View source for Elpidio Quirino

{{Short description|President of the Philippines from 1948 to 1953}}
{{Philippine name|Rivera|Quirino}}
{{Use Philippine English|date=April 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image               = Elpidio R Quirino.jpg
| office              = President of the Philippines
| term_start          = April 17, 1948
| term_end            = December 30, 1953
| vicepresident       = [[Ramon Avanceña]] <small>(1948–1949; ''[[de facto]]'')</small><br />[[Fernando Lopez]] <small>(1949–1953)</small>
| predecessor         = [[Manuel Roxas]]
| successor           = [[Ramon Magsaysay]]
| office2             = Vice President of the Philippines
| president2          = [[Manuel Roxas]]
| term_start2         = May 28, 1946
| term_end2           = April 17, 1948
| predecessor2        = [[Sergio Osmeña]]
| successor2          = [[Fernando Lopez]]
| office3             = [[Secretary of Foreign Affairs (Philippines)|Secretary of Foreign Affairs]]
| term_start3         = September 16, 1946
| term_end3           = January 6, 1950
| president3          = [[Manuel Roxas]]<br /> ''Himself''
| predecessor3        = ''Abolished'' <br/> <small>Position last held by [[Felipe Buencamino]] in 1899 as Secretary of Foreign Relations</small>
| successor3          = Felino Neri
| office4             = [[Secretary of Finance (Philippines)|Secretary of Finance]]
| term_start4         = May 28, 1946
| term_end4           = November 24, 1946
| president4          = [[Manuel Roxas]]
| predecessor4        = Jaime Hernandez
| successor4          = [[Miguel Cuaderno]]
| term_start5         = July 25, 1934
| term_end5           = February 18, 1936
| president5          = [[Manuel L. Quezon]]
| predecessor5        = Vicente Encarnación
| successor5          = [[Antonio de las Alas]]
| office6             = [[Secretary of the Interior and Local Government|Secretary of the Interior]]
| term_start6         = 1935
| term_end6           = 1938
| president6          = [[Manuel L. Quezon]]
| predecessor6        = [[Teófilo Sison]]
| successor6          = Rafael Alunan
| office7             = [[President pro tempore of the Senate of the Philippines]]
| president7          = [[Sergio Osmeña]]
| term_start7         = July 9, 1945
| term_end7           = May 25, 1946
| predecessor7        = [[José Avelino]] (acting)
| successor7          = Melecio Arranz
| office8             = [[Senator of the Philippines]]
| term_start8         = July 9, 1945
| term_end8           = May 28, 1946
| term_start9         = 1925
| term_end9           = November 15, 1935
| alongside9          = [[Isabelo de los Reyes]] <small>(1925–1928)</small> <br />[[Melecio Arranz]] <small>(1928–1935)</small>
| predecessor9        = [[Santiago Fonacier]]
| successor9          = ''Position abolished''
| constituency9       = [[Philippines's 1st senatorial district|1st senatorial district]]
| office10            = Member of the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]] from [[Ilocos Sur]]'s [[Ilocos Sur's 1st congressional district|1st]] district
| term_start10        = 1919
| term_end10          = 1922
| predecessor10       = Alberto Reyes
| successor10         = Vicente Singson Pablo
| birth_name          = Elpidio Rivera Quirino
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1890|11|16}}
| birth_place         = [[Vigan]], [[Ilocos Sur]], [[Captaincy General of the Philippines]], [[Spanish East Indies]]
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1956|2|29|1890|11|16}}
| death_place         = [[Quezon City]], Philippines
| resting_place       = [[Manila South Cemetery]] (1956–2016)<br />[[Libingan ng mga Bayani]] (since 2016)
| party               = [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal]] (1946–1956)
| otherparty          = [[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]] (1919-1946)
| spouse              = {{marriage|Alicia Syquia|1921|1945|reason=her death}}
| relations           = [[Cory Quirino]] (granddaughter)
| children            = 5, including [[Victoria Quirino-Delgado|Victoria Quirino González]]
| profession          = Lawyer
| alma_mater          = [[University of the Philippines Manila|University of the Philippines]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B]])
| signature           = Elpidio Quirino autograph.svg
| order               = 6th
| order2              = 2nd
}}
'''Elpidio Rivera Quirino''' ({{IPA|tl|kiˈɾino|lang}}; November 16, 1890 – February 29, 1956) was a [[Philippine nationality law|Filipino]] lawyer and politician who served as the 6th [[President of the Philippines]] from 1948 to 1953.

A lawyer by profession, Quirino entered politics when he became a representative of [[Ilocos Sur]]'s [[Ilocos Sur's 1st congressional district|1st district]] from 1919 to 1922. He was then elected as a senator from 1925 to 1935. In 1934, he became a member of the Philippine Independence Commission that was sent to [[Washington, D.C.]], which secured the passage of [[Tydings–McDuffie Act]] to the [[American Congress|United States Congress]]. In 1935, he was also elected to the [[1934 Philippine Constitutional Convention election|1935 Constitutional Convention]] that drafted the [[1935 Constitution of the Philippines|1935 Philippine Constitution]] for the newly established [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|Philippine Commonwealth]]. In the new government, he served as secretary of the interior and finance under the cabinet of [[Manuel Quezon|President Manuel L. Quezon]].

After World War II, Quirino was elected vice-president in the [[1946 Philippine general election|April 1946 presidential election]], consequently the second and last for the Commonwealth and first for the [[Third Republic of the Philippines|Third Republic]]. After the death of incumbent President [[Manuel Roxas]] in April 1948, he succeeded to the presidency. He won a full term under the [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party ticket]], defeating [[Nacionalista]] former president [[José P. Laurel]] as well as fellow ''Liberalista'' and former [[Senate President of the Philippines|Senate President]] [[José Avelino|José Dira Avelino]].

The Quirino administration was generally challenged by the [[Hukbalahap]], who ransacked towns and barrios. Quirino ran for president again in November 1953 but was defeated by [[Ramon Magsaysay]] in a landslide.

==Early life and career==
Elpidio Quirino y Rivera was born on November 16, 1890, at the Vigan Provincial Jail in [[Vigan]], [[Ilocos Sur province|Ilocos Sur]]. He was the third child of Mariano Quirino y Quebral of [[Caoayan]], Ilocos Sur and Gregoria Rivera y Mendoza of [[Agoo]], [[La Union]].<ref name="BM">{{Cite news |date=November 10, 2015 |title=President Elpidio Quirino's 125th Birth Anniversary |work=[[BusinessMirror]] |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2015/11/10/president-elpidio-quirinos-125th-birth-anniversary/ |access-date=August 6, 2020}}</ref> A [[Sangley|Chinese]] [[Filipino Mestizos|mestizo]] descendant, Quirino was baptized on November 19, 1890.<ref name="Tan 1986">{{Cite journal |last=Tan |first=Antonio S. |date=1986 |title=The Chinese Mestizos and the Formation of the Filipino Nationality |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_1986_num_32_1_2316 |journal=Archipel |volume=32 |pages=141–162 |doi=10.3406/arch.1986.2316 |via=Persée}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-L9ZK-KWXS?i=500|title=Registros parroquiales, 1713–1994|last=Catholic Church|first=Conversion of St. Paul, the Apostle (Vigan, Ilocos Sur)|date=November 19, 1890|website=[[Family Search]]|access-date=October 29, 2016}}</ref>

His daughter, [[Victoria Quirino-Delgado|Victoria]], became the youngest hostess of [[Malacañang Palace]], at 16 years old, when Quirino ascended to the presidency on April 17, 1948. She married Luis M. Gonzalez in 1950, who became [[List of ambassadors of the Philippines to Spain|Philippine ambassador to Spain]] from 1966 to 1971.

==Congressional career==

===House of Representatives===
Quirino was engaged in private law practice of until he was elected as member of the [[Philippine House of Representatives]] for [[Ilocos Sur's 1st congressional district]] from 1919 to 1922, succeeding Alberto Reyes. He served for only one term and was succeeded by Vicente Singson Pablo in 1922.

===Senate===
Quirino was first elected as a senator from the [[Philippines's 1st senatorial district|1st senatorial district]] in 1925. He was re-elected in 1931 and served until the bicameral Congress was abolished in favor of the unicameral [[National Assembly of the Philippines]].<ref name=":0" /> 

As a senator, he was briefly assigned by Senate President [[Manuel Quezon]] as acting [[Majority Floor Leader of the Senate of the Philippines|Senate Majority Leader]] from 1932 to 1933<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |title=Vice President Elpidio Quirino |url=https://repository.mainlib.upd.edu.ph/omekas/files/original/c671f5f38186cc239362890f178673d5d59ddac7.pdf |date=1948 |publisher=[[UP Diliman]]}}</ref> due to Quezon, senate majority leader [[Benigno Aquino Sr.]], and [[Sergio Osmeña]] went on leave and made trips to the United States. These were to protect the proposed [[Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act|Hare–Hawes–Cutting bill]] in U.S. Congress and to amend the bill because of opposition from the Philippine Legislature.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Gripaldo |first=Rolando |date=2017 |title=Quezon and Osmeña on the Hare-Hawes Cutting and Tydings-McDuffie Act |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/54021405/Quezon_and_Osmena_on_the_Hare-Hawes-Cutting_and_Tydings-McDuffie_Acts_2017a.pdf |journal=Quezon-Winslow Correspondence and Other Essays}}</ref> In the senate, Quirino also became chairman of a joint committee on taxation.<ref name=":2" />

He was later secured a comeback to the Senate in 1941, but was not able to serve until 1945 due to [[World War II]].<ref name=":0" /> During the Philippine Commonwealth, he became Senate President pro tempore from 1942 but did not serve until 1945. His term as senator ended in 1946.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=List of Previous Senators - Senate of the Philippines |url=https://web.senate.gov.ph/senators/senlist.asp |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=web.senate.gov.ph |quote=Although its members were elected in November 1941, this body was convoked only in June 1945, with only 16 members in attendance, for the rest had either died or had been detained on charges of collaboration with the Japanese.}}</ref>

==Vice presidency (1946–1948)==
[[File:Elpidio Quirino during Manuel Roxas wake.jpg|thumb|President Elpidio Quirino weeps beside the coffin of his predecessor, Manuel Roxas during the latter's wake in 1948|left|200px]]

Soon after the reconstitution of the Commonwealth government in 1945, Senators [[Manuel Roxas]], Quirino and their allies called for an early national election to choose the president and vice president of the Philippines and members of the Congress. In December 1945, the House Insular Affairs of the [[United States Congress]] approved the joint resolution setting the date of the election on not later than April 30, 1946.

Prompted by this congressional action, President [[Sergio Osmeña]] called the [[Congress of the Philippines|Philippine Congress]] to a three-day special session. Congress enacted Commonwealth Act No. 725, setting the date of the election on April 23, 1946. The act was signed by President Osmeña on January 5, 1946.

Quirino was nominated as Senate President [[Manuel Roxas]]'s running mate. The tandem won the election. As Vice President, Quirino was appointed Secretary of Foreign Affairs.

==Presidency (1948–1953)==
{{seealso|List of executive orders by Elpidio Quirino}}
{{Infobox President styles
|name = Elpidio Quirino
|image = [[File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines_1951-late_1960s.svg|100px]]
|dipstyle = [[His Excellency]]
|offstyle = Your Excellency
|altstyle = Mr. President
}}
Quirino's five years as president were marked by notable postwar reconstruction, general economic gains and increased economic aid from the United States.

===Administration and cabinet===
{{Main|List of cabinets of the Philippines#Elpidio Quirino (1948–1953)}}

===First term (1948–1949)===

====Accession====
[[File:Qurinoinugration1948.jpg|thumb|right|Vice President Quirino taking the oath of office as inaugurated as President of the Philippines at the Council of State Room, Executive Building, [[Malacañang Palace]].]]

Quirino assumed the presidency on April 17, 1948, taking his oath of office two days after the death of Manuel Roxas two days earlier of a heart attack after delivering a speech at [[Clark Air Base]] in [[Pampanga]]. The inauguration took place at the Council of State Room of the Malacañang Palace in [[Manila]] as the second non-scheduled extraordinary [[Philippine presidential inauguration|presidential inauguration]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Third Republic |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/third-republic/ |accessdate=June 2, 2023 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]}}</ref> [[Associate Justice of the Philippines|Associate Justice]] of the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] [[Ricardo Paras]] administered the oath of office. On the same day, Quirino delivered his short, 47-word inaugural remarks at the same room.<ref>{{cite speech |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1948/04/17/inaugural-remarks-of-president-quirino-after-the-demise-of-president-roxas-april-17-1948/ |title=Inaugural Remarks of President Quirino after the Demise of President Roxas |date=April 17, 1948 |accessdate=June 2, 2023 |publisher=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]}}</ref>

His first official act as the President was the proclamation of a [[State funeral|state mourning]] throughout the country for Roxas's death. Since Quirino was a widower, his surviving daughter, Victoria, would serve as the official hostess and perform the functions traditionally ascribed to the [[First Lady of the Philippines|First Lady]].

====New capital city====
On July 17, 1948, Congress approved Republic Act No. 333, amending Commonwealth Act No. 502, declaring [[Quezon City]] as the new capital of the [[Philippines]], replacing [[Manila]].<ref name="Molina 1961">{{Cite book |last=Molina |first=Antonio |title=The Philippines: Through the Centuries |date=1961 |publisher=University of Santo Tomas Cooperative |location=Manila}}</ref> Nevertheless, pending the official transfer of the government offices to the new capital site, Manila remained to be such for all effective purposes.<ref name="Molina 1961" />

====Hukbalahap====
The term Hukbalahap was a contraction of ''Hukbong Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon'' (in English: The Nation's Army Against the Japanese Soldiers), members of which were commonly referred to as ''Huks''.

With the expiration of the Amnesty deadline on August 15, 1948, the government found out that the [[Hukbalahap|Huks]] had not lived up to the terms of the Quirino-Taruc agreement. Indeed, after having been seated in Congress and collecting his back pay allowance, Huk leader [[Luis Taruc]] surreptitiously fled away from Manila, even as a number of his followers had either submitted themselves to the conditions of the Amnesty proclamation or surrendered their arms. In the face of countercharges from the Huk to the effect that the government had not satisfied the agreed conditions, President Quirino ordered a stepped-up campaign against dissidents, restoring once more an aggressive policy in view of the failure of the friendly attitude previously adopted.<ref name="Molina 1961" />

====Fireside chats====
To bring the government closer to the people, he revived President Quezon's "fireside chats", in which he enlightened the people on the activities of the Republic by the periodic radio broadcasts from Malacañang Palace.

====Impeachment attempt====
[[File:Quirino-waving.jpg|thumb|Quirino waving to the crowd]]

Riding on the crest of the growing wave of resentment against the Liberal Party, a move was next hatched to indict President Quirino himself.<ref name="Molina 1961" /> Led by Representative Agripino Escareal, a committee composed of seven members of the House of Representatives prepared a five-count accusation ranging from [[nepotism]] to gross expenditures. [[Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines|Speaker]] Eugenio Pérez appointed a committee of seven, headed by Representative [[Lorenzo Sumulong]] to look into the charges preparatory to their filing with the [[Senate of the Philippines|Senate]], acting as an impeachment body. [[Office of the Solicitor General (Philippines)|Solicitor General]] Felix Angelo Bautista entered his appearance as defense counsel for the chief executive.<ref name="Molina 1961" /> Following several hearings, on April 19, 1949, after a rather turbulent session that lasted all night, the congressional committee reached a verdict completely exonerating the President.

====Romulo becomes President of the UN General Assembly====
In September 1949, the Fourth General Assembly of the United Nations elected delegate [[Carlos P. Romulo]] as its [[President of the United Nations General Assembly|President]]. The first<ref name="Molina 1961" /> Oriental to hold the position, Romulo was strongly supported by the [[Anglo-Saxon]] bloc, as well as by the group of Spanish-speaking nations,<ref name="Molina 1961" /> thus underscoring the hybrid nature of the Filipino people's culture and upbringing.<ref name="Molina 1961" />

====1949 presidential election====
{{Main|1949 Philippine presidential election}}

Incumbent President Quirino won a full term as President after the untimely death of President Manuel Roxas in 1948 in the [[1949 Philippine presidential election|November 1949 presidential election]]. His running mate, [[Senate of the Philippines|Senator]] [[Fernando López]], won as [[Vice President of the Philippines|Vice President]]. Despite factions created in the administration party, Quirino won a satisfactory vote from the public. It was the only time in Philippine history where the duly elected president, vice president and senators all came from the same party, the Liberal Party. The election was widely criticized as being corrupt,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coronel |first=Sheila S. |date=November 2, 2005 |title=Lana's Dirty Secrets |url=http://pcij.org/stories/lanaos-dirty-secrets/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916171429/http://pcij.org/stories/lanaos-dirty-secrets/ |archive-date=September 16, 2017 |access-date=June 14, 2017 |website=Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism}}</ref> with violence and fraud taking place.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hedman |first1=Eva-Lotta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X_lDpY3vj60C&dq=1949%2520philippine%2520election%2520fraud&pg=PA31 |title=Philippine Politics and Society in the Twentieth Century: Colonial Legacies, Post-Colonial Trajectories |last2=Sidel |first2=John |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-75421-2}}</ref> Opponents of Quirino were beaten or murdered by his supporters or the police and the election continues to be seen as corrupt.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Politics of Elections in Southeast Asia |date=1996 |publisher=Woodrow Wilson Center Press |isbn=0-521-56404-2 |editor-last=Taylor |editor-first=R. H.}}</ref>

===Second term (1949–1953)===
Quirino's second inauguration took place on Friday, December 30, 1949, at the [[Quirino Grandstand|Independence Grandstand]] in [[Manila]].<ref>{{cite speech |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1949/12/30/inaugural-address-of-president-quirino/ |title=Inaugural Address of His Excellency Elpidio Quirino President of the Philippines |date=December 30, 1949 |accessdate=June 2, 2023 |publisher=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]}}</ref> [[Chief Justice of the Philippines|Chief Justice]] of the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] [[Manuel Moran]] administered the oath of office.[[File:Quirino1949Inauguration.jpg|thumb|President Elpidio Quirino taking the oath of office for his first full term as President of the Philippines at the Independence Grandstand (now [[Quirino Grandstand]]) in [[Manila]].]]

====Regional conference====
In May 1950, upon the invitation of President Quirino and through the insistent suggestion of United Nations General Assembly President Romulo, official representatives of [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]], [[Thailand]], [[Indonesia]], and [[Australia]] met in [[Baguio]] for a regional conference sponsored by the Philippines.<ref name="Molina 1961" /> [[Taiwan]] and [[South Korea]] did not attend the conference because the latter did not contemplate the formation of a military union of the [[Southeast Asia]]n nations. On the other hand, Japan, Indonesia, Taiwan, and others were not invited because, at the time, they were not free and independent states.{{Dubious|date=December 2024}} Due to the request of India and Indonesia, no political questions were taken up the conference.<ref name="Molina 1961" /> Instead, the delegates discussed economic and, most of all, cultural, problems confronting their respective countries. Strangely enough however, the Baguio Conference ended with an official [[communiqué]] in which the nations attending the same expressed their united agreement in supporting the right to self-determination of all peoples the world over. This initial regional meet held much promise of a future alliance of these neighboring nations for common protection and aid.<ref name="Molina 1961" />

====Huks' continued re-insurgence====
The Quirino administration faced a serious threat in the form of the [[Communism|communist]] Hukbalahap movement. Although the Huks originally had been an anti-Japanese guerrilla army in Luzon, communists steadily gained control over the leadership, and when Quirino's negotiation with Huk commander Luis Taruc broke down in 1948. Taruc then openly declared himself a communist and called for the overthrow of the government.

====Peace campaign====
With the communist organization estimated to still have more than 40,000 duly registered members by March 1951, the government went on with its sustained campaign to cope with the worsening peace and order problem.<ref name="Molina 1961" /> The 1951 budget included the use of a residue fund for the land resettlement program in favor of the surrendered HUKS. The money helped maintain the Economic Development Corps (EDCOR), with its settlements of 6,500 hectares in Kapatagan ([[Lanao (province)|Lanao]]) and 25,000 hectares in Buldon ([[Cotabato]]). In each group taken to these places there was a nucleus of former Army personnel and their families, who became a stabilizing factor and ensured the success of the program. Indeed, less than ten percent of the Huks who settled down gave up this new lease in life offered them by the government.<ref name="Molina 1961" />

To promote the smooth restructuring of the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]], the military were made to undergo a reorganization.<ref name="Molina 1961" /> Battalion combat teams of 1,000 men each were established. Each operated independently of the High Command, except for overall coordination in operational plans. A total of 26 Battalion Combat Teams were put up. New army units were also established, such was the first [[Airborne forces|Airborne]] Unit, the [[1st Scout Ranger Regiment|Scout Rangers]], the [[Dog|Canine]] Unit, and the [[Cavalry]] Unit. These units all showed considerable ability.<ref name="Molina 1961" />

====Assassination plot====
In early January 1951, a communist plot to assassinate leading government officials was discovered following the seizure of documents in a rebel camp, which showed that 40 men had been hired for the plan.<ref name="dm0151t" /> Among the intended victims were Quirino, Lopez, and then defense secretary Magsaysay.<ref name="dm0151t" /><ref name="ma0151t" /><ref name="gb0151g" /> On January 24, four [[Chinese people|Chinese nationals]]—suspected would-be assassins—were arrested in a raid in [[Chinatown, Manila]];<ref name="dm0151t">{{cite news |date=January 25, 1951 |title=Bid to Kill Pres. Quirino Alleged |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/275090180?searchTerm=philippine%20communist%20arrested |agency=[[British United Press]] |newspaper=[[The Daily Mirror (Sydney)|The Daily Mirror]] |location=[[Sydney]] |publisher= |access-date=January 25, 2025 |page=6 |via=[[Trove]]}}</ref><ref name="gb0151g" /> they were later held at [[Philippine Army]] headquarters at [[Camp Aguinaldo|Camp Murphy]].<ref name="gb0151g">{{cite news |date=January 26, 1951 |title=Philippine plot is uncovered |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8yJgAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA1&dq=philippine+communist+arrested&article_id=6064,949012&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiRseOk8JSLAxUAia8BHbiUCLwQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=philippine%20communist%20arrested&f=false |agency=[[United Press]] |newspaper=[[The Grape Belt and Chautauqua Farmer|The Grape Belt]] |location=[[Dunkirk, New York]] |publisher= |access-date=January 26, 2025 |page=1 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

Intelligence sources reported that the plot was directed by Co Pak, a businessman who had been arrested<ref name="ma0151t">{{cite news |date=January 25, 1951 |title=Red plot to assassinate president |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/27010474?searchTerm=philippine%20communist%20arrested |agency=[[Australian Associated Press]] |newspaper=[[The Mercury (Hobart)|The Mercury]] |location=[[Hobart]] |publisher= |access-date=January 25, 2025 |page=2 |via=[[Trove]]}}</ref><ref name="gb0151g" /> for allegedly supporting the Hukbalahap and his fellow communists in the country.<ref name="cma0251t" /> He had escaped every arrests several times. On February 19, he was [[deport]]ed by the government to [[Formosa]] through a [[Philippine Air Force]] plane.<ref name="cma0251t">{{cite news |date=February 20, 1951 |title=Oust millionaire |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/50089811?searchTerm=philippine%20communist%20arrested |agency=[[Australian Associated Press]] |newspaper=[[The Courier-Mail]] |location=[[Brisbane]] |publisher= |access-date=January 25, 2025 |page=1 |via=[[Trove]]}}</ref>

====1951 midterm election====
{{Main|1951 Philippine general election}}

After a sweep by the Liberals in 1949, many Filipinos doubted the election result. This brought a sweep by the [[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalistas]] in the 1951 elections. There was a special election for the vacated Senate seat of [[Fernando Lopez]], who won as vice president in 1949. The Liberals won no seats in the Senate.

====1953 presidential election====
{{Main|1953 Philippine presidential election}}

Quirino ran for re-election to the presidency with [[José Yulo]] as his running mate in 1953 despite his ill health. His [[Department of National Defense (Philippines)|Secretary of National Defense]], [[Ramon Magsaysay]], resigned from office and joined the [[Nacionalista Party]]. Other prominent [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberals]] including Vice President Fernando Lopez, Ambassador Carlos Romulo, and Senators [[Tomás Cabili]] and [[Juan Sumulong]] also bolted Quirino's party.

On August 22, 1953, the [[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]] and [[Democratic Party (Philippines)|Democratic Parties]] formed a coalition to ensure Quirino's full defeat. On [[1953 Philippine presidential election|Election Day]], Quirino was defeated by Magsaysay with a landslide vote margin of 1.5 million.

Quirino was accused of a [[Golden arinola scandal]] which led him to losing the [[1953 Philippine presidential election]]

===Domestic policies===
{{Infobox
|name         = 
|title        = <small>Economy of the Philippines under</small><br />President Elpidio Quirino<br /><small>1948–1953</small>
|titlestyle   = 
|above        = 
|imagestyle   = 
|captionstyle = 
|image        = 
|caption      = 
|image2       =
|caption2     = 
|bodystyle = width:26em; padding: 0px;
|abovestyle = background: lightblue;
|headerstyle = background: lightblue;
|labelstyle = font-weight: normal;
|header1  = Population
|label2   = '''1948'''
|data2    = <math>\approx</math> 19.23&nbsp;million
|header3  = Gross Domestic Product (1985 constant prices)
|label4   = '''1948'''
|data4    = {{increase}} [[Philippine peso|Php]] 99,628 million
|label5  = '''1953'''
|data5 =   {{increase}}[[Philippine peso|Php]] 146,070 million
|label6 = '''Growth rate, 1948–53'''
|data6 = 9.32 %
|header7 = Per capita income (1985 constant prices)
|label8 = '''1948'''
|data8 = {{increase}} [[Philippine peso|Php]] 5,180 
|label9 = '''1953'''
|data9 = {{increase}} [[Philippine peso|Php]] 7,596
|header10 = Total exports
|label11 = '''1948'''
|data11 = {{increase}} [[Philippine peso|Php]] 35,921 million
|label12 = '''1953'''
|data12 = {{decrease}} [[Philippine peso|Php]] 34, 432 million
|header13 = [[Exchange rate]]s
|data14 = 1 US US$ = [[Philippine peso|Php]] 2.00<br /> 1 [[Philippine peso|Php]] = US US$ 0.50
|data15 = ''Sources'': [https://web.archive.org/web/20110714131730/http://filipinopresidency.multiply.com/photos/album/26#photo=13 Philippine Presidency Project]<br />{{cite book|last1=Malaya|first1=Jonathan|authorlink1=Jonathan Malaya|first2=Eduardo|last2=Malaya |title=So Help Us God... The Inaugurals of the Presidents of the Philippines|publisher=[[Anvil Publishing|Anvil Publishing, Inc.]]}}
}}

====Economy====
Upon assuming the reins of government, Quirino announced two main objectives of his administration: first, the [[economic reconstruction]] of the nation and second, the restoration of the faith and confidence of the people in the government. In connection to the first agenda, he created the President's Action Committee on Social Amelioration (PACSA) to mitigate the sufferings of indigent families, the Labor Management Advisory Board to advise him on labor matters, the Agricultural Credit Cooperatives Financing Administration (ACCFA) to help the farmers market their crops and save them from loan sharks, and the Rural Banks of the Philippines to facilitate credit utilities in rural areas.

The Import and Exchange Control Act of 1948 was fully implemented only after Quirino won. During his term, Congress also created the [[Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas|Central Bank of the Philippines]] to control currency, banking, and credit. Before implementing controls, the Bell Trade Act required approval from the U. S. President. President [[Harry S. Truman]] agreed to the controls if the Philippines accepted an all-American economic mission called the Bell Mission, led by [[Daniel Bell]], which surveyed the country’s economy in July 1950. The mission reported the harsh economic conditions of the Philippines. Its findings led to the Romulo-Snyder Agreement and the Quirino-Foster Agreement, including a $70 million loan proposal from Central Bank Governor [[Miguel Cuaderno Sr.|Miguel Cuaderno]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Jimenez |first=Miguel Antonio |date=2018-09-28 |title=VIEWS ON THE PHILIPPINE ECONOMY THROUGH THE NATIONALIST LENS: 1945 - 1992 |url=http://www.talakasaysayan.org/index.php/talakasaysayan/article/view/7 |journal=TALA: An Online Journal of History |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |issn=2651-7108}}</ref>

====Social programs====
Enhancing President Manuel Roxas' policy of social justice to alleviate the lot of the common mass, President Quirino, almost immediately after assuming office, started a series of steps calculated to effectively ameliorate the economic condition of the people.<ref name="Molina 1961" /> After periodic surprise visits to the slums of Manila and other backward regions of the country, President Quirino officially made public a seven-point program for social security which included the following:<ref name="Molina 1961" />

#Unemployment insurance
#Old-age insurance
#Accident and permanent disability insurance
#Health insurance
#Maternity insurance
#State relief; and
#Labor opportunities
President Quirino also created the Social Security Commission and appointed Social Welfare Commissioner Asuncion Perez as its chairperson.<ref name="Molina 1961" /> This was followed by the creation of the PACSA, charges with extending aid, loans, and relief to less fortunate citizens. Both the policy and its implementation were hailed by the people as harbingers of great benefits.<ref name="Molina 1961" />

====Agrarian reform====
{{See also|Land reform in the Philippines}}

As part of his agrarian reform agenda, President Quirino issued Executive Order No. 355 on October 23, 1950, which replaced the National Land Settlement Administration with Land Settlement Development Corporation (LASEDECO) which takes over the responsibilities of the Agricultural Machinery Equipment Corporation and the Rice and Corn Production Administration.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dar.gov.ph/ar_history.html |title=Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) – Organizational Chart |access-date=October 23, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218115202/http://www.dar.gov.ph/ar_history.html |archive-date=February 18, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Integrity board====
To cope with the insistent clamor for government improvement, President Quirino created the Integrity Board to probe into reports of graft and corruption in high government positions. Vice President Fernando Lopez was most instrumental through his courageous exposés, in securing such a decision from President Quirino.<ref name="Molina 1961" />

===Foreign policies===
[[File:Truman Quirino.jpg|thumb|200px|right|US President [[Harry S. Truman]] in the Oval Office, evidently receiving a cane as a gift from the Philippine President Elpidio Quirino as Ambassador [[Joaquín Miguel Elizalde|Joaquín Elizalde]] looks on.]]

Quirino's administration excelled in diplomacy, impressing foreign heads of states and world statesmen by his intelligence and culture. He had official travels to the United States, European countries, and Southeast Asia. During his six years in office, he and his [[Foreign minister|Foreign Affairs Secretary]], [[Roy Anthony Cutaran Bennett|Helen Cutaran Bennett]], was able to negotiate treaties and agreements with other nations of the [[Free World]]. Two Asian heads of state visited the country—President [[Chiang Kai-shek]] of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] in July 1949 and President [[Sukarno]] of [[Indonesia]] in January 1951.

In 1950, at the onset of the [[Korean War]], President Quirino authorized the deployment of over 7,450 Filipino soldiers to Korea, under the designation of the [[Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea]] (PEFTOK).
{{Pull quote|float=left|width=35%|
While I recognise the United States as a great builder in this country, I have never
surrendered the sovereignty, much less the dignity and future of our country.|author= Elpidio Quirino<ref name="quirino-phil-arch">{{cite web|url=http://philippines-archipelago.com/people/presidents/elpidio_quirino.html|title=Elpidio Quirino|access-date=2009-08-09}}</ref>}}

In 1951, the Philippines signed the [[Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–Philippines)|Mutual Defense Treaty]] with the United States to deter the threat of [[communism]] that existed during the [[Cold War]]. The military alliance remains to this day a key pillar of American foreign policy in Asia that also includes defense pacts with Japan, South Korea, Thailand, and Australia. 

In an apparent show of genuine forgiveness and an attempt to improve public relations with Japan, Quirino granted amnesty to all Japanese war criminals and Filipino collaborators who were serving time or on death row in the Philippines. Quirino had lost his own wife and three children to the Japanese, along with five other members of his family. Despite this great personal loss, he said, "I do not want my children and my people to inherit from me hate for people who might yet be our friends, for the permanent interest of the country."<ref name="IAFOR2016">{{Cite web| title = Ending Hatred and the Start of Healing: President Elpidio Quirino's Pardoning of Japanese War Criminals in the Philippines and its Aftermath| author = de Viana A| work = International Academic Forum| date = 2016| access-date = 30 September 2024| url = https://papers.iafor.org/wp-content/uploads/papers/apsec2016/APSec2016_33033.pdf}}</ref> Due to the high anti-Japanese sentiment at the time, many observers considered his actions to be political suicide.<ref name="IAFOR2016"/> Controversially, Quirino even pardoned Japanese war criminals who murdered, raped, and inflicted other serious crimes towards Filipinos during World War II. The ''[[Manila Bulletin]]'', an influential Filipino newspaper, has described his actions as "a historic gesture of 'forgiving the unforgivable'".<ref name="MB2023">{{Cite web| title = A remarkable act of forgiveness and reconciliation| author = Bunye IR | work = Manila Bulletin| date = 23 July 2023| access-date = 30 September 2024| url = https://mb.com.ph/2023/7/23/a-remarkable-act-of-forgiveness-and-reconciliation}}</ref> All of the convicts were released by December 1953. They had been tried by the American-operated [[Philippine War Crimes Commission]] or Filipino civil courts.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1953-07-27 |title=SEQUELS: Forgiving Neighbor |language=en-US |magazine=Time |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,936085,00.html |access-date=2022-09-15 |issn=0040-781X}}</ref> The pardons contributed to the reconciliation between the Philippines and Japan which eventually led to a friendly relationship.<ref name="PNA2023">{{Cite web| title = Japan commemorates Quirino pardon for over 100 WWII POWs | author = Rocamora JAL| work = Philippine News Agency| date = 13 July 2023| access-date = 30 September 2024| url = https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1205595}}</ref>

====Korean War====
[[File:Vicky Quirino (Malacanang photo).jpg|thumb|His daughter [[Victoria Quirino-Gonzalez|Victoria]] served as the First Lady during his presidency]]

On June 25, 1950, the world was astonished to hear the [[North Korea]]n aggression against the independent South Korea. The United Nations immediately took up this challenge to the security of this part of the world. Carlos Romulo soon stood out as the most effective spokesman for the South Korean cause.<ref name="Molina 1961" /> On behalf of the government, Romulo offered to send a Philippine military contingent to be under the overall command of General [[Douglas MacArthur]], who had been named United Nations supreme commander for the punitive expedition. The Philippines, thus, became the first country to join the United States in the offer of military assistance to beleaguered South Korea.<ref name="Molina 1961" />

President Quirino took the necessary steps to make the Philippine offer. On a purely voluntary basis, the first contingent – the Tenth Battalion Combat Team – was formed under Colonel Azurin, and dispatched to Korea, where its members quickly won much renown for their military skill and bravery. The name of Captain Jose Artiaga, Jr., heroically killed in action, stands out as a symbol of the country's contribution to the cause of freedom outside native shores. Other Philippine Combat Teams successively replaced the first contingent sent, and they all built a name for discipline, tenacity, and courage, until the armistice that brought the conflict to a halt.<ref name="Molina 1961" />

====Quirino-Foster Agreement====
By the time of the creation of the Integrity Board, the Bell Mission, led by American banker [[Daniel W. Bell]] and composed of five members with a staff of twenty workers, following their period of stay in the Philippines, beginning in July 1950, finally submitted its report on October of the same year.<ref name="Molina 1961" /> The report made several proposals, most noteworthy, of which were that the United States on, President Quirino gamely and patriotically,<ref name="Molina 1961" /> took in the recommendations and sought to implement them. Thus, in November 1950, President Quirino and [[William Chapman Foster]], representing the [[United States government]], signed an agreement by virtue of which the former pledged to obtain the necessary Philippine legislation, in keeping with the Bell Mission Report, while envoy Foster promised the necessary by the same report.<ref name="Molina 1961" />

The agreement also called for renegotiating the Bell Trade Agreement and signing a Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation for the U.S. recognition of the Philippines’ independence. Senator [[Claro M. Recto]] labeled this a “mendicant foreign policy” since it allowed U.S. advisors into government offices, leading to official American intervention in the country's government and economy.<ref name=":3" />

However, much as he tried to become a good president, Quirino failed to win the people's affection. Several factors caused the unpopularity of his administration, namely:<ref>Quoted from {{cite book|last=Zaide|first=Gregorio|title=Philippine Political and Cultural History: the Philippines since British Invasion|publisher=McCullough Printing Company|location=Manila, Philippines|year=1956|edition=1957 Revised|volume=2|pages=25|chapter=25}}</ref>
* Failure of the government to check the Huk threat that made travel in the provinces unsafe, as evidenced by the killing of former [[First Lady of the Philippines|First Lady]] [[Aurora Quezon]] and her companions on April 28, 1949, by the Huks on the Bongabong-Baler Road in Baler, Tayabas (now part of [[Aurora (province)|Aurora]]);
* Economic distress of the times, aggravated by rising unemployment rate, soaring prices of commodities, and unfavorable balance of trade.

==Post-presidency and death (1953–1956)==
[[File:President Quirino.jpg|thumb|upright|Quirino in his mid 60s]]
[[File:2671Taguig City Landmarks 39.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|The present tomb of Elpidio Quirino at the [[Libingan ng mga Bayani]].]]

Following his failed bid for re-election, Quirino retired to private life. He offered his dedication to serve the Filipino people, becoming the "Father of [[Diplomatic service|Foreign Service]]" in the Philippines.

In the evening of February 29, 1956, Quirino was preparing to attend a meeting when he suffered a massive heart attack. He died shortly thereafter at 6:35 pm, at the age of 65, at his retirement house in [[Novaliches]], Quezon City. President [[Ramon Magsaysay]] later declared March 1 to 15 as a "[[national day of mourning|period of national mourning]]", wherein all flags at all government establishments in the country were flown at half-mast as a sign of mourning.<ref>{{cite PH act|chamber=PP|number=269, s. 1956|title=Declaring a Period of National Mourning Over the Death of Former President Elpidio Quirino|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1956/03/01/proclamation-no-269-s-1956/|date=March 1, 1956|accessdate=February 23, 2024|publisher=[[Official Gazette (Philippines)|Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]}}</ref> Quirino's remains lay in state at the [[Malacañang Palace]] from March 2 to 4. On March 5, a necrological service was held for him at the [[National Museum of Fine Arts (Manila)|Legislative Building]] in Manila and his remains were later interred at the [[Manila South Cemetery]].<ref>{{cite speech|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1956/03/05/funeral-oration-of-president-magsaysay-at-the-necrological-services-for-ex-president-quirino/|title=Funeral Oration of President Magsaysay at the Necrological Services for Ex-President Quirino|date=March 5, 1956|accessdate=February 23, 2024|publisher=[[Official Gazette (Philippines)|Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1956/03/01/official-month-in-review-march-1956/|title=Official Month in Review: March 1956|accessdate=February 23, 2024|publisher=[[Official Gazette (Philippines)|Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]}}</ref>

On February 29, 2016, his remains were relocated and reinterred at a special tomb site in the [[Libingan ng mga Bayani]] in [[Taguig]], in time for the 60th anniversary of his death.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/556950/lifestyle/elpidio-quirino-reinterred-at-libingan-ng-mga-bayani-after-60-years|title=Elpidio Quirino reinterred at Libingan ng mga Bayani after 60 years|publisher=[[GMA News]]|date=February 26, 2016|access-date=February 26, 2016}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Quirino was married to Alicia Syquía (1903–1945) on January 16, 1921. The couple had five children: Tomás, Armando, Norma, [[Victoria Quirino-Gonzalez|Victoria]], and Fe Angela. On February 9, 1945, his wife and three of their children (Armando, Norma and Fe Angela) were killed by Japanese troops as they fled their home during the [[Battle of Manila (1945)|Battle of Manila]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bunye|first1=Ignacio R.|title=Bunye: Battles that changed the course of history (Epilogue)|url=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/opinion/2015/05/24/bunye-battles-changed-course-history-epilogue-409164|access-date=August 6, 2017|work=[[Sun.Star]]|date=May 24, 2015}}</ref> His brother [[Antonio Quirino]] was the owner of Alto Broadcasting System, which later merged with Chronicle Broadcasting Network to form the [[ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vanzi|first1=Sol Jose|title=ABS-CBN's 50th Year Celebrates Philippine Television|url=http://www.newsflash.org/2003/05/be/be002608.htm|access-date=August 6, 2017|work=[[The Philippine Star]]|date=November 1, 2003|archive-date=June 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601150900/http://www.newsflash.org/2003/05/be/be002608.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Ancestry===
{{ahnentafel
|collapsible=yes
|collapsed=yes
|title=Ancestors of Elpidio Rivera Quirino
|align=center
|ref=
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #9fe;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #fb9;
|1=1. '''Elpidio Rivera Quirino'''
|2=2. Mariano Quebral Quirino<ref name="FamilySearch-Elpidio">{{cite web |title=President Elpidio Rivera Quirino |url=https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/LS6D-8J4 |website=[[FamilySearch]] |access-date=16 June 2021}}</ref>
|3=3. Gregoria Mendoza Rivera<ref name="FamilySearch-Elpidio" />
|4=4. Juan Manuel Quirino<ref name="FamilySearch-Mariano">{{cite web |title=Mariano Quirino |url=https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/L7J5-5P3 |website=[[FamilySearch]] |access-date=16 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Juan Manuel Del Rosario |url=https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/LV6J-RX3 |website=[[FamilySearch]] |access-date=16 June 2021 |quote=Alternate Name •  Also Known As Juan Manuel Quirino}}</ref>
|5=5. Toribia Manzano Quebral<ref name="FamilySearch-Mariano" />
|6=6. Domingo Rivera<ref name="Geni-Gregoria">{{cite web |title=Doña Gregoria Quirino |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Doña-Gregoria-Quirino/6000000011606848172 |website=[[Geni.com]] |access-date=16 June 2021}}</ref>
|7=7. María Mendoza<ref>{{cite web |title=Doña María Rivera (Mendoza) |url=https://www.geni.com/people/María-Rivera/6000000002227913373 |website=[[Geni.com]] |access-date=16 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="Geni-Gregoria" />
|8=
|9=
|10= Potenciano Quebral<ref name="Geni-Toribia">{{cite web |title=Toribia Manzano Quebral |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Toribia-Quebral/6000000002227941135 |website=[[Geni.com]] |access-date=16 June 2021}}</ref>
|11= Francisca Manzano<ref name="Geni-Toribia" />
|12=
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}}

==Memorials==
There are a number of memorials dedicated to Quirino. In 1964, the municipality of Angaki in Ilocos Sur was renamed to [[Quirino, Ilocos Sur|Quirino]] in his honor.<ref>{{cite PH act|chamber=RA|number=4035|title= An Act Changing the Name of the Municipality of Angaki, Province of Ilocos Sur, to Quirino |url=https://thecorpusjuris.com/legislative/republic-acts/ra-no-4035.php|date=June 18, 1964|access-date=June 8, 2023}}</ref> The province of [[Quirino]], established in 1966, was named in his memory. Streets like the [[Quirino Avenue]] in Manila and [[Elpidio Quirino Avenue]] in [[Parañaque]] are named for him. The Novaliches–Ipo Road, where his retirement home is situated, was renamed as [[Quirino Highway]]. The Independence Grandstand in Manila's [[Rizal Park]] was also renamed to [[Quirino Grandstand]] in his honor.

Once the [[Quirino Avenue station]] of [[MRT Line 7]] and the [[Quirino Highway station]] of the [[Metro Manila Subway]] commence operations, Quirino will have three train stations named after him, including the [[Quirino station (LRT)|Quirino station]] of [[LRT Line 1]].

In 2016, a memorial to him was established in [[Hibiya Park]], Tokyo, Japan.<ref>[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/05/22/national/history/hibiya-park-plaque-honor-late-filipino-leader-quirino/ Hibiya Park plaque to honor late Filipino leader Quirino May 22, 2016] ''[[Japan Times]]'' Retrieved June 14, 2017</ref><ref>[http://primer.com.ph/blog/2016/06/14/japan-honors-former-ph-president-elpidio-quirino-in-hibiya-park/ Japan honors former PH president Elpidio Quirino in Hibiya Park June 14, 2016] ''Philippine Primer'' Retrieved June 14, 2017</ref><ref>Kobayakawa, Yohei [http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201606200056.html Philippine leader who forgave war criminals gets Tokyo memorial June 20, 2017] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621222225/http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201606200056.html |date=June 21, 2016 }} ''[[Asahi Shimbun]]'' Retrieved June 14, 2017</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Elpidio Quirino memorial in Hibiya Park.jpg|A memorial to Quirino in [[Hibiya Park]], [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]
File:Elpidio Quirino Monument, Vigan City, Ilocos Sur, April 2023.jpg|Elpidio Quirino Monument in [[Vigan]], [[Ilocos Sur]]
File:Elpidio Quirino Monument and Marker.jpg|Elpidio Quirino Monument in [[Caba, La Union|Caba]], [[La Union]]
<!-- Elpidio Quirino Monument in Roxas Blvd.jpg|Elpidio Quirino Monument in [[Malate, Manila]] -->
File:09500jfElpidio Quirino Monument Grandstand Rizal Parkfvf 03.jpg|Bust of Quirino beside [[Quirino Grandstand]], [[Manila]]
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book|last=Zaide|first=Gregorio|title=Philippine Political and Cultural History: the Philippines since British Invasion|publisher=McCullough Printing Company|location=Manila, Philippines|year=1956|edition=1957 Revised}}
*{{cite book | author=Zaide, Gregorio F. | title=Philippine History and Government|publisher=National Bookstore Printing Press |year=1984}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Elpidio Quirino}}
{{Wikisource author}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Elpidio Quirino}}
*[http://www.pangulo.ph The Philippine Presidency Project]
* {{cite web| title =Qurino is Dead; Filipino Leader – FILIPINO LEADER; President, 1948–54, Avoided Extremes in Guiding New Nation After the War|work=[[The New York Times]]| date =1956-03-01| url =https://www.nytimes.com/1956/03/01/archives/uirino-is-dead-filipino-leader-pesident-194854-avoided-extremes-in.html| access-date = 2008-01-08}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040606175007/http://www.op.gov.ph/museum/pres_quirino.asp Malacañang Museum – Elpidio Quirino]
* {{PM20|FID=pe/013986}}

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{{s-par|ph-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=Alberto Reyes}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|Philippine House of Representatives]] from [[Ilocos Sur]]'s [[Ilocos Sur's 1st congressional district|1st]] district|years=1919–1922}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Senate of the Philippines|Senator of the Philippines]] from the [[Philippines's 1st senatorial district|1st]] district|years=1925–1935|alongside=[[Isabelo de los Reyes]] <small>(1925–1928)</small> and [[Melecio Arranz]] <small>(1928–1935)</small>}}
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{{S-end}}
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