View source for Fall cone test

The '''Fall cone test''', also called the '''cone penetrometer test''' or the '''Vasiljev cone test''', is an alternative method to the Casagrande method for measuring the [[Atterberg Limits|Liquid Limit]] of a [[soil sample]] proposed in 1942 by the Russian researcher Piotr Vasiljev ({{langx|ru|Пё́тр Васи́льев}}) and first mentioned in the Russian standard GOST 5184 from 1949. It is often preferred to the Casagrande method because it is more [[repeatability|repeatable]] and less variable with different operators.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Theoretical analysis of the fall cone test.|url=http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/geot.1982.32.2.111|last= Houlsby|first= G. T.| journal= Géotechnique|volume= 32|issue= 2|date=1 June 1982|pages= 111–118|doi=10.1680/geot.1982.32.2.111|issn=0016-8505|format=pdf}}</ref> Other advantages of the fall cone test include the alternative to estimate the undrained [[Shear strength (soil)|shear strength]] of a soil based on the '''fall cone factor K'''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Hansbo|first=S|date=1957|title=A new approach to the determination of the shear strength of clay by the fall cone test|journal=R. Swed. Geotech. Inst.|volume=14|pages=7–47}}</ref> 

In the Fall cone test, a [[stainless steel]] cone of a standardized weight and tip angle is positioned so that its tip just touches a soil sample. The cone is released for a determined period of time, usually 5s, so that it may penetrate the soil. Several standards around the globe exist. Main differences are related to the cone tip angle and cone mass. The liquid limit is defined as the [[water content]] of the soil which allows the cone to penetrate a determined depth during that period of time. The penetration depth at which the liquid limit is measured depends on the standard and method adopted. For example, one of the most recognized standards is the BS 1377. The British standard defines the liquid limit as the water content of a soil at which a 80g, 30º cone penetrates 20mm. Because it is difficult to obtain a test with exactly 20&nbsp;mm penetration, the procedure is performed multiple times for a range of water contents and the results are [[interpolated]].<ref name="powrie">Powrie, W., Spon Press, 2004, ''Soil Mechanics - 2nd ed'' {{ISBN|0-415-31156-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://shop.bsigroup.com/ProductDetail/?pid=000000000000793481|title=BS 1377-2:1990, Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes. Classification tests.|date=1990|publisher=British Standards Institution|series=Civil engineering > Earthworks. Excavations. Foundation construction. Underground works}}</ref> Furthermore, the undrained [[Shear strength (soil)|shear strength]] for each one of those measured water content can be computed as proposed by Hansbo:<ref name=":0" />  

<math>c_u=\frac{KQ}{h^2}</math>

where,

''c<sub>u</sub> = U''ndrained [[Shear strength (soil)|shear strength]];

''K'' = Fall cone factor;

''Q'' = Cone weight;

''h'' = Penetration depth.

The fall cone factor can vary between 0.5 and 1.33. It can be estimated as proposed by Llano-Serna and Contreras:<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Llano-Serna|first1=Marcelo A.|last2=Contreras|first2=Luis F.|date=2019-03-15|title=The effect of surface roughness and shear rate during fall-cone calibration|url=https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/10.1680/jgeot.18.P.222|journal=Géotechnique|volume=70|issue=4|language=en|pages=332–342|doi=10.1680/jgeot.18.P.222|s2cid=134061032|issn=0016-8505}}</ref>

<math>K=0.37+0.1\ln{\omega}</math>

where,

''<math>\omega</math> ='' Equivalent rate of rotation when measuring the undrained shear strength using the mini [[shear vane]] test.


A summary of different existing standards is shown in the table below:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Country
!Russia
!UK
!France
!India
!Australia
!New Zealand
!China
!ISO
!Sweden
!Norway
!Canada
!Japan
|-
!Standard
!GOST 5184-49
!BS 1377
!NF P 94-052-1
!IS 2720
!AS 1289
!NZS 4402
!SD128-007-84
!ISO/TS 17892-12
!SS 027120
!NS 8002
!CAN/BNQ 2501-092-M-86
!JGS 0142
|-
|Cone angle (°)
|30
|30
|30
|30.5
|30
|30
|30
|30, 60
|60
|60
|60
|60
|-
|Cone mass (g)
|76
|80
|80
|80
|80
|80
|76
|80, 60
|60
|60
|60
|60
|-
|Relationship used during interpretation
|''h-w''
|''h-w''
|''h-w''
|''h-w''
|''h-w''
|''h-w''
|log ''h'' - log ''w''
|''h'' - ''w'', log ''h'' - ''w''
|log ''h'' - ''w''
|log ''h'' - ''w''
|''h - w''
|''h -w'' 
|-
|Cone penetration depth at liquid limit (mm)
|10
|20
|17
|20
|20
|20
|17
|20, 10
|10
|10
|10
|11.5
|}    

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fall Cone Test}}
[[Category:Soil shear strength tests]]