View source for Fervidobacterium islandicum

{{Short description|Species of bacterium}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Taxobox
| domain = [[Bacteria]]
| phylum = [[Thermotogota]]
| classis = [[Thermotogae]]
| ordo = [[Thermotogales]]
| familia = [[Thermotogaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Fervidobacterium]]''
| species = '''''F. islandicum'''''
| binomial = ''Fervidobacterium islandicum''
| binomial_authority = Huber et al. 1991
}}

'''Fervidobacterium islandicum''' is a species of extremely [[thermophilic]] anaerobic bacteria, first isolated from an Icelandic hot spring.

== Biology and biochemistry ==

=== Morphology ===
''F. islandicum'' cells are [[Gram-negative]] [[motile]] rods, about 1.8 [[micrometre|μm]] in length, and 0.6 μm in width occurring singly or in pairs.<ref name="HuberWoese1990">{{cite journal|last1=Huber|first1=Robert|last2=Woese|first2=Carl R.|last3=Langworthy|first3=Thomas A.|last4=Kristjansson|first4=Jakob K.|last5=Stetter|first5=Karl O.|title=Fervidobacterium islandicum sp. nov., a new extremely thermophilic eubacterium belonging to the ?Thermotogales?|journal=Archives of Microbiology|volume=154|issue=2|year=1990|pages=105–111|issn=0302-8933|doi=10.1007/BF00423318|s2cid=40470196}}</ref> About 50% of cells form large spheroids at one end known as a [[Thermotoga|'toga']] commonly found in members of the phylum ''[[Thermotogota]]'' (formerly ''Thermotogae'')<ref>{{Citation|last1=Bhandari|first1=Vaibhav|title=The Phylum Thermotogae|date=2014|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38954-2_118|work=The Prokaryotes: Other Major Lineages of Bacteria and The Archaea|pages=989–1015|editor-last=Rosenberg|editor-first=Eugene|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-38954-2_118|isbn=978-3-642-38954-2|access-date=2021-10-11|last2=Gupta|first2=Radhey S.|editor2-last=DeLong|editor2-first=Edward F.|editor3-last=Lory|editor3-first=Stephen|editor4-last=Stackebrandt|editor4-first=Erko}}</ref>

=== Physiology ===
''F. islandicum'' isolate [https://bacdive.dsmz.de/strain/17034 H21] grows in a [[pH]] range from 6.0 to 8.0 with an optimum at around 7.2.<ref name="HuberWoese1990" /> Growth is observed at a temperature range between 40&nbsp;°C and 80&nbsp;°C, with an optimum of 70&nbsp;°C.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Yong-Jik|last2=Jeong|first2=Haeyoung|last3=Park|first3=Gun-Seok|last4=Kwak|first4=Yunyoung|last5=Lee|first5=Sang-Jae|last6=Lee|first6=Sang Jun|last7=Park|first7=Min-Kyu|last8=Kim|first8=Ji-Yeon|last9=Kang|first9=Hwan Ku|last10=Shin|first10=Jae-Ho|last11=Lee|first11=Dong-Woo|date=December 2015|title=Genome sequence of a native-feather degrading extremely thermophilic Eubacterium, Fervidobacterium islandicum AW-1|journal=Standards in Genomic Sciences|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=71|doi=10.1186/s40793-015-0063-4|issn=1944-3277|pmc=4587914|pmid=26421103 |doi-access=free }}</ref> At a temperature of 65&nbsp;°C, strain H21 has a [[doubling time]] of 150 minutes.<ref name="HuberWoese1990" />

=== Culture growth ===
Growth of isolate H21 requires low amounts (0.3%) of [[yeast extract]]. When this is used as a single carbon and energy source, the final cell concentration is 1x10<sup>7</sup> cells/ml.<ref name="HuberWoese1990" /> Growth is strongly enhanced by the addition of 0.2% [[pyruvate]], [[ribose]], [[glucose]], [[maltose]], [[raffinose]], [[starch]] and, less efficiently, [[cellulose]]. Final cell concentrations with these additions can range from 2 to 5x10<sup>8</sup>.<ref name="HuberWoese1990" /> In the presence of glucose, ''F. islandicum'' produces the following end products: [[L-lactate|L(+) lactate]], [[acetate]], [[ethanol]], [[Hydrogen|H<sub>2</sub>]] and [[carbon dioxide|CO<sub>2</sub>]].<ref name="HuberWoese1990" /> Isolate H21 shows a sensitivity to common antibiotics, its growth is inhibited by addition of [[vancomycin]], [[streptomycin]], [[ampicillin]], [[chloramphenicol]] and [[rifampicin]] at 10 <math>\mu</math>g/ml.<ref name="HuberWoese1990" />

== Genomics ==
''F. islandicum'' strain AW-1 has a total [[genome]] size of 2.4 million [[base pair]]s, which is slightly larger than the genomes of other ''Fervidobacterium'' strains.<ref name=":0" /> It has a [[GC-content|G + C content]] of 40.7%.<ref name=":0" /> It contains 2,184 [[Protein-coding genes|protein coding genes]] in a total of 2,248 genes.<ref name=":0" />

== Environment ==
''F. islandicum'' was originally isolated from an [[Iceland]]ic hot spring on the banks of the [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Reykjadalur+Hot+Spring+Thermal+River/@64.0228673,-25.6940661,6z/data=!4m9!1m2!2m1!1svarma+river+iceland!3m5!1s0x48d664020bede77f:0x7b0353e5e58233ac!8m2!3d64.0228673!4d-21.2116442!15sChN2YXJtYSByaXZlciBpY2VsYW5kWhUiE3Zhcm1hIHJpdmVyIGljZWxhbmSSAQ10aGVybWFsX2JhdGhzmgEjQ2haRFNVaE5NRzluUzBWSlEwRm5TVVJWTjNJeWRreDNFQUU river Varma] close to [[Hveragerði|Hverager<math>\eth</math>i]], Iceland. The [[anaerobic organism|anaerobic]] samples were taken from hot waters and muds.<ref name="HuberWoese1990" /> Here, the temperatures were between 70&nbsp;°C and 102&nbsp;°C, and the pH was between 1.5 and 9.<ref name="HuberWoese1990" />

== Biotechnological applications ==
''F. islandicum'' AW-1 is capable of complete feather degradation at 70&nbsp;°C and a pH of 7.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Nam|first1=Gae-Won|last2=Lee|first2=Dong-Woo|last3=Lee|first3=Han-Seoung|last4=Lee|first4=Nam-Ju|last5=Kim|first5=Byoung-Chan|last6=Choe|first6=Eun-Ah|last7=Hwang|first7=Jae-Kwan|last8=Suhartono|first8=Maggy|last9=Pyun|first9=Yu-Ryang|date=2002-12-01|title=Native-feather degradation by Fervidobacterium islandicum AW-1, a newly isolated keratinase-producing thermophilic anaerobe|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00203-002-0489-0|journal=Archives of Microbiology|volume=178|issue=6|pages=538–547|doi=10.1007/s00203-002-0489-0|pmid=12420177 |s2cid=39043722 |issn=0302-8933}}</ref> Feather keratin has a very high cysteine content, which makes it very rigid and hard to digest.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Gregg|first1=Keith|title=Feather Keratin: Composition, Structure and Biogenesis|date=1986|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-00989-5_33|work=Biology of the Integument|pages=666–694|editor-last=Bereiter-Hahn|editor-first=Jürgen|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-00989-5_33|isbn=978-3-662-00991-8|access-date=2021-10-11|last2=Rogers|first2=George E.|editor2-last=Matoltsy|editor2-first=A. Gedeon|editor3-last=Richards|editor3-first=K. Sylvia}}</ref> 5 million tons of chicken feathers are generated by the poultry industry every year, making chicken feathers a serious solid waste problem.<ref name=":1" /> Therefore, ''F. islandicum''<nowiki/>'s ability to degrade native chicken feathers is very appealing.{{cn|date=February 2023}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Ravot, Gilles, et al. "L-Alanine production from glucose fermentation by hyperthermophilic members of the domains Bacteria and Archaea: a remnant of an ancestral metabolism?." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62.7 (1996): 2657-2659.
* Dworkin, Martin, and Stanley Falkow, eds. The Prokaryotes: Vol. 7: Proteobacteria: Delta and Epsilon Subclasses. Deeply Rooting Bacteria. Vol. 7. Springer, 2006.
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Gödde C, Sahm K, Brouns SJ, Kluskens LD, van der Oost J, de Vos WM, etal | title=Cloning and expression of islandisin, a new thermostable subtilisin from Fervidobacterium islandicum, in Escherichia coli. | journal=Appl Environ Microbiol | year= 2005 | volume= 71 | issue= 7 | pages= 3951–8 | pmid=16000809 | doi=10.1128/AEM.71.7.3951-3958.2005 | pmc=1168981 }}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Nam GW, Lee DW, Lee HS, Lee NJ, Kim BC, Choe EA, etal | title=Native-feather degradation by Fervidobacterium islandicum AW-1, a newly isolated keratinase-producing thermophilic anaerobe. | journal=Arch Microbiol | year= 2002 | volume= 178 | issue= 6 | pages= 538–47 | doi=10.1007/s00203-002-0489-0 | pmid=12420177 | s2cid=39043722 }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Jabbour|first1=Dina|last2=Klippel|first2=Barbara|last3=Antranikian|first3=Garabed|title=A novel thermostable and glucose-tolerant β-glucosidase from Fervidobacterium islandicum|journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology|volume=93|issue=5|year=2011|pages=1947–1956|issn=0175-7598|doi=10.1007/s00253-011-3406-0|pmid=22146852|s2cid=18254613}}
* {{cite journal|last1=de la Tour|first1=Claire Bouthier|last2=Portemer|first2=Christiane|last3=Forterre|first3=Patrick|last4=Huber|first4=Robert|last5=Duguet|first5=Michel|title=ATP-independent DNA topoisomerase from Fervidobacterium islandicum|journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression|volume=1216|issue=2|year=1993|pages=213–220|issn=0167-4781|doi=10.1016/0167-4781(93)90147-6|pmid=8241262}}

==External links==
* {{EOL}}
* [https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/fervidobacterium LPSN]
* [http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=17034&submit=Search Type strain of ''Fervidobacterium islandicum'' at Bac''Dive'' -  the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase]

{{Portal bar|Biology}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q16982012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fervidobacterium islandicum}}
[[Category:Thermotogota]]
[[Category:Gram-positive bacteria]]
[[Category:Bacteria described in 1991]]