human Development Network (HDN) Philippines]]; Lifetime Honorary President, [[Centrist Democrat International|Christian Democrats International (CDI)]]; and Chairman Emeritus, [[Lakas–CMD (1991)|Lakas-Christian Muslim Democrats]] (CMD) Party.

Ramos was also a firm backer of the proposed Philippine [[Reproductive Health bill]]. During a meet-up with fellow RH bill supporters in May 2011, he urged President [[Benigno Aquino III]] to certify the RH bill as urgent, saying it is the "right thing" to do.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.interaksyon.com/article/3385/fvr-leads-purple-ribbon-launch-to-push-rh-bill |title=FVR leads Purple Ribbon launch to push RH bill - Interaksyon.com |access-date=May 30, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514142336/http://www.interaksyon.com/article/3385/fvr-leads-purple-ribbon-launch-to-push-rh-bill |archive-date=May 14, 2011 }} ''FVR leads Purple Ribbon launch to push RH bill'' by Pots de Leon ([[TV5 (Philippines)|TV5]] News)</ref> During his administration, the [[Department of Health]] under [[Juan Flavier]] launched an intense drive to promote [[family planning]]. ''[[Asiaweek]]'' reported in August 1994 that under Ramos, "family planning funding has quintupled." They also noted that President Ramos "has gone the farthest of any administration in opposing the Church's positions on contraception and abortion."<ref>{{cite journal |title=Philippines. Church vs. state: Fidel Ramos and family planning face 'Catholic Power' |journal=Asiaweek |pages=21–2 |date=August 1994  |pmid=12345705}}</ref> As of 2024, Ramos was listed by the Forum for Family Planning and Development as one of its Eminent Persons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who We Are - Eminent Persons |url=http://www.forum4fp.org/html/who-we-are.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043136/http://www.forum4fp.org/html/who-we-are.html |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=August 29, 2024 |publisher=The Forum for Family Planning and Development}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forum4fp.org/html/about-us.html|title=FORUM FOR FAMILY PLANNING|work=Forum4FP.org|access-date=April 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235416/http://www.forum4fp.org/html/about-us.html|archive-date=March 3, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who We Are |url=https://www.forumforfp.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829125333/https://www.forumforfp.org/ |archive-date=August 29, 2024 |access-date=August 29, 2024 |publisher=The Forum for Family Planning and Development, Inc.}}</ref>

Ramos was a member of the [[Global Leadership Foundation]], an organization which works to support democratic leadership, prevent and resolve conflict through mediation and promote good governance in the form of democratic institutions, open markets, human rights and the rule of law. It does so by making available, discreetly and in confidence, the experience of former leaders to today's national leaders. It is a not-for-profit organization composed of former heads of government, senior governmental and international organization officials who work closely with Heads of Government on governance-related issues of concern to them.

=== Ramos Peace and Development Foundation ===
After his presidency, Ramos founded the Ramos Foundation for Peace and Development (RPDEV) with offices located in the [[Exportbank Plaza|Urban Bank Building]] (now ExportBank Plaza) in [[Makati]]. The foundation is a non-partisan, nonprofit, non-stock organization dedicated to promoting peace and development in the Philippines and the larger Asia-Pacific region. RPDEV supports Philippine national interests and people empowerment.
Operating as a network of individuals and institutions inside and outside the country, it is meant to serve as a catalyst for constructive change, a medium for fostering unity, stability, and progress, and a force for mutual understanding.<ref name="library">{{cite news|work=[[The Philippine Star]]|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/03/19/2168435/fvr-presidential-library-launched-he-turns-94|title=FVR Presidential Library launched as he turns 94|first=Paolo|last=Romero|date=March 19, 2022}}</ref>

=== Philippine Envoy to China ===
[[File:President Rodrigo Duterte meets with former President and Special Envoy to China Fidel Ramos.jpg|thumb|Ramos (center) as Special Envoy to China meets with President [[Rodrigo Duterte]] (right) on September 14, 2016.]]

President-elect [[Rodrigo Duterte]] revealed in June 2016 that Ramos was the one who pushed him to run for office so that "Mindanao will finally have a Filipino president."{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} 

On July 23, 2016, Ramos was appointed by President Duterte as the Philippine Envoy to [[China]] to strengthen bilateral ties again after a much-heated diplomatic war over the [[South China Sea]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-07-23 |title=Ramos accepts Duterte’s offer as PHL’s special envoy to China |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/574829/ramos-accepts-duterte-s-offer-as-phl-s-special-envoy-to-china/story/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829123740/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/574829/ramos-accepts-duterte-s-offer-as-phl-s-special-envoy-to-china/story/ |archive-date=August 29, 2024 |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=[[GMA News Online]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nawal |first=Allan |date=2016-07-23 |title=Ramos accepts Duterte offer to become special envoy to China |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/141772/ramos-accepts-duterte-offer-to-become-special-envoy-to-china |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329025628/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/141772/ramos-accepts-duterte-offer-to-become-special-envoy-to-china |archive-date=March 29, 2024 |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |language=en}}</ref> On 8 August 2016, the Philippines him to Hong Kong to mitigate tensions.<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |last=Wang |first=Frances Yaping |title=The Art of State Persuasion: China's Strategic Use of Media in Interstate Disputes |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2024 |isbn=9780197757512}}</ref>{{Rp|page=129}} Ramos met with [[Fu Ying]] (chair of China's [[Foreign Affairs Committee of the National People's Congress|Foreign Affairs Committee for the National People's Congress]]) and Wu Shicun (president of the National Institute for South China Sea Studies).<ref name=":04" />{{Rp|page=129}} Ramos conveyed the Philippines' willingness to engage in formal discussions with China.<ref name=":04" />{{Rp|page=129}} The three issued a statement in their personal capacities emphasizing cooperation and dialogue between the two countries.<ref name=":04" />{{Rp|page=129}}

On November 1, 2016, Ramos sent his resignation after President Duterte returned from his state visit to China "because the officials have taken over." Duterte accepted his resignation from the post on the same day.<ref>{{cite news|work=SunStar|url=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/local-news/2016/11/02/duterte-confirms-ramos-resignation-special-envoy-china-507064|title=Duterte confirms Ramos resignation as special envoy to China|date=November 2, 2016|access-date=November 4, 2016|archive-date=November 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104205056/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/local-news/2016/11/02/duterte-confirms-ramos-resignation-special-envoy-china-507064|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was replaced by veteran journalist [[Chito Santa Romana|Jose Santiago "Chito" Sta. Romana]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/146206/beijing-based-journalist-chito-sta-romana-is-new-ph-envoy-to-china|title=Beijing-based journalist 'Chito' Sta. Romana is new PH envoy to China}}</ref>

After stepping down, while he continued to show support to President Rodrigo Duterte, he had been vocal in raising concerns and criticisms to his administration. In February 2017, Ramos raised his concern about [[impunity]] and [[unilateralism]] amidst the [[Philippine drug war|drug war]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-politics-ramos-idUSKBN15S0BP|work=Reuters|title=Ex-Philippine leader Ramos concerned about impunity, Duterte 'unilateralism'|date=February 13, 2017|accessdate=August 9, 2022|location=Manila}}</ref> In May 2017, Ramos criticized government officials who went with Duterte to [[Russia]], claiming they turned the President's official visit into a "junket", which the Palace later denied.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/06/29/17/russia-trip-not-a-junket-duterte-tells-fvr|work=ABS-CBN News|title=Russia trip not a junket, Duterte tells FVR|date=July 29, 2017|accessdate=August 9, 2022}}</ref> In September 2017, Ramos said the Philippines continued to "lose badly" under the Duterte administration.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://interaksyon.philstar.com/breaking-news/2017/11/13/108524/gusto-ng-pogi-points-duterte-disowns-signature-gesture-says-fist-bump-started-by-fvr/|work=Interaksyon|title=GUSTO NG POGI POINTS? {{!}} Duterte disowns signature gesture, says fist bump started by FVR|date=November 13, 2017|accessdate=August 9, 2022}}</ref> Despite his criticisms, Duterte still saw him as his "number one supporter" and at the same time his "number one critic", and even called him his "everything."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/fvr-no-1-supporter-critic-000000752.html|title=FVR my No.1 supporter, critic – Rody|first=Alexis|last=Romero|date=November 28, 2016|work=The Philippine Star|publisher=Yahoo! News|accessdate=August 9, 2022|archive-date=August 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809045501/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/fvr-no-1-supporter-critic-000000752.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/914640/duterte-to-fvr-youre-my-no-1-supporter-and-critic|website=INQUIRER.net|title=Duterte to FVR: You're my No.1 supporter and critic|date=July 17, 2017|accessdate=August 9, 2022|first=Frances|last=Mangosing}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/04/18/18/my-lahat-duterte-calls-fvr-his-everything|work=ABS-CBN News|title='My lahat': Duterte calls FVR 'his everything'|date=April 18, 2018|accessdate=August 9, 2022}}</ref>

=== COVID-19 pandemic ===
[[File:Former president Fidel Ramos completes COVID-19 vaccination.jpg|thumb|right|Ramos pictured on June 25, 2021, receiving his second dose of [[Sinovac Biotech|Sinovac]]'s [[CoronaVac|COVID-19 vaccine]] in Muntinlupa.]]
During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines]], he stayed under strict home quarantine and kept himself updated of the latest news including the pandemic.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2020/05/02/fvr-is-doing-fine/|title=FVR is doing fine|first=Ben|last=Cal|date=May 2, 2020|accessdate=August 1, 2022|work=Philippine News Agency|publisher=BusinessMirror}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://manilastandard.net/news/national/349766/fvr-at-93-is-still-sharp-keeps-abreast-of-news.html|title=FVR at 93 is still sharp, keeps abreast of news|first=Ben|last=Cal|date=March 18, 2021|accessdate=August 1, 2022|work=The Manila Standard}}</ref> On June 25, 2021, he completed his [[COVID-19 vaccine|COVID-19 vaccination]] by receiving his second dose in [[Ayala Alabang]], [[Muntinlupa]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1451198/look-former-president-fidel-ramos-completes-covid-19-vaccination|title=LOOK: Former president Fidel Ramos completes COVID-19 vaccination|date=June 25, 2021|accessdate=August 1, 2022|website=INQUIRER.net}}</ref>

On March 18, 2022, on Ramos' 94th birthday, the Fidel V. Ramos Presidential Library was launched online.<ref name="library" /> It became the first and so far, the only online presidential library in the Philippines.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1170089|title=FVR turns 94, online presidential library unveiled|first=Ben|last=Cal|date=March 18, 2022|accessdate=August 1, 2022}}</ref> It was later revealed that Ramos was already ill at this time and was unable to take on visitors.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/08/01/22/ramos-has-been-sick-for-a-while-bello|title=Ramos has been sick for a while: Bello|date=August 1, 2022|accessdate=August 1, 2022|work=ABS-CBN News}}</ref>

===2022 elections===
During the [[2022 Philippine general election|2022 elections]] Ramos did not make his endorsement public but pledged support for the [[Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign|presidential bid]] of [[Leni Robredo]], whom he had also successfully endorsed for vice president in [[2016 Philippine presidential elections|2016]].<ref name="robredo">{{cite news|url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/08/01/look-leni-robredo-shares-old-family-photo-with-personal-friend-fidel-ramos/|title=LOOK: Leni Robredo shares old family photo with 'personal friend' Fidel Ramos|date=August 1, 2022|accessdate=August 2, 2022|work=Manila Bulletin|first=Raymund|last=Antonio}}</ref> This was despite the fact that his party [[Lakas–CMD]] had earlier adopted her rival [[Bongbong Marcos]], who was the running mate of Lakas chairperson [[Sara Duterte]], as its presidential candidate.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/11/24/news/lakas-cmd-officially-adopts-bongbong-sara-tandem/1823481|title=Lakas adopts BBM as presidential bet|work=The Manila Times|date=November 24, 2021|accessdate=August 2, 2022|first=Ma. Reina Leanne|last=Tolentino}}</ref>

==Death and funeral==
[[File:Former President Fidel V. Ramos is laid to rest at the Libingan ng mga Bayani in Taguig City on August 9, 2022 (56016).jpg|thumb|State funeral of Fidel V. Ramos at the [[Libingan ng mga Bayani]] in [[Taguig]] on August 9, 2022, the day of his burial.]]

On July 31, 2022, Ramos died from the complications of [[SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant|COVID-19 Omicron variant]] at the [[Makati Medical Center]] in [[Makati]], at the age of 94.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 31, 2022 |title=Fidel Ramos, Who Helped End Marcos Dictatorship, Dies at 94 |language=en |work=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-07-31/fidel-ramos-who-helped-end-marcos-dictatorship-dies-at-94 |access-date=July 31, 2022}}</ref> According to the radio station [[DZRH]] and his family statement, he has been [[COVID-19 vaccine|fully or triple vaccinated]], but he compromised his [[immune system]]; he also had suffered from a [[Heart failure|heart condition]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Death of a great statesman': Former presidents pay tribute to Fidel Ramos |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/08/01/2199501/death-great-statesman-former-presidents-pay-tribute-fidel-ramos |access-date=August 3, 2022 |publisher=Philippine Star |date=August 1, 2022}}</ref> At the time of his death, he was the second longest living president in Philippine history, only behind [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] by 186 days. He was previously the oldest living president, a distinction he held from [[Diosdado Macapagal]]'s death in 1997.

[[File:Urn at right Fidel V. Ramos graveCNE 04.jpg|thumb|Ramos's grave at the at the [[Libingan ng mga Bayani]]]]
From July 31 to August 9, President [[Bongbong Marcos]] declared as nine-day period of "[[national day of mourning|national mourning day]]", whereas all national flags are "flown at [[half-mast]] from sunrise to sunset" as a sign of mourning.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1180290|title=PBBM declares July 31-Aug. 9 as nat'l days of mourning for FVR|first=Azer|last=Parrocha|date=August 1, 2022|accessdate=August 1, 2022|work=Philippine News Agency}}</ref> As a per prevailing policies about COVID-19 Omicron-related deaths in the country (during the Omicron time in the first 18-month period), Ramos' remains were [[Cremation|cremated]], making him the second Philippine president to have been cremated before initial burial after former President [[Benigno Aquino III]] in June 2021. His wake was held on from August 4 to 8 at The Chapels at Heritage Park in [[Taguig]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1639497/ex-president-ramos-wake-to-start-on-aug-4-8|date=August 2, 2022|accessdate=August 2, 2022|title=Former President Fidel Ramos' wake to start on Aug. 4-8|first=Daphne|last=Galvez|website=INQUIRER.net}}</ref> On August 9, he was accorded a [[state funeral]], which was the first for former Philippine president since Diosdado Macapagal in 1997,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://malaya.com.ph/news_news/fvr-state-burial-set/|title=FVR state burial set|date=August 8, 2022|accessdate=August 9, 2022|work=Malaya|first=Jocelyn|last=Montemayor}}</ref> and his remains were inurned at the [[Libingan ng mga Bayani]] between former presidents [[Elpidio Quirino]] and [[Ferdinand Marcos|Ferdinand Marcos, Sr]].<ref name="laid">{{cite news|url=https://gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/840944/ex-president-fidel-v-ramos-laid-to-rest/story/|date=August 9, 2022|accessdate=August 9, 2022|title=Ex-President Fidel V. Ramos laid to rest|first=Anna Felicia|last=Bajo|work=GMA News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/08/09/latest-stories/ph-holds-state-funeral-for-ramos/1853944|date=August 9, 2022|accessdate=August 9, 2022|title=PH holds state funeral for Ramos|first=Catherine|last=Valiente|work=The Manila Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://pinoypubliko.com/commentary/remembering-fvr/|title=Remembering FVR|first=Jojo|last=Terencio|date=August 4, 2023|accessdate=May 25, 2024|website=Publiko}}</ref>

==Approval ratings==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ [[Social Weather Stations|SWS]] Net satisfaction ratings of Fidel V. Ramos {{nowrap|(September 1992 – April 1998)}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Net Satisfaction Ratings of Presidents: Philippines (Page 1 of 2) |url=https://www.sws.org.ph/visuals/2021/pr20210924/pr20210924_vis02.JPG |website=Social Weather Stations |access-date=March 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020164741im_/https://www.sws.org.ph/visuals/2021/pr20210924/pr20210924_vis02.JPG |archive-date=October 20, 2021 |date=September 24, 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" | Date
! scope="col" | Rating
|-
! scope="row" | Sep 1992
| +66
|-
! scope="row" | Dec 1992
| +60
|-
! scope="row" | Apr 1993
| +66
|-
! scope="row" | Jul 1993
| +69
|-
! scope="row" | Sep 1993
| +62
|-
! scope="row" | Dec 1993
| +65
|-
! scope="row" | Apr 1994
| +67
|-
! scope="row" | Aug 1994
| +55
|-
! scope="row" | Nov 1994
| +49
|-
! scope="row" | Dec 1994
| +50
|-
! scope="row" | Mar 1995
| +24
|-
! scope="row" | Jun 1995
| +26
|-
! scope="row" | Oct 1995
| +1
|-
! scope="row" | Dec 1995
| +2
|-
! scope="row" | Apr 1996
| +17
|-
! scope="row" | Jun 1996
| +19
|-
! scope="row" | Sep 1996
| +21
|-
! scope="row" | Dec 1996
| +24
|-
! scope="row" | Apr 1997
| +50
|-
! scope="row" | Jun 1997
| +49
|-
! scope="row" | Sep 1997
| +35
|-
! scope="row" | Dec 1997
| +40
|-
! scope="row" | Jan 1998
| +13
|-
! scope="row" | Feb 1998
| +20
|-
! scope="row" | Mar 1998
| +15
|-
! scope="row" | Mar–Apr 1998
| +30
|-
! scope="row" | Apr 1998
| +19
|- class="sortbottom"
! scope="row" | '''Average'''
| '''+38'''
|}

==Honors and decorations==
{{more citations needed section|date=August 2022}}
[[File:Ramos House historical marker in Lingayen, Pangasinan.jpg|right|thumb|Ramos House marker]]

===National Honors===
* [[File:PHL Legion of Honor - Commander BAR.png|60 px]]: Commander of the [[Philippine Legion of Honor]], Second Bronze Anahaw Leaf (March 18, 1988)
* [[File:PHL Legion of Honor - Commander BAR.png|60 px]]: Commander of the [[Philippine Legion of Honor]], Third Bronze Anahaw Leaf (July 19, 1991)
* [[File:Order_of_the_Knights_of_Rizal_Ribbon.png|60x60px]]: Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Knights of Rizal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Story|url=https://www.knights-of-rizal.org/our-story/|website=Knights of Rizal|access-date=December 10, 2021|archive-date=June 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615010658/https://www.knights-of-rizal.org/our-story/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[File:PHL Military Merit Medal.gif|60 px]]: [[Military Merit Medal (Philippines)|Military Merit Medal]] with Spearhead (May 23, 1952)
*[[File:PHL Distinguished Service Star BAR.svg|60 px]]: [[Distinguished Service Star]] (May 20, 1966)
*[[File:PHL Distinguished Service Star BAR.svg|60 px]]: [[Distinguished Service Star]], First Bronze Anahaw Leaf (December 20, 1967)
*[[File:PHL Military Commendation.gif|60 px]]: [[Military Commendation Medal]] (May 31, 1968)
*[[File:PHL Distinguished Service Star BAR.svg|60 px]]: [[Distinguished Service Star]], First Silver Anahaw Leaf (August 3, 1981)
*[[File:PHL Outstanding Achievement Medal.PNG|60 px]]: [[Outstanding Achievement Medal]] (July 29, 1983)
*[[File:Distinguished Conduct Star Ribbon Bar.png|60 px]]: [[Distinguished Conduct Star]] (January 14, 1991)
*[[File:AFP Long Service Medal.gif|60px]]: AFP Long Service Medal
*[[File:PHL Korean Campaign Medal ribbon.png|60 px]] [[Philippine Korean Campaign Medal|Korean Campaign Medal]]
*[[File:Vietnam Service Medal(Philippines).png|60px]] [[Vietnam Service Medal]]
*[[File:Disaster Relief and Rehabilitation Operations Ribbon.gif|60px]] [[Disaster Relief & Rehabilitation Operation Ribbon]]

===Foreign Honors===
*{{flag|Brunei}}:
**[[File:BRU Family Order of Brunei 1st Class.svg|60px]] Honorary Member of [[List of post-nominal letters (Brunei)|The Most Esteemed Family Order of Brunei]]  (March 5, 1988) 
*{{flag|Chile}}:
**[[File:CHL Order of Merit of Chile - Grand Cross BAR.svg|60px]] Collar of the Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Merit of Chile]]
*{{flag|France}}: 
**[[File:Legion Honneur GC ribbon.svg|60px]] Grand Cross of the Order of [[Legion of Honour]]
*{{flag|Indonesia}}: 
**[[File:Bintang Yudha Dharma Utama.gif|60px]] Grand Meritorious Military Order Star, 1st Class (June 20, 1989)<ref>{{Cite book|date=1989|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Dharmasena/tRUSn-TzZzsC?hl=id&gbpv=1&dq=fidel+ramos+bintang+utama&pg=RA9-PA38&printsec=frontcover|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130081931/https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Dharmasena/tRUSn-TzZzsC?hl=id&gbpv=1&dq=fidel+ramos+bintang+utama&pg=RA9-PA38&printsec=frontcover|archive-date=November 30, 2024|title=Dharmasena Bagian 15, Edisi 19-29|publisher=Pusat Penerangan HANKAM|pages=38|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
**[[File:Pita (Ribbon) Bintang Bhayangkara Utama.png|60px]] National Police Meritorious Service Star, 1st Class (June 17, 1974)<ref>{{Cite book|date=1974|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Daily_Report/-2LALeKHM_kC?hl=id&gbpv=1&bsq=fidel+ramos+bintang+utama&dq=fidel+ramos+bintang+utama&printsec=frontcover|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130083403/https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Daily_Report/-2LALeKHM_kC?hl=id&gbpv=1&bsq=fidel+ramos+bintang+utama&dq=fidel+ramos+bintang+utama&printsec=frontcover|archive-date=November 30, 2024|title=Daily Report Asia & Pacific · Edisi 117-126|publisher=The Service|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
*{{flag|Malaysia}}: 
**[[File:MY Darjah Utama Seri Mahkota Negara (Crown of the Realm) - DMN.svg|60px]] Honorary Recipient of the [[Order of the Crown of the Realm]] (1995)<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp/|title=Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang, dan Pingat Persekutuan.}}</ref>
*{{flag|Pakistan}}: 
**[[File:Order of Pakistan.png|60px]] [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] (March 8, 1997)
*{{flag|Peru}}:
**[[File:PER Order of the Sun of Peru - Grand Cross BAR.png|60px]] Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Sun of Peru]] (1994)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cde.gestion2.e3.pe/doc/0/0/1/5/2/152563.pdf |title=Condecorados: Orden El Sol del Perú |access-date=July 23, 2022 |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://cde.gestion2.e3.pe/doc/0/0/1/5/2/152563.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*{{flag|Spain}}:
**[[File:Order of Civil Merit (Spain) - Sash of Grand Collar.svg|60px]] Collar of the [[Order of Civil Merit]] (September 2, 1994)<ref>{{cite web|title=Real Decreto 1819/1994, de 2 de septiembre, por el que se concede el Collar de la Orden del Mérito Civil a su excelencia señor don Fidel Valdez Ramos, Presidente de la República de Filipinas|url=http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1994/09/10/pdfs/A28233-28233.pdf |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE) <!--|archive-url=http://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1994-20215--> |access-date=September 24, 2016}}</ref>
**[[File:Order of Isabella the Catholic - Sash of Collar.svg|60px]] Collar of the [[Order of Isabella the Catholic]] (March 24, 1995)<ref>{{cite web|title=Real Decreto 453/1995, de 24 de marzo, por el que se concede el Collar de la Orden de Isabel la Católica a su excelencia señor Fidel Valdez Ramos, Presidente de la República de Filipinas|url=http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1995/04/01/pdfs/A10040-10040.pdf|publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE) <!--|archive-url=http://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1995-8016--> |access-date=September 24, 2016}}</ref>
**[[File:Order of Charles III - Sash of Collar.svg|60px]] Collar of the [[Order of Charles III]] (January 30, 1998)<ref>{{cite web|title=Real Decreto 136/1998, de 30 de enero, por el que se concede el Collar de la Real y Muy Distinguida Orden de Carlos III a su Excelencia el Presidente de la República de Filipinas, don Fidel V. Ramos|url=http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1998/01/31/pdfs/A03455-03455.pdf|publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE) <!--|archive-url=http://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1998-2288--> |access-date=September 24, 2016}}</ref>
*{{flag|South Korea}}:
**[[File:Grand Order of Mugunghwa (South Korea) - ribbon bar.svg|60px]] [[Grand Order of Mugunghwa]]
**[[File:Cheon-Su Security Medal Ribbon.png|60 px]]: [[Order of National Security Merit|Cheonsu Medal, Order of National Security Merit]] 
*{{flag|Thailand}}:
**[[File:Order of the White Elephant - Special Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg|60px]] Knight Grand Cordon of The Most Exalted [[Order of the White Elephant]] (January 29, 1997)
*{{flag|United Nations}}:
**[[File:United Nations Service Medal Korea ribbon.svg|60px]]: [[United Nations Korea Medal]]
*{{flag|United Kingdom}}:
**[[File:UK Order St-Michael St-George ribbon.svg|60px]] Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished [[Order of St. Michael and St. George]] (1995)
*{{flag|United States}}:
**[[File:US Legion of Merit Commander ribbon.png|60 px]]: Commander of the [[Legion of Merit]] (August 1, 1990)
**[[File:Vietnam Service Medal ribbon.svg|60px]]: [[Vietnam Service Medal]] 
**[[File:Korean Service Medal ribbon.svg|60px]]: [[Korean Service Medal]]

===Other awards===
* Rizal Pro Patria Award (June 22, 1993)

===International organizations===
*[[Bronze Wolf Award]] (July 28, 1993)

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
{{wikisource author}}
{{commons|Fidel V. Ramos}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081205180723/http://www.rpdev.org/Default/Ramos_Legacy/About_Fidel_V_Ramos Fidel Ramos Curriculum Vitae]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101202063257/http://westpointaog.org/netcommunity/page.aspx?pid=557 Westpoint Distinguished Graduate Award: DGA Fidel Ramos]
*{{Cite book |author=Zaide, Sonia M. |title=The Philippines: A Unique Nation|publisher=All Nations Publishing|year=1999|isbn=971-642-071-4}}
*Bardos, Phil, ''Cold War Warriors: The Story of the Achievements and Leadership of the Men of the West Point Class of 1950'', (United States, 2000)
*Bowring, Philip. "Filipino Democracy Needs Stronger Institutions.", January 22, 2001. ''International Herald Tribune''. Retrieved August 24, 2008: https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/22/opinion/22iht-edbow.t_3.html
*"Church, elite, Ramos ousted me, says Estrada." ''SunStar Network Online''. (June 1, 2006). Retrieved August 24, 2008: https://web.archive.org/web/20080926183855/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/static/net/2006/06/01/church.elite.ramos.ousted.me.says.estrada.html
*Fernandez, Butch. "Ramos told to come clean before hitting Palace pardon for Erap." (November 2–3, 2007). ''Business Mirror''. Retrieved August 24, 2008: https://web.archive.org/web/20081211170308/http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/1102%26032007/nation01.html.
*Florentino-Hofilena and Ian Sayson. ''Centennial Expo: Convenient Cover for Election Fundraising''. (June 14–16, 1999). Retrieved August 24, 2008, from the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism: https://web.archive.org/web/20150725050056/http://pcij.org/stories/1999/expo.html.
*Johnson, Bryan, ''Four Days of Courage: The Untold Story of the Fall of Ferdinand Marcos'', (Toronto, Canada, 1987)
*Cal, Ben, ''FVR Through the Years'', (Washington, D.C., USA, 1998)
*Hamilton-Paterson, James, ''America's Boy: The Marcoses and the Philippines'', (Granta Books, London, Great Britain, 1998)
*Lazaro, Isagani L., ''Mga Dakilang Lider na Pilipino'', 5th Edition, (National Book Store, Mandaluyong, Philippines, 2004)
*Mendoza Jr., Amado. ''Study 2a-The industrial anatomy of corruption: Government procurement, bidding and award of contracts''. Retrieved August 24, 2008, from the Transparent Accountable Governance website: https://web.archive.org/web/20080720060021/http://www.tag.org.ph/pdf/PCPS-Study2a.PDF
*''More electricity rate hikes to come: Sale of energy assets to have long-term shocking effects on the people – Bayan Muna''. (August 21, 2007). Bayan Muna.
*Mydans, Seth. "Expecting Praise, Filipinos Are Criticized for Ouster." ''The New York Times''. (February 5, 2001). Retrieved August 24, 2008: https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/05/world/05FILI.html?ex=1219723200&en=abf1881ac23d0c2e&ei=5070
*Mydans, Seth. "Manila Journal; People Power 2: A Sleeping Giant Is Awakened." ''The New York Times''. (September 22, 1997). Retrieved August 24, 2008: https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/20/world/manila-journal-people-power-2-a-sleeping-giant-is-awakened.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all
*Rimban, Luz and Samonte-Pesayco, Sheila. ''Trail of Power Mess Leads to Ramos.'' (August 5–8, 2002). Retrieved August 24, 2008, from the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism website: https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084556/http://pcij.org/stories/2002/ramos.html
*Chŏnsa Pʻyŏnchʻan Wiwŏnhoe, ''The history of the United Nations forces in the Korean War'', Volume I-VI, (Seoul, Ministry of National Defense, Republic of Korea, 1972–77)
*Ramos Presidential Center, Makati City
*Senate, Republic of the Philippines. ''COMMITTEE REPORT NO. 30''. Eleventh Congress. Retrieved August 24, 2008, from the Senator Aquilino "Nene" Pimentel official website: [https://web.archive.org/web/20040124115132/http://www.nenepimentel.org/cgi-bin/build.pl?section=bluerib;id=CRF-30]
*Uy, Jocelyn. "9 in PEA-AMARI deal ordered suspended." ''Philippine Daily Inquirer''. (August 13, 2008). Retrieved August 24, 2008: http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20080813-154468/9-in-PEA-Amari-deal-ordered-suspended
*Villasanta, Johnny F., 20th Battalion Combat Team (Leaders), The Philippine Expeditionary Force to Korea (1950–1955), https://web.archive.org/web/20091022114608/http://geocities.com/peftok/20thbct.html 26, 2009+00:22:05, (August 26, 2006)

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.fvrlegacy.org/}}
*[https://rpdev.org Ramos Peace and Development Foundation]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120519064735/http://www.dnd.gov.ph/DNDWEBPAGE_files/past-snd/ramos.html Department of National Defense]
{{Portal bar|Philippines|Politics|1990s}}

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{{S-start}}
{{S-mil}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Eduardo M. Garcia]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Philippine Constabulary|Chief of the Philippine Constabulary]]|years=1980–1986}}
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{{S-bef|rows=2|before=[[Fabian Ver]]}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Tomiichi Murayama]]}}
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