View source for Draft:List of anthropogenic disasters by death toll

{{AfC submission|t||ts=20240730022229|u=Trappedtrea 02|ns=118|demo=}}
{{AfC comment|Most of this page's history - currently 8229 revisions - is still at [[List of anthropogenic disasters by death toll]].  If this draft is to be moved to any title in mainspace, it needs to go to that title first to have the rest of its history restored.  ''It's not reasonably possible to history merge this'' at a different title since there's more revisions than can be deleted (a part of history merging) than an ordinary administrator has permissions for; in the worst case, we'd have to move it from wherever it was to that title, restore there, then move it back; and moving pages with this many revisions is already Frought With Peril.  Please get help from an administrator experienced with large history merges before attempting it. —[[User:Cryptic|Cryptic]] 02:51, 30 July 2024 (UTC)}}
----
{{Short description|Events that significantly dropped the human population}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{List missing criteria|date=March 2024}}
{{synthesis|date=March 2024}}
[[File:Wars by Death Toll Chart.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Death toll estimates for some of the deadliest wars]]
This is a list of events that have caused a measurable drop in the total human population. The list covers the name of the event, location and the start and end of each event. Some events may belong in more than one category. In addition, some of the listed events overlap each other, and in some cases the [[death]] toll from a smaller event is included in the one for the larger event or time period of which it was part.

There is often large uncertainty about the death tolls. The tables are initially sorted by the [[geometric mean]], meaning the square root of the product of the lowest and highest estimate, of the cumulative number of deaths, for example, <math>\sqrt{500 \cdot 2000}=1000</math> for a lowest estimate of 500 and highest of 2000 dead since the start of the war or disaster.

== War ==
=== Wars and armed conflicts ===
{{main|List of wars by death toll}}
This section lists all wars and major conflicts in which the highest-estimated casualties exceeds 100,000. This includes deaths of both soldiers, civilians, etc. from causes both directly and indirectly caused by the war, which includes [[combat]], [[infectious disease|disease]], [[famine]], [[massacre]]s, [[suicide]], and [[genocide]].{{Incomplete list|date=March 2022}}

{| style="width:100%;" class="sortable wikitable"
|- style="background:#CCCC;"
! style="width:12%;" | Event
! data-sort-type="number" width=120| Lowest<br/>estimate!! style="width:7%;" data-sort-type="number" | Highest<br/>estimate
! data-sort-type="number" width=120 | [[Geometric mean]] estimate<ref name="Pinto 2014 173–180">{{cite book|publisher=Springer Netherlands|date=2014|isbn=978-94-007-7182-6|pages=173–180|first1=Carla M. A.|last1=Pinto|first2=A. Mendes|last2=Lopes|first3=J. A. Tenreiro|last3=Machado|title=Mathematical Methods in Engineering |chapter=Casualties Distribution in Human and Natural Hazards |editor-first=Nuno Miguel Fonseca|editor-last=Ferreira|editor2-first=José António Tenreiro|editor2-last=Machado|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-7183-3_16}}</ref>!! width=150| Location !! style="width:5%;" | Start !! style="width:5%;" data-sort-="" type="number" | End !! style="width:5%;" data-sort-="" type="number" | Duration !! style="width:25%;" class=unsortable| Notes, see also
|-
|[[World War II]]
|{{nts|35000000}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=How many people died during World War II? {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/question/How-many-people-died-during-World-War-II |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
|{{nts|118357000}}<ref name="Fink">{{Cite book|title=Stress of War, Conflict and Disaster|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rOq4XV94wLsC|publisher=Academic Press|date=2010|isbn=978-0-12-381382-4|first=George|last=Fink}}</ref>
|{{nts|64362217}}
|{{nts|Worldwide|format=no}}
|{{nts|1939|format=no}}
|{{nts|1945|format=no}}
|6 years and 1 day
|See also: [[World War II casualties]].
|-
|[[Mongol invasions and conquests]]
|{{nts|30000000}}<ref name="White">''The Cambridge History of China: Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368'', 1994, pg. 622, cited by [http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#Yuan White]</ref><wbr/>
|{{nts|57000000}}{{efn|1=<ref>Ping-ti Ho, "An Estimate of the Total Population of Sung-Chin China", in ''Études Song'', Series 1, No 1, (1970) pp. 33–53.</ref><ref>McEvedy, Colin; Jones, Richard M. (1978). ''Atlas of World Population History''. New York, NY: Puffin. p. 172. {{ISBN|978-0-14-051076-8}}.</ref><ref>Graziella Caselli, Gillaume Wunsch, Jacques Vallin (2005). "''Demography: Analysis and Synthesis, Four Volume Set: A Treatise in Population''". Academic Press. p.34. {{ISBN|0-12-765660-X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mongol-Siege-of-Kaifeng|title=Mongol Siege of Kaifeng {{!}} Summary|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Wheelis | first1=M | year=2002 | title=Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa | journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume=8 | issue=9| pages=971–975 | doi=10.3201/eid0809.010536 | pmid=12194776 | pmc=2732530 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Morgan | first1=D. O. | year=1979 | title=The Mongol Armies in Persia | journal=Der Islam | volume=56 | issue=1| pages=81–96 | doi=10.1515/islm.1979.56.1.81 | s2cid=161610216 }}</ref><ref>Halperin, C. J. (1987). ''Russia and the Golden Horde: the Mongol impact on medieval Russian history'' (Vol. 445). Indiana University Press.</ref>}}
|{{nts|41352146}}
|[[Eurasia]]
|{{nts|1206|format=no}}
|{{nts|1405|format=no}}
|{{nts|199}} years
|See also: [[Mongol Empire]], [[Destruction under the Mongol Empire]], [[Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire]]
|-
|[[Taiping Rebellion]]
|{{nts|20000000}}{{sfnb|Platt|2012| p = [https://archive.org/details/autumninheavenly00plat p. xxiii]}}
|{{nts|30000000}}{{sfnb|Platt|2012| p = [https://archive.org/details/autumninheavenly00plat p. xxiii]}}
|{{nts|28284271}}
|[[China]]
|{{nts|1850|format=no}}
|{{nts|1864|format=no}}
|{{nts|14}} years
|A civil war in China. See also: [[Qing dynasty]], [[Taiping Heavenly Kingdom]]
|-
|[[European colonization of the Americas]]
|{{nts|8400000}}<ref name="BXScience">{{cite web|url=http://www.bxscience.edu/ourpages/auto/2009/4/5/34767803/Pre-Columbian%20population.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107012827/http://www.bxscience.edu/ourpages/auto/2009/4/5/34767803/Pre-Columbian%20population.pdf|archive-date=January 7, 2016 |title=Pre-Columbian Population}}</ref>
|{{nts|80000000}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kPdKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA59|isbn=978-1-351-52347-9|title=Death by Government: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900|date=February 6, 2018|publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref name="American Philosophy 1491">''American Philosophy: From Wounded Knee to the Present''; Erin McKenna, Scott L. Pratt; Bloomsbury; 2015, pg. 375; "It is also apparent that the shared history of the hemisphere is one framed by the dual tragedies of genocide and slavery, both of which are part of the legacy of the European invasions of the past 500 years. Indigenous people north and south were displaced, died of disease, and were killed by Europeans through slavery, rape and war. In 1491, about 145 million people lived in the western hemisphere. By 1691, the population of indigenous Americans had declined by 90–95 percent."</ref>
|{{nts|25922963}}
|[[Americas]]
|{{nts|1492|format=no}}
|{{nts|1691|format=no}}
|{{nts|199}} years
|European exploration and subsequent settlement of the Americas death toll estimates vary due to lack of consensus as to the demographic size of the native population pre-Columbus, which might never be accurately determined. The 90% death rate was mainly caused by disease.{{efn|These death toll estimates vary due to lack of consensus as to the [[Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas|demographic size of the native population pre-Columbus]], which some say might never be accurately determined. Modern scholarship tend to side with the higher estimates, but there is still variance based on calculation methods used. Even using conservative populations estimates, however, "one dreadful conclusion is inescapable: the 150 years after Columbus's arrival brought a toll on human life in this hemisphere comparable to all of the world's losses during World War II. ... Against the alien agents of disease, the indigenous people never had a chance. Their immune systems were unprepared to fight smallpox and measles, malaria and yellow fever. [[Native American disease and epidemics|The epidemics]] that resulted have been well documented."<ref name="NYT3">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/29/science/don-t-blame-columbus-for-all-the-indians-ills.html|title=Don't Blame Columbus for All the Indians' Ills|date=October 29, 2002|work=The New York Times}}</ref> A small industry of researchers in recent years have focused their attention on Native American population size in 1492, and the subsequent decimation of the population after contact with Europeans.<ref>Richard H. Steckel and Jerome C. Rose: ''The Backbone of History Health and Nutrition in the Western Hemisphere'', Cambridge University Press; 1st edition; pg. 79; {{ISBN|978-0-521-61744-4}}</ref> They have stated that their findings in no way diminish the "dreadful impact Old World diseases had on the people of the New World. But it suggests that the New World was hardly a healthful Eden." For example, they note that as the previously thriving indigenous peoples became more urbanized and less mobile, they succumbed to the same declining sanitation and health conditions of other urban cultures, including tuberculosis. The researchers stress, however, that "their findings in no way mitigated the responsibility of Europeans as bearers of disease devastating to native societies."<ref name="NYT3"/>}} Vast depopulation contributed to [[Little Ice Age]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.12.004 |title=Earth system impacts of the European arrival and Great Dying in the Americas after 1492 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=207 |pages=13–36 |year=2019 |last1=Koch |first1=Alexander |last2=Brierley |first2=Chris |last3=Maslin |first3=Mark M. |last4=Lewis |first4=Simon L. |bibcode=2019QSRv..207...13K |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|-
|[[Transition from Ming to Qing]]
|{{nts|25000000}}<ref name="Alan Macfarlane">{{cite book|author=Alan Macfarlane|title=The Savage Wars of Peace: England, Japan and the Malthusian Trap|date=May 28, 1997 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-0-631-18117-0|url=https://archive.org/details/savagewarsofpeac0000macf}}</ref>
|{{nts|25000000}}
|{{nts|25000000}}
|[[China]]
|{{nts|1618|format=no}}
|{{nts|1683|format=no}}
|{{nts|65}} years
|See also: [[Qing dynasty]]
|-
|[[World War I]]
|{{nts|15000000}}
|{{nts|32500000}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://rowman.com/ISBN/9780761861683/The-Great-Famine-and-Genocide-in-Iran-1917-1919-2nd-Edition |title=The Great Famine and Genocide in Iran: 1917–1919, 2nd Edition |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Willcox |first=Walter F. |date=1923 |title=Population and the World War: A Preliminary Survey |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2276709 |journal=Journal of the American Statistical Association |volume=18 |issue=142 |pages=699–712 |doi=10.2307/2276709 |jstor=2276709 |issn=0162-1459}}</ref>+<ref name=Britannica>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I/Killed-wounded-and-missing|title=World War I – Killed, wounded, and missing &#124; Britannica}}</ref>
|{{nts|22079402}}
|Worldwide
|{{nts|1914|format=no}}
|{{nts|1918|format=no}}
|4 years, 3 months, 1 week
| Military conflict lasting from 1914 to 1918 between two opposing alliances – the Entente and the Central Powers. See also: [[World War I casualties]]
|-
|[[Second Sino-Japanese War]]
|{{nts|18000000}}<ref>Ho Ping-ti, Studies on the Population of China, 1368–1953 (Harvard University Press, 1953. p. 252</ref>
|{{nts|22000000}}<ref>Clodfelter, Micheal "Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference", Vol. 2, pp. 956. Includes civilians who died due to famine and other environmental disasters caused by the war. Only includes the 'regular' Chinese army; does NOT include guerrillas and does not include Chinese casualties in Manchuria or Burma.</ref>
|{{nts|19899748}}
|[[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]
|{{nts|1937|format=no}}
|{{nts|1945|format=no}}
|8 years, 1 month, 3 weeks and 5 days
|
|-
|[[An Lushan Rebellion]]
|{{nts|13000000}}
|{{nts|13000000}}<ref>{{cite book |title=The Great Big Book of Horrible Things: The Definitive Chronicle of History's 100 Worst Atrocities |first=Matthew |last=White |author-link=Matthew White (historian) |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-393-08192-3 }}</ref>
|{{nts|13,000,000}}
|[[China]]
|{{nts|755|format=no}}
|{{nts|763|format=no}}
|{{nts|8}} years
|A civil war in Tang China. Also known as the An–Shi rebellion.
|-
|[[Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)|Dungan Revolt]]
|{{nts|10000000}}{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
|{{nts|10000000}}{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
|{{nts|10000000}}
|[[China]]
|{{nts|1862|format=no}}
|{{nts|1877|format=no}}
|{{nts|15}} years
|Civil war in China. See also: [[Qing dynasty]]
|-
|[[Chinese Civil War]]
|{{nts|8000000}}<ref name="Michael Lynch">{{cite book|author=Michael Lynch|title=The Chinese Civil War 1945–49|year=2010|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-84176-671-3}}</ref>
|{{nts|11692000}}<ref name="9qkI4">{{cite web|url=https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/CHINA.CHAP1.HTM|title=China's Bloody Century|access-date=July 31, 2017}}</ref>
|{{nts|9671401}}
|[[China]]
|{{nts|1927|format=no}}
|{{nts|1949|format=no}}
|{{nts|14}} years{{efn|The war was paused for eight years in [[Xi'an Incident|1937]]–[[Opening Campaign|1945]] when the [[Kuomintang|Nationalists]] and [[Chinese Communist Party|Communists]] made a [[Second United Front|united front]] to fight against [[Japanese Empire|Japan]] in the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]}}
|Major civil war in China that led to the foundation of a [[communist state]]
|-
|[[Russian Civil War]]
|{{nts|5000000}}<wbr>{{citation needed|date=August 2007}}
|{{nts|9000000}}<ref name="kRoBo">{{cite web|url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUScivilwar.htm|title=Russian Civil War|work=Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk|access-date=August 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205201225/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUScivilwar.htm|archive-date=December 5, 2010}}</ref>
|{{nts|6708204}}
|[[Russia]]
|{{nts|1917|format=no}}
|{{nts|1921|format=no}}
|{{nts|5}} years
| See also: [[Russian Revolution]], [[List of civil wars]]
|-
|[[Thirty Years' War]]
|{{nts|4500000}}
|{{nts|8000000}}{{Sfn|Outram|2002|p=248}}{{Sfn|Wilson|2009|pp=4, 787}}
|{{nts|6000000}}
|[[Europe]] (primarily [[Holy Roman Empire]])
|{{nts|1618|format=no}}
|{{nts|1648|format=no}}
|{{nts|30}} years
| Initially a [[religious war]] between [[Catholics]] and breakaway Protestant secular principalities, it became a general European political war. It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in [[History of Europe|European history]].
|-
|[[Napoleonic Wars]]
|{{nts|3500000}}<ref name="9pZzx">{{Cite web|url=http://necrometrics.com/wars19c.htm#Napoleonic|title=Nineteenth Century Death Tolls|website=necrometrics.com|access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref>
|{{nts|7000000}}<ref name="6rPMN">Charles Esdaile, ''Napoleon's Wars: An International History''.</ref>
|{{nts|4949747}}
|[[Europe]], [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]], [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] and [[Indian Ocean]]
|{{nts|1803|format=no}}
|{{nts|1815|format=no}}
|{{nts|13}} years
|See also: [[Napoleonic Wars casualties]] secular revolutionary invasions of religious principalities, kingdoms & empires
|-
|[[Yellow Turban Rebellion]]
|{{nts|3000000}}{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}
|{{nts|7000000}}{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}
|{{nts|4582576}}
|[[China]] ([[Han dynasty]])
|{{nts|184}}
|{{nts|205}}
|{{nts|21}} years
| See also: [[End of the Han dynasty]]
|-
|[[Second Congo War]]
|{{nts|2500000}}<ref name="Hs9is">{{cite journal|last1=Lacina|first1=Bethany|last2=Petter Gleditsch|first2=Nils|year=2005|title=Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths|url=http://www.eui.eu/Documents/DepartmentsCentres/SPS/Seminars/SeminarsF09/PVSEMF08/LacinaGleditschMonitoringTrendsInGlobalCombatEJP2005.pdf|journal=European Journal of Population|volume=21|issue=2–3|pages=145–166|doi=10.1007/s10680-005-6851-6|s2cid=14344770}}</ref>
|{{nts|5400000}}<ref name="hWfaG">[http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L22802012.htm "Congo war-driven crisis kills 45,000 a month-study"]. ''[[Reuters]]'', 22 January 2008.</ref>
|{{nts|3674235}}
|[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
|{{nts|1998|format=no}}
|{{nts|2003|format=no}}
|{{nts|6}} years
| See also: [[First Congo War]]
|-
|[[French Wars of Religion]]
|{{nts|2000000}}
|{{nts|4000000}}<ref name="Rhfd5">{{cite web|url=http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat0.htm#Huguenot|title=Huguenot Religious Wars, Catholic vs. Huguenot (1562–1598)|work=Users.erols.com|access-date=August 23, 2013}}</ref><wbr/>{{unreliable source?|date=January 2019}}
|{{nts|2828427}}
|[[France]]
|{{nts|1562|format=no}}
|{{nts|1598|format=no}}
|{{nts|37}} years
|Largely a secular war staged as a religious war between Catholics and breakaway Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants). 
|-
|[[Hundred Years' War]]
|{{nts|2300000}}<ref name="0O2jD">{{cite book|title=Landscapes in History|author=Philip Pregill|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-471-29328-6|date=January 25, 1999}}</ref>
|{{nts|3300000}}<ref name="LS9ns">{{cite book|title=France in the Sixteenth Century|author=Frederic Baumgartner|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-312-15856-9|date=November 14, 1995}}</ref>
|{{nts|2754995}}
|[[Western Europe]]
|{{nts|1337|format=no}}
|{{nts|1453|format=no}}
|{{nts|116}} years
|[[Hundred Years' War, 1337–1360|Edwardian War (1337–1360)]], [[Hundred Years' War, 1369–1389|Caroline War (1369–1389)]], [[Hundred Years' War, 1415–1453|Lancastrian War (1415–1453)]]
|-
|[[Korean War]]
|{{nts|1500000}}<ref name="PRIO Korean War">{{cite web|last=Lacina|first=Bethany|url=https://files.prio.org/ReplicationData/BattleDeathsDataset/PRIO%20Battle%20Deaths%20Dataset%203.0%20Documentation.pdf|title=The PRIO Battle Deaths Dataset, 1946–2008, Version 3.0|publisher=[[Peace Research Institute Oslo]]|date=September 2009|pages=359–362|access-date=August 30, 2019}}</ref>
|{{nts|4500000}}<ref name="PRIO Korean War"/>
|{{nts|2598076}}
|[[Korean Peninsula]]
|{{nts|1950|format=no}}
|{{nts|1953|format=no}}
|{{nts|4}} years
| Part of the [[Cold War]].
|-
|[[Qin's wars of unification]]
|{{nts|2000000}}
|{{nts|2000000}}<ref name="4liZL">{{YouTube|id=jkIcFW7F7LY&t=420s|title=[Documentary] Qin Dynasty (221 – 206 BCE) -Terracotta Army 秦兵马俑}}</ref>
|{{nts|2000000}}
|[[China]]
|{{ntsh|-230|format=no}} 230 BCE
|{{ntsh|-221|format=no}} 221 BCE
|{{nts|9}} years
|See also: [[History of China]]<ref name="3Nn5S">[[Derk Bodde]], ''China's First Unifier: A Study in the Ch'in Dynasty as Seen in the Life of Li Ssu, 280? – 208 BCE'', Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1967, pp. 5–6.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref><ref name="SRBgC">Chris Peers estimates that 1.5 million were killed before the last campaign in 230–221 BCE, ''Warlords of China, 700 BCE to AD 1662'', London: Arms and Armour, 1998, p. 59.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>
|-
|[[Vietnam War]]
|{{nts|966000}}<ref name="2Nr9f">{{cite journal|last1=Hirschman|first1=Charles|last2=Preston|first2=Samuel|last3=Loi|first3=Vu Manh|url=http://faculty.washington.edu/charles/new%20PUBS/A77.pdf|title=Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate|journal=[[Population and Development Review]]|volume=21|issue=4|date=December 1995|pages=783–812|doi=10.2307/2137774|jstor=2137774}}</ref>
|{{nts|3800000}}<ref name="mw2oa">{{Cite journal|last1=Obermeyer|first1=Ziad|last2=Murray|first2=Christopher J.L.|last3=Gakidou|first3=Emmanuela|title=Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme|journal=[[The BMJ]]|volume=336|issue=7659|pages=1482–1486|date=June 26, 2008 |doi=10.1136/bmj.a137|pmid=18566045|pmc=2440905}}</ref>
|{{nts|1915933}}
|[[Southeast Asia]]
|{{nts|1955|format=no}}
|{{nts|1975|format=no}}
|{{nts|20}} years
|[[Cold War]] and [[First Indochina War]]
|-
|[[Mughal–Maratha Wars]]
|{{nts|600000}}
|{{nts|5600000}}
|{{nts|1833030}}
|[[India]]
|{{nts|1680|format=no}}
|{{nts|1707|format=no}}
|{{nts|27}} years
|
|-
|[[Crusades]]
|{{nts|1000000}}<ref name="Qv5GZ">John Shertzer Hittell, ''A Brief History of Culture'' (1874) p.137: "In the two centuries of this warfare one million persons had been slain..." [http://users.rcn.com/mwhite28/warstat0.htm#Crusades cited by White]</ref><wbr>{{unreliable source?|date=January 2019}}
|{{nts|3000000}}<ref name="0l6xh">Robertson, John M., "A Short History of Christianity" (1902) p. 278. [http://users.rcn.com/mwhite28/warstat0.htm#Crusades Cited by White]</ref><wbr>{{unreliable source?|date=January 2019}}
|{{nts|1732051}}
|[[Holy Land]], [[Europe]]
|{{nts|1095|format=no}}
|{{nts|1291|format=no}}
|{{nts|196}} years
| Initially defense of the Byzantine Empire from Islam by western Christian Kingdoms followed by defense of subsequent fiefdoms in the Holy Land / [[Middle East]].
|-
|[[Nigerian Civil War]]
|{{nts|1000000}}
|{{nts|3000000}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51094093|title=Remembering Nigeria's Biafra war that many prefer to forget|publisher=BBC News|date=January 15, 2020}}</ref><wbr>
|{{nts|1732051}}
|[[Nigeria]]
|{{nts|1966|format=no}}
|{{nts|1970|format=no}}
|{{nts|4}} years
|Ethnic cleansings of the [[Igbo people]] followed by Civil War.
|-
|[[Mfecane]]
|{{nts|1500000}}<ref name="horriblethings">{{cite book|author=Matthew White|author-link=Matthew White (historian)|year=2012|title=The Great Big Book of Horrible Things: The Definitive Chronicle of History's 100 Worst Atrocities|publisher=W. W. Norton|pages=529–530|isbn=978-0-393-08192-3}}</ref>
|{{nts|2000000}}<ref name="2zKoK">{{cite web|url=http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/19_century/3032216.html?page=4&c=y|title=Shaka: Zulu Chieftain|work=Historynet.com|access-date=August 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209113856/http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/19_century/3032216.html?page=4&c=y|archive-date=February 9, 2008}}</ref>
|{{nts|1732051}}
|[[Southern Africa]]
|{{nts|1816|format=no}}
|{{nts|1828|format=no}}
|{{nts|13}} years
|[[Ndwandwe–Zulu War]]
|-
|[[Punic Wars]]
|{{nts|1250000}}<ref name="OwdBe">{{cite book|author=Nigel Bagnall|title=The Punic Wars|year=2005}}</ref>
|{{nts|1850000}}
|{{nts|1520691}}
|[[Mediterranean Sea|Medi&shy;terranean]]
|{{ntsh|-264}}264 BC
|{{ntsh|-146}}146 BC
|{{nts|118}} years
| See also: [[Carthage]], [[Roman Republic]]
|-
|[[Second Sudanese Civil War]]
|{{nts|1000000}}<ref name="YhZn4">{{cite web|url=http://www.refugees.org/news/crisis/sudan.htm|title=Sudan: Nearly 2 million dead as a result of the world's longest running civil war |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041210024759/http://www.refugees.org/news/crisis/sudan.htm|archive-date=December 10, 2004 |publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees |year=2001 |access-date=April 10, 2007}}</ref>
|{{nts|2000000}}
|{{nts|1414214}}
|[[Sudan]]
|{{nts|1983|format=no}}
|{{nts|2005|format=no}}
|{{nts|23}} years
|[[First Sudanese Civil War]]
|-
|[[Seven Years' War]]
|{{nts|868000}}
|{{nts|1400000}}
|{{nts|1102361}}
|[[Europe]], [[Americas]], [[Philippines]], [[West Africa]], [[India]]
|{{nts|1756|format=no}}
|{{nts|1763|format=no}}
|{{nts|7}} years
|
|-
|[[Soviet–Afghan War]]
|{{nts|600000}}<ref name="whiteafghan">{{cite web|url=http://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm#Afghanistan|title=Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century|work=Necrometrics.com|access-date=September 24, 2012}}</ref><wbr>{{unreliable source?|date=January 2019}}
|{{nts|2000000}}<ref name="whiteafghan"/><wbr/>{{unreliable source?|date=January 2019}}
|{{nts|1095445}}
|[[Afghanistan]]
|{{nts|1980|format=no}}
|{{nts|1988|format=no}}
|{{nts|9}} years
| Part of the [[War in Afghanistan (1978–present)|War in Afghanistan]] and categorized as a [[proxy war]] during the [[Cold War]].
|-
|[[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)|Japanese invasions of Korea]]
|{{nts|1000000}}<ref name="bkXyz">Jones, Geo H., Vol. 23 No. 5, p. 254.</ref>
|{{nts|1000000}}
|{{nts|1000000}}
|[[Korea]]
|{{nts|1592|format=no}}
|{{nts|1598|format=no}}
|{{nts|7}} years
|
|-
|[[French Revolutionary Wars]]
|{{nts|1000000}}
|{{nts|1000000}}
|{{nts|1000000}}
|[[Europe]], [[Egypt]], [[Middle East]], [[Caribbean]], 
|{{nts|1792|format=no}}
|{{nts|1802|format=no}}
|{{nts|10}} years
|
|-
|[[Mexican Revolution]]
|{{nts|500000}}<ref name="Mexdeaths">{{cite book|last=Buchenau|first=Jürgen|title=Mexico Otherwise: Modern Mexico in the Eyes of Foreign Observers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kxRMQXQuKYMC&pg=PA146|year=2005|publisher=UNM Press|isbn=0-8263-2313-8|page=285}}</ref>
|{{nts|2000000}}<ref name="Mexdeaths"/>
|{{nts|1000000}}
|[[Mexico]], [[United States]]
|{{nts|1911|format=no}}
|{{nts|1920|format=no}}
|{{nts|10}} years
| Includes [[Pancho Villa]]'s raids and the [[Battle of Columbus (1916)|Columbus Raid]].
|-
|[[Panthay Rebellion]]
|{{nts|890000}}<wbr/>{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
|{{nts|1000000}}
|{{nts|943398}}
|[[China]]
|{{nts|1856|format=no}}
|{{nts|1873|format=no}}
|{{nts|18}} years
|
|-
|[[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]]
|{{nts|876000}}
|{{nts|876000}}
|{{nts|876000}}
|[[British Isles]]
|{{nts|1639|format=no}}
|{{nts|1651|format=no}}
|{{nts|12}} years
|
|-
|Conquests of [[Mehmed II]]
|{{nts|873000}}
|{{nts|873000}}
|{{nts|873000}}{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
|[[Eastern Europe]]
|{{nts|1451|format=no}}
|{{nts|1481|format=no}}
|{{nts|30}} years
|
|-
|[[Ethiopian Civil War]]
|{{nts|500000}}
|{{nts|1500000}}
|{{nts|866025}}
|[[Ethiopia]]
|{{nts|1974|format=no}}
|{{nts|1991|format=no}}
|{{nts|17}} years
|
|-
|[[Jewish–Roman wars]]
|{{nts|350000}}
|{{nts|2000000}}
|{{nts|836660}}
|[[Roman Empire]]
|{{nts|66|format=no}}
|{{nts|136|format=no}}
|{{nts|70}} years
|See also: [[Roman Empire]]
|-
|[[American Civil War]]
|{{nts|650000}}
|{{nts|1000000}}
|{{nts|806226}}
|[[Southeastern United States|South&shy;eastern United States]] and [[Pennsylvania]]
|{{nts|1861|format=no}}
|{{nts|1865|format=no}}
|{{nts|4}} years
|See also: [[United States]]
|-
|[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
|{{nts|806,000+}}
|{{nts|806,000+}}
|{{nts|806,000+}}
|[[India]]
|{{nts|1857|format=no}}
|{{nts|1858|format=no}}
|{{nts|1}} year
|
|-
|[[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
|{{nts|200000}}
|{{nts|3000000}}
|{{nts|774597}}
|[[Bangladesh]]
|{{nts|1971|format=no}}
|{{nts|1971|format=no}}
|{{nts|1}} year
|See also: [[1971 Bangladesh genocide]]
|-
|[[Algerian War]]
|{{nts|350000}}
|{{nts|1500000}}
|{{nts|724569}}
|[[Algeria]]
|{{nts|1954|format=no}}
|{{nts|1962|format=no}}
|{{ntsh|7.38}} 7 years, 4 months, 2 weeks, and 4 days
|<ref name="Horne 538">{{cite book|first=Alistair|last=Horne|pages=[https://archive.org/details/savagewarofpeace00horn/page/538 538]|title=A Savage War of Peace|isbn=0-670-61964-7|url=https://archive.org/details/savagewarofpeace00horn/page/538|year=1978|publisher=Viking Press }}</ref>
|-
|[[War of the Spanish Succession]]
|{{nts|400000}}
|{{nts|1251000}}
|{{nts|707390}}
|[[Europe]], [[North America]], [[South America]]
|{{nts|1702|format=no}}
|{{nts|1714|format=no}}
|{{nts|12}} years
|
|-
|[[Spanish Civil War]]
|{{nts|500000}}
|{{nts|1000000}}
|{{nts|707107}}
|[[Spain]]
|{{nts|1936|format=no}}
|{{nts|1939|format=no}}
|{{nts|4}} years
|
|-
|[[Eighty Years' War]]
|{{nts|230000}}
|{{nts|2000000}}
|{{nts|678233}}
|The [[Low Countries]], [[South America]], [[Caribbean Sea]], [[East Asia|East]] and [[Southeast Asia]]
|{{nts|1568|format=no}}
|{{nts|1648|format=no}}
|{{nts|80}} years
|
|-
|[[Gallic Wars]]
|{{nts|400000}}<wbr>{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
|{{nts|1000000}}
|{{nts|632456}}
|[[France]]
|{{ntsh|-58}} 58 BCE
|{{ntsh|-50}} 50 BCE
|{{nts|9}} years
|See also: [[Roman Empire]]
|-
|[[Spanish American wars of independence]]
|{{nts|600000}}
|{{nts|600000}}
|{{nts|600000}}
|[[Americas]]
|{{nts|1808|format=no}}
|{{nts|1833|format=no}}
|{{nts|25}} years
|
|-
|[[Syrian civil war]]
|{{nts|580000}}
|{{nts|617910}}
|{{nts|598655}}
|[[Syria]]
|{{nts|2011|format=no}}
|{{ntsh|2024|format=no}} Present
|{{nts|13}} years
|
|-
|[[Iran–Iraq War]]
|{{nts|289220}}<br>{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}
|{{nts|1100000}}<br>{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}
|{{nts|564041}}
|[[Iran–Iraq border]]
|{{nts|1980|format=no}}
|{{nts|1988|format=no}}
|{{nts|8}} years
|[[Iran]] claims: 123,220 [[Killed in action|KIA]] + 11,000 civilians<br>[[Iraq]] claims: 105,000 [[Killed in action|KIA]] + 50,000 in [[Halabja chemical attack|Kurdish Genocide]]<br>Others claim 600,000 [[Iranian peoples|Iranians]] killed and 500,000 [[Iraqis]]{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}
|-
|[[French invasion of Russia]]
|{{nts|540000}}
|{{nts|540000}}
|{{nts|540000}}
|[[Russia]]
|{{nts|1812|format=no}}
|{{nts|1812|format=no}}
|{{ntsh|0.47}} 5 months, 2 weeks and 6 days
| Part of the [[Napoleonic Wars]]
|-
|[[English Civil War]]
|{{nts|356000}}
|{{nts|735000}}
|{{nts|511527}}
|[[England]]
|{{nts|1642|format=no}}
|{{nts|1651|format=no}}
|{{nts|9}} years
| Part of the [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]]
|-
|[[Angolan Civil War]]
|{{nts|504158}}
|{{nts|504158}}
|{{nts|504158}}
|[[Angola]]
|{{nts|1975|format=no}}
|{{nts|2002|format=no}}
|{{nts|27}} years
|
|-
|[[First Sudanese Civil War]]
|{{nts|500000}}
|{{nts|500000}}
|{{nts|500000}}
|[[Sudan]]
|{{nts|1955|format=no}}
|{{nts|1972|format=no}}
|{{nts|17}} years
|
|-
|[[War on terror]]
|{{nts|480000}}<ref name="Crawford 2018">{{cite web|last=Crawford|first=Neta C.|url=https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/files/cow/imce/papers/2018/Human%20Costs,%20Nov%208%202018%20CoW.pdf|title=Human Cost of the Post-9/11 Wars: Lethality and the Need for Transparency|publisher=[[Brown University]] [[Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs]]|date=November 2018}}</ref>
|{{nts|507000}}<ref name="Crawford 2018"/>
|{{nts|493315}}
|War Locations [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], [[Iraq]], [[Somalia]], [[Yemen]] and varius attack locations
|{{nts|2001|format=no}}
|{{nts|2021|format=no}} 
|{{ntsh|19}} years
|Includes [[Iraq War]], [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)]], and [[Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]].
|-
|[[Colombian conflict]]
|450,000<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.voanews.com/a/colombia-truth-commission-gives-scathing-report-on-civil-war-/6637556.html | title=Colombia Truth Commission Gives Scathing Report on Civil War | date=June 28, 2022 }}</ref>
|450,000
|450,000
|[[Colombia]]
|{{nts|1964|format=no}}
|{{ntsh|2023|format=no}} Present
|{{nts|59}} years
|
|-
|[[Albigensian Crusade]]
|{{nts|200000}}
|{{nts|1000000}}
|{{nts|447214}}
|[[Southern France]]
|{{nts|1208|format=no}}
|{{nts|1229|format=no}}
|{{nts|21}} years
|
|-
|[[First Congo War]]
|{{nts|250000}}
|{{nts|800000}}
|{{nts|447214}}
|[[Zaire]]
|{{nts|1996|format=no}}
|{{nts|1997|format=no}}
|{{nts|1}} year
|
|-
|[[Maratha invasions of Bengal]]
|{{nts|400000}}
|{{nts|400,000}}
|{{nts|400,000}}
|[[India]]
|{{nts|1741|format=no}}
|{{nts|1751|format=no}}
|{{nts|10}} years
|
|-
|[[First Indochina War]]
|{{nts|400000}}
|{{nts|400000}}
|{{nts|400000}}
|[[Southeast Asia]]
|{{nts|1946|format=no}}
|{{nts|1954|format=no}}
|{{nts|8}} years
|Also known as the Indochina War
|-
|[[Continuation War]]
|{{nts|387333}}
|{{nts|387333}}
|{{nts|387333}}
|[[Northern Europe]]
|{{nts|1941|format=no}}
|{{nts|1944|format=no}}
|{{nts|3}} years
| Part of [[World War II]]
|-
|[[Somali Civil War]]
|{{nts|300000}}
|{{nts|500000}}
|{{nts|387298}}
|[[Somalia]]
|{{nts|1986|format=no}}
|{{ntsh|2021|format=no}} Present
|{{nts|35}} years
|
|-
|[[South Sudanese Civil War]]
|{{nts|383000}}
|{{nts|383000}}
|{{nts|383000}}
|[[South Sudan]]
|{{nts|2013|format=no}}
|{{nts|2020|format=no}}
|{{nts|7}} years
|
|-
|[[Crimean War]]
|{{nts|356000}}
|{{nts|410000}}
|{{nts|382047}}
|[[Crimea]]
|{{nts|1853|format=no}}
|{{nts|1856|format=no}}
|{{nts|3}} years
|
|-
|[[Cuban War of Independence]]
|{{nts|362000}}
|{{nts|362000}}
|{{nts|362000}}
|[[Cuba]]
|{{nts|1895|format=no}}
|{{nts|1898|format=no}}
|{{nts|3}} years
|
|-
|[[Iraq War]]
|{{nts|268000}}<ref name="Crawford 2018"/>
|{{nts|461000}}<ref name="Hagopian">{{cite journal | last1=Hagopian | first1=Amy | last2=Flaxman | first2=Abraham D. | last3=Takaro | first3=Tim K. | last4=Esa Al Shatari | first4=Sahar A. | last5=Rajaratnam | first5=Julie | last6=Becker | first6=Stan | last7=Levin-Rector | first7=Alison | last8=Galway | first8=Lindsay | last9=Hadi Al-Yasseri | first9=Berq J. | last10=Weiss | first10=William M. | last11=Murray | first11=Christopher J. | last12=Burnham | first12=Gilbert | last13=Mills | first13=Edward J. | title=Mortality in Iraq Associated with the 2003–2011 War and Occupation: Findings from a National Cluster Sample Survey by the University Collaborative Iraq Mortality Study | journal=[[PLOS Medicine]] | date=October 15, 2013 | volume=10 | issue=10 | doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001533 | page=e1001533 | pmid=24143140 | pmc=3797136 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
|{{nts|351494}}
|[[Iraq]]
|{{nts|2003|format=no}}
|{{nts|2011|format=no}}
|{{nts|8}} years
| Part of the [[War on terror]]. See also: [[Casualties of the Iraq War]]
|-
|[[Boko Haram insurgency]]
|{{nts|350000}}
|{{nts|350000}}
|{{nts|350000}}
|Mainly [[Nigeria]], also [[Cameroon]], [[Niger]], [[Chad]]
|{{nts|2009|format=no}}
|{{ntsh|2023|format=no}} Present
|{{nts|14}} years
|
|-
|[[Great Northern War]]
|{{nts|350000}}
|{{nts|350000}}
|{{nts|350000}}
|[[Northern Europe|Northern]] and [[Eastern Europe]]
|{{nts|1700|format=no}}
|{{nts|1721|format=no}}
|{{nts|21}} years
|
|-
|[[Italian Wars]]
|{{nts|300000}}
|{{nts|400000}}
|{{nts|346410}}
|[[Southern Europe]]
|{{nts|1494|format=no}}
|{{nts|1559|format=no}}
|{{nts|65}} years
|Also known as the Great Wars of Italy
|-
|[[Tigray War]]
|{{nts|162000}}
|{{nts|600000}}
|{{nts|311769}}
|[[Ethiopia]]
|{{nts|2020|format=no}}
|{{nts|2022|format=no}}
|{{nts|2}} years
|Part of [[Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)|Ethiopian civil conflict]]
|-
|[[French conquest of Algeria]]
|{{nts|300000}}
|{{nts|300000}}
|{{nts|300000}}
|[[Algeria]]
|{{nts|1829|format=no}}
|{{nts|1847|format=no}}
|{{nts|18}} years
|
|-
|[[Burundian Civil War]]
|{{nts|300000}}
|{{nts|300,000}}
|{{nts|300000}}
|[[Burundi]]
|{{nts|1993|format=no}}
|{{nts|2005|format=no}}
|{{nts|12}} years
|
|-
|[[Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)]]
|{{nts|233,000}}
|{{nts|377,000}}
|{{nts|296,380}}
|[[Yemen]]
|{{nts|2014|format=no}}
|{{ntsh|2023|format=no}} Present
|{{nts|9}} years
|
|-
|[[War in Darfur]]
|{{nts|178258}}
|{{nts|461520}}
|{{nts|286827}}
|[[Sudan]]
|{{nts|2003|format=no}}
|{{ntsh|2021|format=no}} Present
|{{nts|18}} years
|
|-
|[[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]]
|{{nts|278350}}
|{{nts|278350}}
|{{nts|278350}}
|[[Ethiopia]]
|{{nts|1935|format=no}}
|{{nts|1937|format=no}}
|{{nts|1}} year, 4 months, 2 weeks, and 2 days
|Also known as the Second Italo–Abyssinian War
|-
|[[Paraguayan War]]
|{{nts|150,000}}
|{{nts|500,000}}
|{{nts|273,861}}
|[[Southern Cone]]
|{{nts|1864|format=no}}
|{{nts|1870|format=no}}
|{{nts|7}} years
|[[Military history of South America]], [[Francisco Solano López]] and [[Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias]]
|-
|[[Papua conflict]]
|{{nts|150000}}
|{{nts|400000}}
|{{nts|244949}}
|[[New Guinea]]
|{{nts|1963|format=no}}
|{{ntsh|2019|format=no}} Present
|{{nts|58}} years
|
|-
|[[Ten Years' War]]
|{{nts|241000}}
|{{nts|241000}}
|{{nts|241000}}
|[[Cuba]]
|{{nts|1868|format=no}}
|{{nts|1878|format=no}}
|{{nts|10}} years
|Also known as the Great War
|-
|[[Kalinga War]]
|{{nts|220000}}
|{{nts|250000}}
|{{nts|234521}}
|[[India]]
|{{ntsh|-321|format=no}} 321 BCE
|{{ntsh|-261|format=no}} 261 BCE
|{{nts|60}} years
|
|-
|[[Philippine–American War]]
|234,000
|234,000
|234,000
|[[Philippines]]
|{{nts|1899|format=no}}
|{{nts|1912|format=no}}
|{{nts|13}} years
|Also known as the Philippine War
|-
|[[Venezuelan War of Independence]]
|228,000
|228,000
|228,000
|[[Venezuela]]
|{{nts|1810|format=no}}
|{{nts|1823|format=no}}
|{{nts|13}} years
| Part of the [[Spanish American wars of independence]]
|-
|[[Ugandan Bush War]]
|100,000
|500,000
|223,607
|[[Uganda]]
|{{nts|1981|format=no}}
|{{nts|1986|format=no}}
|{{nts|5}} years
|Also known as the Luwero War
|-
|[[Lord's Resistance Army insurgency]]
|100,000
|500,000
|223,607
|[[Central Africa]]
|{{nts|1987|format=no}}
|{{ntsh|2021|format=no}} Present
|{{nts|34}} years
|
|-
|[[Franco-Dutch War]]
|220,000
|220,000
|220,000
|[[Western Europe]]
|{{nts|1672|format=no}}
|{{nts|1678|format=no}}
|{{nts|6}} years
|Also known as the Dutch War
|-
|[[War in Iraq (2013–2017)]]
|217,500
|217,500
|217,500
|[[Iraq]]
|{{nts|2013|format=no}}
|{{nts|2017|format=no}}
|{{nts|4}} years
|
|-
|[[Iraqi–Kurdish conflict]]
|138,800
|320,100
|210,784
|[[Iraq]]
|{{nts|1918|format=no}}
|{{nts|2003|format=no}}
|{{nts|85}} years
|
|-
|[[List of campaigns of Suleiman the Magnificent|Campaigns of Suleiman the Magnificent]]
|200,000
|200,000
|200,000
|[[Eastern Europe]], [[Middle East]] and [[North Africa]]
|{{nts|1521|format=no}}
|{{nts|1566|format=no}}
|{{nts|25}} years
|
|-
|[[Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)]]
|200,000
|200,000
|200,000
|[[Western Europe]]
|{{nts|1635|format=no}}
|{{nts|1659|format=no}}
|{{nts|24}} years
|
|-
|[[Carlist Wars]]
|200,000
|200,000
|200,000
|[[Spain]]
|{{nts|1820|format=no}}
|{{nts|1876|format=no}}
|{{nts|56}} years
|
|-
|[[La Violencia]]
|192,700
|194,700
|193,697
|[[Colombia]]
|{{nts|1948|format=no}}
|{{nts|1958|format=no}}
|{{nts|10}} years
|
|-
|[[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
|176,000
|212,191
|193,250
|[[Afghanistan]]
|{{nts|2001|format=no}}
|{{nts|2021|format=no}}
|{{nts|20}} years
|-
|[[Internal conflict in Myanmar]]
|130,000
|250,000
|180,278
|[[Myanmar]]
|{{nts|1948|format=no}}
|{{ntsh|2021|format=no}} Present
|{{nts|73}} years
|
|-
|[[Winter War]]
|153,736
|194,837
|173,071
|[[Finland]]
|{{nts|1939|format=no}}
|{{nts|1940|format=no}}
|{{nts|1}} year
| Part of [[World War II]]
|-
|[[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]
|77,052
|369,981
|168,842
|[[Ukraine]] (with spillover in [[Russia]])
|February 2022
|Present
|18 months
|As of August 2023.
|-
|[[Guatemalan Civil War]]
|140,000
|200,000
|167,332
|[[Guatemala]]
|{{nts|1960|format=no}}
|{{nts|1996|format=no}}
|36 years
|
|-
|[[Greek Civil War]]
|158,000
|158,000
|158,000
|[[Greece]]
|{{nts|1946|format=no}}
|{{nts|1949|format=no}}
|{{nts|3}} years
|
|-
|Genocide of [[Nuba peoples]]<ref name="USHMM-background-the-nuba-mountains-of-southern-kordofan">{{cite web|url=https://www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/blog/background-the-nuba-mountains-of-southern-kordofan|title=Background: the Nuba Mountains of southern Kordofan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330030513/https://www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/blog/background-the-nuba-mountains-of-southern-kordofan|archive-date=March 30, 2023 |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |year=2011 |access-date=June 15, 2011}}</ref>
|{{nts|100,000}}
|{{nts|200,000}}
|{{nts|141,421}}
|[[Sudan]]
|{{nts|1992|format=no}}
|{{ntsh|2020|format=no}} Present
|{{nts|28}} years
|Part of the [[Second Sudanese Civil War]] and [[Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.occasionalwitness.com/content/documents/Working_DocumentII.htm|title=Quantifying Genocide in Southern Sudan and the Nuba Mountains 1983–1998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306025455/http://www.occasionalwitness.com/content/documents/Working_DocumentII.htm|archive-date=March 6, 2023 |publisher=Occasional Witness |year=1998 |access-date=October 29, 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[North Yemen Civil War]]
|100,000
|200,000
|141,421
|[[Yemen]]
|{{nts|1962|format=no}}
|{{nts|1970|format=no}}
|{{nts|8}} years
|
|-
|[[1991 Iraqi uprisings]]
|85,000
|235,000
|141,333
|[[Iraq]]
|{{nts|1991|format=no}}
|{{nts|1991|format=no}}
|{{ntsh|0.09}} 1 month and 4 days
|
|-
|[[Balkan Wars]]
|140,000
|140,000
|140,000
|[[Balkans]]
|{{nts|1912|format=no}}
|{{nts|1913|format=no}}
|{{nts|1}} year
|Military casualties
|-
|[[Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)]]
|138,285
|138,285
|138,285
|[[Europe]] and [[Americas]]
|{{nts|1585|format=no}}
|{{nts|1604|format=no}}
|{{nts|19}} years
|
|-
|[[Saint-Domingue expedition|Saint-Domingue Expedition]]
|135,000
|135,000
|135,000
|[[Haiti]]
|{{nts|1802|format=no}}
|{{nts|1803|format=no}}
|{{nts|1}} year
|
|-
|[[Yugoslav Wars]]
|130,000
|140,000
|134,907
|[[Balkans]]
|{{nts|1991|format=no}}
|{{nts|2001|format=no}}
|{{nts|10}} years
|
|-
|[[Lebanese Civil War]]
|120,000
|150,000
|134,164
|[[Lebanon]]
|{{nts|1975|format=no}}
|{{nts|1990|format=no}}
|{{nts|15}} years
|
|-
|[[Sierra Leone Civil War]]
|50,000
|300,000
|122,474
|[[Sierra Leone]]
|{{nts|1991|format=no}}
|{{nts|2002|format=no}}
|{{nts|11}} years
|
|-
|[[Great Turkish War]]
|120,000
|120,000
|120,000
|[[Eastern Europe]]
|{{nts|1683|format=no}}
|{{nts|1699|format=no}}
|{{nts|16}} years
|Also known as the War of the Holy League
|-
|[[Thousand Days' War]]
|120,000
|120,000
|120,000
|[[Colombia]]
|{{nts|1899|format=no}}
|{{nts|1902|format=no}}
|{{nts|3}} years
|
|-
|[[Moro conflict]]
|120,000
|120,000
|120,000
|[[Philippines]]
|{{nts|1969|format=no}}
|{{ntsh|2019|format=no}} Present
|{{nts|52}} years
|
|-
|[[Arab–Israeli conflict]]
|116,074
|116,074
|116,074
|[[Middle East]]
|{{nts|1948|format=no}}
|{{ntsh|2021|format=no}} Present
|{{nts|73}} years
|
|-
|[[Asiatic Vespers]]
|80,000<ref>{{Cite web |last=Memnon |title=Memnon: History of Heracleia |url=http://www.attalus.org/translate/memnon2.html}}</ref>
|150,000<ref>{{Cite web |last=Plutarch |title=The Parallel Lives |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Sulla*.html#ref43}}</ref>
|109,545
|[[Anatolia]]
|88 BC
|88 BC
|1 day
|
|-
|[[Mexican drug war]]
|106,800
|106,800
|106,800
|[[Mexico]]
|{{nts|2006|format=no}}
|{{ntsh|2021|format=no}} Present
|{{nts|15}} years
|Also known as the Mexican War on Drugs
|-
|[[Aceh War]]
|97,000
|107,000
|101,877
|[[Indonesia]]
|{{nts|1873|format=no}}
|{{nts|1914|format=no}}
|{{nts|41}} years
|Also known as the Infidel War
|-
|[[Bosnian War]]
|97,214
|104,732
|100,903
|[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
|{{nts|1991|format=no}}
|{{nts|1995|format=no}}
|{{nts|4}} years
| Part of the [[Yugoslav Wars]]
|-
|[[German Peasants' War]]
|100,000
|100,000
|100,000
|[[Germany]]
|{{nts|1524|format=no}}
|{{nts|1525|format=no}}
|{{nts|1}} year
|Also known as the Great Peasants' War
|-
|[[Kurdish rebellions in Turkey]]
|100,000
|100,000
|100,000
|[[Middle East]]
|{{nts|1921|format=no}}
|{{ntsh|2021|format=no}} Present
|{{nts|100}} years
|
|-
|[[Congo Crisis]]
|100,000
|100,000
|100,000
|[[Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)|Republic of the Congo]]
|{{nts|1960|format=no}}
|{{nts|1965|format=no}}
|{{nts|5}} years
|
|-
|[[Insurgency in Laos]]
|100,000
|100,000
|100,000
|[[Laos]]
|{{nts|1975|format=no}}
|{{nts|2007|format=no}}
|{{nts|32}} years
|
|-
|[[Kivu conflict]]
|100,000
|100,000
|100,000
|[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
|{{nts|2004|format=no}}
|{{ntsh|2021|format=no}} Present
|{{nts|17}} years
| Part of the [[Second Congo War]]
|-
|[[Kashmir conflict]]
|80,000
|110,000
|93,808
|[[North India]], [[Pakistan]]
|{{nts|1947|format=no}}
|{{ntsh|2021|format=no}} Present
|{{nts|74}} years
|
|-
|[[Algerian Civil War]]
|44,000
|200,000
|93,808
|[[Algeria]]
|{{nts|1991|format=no}}
|{{nts|2002|format=no}}
|{{nts|11}} years
|
|-
|[[Angolan War of Independence]]
|82,991
|102,991
|92,452
|[[Angola]]
|{{nts|1961|format=no}}
|{{nts|1974|format=no}}
|{{nts|13}} years
|
|-
|[[Sri Lankan Civil War]]
|80,000
|100,000
|89,443
|[[Sri Lanka]]
|{{nts|1983|format=no}}
|{{nts|2009|format=no}}
|{{nts|26}} years
|
|-
|[[Annexation of Hyderabad]]
|30,000
|200,000
|77,460
|[[India]]
|{{nts|1948|format=no}}
|{{nts|1948|format=no}}
|{{ntsh|0.01}} 5 days
|Also known as Operation Polo
|-
|[[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]
|51,731
|63,647
|57,381
|[[Levant]]
|1948
|Present
|78 Years
|Part of the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]]
|}

=== Mistreatment of civilians during war ===
''This section lists non-combatant deaths during wars that were purposefully committed or caused by military or quasi-military forces with the intent of harm (deaths due to wartime shortages, for example, are not included as they are a side effect of war). They may not particularly target ethnic, religious, or political groups but are usually part of a military strategy that disregards civilian lives, or they may be arbitrary acts of cruelty.'' See [[democide]].{{Incomplete list|date=March 2022}}

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|- style="background:#CCCC;"
! style="width:7%;" | Event
! data-sort-type="number" | Lowest estimate!! style="width:7%;" data-sort-type="number" | Highest estimate
! data-sort-type="number" | Geometric mean estimate<ref name="Pinto 2014 173–180"/>!! width=150 | Location !! style="width:5%;" | From !! style="width:5%;" data-sort- type="number"| Until
!Duration!! data-sort- type="number" class=unsortable| Notes
|-
||War crimes during [[World War II]]
||{{nts|29000000}}
||{{nts|30500000}}
||{{nts|29074054}}
||Worldwide
||1939
||1945
|6 years
||See also: [[World War II casualties]].
|-
||[[Japanese war crimes]]
||{{nts|3000000}} (lowest estimate to include soldier deaths, famine or disease caused by Japanese imperialism)<ref name="Rummell, Statistics">{{cite web|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP3.HTM|title=Rummell, ''Statistics''|publisher=Hawaii.edu|access-date=July 21, 2013}}</ref>
||{{nts|14000000}}+<ref name="educationforum.ipbhost.com">{{cite web|url=http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/topic/9196-sterling-and-peggy-seagrave-gold-warriors/|title=Sterling and Peggy Seagrave: Gold Warriors|website=The Education Forum|date=January 25, 2007 }}</ref>
||{{nts|6480741}}
||In and around East and South East [[Asia]], [[Oceania]] and the Pacific
||1931
||1945
|14 years
||Japanese [[war crimes]] occurred in many Asian and Pacific countries during the period of [[Japanese militarism|Japanese imperialism]], primarily during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] and [[World War II]]. If total casualties for these conflicts are assigned exclusively to Japanese aggression, the toll could reach some 30 million deaths. These incidents have also been described as an Asian Holocaust<ref name="nyt-1999">{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B05E6DB153FF934A35750C0A96F958260|title=The World: Revisiting World War II Atrocities; Comparing the Unspeakable to the Unthinkable|last=Blumenthal|first=Ralph|date=March 7, 1999|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=July 26, 2008}}</ref> and Japanese war atrocities.<ref name="bbc-1997">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/in_depth/39166.stm|title=Scarred by history: The Rape of Nanking|date=December 13, 1997 |access-date=July 21, 2013 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1992">{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE1D81439F931A15753C1A964958260|title=Japanese Edgy Over Emperor's Visit to China|last=Sanger|first=David|date=October 22, 1992|work=The New York Times|access-date=July 26, 2008}}</ref><ref name="archives.gov">{{cite book |url=https://www.archives.gov/iwg/japanese-war-crimes/introductory-essays.pdf |title=Researching Japanese War Crimes Records Introductory Essays |date=2006 |publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]] |editor=Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group |edition=copy |location=Washington, DC |oclc=607319915 |access-date=July 1, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190336/http://www.archives.gov/iwg/japanese-war-crimes/introductory-essays.pdf |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |author=Edward Drea |author2=Greg Bradsher |author3=Robert Hanyok |author4=James Lide |author5=Michael Petersen |author6=Daqing Yang}}. Also in printed format, {{OCLC|71126844}}, {{ISBN|1-880875-28-4|9781880875285}}.</ref> Some war crimes were committed by [[military personnel]] from the [[Empire of Japan]] in the late 19th century, although most took place during the first part of the ''[[Shōwa period|Shōwa Era]]'', the name given to the reign of Emperor [[Hirohito]], until the [[Surrender of Japan|surrender]] of the Empire of Japan, in 1945.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
|-
||[[Three Alls policy]]
||{{nts|2700000}}
||{{nts|2700000}}
||{{nts|2700000}}
||[[China]]
||1940
||1942
|2 years
||In a study published in 1996, historian Mitsuyoshi Himeta claims that the Three Alls policy, a scorched-earth policy implemented by the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] on China, sanctioned by [[Emperor Hirohito]] himself, was both directly and indirectly responsible for the deaths of "more than 2.7 million" Chinese civilians.<ref name="cQCtV">Bix, Herbert, ''Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan'', New York, Perennial, 2001 p. 365</ref>
|-
||War crimes during the [[Chinese Civil War]]
||{{nts|1800000}}
||{{nts|3500000}}<ref name="EVBTRG8">Valentino, Benjamin A. ''[[Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century]]'', Cornell University Press, p. 88, December 8, 2005.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>
||{{nts|2509980}}
||[[China]]
||1927
||1950
|23 years
||During the war, both Nationalists and Communists carried out mass atrocities, with millions of non-combatants deliberately killed by both sides.<ref name="EVBTRG9">Rummel, Rudolph (1994), ''Death by Government''.<!-- publisher, ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>
|-
||War crimes during the [[First Sudanese Civil War|First]] and [[Second Sudanese Civil War]]s
||{{nts|2000000}}
||{{nts|2000000}}
||{{nts|2000000}}
||[[Sudan]]
||1956
||2005
|49 years
||<ref name="EVBTRG10">{{cite web|url=http://www.gpanet.org/content/genocides-politicides-and-other-mass-murder-1945-stages-2008|title=Genocides, Politicides, and Other Mass Murder Since 1945, With Stages in 2008|website=gpanet.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107203649/http://www.gpanet.org/content/genocides-politicides-and-other-mass-murder-1945-stages-2008|archive-date=November 7, 2017 |access-date=August 2, 2018}}</ref>
|-
||War crimes during the [[Soviet–Afghan War#Casualties and destruction in Afghanistan|Soviet–Afghan War]]
||{{nts|500000}}
||{{nts|2000000}}
||{{nts|1000000}}
||[[Afghanistan]]
||1979
||1989
|10 years
||Some refer to the mass murder of civilians during the Soviet invasion as a [[genocide]]; however, those killed were on the basis of political alignment, making it a [[politicide]].<ref name="Khalidi">Noor Ahmad Khalidi, [http://www.nonel.pu.ru/erdferkel/khalidi.pdf "Afghanistan: Demographic Consequences of War: 1978–87"], ''Central Asian Survey'', vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 101–126, 1991.</ref><ref name="Sliwinski">Marek Sliwiński, "Afghanistan: The Decimation of a People", ''Orbis'' (Winter, 1989), p. 39.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>
|-
||War crimes of [[Zhang Xianzhong]]
||{{nts|1000000}}
||{{nts|1000000}}<ref name="EVBTRG11">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VA5tKw11K8YC&pg=PA379|title=China: A Cultural and Historical Dictionary|last=Dillon|first=Michael|publisher=Routledge|year=1998|isbn=978-0-7007-0439-2|page=379}} from J. B. Parsons, ''The Peasant Rebellions of the Late Ming Dynasty'' (University of Arizona Press), 1970.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --><!-- Is this one book or two??? --></ref>
||{{nts|1000000}}
||[[Sichuan]], [[China]]
||1644
||1646
|2 years
||Committed during a bloody peasant revolt that massacred a large portion of [[Sichuan]]'s population.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
|-
||War crimes during [[Warlord Era|Warlord Era China]]
||{{nts|910000}}
||{{nts|910000}}
||{{nts|910000}}
||[[China]]
||1900
||1927
|27 years
||<ref name="rumdinger">{{cite web |last=Rummel |first=R.J. |title=CHINA'S BLOODY CENTURY |url=https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/CHINA.CHAP1.HTM}}</ref>
|-
||[[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] sacking after the [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)]]
||{{nts|200000}}<ref name="EVBTRG13">Andre Wink, ''Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World'', Vol 2 (Brill, 2002), p. 13.</ref>
||{{nts|2000000}}<ref name="EVBTRG14">''The different aspects of Islamic culture: Science and technology in Islam'', Vol.4, Ed. A. Y. Al-Hassan (Dergham, 2001), p. 655.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>
||{{nts|632456}}
||[[Baghdad]]
||January 29, 1258
||February 10, 1258
|12 days
||Mass slaughter of civilians by the [[Mongols]] in [[Baghdad]]. Considered to be the end of the "[[Islamic Golden Age]]".
|-
||[[Biological warfare]] and human experimentation by the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] during [[World War II]]
||{{Nts|400000}}
||{{nts|580000}}<ref name="1O0up">{{Cite book|title=A plague upon humanity: the secret genocide of Axis Japan's germ warfare operation|last=Barenblatt|first=Daniel|date=2004|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|isbn=0-06-018625-9|edition=1st|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/plagueuponhumani00bare/page/ xii, 173]|oclc=52348888|url=https://archive.org/details/plagueuponhumani00bare/page/}}</ref>
||{{nts|481664}}|| Parts of [[Russia]] and [[China]], especially [[Manchuria]]
|| 1931
|1945
|| 14 years
|See also: [[Unit 731]] and the [[Japanese war crimes#Human experimentation and biological warfare|Asian Holocaust]].
|-
|| War crimes during the [[Maratha invasions of Bengal]]
||{{nts|400000}}<ref name="Marshall73">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIZrfokYSY8C&pg=PA73|title=Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740–1828|author=P. J. Marshall|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2006|isbn=978-0-521-02822-6|page=73|author-link=P. J. Marshall}}</ref><ref name="Chaudhuri253">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xt7Fgzq9e8C&pg=PA253|title=The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company: 1660-1760|first=Kirti N. |last=Chaudhuri|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2006|isbn=978-0-521-03159-2|page=253|author-link=Kirti N. Chaudhuri}}</ref>
||{{nts|400000}}<ref name="Marshall73"/><ref name="Chaudhuri253"/>
||{{nts|400000}}
||[[Bengal]] and [[Bihar]] regions of [[Indian subcontinent]]
|| 1741
|| 1751
|10 years
||[[Maratha Empire]] invaded [[Bengal Subah]], occupied the western Bengal and Bihar regions, and perpetrated atrocities against the local population.<ref name="Marshall73"/><ref name="Chaudhuri253"/>
|-
||War crimes during [[La Violencia]]
||{{nts|200000}}<ref name="Bailey, 1967">{{cite journal|last=Bailey|first=Norman A.|author-link=Norman Bailey (government official)|year=1967|title=La Violencia in Colombia|journal=Journal of Inter-American Studies|publisher=Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Miami|volume=9|issue=4|pages=561–75|doi=10.2307/164860|jstor=164860}}</ref>
||{{nts|300000}}<ref name="Bailey, 1967"/>
||{{nts|244949}}
||[[Colombia]]
||1948
||1958
|10 years
||
[[La Violencia]] was a ten-year period of [[civil war]] and violence in [[Colombia]] from 1948 to 1958, between the [[Colombian Conservative Party]] and the [[Colombian Liberal Party]], fought mainly in the rural countryside. Death toll may include non-civilian victims.
|-
|[[Manila massacre]]||{{nts|100000}}||{{nts|500000}}
||{{nts|223607}}||[[Manila, Philippines]]||{{nts|1945|format=no}}||{{nts|1945|format=no}}
|1 month||<ref name="EVBTRG17">{{cite web|url=http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/battles.htm#Manila|title=Death Tolls for the Man-made Megadeaths of the 20th Century|last=White|first=Matthew|access-date=August 1, 2007}}</ref><wbr>{{unreliable source?|date=January 2019}}<ref name="EVBTRG18">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jKsbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA288|title=Nein|author=Hodieb Khalifa|publisher=American Book Publishing Group|year=2013|isbn=978-1-938759-18-5|page=288}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="EVBTRG19">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G5WHAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA35|title=Within a Presumption of Godlessness|last=Dauria|first=Tom|publisher=Archway Publishing|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4808-0420-3|page=35}}</ref><ref name="EVBTRG20">{{cite web|url=http://battleofmanila.org/Huber/htm/huber_06.htm|title=Battle of Manila|website=battleofmanila.org}}</ref>
|-
||War crimes during the [[Colombian conflict]]
||{{nts|177307}}
||{{nts|177307}}
||{{nts|177307}}
||[[Colombia]]
||1964
||present
|54 years
||<ref name="EVBTRG21">{{cite web|url=http://www.centrodememoriahistorica.gov.co/micrositios/informeGeneral/estadisticas.html|title=Estadísticas del conflicto armado en Colombia|access-date=March 4, 2018|archive-date=April 26, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426215054/http://www.centrodememoriahistorica.gov.co/micrositios/informeGeneral/estadisticas.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
||War crimes during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War
||{{nts|62000}}<ref name="mussoeth">{{cite web|url=http://necrometrics.com/20c300K.htm#Eth35|title=Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls|website=necrometrics.com}}</ref><wbr>{{unreliable source?|date=January 2019}}
||{{nts|485000}}<ref name="mussoeth"/><wbr>{{unreliable source?|date=January 2019}}
||{{nts|173407}}
||[[Ethiopia]]
||1935
||1941
|6 years
|Angelo Del Boca, ''The Ethiopian War 1935–1941'' (1965), cites a 1945 memorandum from Ethiopia to the Conference of Prime Ministers, which tallies 760,300 natives dead; of them: battle deaths: 275,000, hunger among refugees: 300,000, patriots killed during occupation: 78,500, concentration camps: 35,000, February 1937 massacre: 30,000, executions: 24,000, civilians killed by air force: 17,800.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
|-
| War crimes during the [[War in the Vendée]]||{{nts|100000}}<ref name="EVBTRG23">Donald Greer, ''The Terror: a Statistical Interpretation'', [[Cambridge (Massachusetts)|Cambridge]] (1935)</ref><ref name="Sechervendee">Reynald Secher, ''La Vendée-Vengé, le Génocide franco-français'' (1986)</ref>||{{nts|250000}}<ref name="EVBTRG24">Jean-Clément Martin, ''La Vendée et la France'', Éditions du Seuil, collection Points, 1987. Martin gives the highest estimate of the civil war, including republican losses and premature death. However, he does not consider it as a genocide.</ref><ref name="EVBTRG25">Jacques Hussenet (dir.), ''"Détruisez la Vendée!" Regards croisés sur les victimes et destructions de la guerre de Vendée'', La Roche-sur-Yon, Centre vendéen de recherches historiques, 2007, p.148.</ref>
||{{nts|158114}}||[[France]] during the [[French Revolution]]||{{nts|1793|format=no}}||{{nts|1796|format=no}}
|3 years|| Described as genocide by some historians,<ref name="Sechervendee"/> but this claim has been widely discounted.<ref name="Gough">{{cite journal|last=Gough|first=Hugh|date=December 1987|title=Genocide and the Bicentenary: The French Revolution and the Revenge of the Vendee|journal=The Historical Journal|volume=30|issue=4|pages=977–988|jstor=2639130|doi=10.1017/S0018246X00022433|s2cid=159724928 }}</ref> See also: [[French Revolution]].
|-
||War crimes during the [[First Chechen War|First]] and [[Second Chechen War]]s
||{{nts|55000}}
||{{nts|330000}}
||{{nts|134722}}
||[[Chechnya]]
||1994
||2009
|15 years
||<ref name="EVBTRG28">''[https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur46/015/2007/en/ What justice for Chechnya's disappeared?]'', AI Index: EUR 46/015/2007, May 23, 2007.</ref><ref name="chechenlosses">{{cite web|url=http://www.polit.ru/article/2004/02/19/kniga_chisel|title=Book of Numbers, Book of Losses, Book of the Final Judgment|last=Cherkasov|first=Alexander|website=Polit.ru|access-date=January 2, 2016}}</ref><ref name="EVBTRG29">{{cite web|url=https://groups.yahoo.com/group/chechnya-sl/message/45015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716133214/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/chechnya-sl/message/45015|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 16, 2012|title=Aljazeera: 'Official': Chechen wars killed 300,000 |via=Yahoo! Groups}}</ref><ref name="EVBTRG30">[http://www.lifestyleextra.com/ShowStory.asp?story=QO2631422I&news_headline=chechen_leader_says_spy_died_a_hero "Chechen leader says spy 'died a hero{{'"}}]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225225427/http://www.lifestyleextra.com/ShowStory.asp?story=QO2631422I&news_headline=chechen_leader_says_spy_died_a_hero|date=February 25, 2008}}, ''[[Life Style Extra]]'', November 27, 2006.</ref><ref name="EVBTRG31">{{cite web|url=http://www.mosnews.com/news/2004/11/19/civiliandeath.shtml|title=Over 200,000 Killed in Chechnya Since 1994&nbsp;— Pro-Moscow Official – NE...|date=November 20, 2004|publisher=mosnews.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20041120124031/http://www.mosnews.com/news/2004/11/19/civiliandeath.shtml|archive-date=November 20, 2004}}</ref><ref name="hrvc">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070821154629/http://www.hrvc.net/htmls/references.htm "Civil and military casualties of the wars in Chechnya"]. [[Russian-Chechen Friendship Society]], 2003.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>
|-
||War crimes during the [[Iran–Iraq War]]
||{{nts|61000}}
||{{nts|282000}}
||{{nts|131156}}
||[[Iran]] and [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq]]
||1980
||1988
|8 years
||11,000 to 100,000<ref name="r.j.rummel">{{cite web|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB15.1D.GIF|title=Lesser Murdering States, Quasi-States, and Groups: Estimates, Sources, and Calculations|author=Rumel, Rudolph|work=Power Kills|publisher=University of Hawaiʻi}}</ref> civilians killed on both sides, plus 50 to 182 killed in [[Iraqi–Kurdish conflict#Kurdish rebellion during the Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)|Kurdish Genocide]].
|-
||War crimes committed by [[South Vietnam]] during the [[Ngo Dinh Diem|Diem]] era and [[Vietnam War]]
||{{nts|57000}}
||{{nts|284000}}
||{{nts|127232}}
||[[Vietnam]]
||1954
||1975
|21 years
||<ref name="Rummel, Rudolph 1997">Rummel, Rudolph, "Statistics of Vietnamese Democide", ''Statistics of Democide'', 1997.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>
|-
||War crimes during the [[Syrian civil war]]
||{{nts|106390}}
||110,218
||{{nts|108287}}
||[[Syria]]
||2011
||present
|7 years
||See also: [[List of massacres during the Syrian civil war]]
|-
||War crimes of the [[Lord's Resistance Army]]
||{{nts|100000}}
||{{nts|100000}}
||{{nts|100000}}
||[[Uganda]], [[Central African Republic]], and the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]]
||1986
||2009
|23 years
||''[[The Guardian]]'' reported in 2015 that Kony's forces had been responsible for the deaths of over 100,000 people and the kidnapping of at least 60,000 children. Various atrocities committed include raping young girls and abducting them for use as sex slaves.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
|-
||War crimes of the [[National Islamic Front]]
||{{nts|100000}}
||{{nts|100000}}
||{{nts|100000}}
||[[Sudan]]
||1964
||1999
|35 years
||Alleged human rights abuses by the NIF regime included war crimes, ethnic cleansing, a revival of slavery, torture of opponents, and an unprecedented number of refugees fleeing into Uganda, Kenya, Eritrea, Egypt, Europe and North America.<ref name="jstor">{{cite journal|last1=Fluehr-Lobban|first1=Carolyn|title=The Sudan Since 1989: National Islamic Front Rule|last2=Lobban|first2=Richard|date=Spring 2001|journal=Arab Studies Quarterly|volume=23|issue=2|pages=1–9|jstor=41858370}}</ref>
|-
||War crimes during the [[Papua conflict]]
||{{nts|100000}}<ref name="EVBTRG32">{{cite web|url=http://sydney.edu.au/news/84.html?newsstoryid=651|title=Report claims secret genocide in Indonesia|last=Gawler|first=Virginia|date=August 19, 2005|publisher=University of Sydney|access-date=March 27, 2016}}<br/>"WestPapuaFinal">{{cite web|url=http://www.law.yale.edu/documents/pdf/Intellectual_Life/West_Papua_final_report.pdf|title=Indonesian Human Rights Abuses in West Papua: Application of the Law of Genocide to the History of Indonesian Control|last1=Brundige|first1=Elizabeth|last2=King|first2=Winter|date=April 2004|publisher=Yale Law School|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227145157/http://www.law.yale.edu/documents/pdf/Intellectual_Life/West_Papua_final_report.pdf |archive-date=February 27, 2009|last3=Vahali|first3=Priyneha|last4=Vladeck|first4=Stephen|last5=Yuan|first5=Xiang}}</ref>
||{{nts|100000}}<ref name="EVBTRG33">{{cite book|url=http://wpik.org/Src/WestPapuaGenocideRpt.05.pdf|title=Genocide in West Papua?: The role of the Indonesian state apparatus and a current needs assessment of the Papuan people|last1=Wing|first1=John|last2=King|first2=Peter|date=August 2005|publisher=West Papua Project|isbn=0-9752391-7-1|location=Sydney|access-date=March 27, 2016}}</ref>
||{{nts|100000}}
||[[West Papua (region)|West Papua]]
||1963
||present
|55 years
||Since [[Indonesia]] has taken control of [[West Papua (region)|West Papua]] in 1963, the population of West Papua has recorded more than 100,000 unnatural deaths. The administration of West Papua has been called a [[police state]].{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
|-
||War crimes during the [[Second Italo-Senussi War]]
||{{nts|80000}}
||{{nts|125000}}
|{{nts|100000}}
||[[Libya]]
||1923
||1932
|9 years
||Specific war crimes alleged to have been committed by the Italian armed forces against civilians include deliberate bombing of civilians, killing unarmed children, women, and the elderly; rape and disembowelment of women; throwing prisoners out of aircraft to their death, running over others with tanks, regular daily executions of civilians in some areas, and bombing tribal villages with mustard gas bombs, beginning in 1930.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
|-
||War crimes of the [[Viet Cong]]
||{{nts|36725}}<ref name="Lewy">{{cite book|author-link=Guenter Lewy|last=Lewy|first=Guenter|title=America in Vietnam|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1980|isbn=978-0-19-987423-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/americainvietnam00lewy/page/272 272]|title-link=America in Vietnam}}</ref>
||{{nts|227000}}<ref name="Statistics of Vietnamese Democide">Rummel, Rudolph (1997), [http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP6.HTM Statistics of Vietnamese Democide], in his ''Statistics of Democide'', Table 6.1A, line 467 & Table 6.1B, lines 675, 730, 749–751.</ref>
||{{nts|91305}}
||[[Vietnam]]
||1955
||1975
|20 years
|-
||[[Rape of Nanjing|The Rape of Nanjing]]
||{{ntsh|13000}}{{plainlist|
* 13,000<ref name="Yoshiaki Itakura 1999">Yoshiaki Itakura, ''本当はこうだった南京事件'' (Tokyo: Nihon Tosho Kankokai, 1999), 11.</ref><br/>(all victims)
* 5,000<ref name="Yoshiaki Itakura 1999"/><br/>(civilian massacre victims)}}
||{{ntsh|400000}}{{plainlist|
* 400,000<ref name="People's Daily">{{cite news|url=http://en.people.cn/200007/26/eng20000726_46497.html|title=400,000 People Killed in Nanjing Massacre: Expert|date=July 26, 2000|work=People's Daily|access-date=August 6, 2016|archive-date=December 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225102248/http://en.people.cn/200007/26/eng20000726_46497.html}}</ref><br/>(all victims)
* 100,000<ref name="Nanking 2000">[[Masaaki Tanaka]], ''What Really Happened In Nanking: The Refutation of a Common Myth'' (Tokyo: Sekai Shuppan, 2000), p. 64.</ref><br/>(civilian massacre victims)}}
||{{ntsh|72111}}{{plainlist|
* 72,111<br/>(all victims)
* 22,361<br/>(civilian massacre victims)}}
||[[Nanjing]], [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]
||{{nts|1937|format=no}}
||{{nts|1938|format=no}}
|1 year
|| The [[Nanjing Massacre]], commonly known as the Rape of Nanjing, was a war crime committed by the Japanese military in Nanjing, then capital of the Republic of China, after it fell to the Imperial Japanese Army on December 13, 1937. See: [[Death toll of the Nanjing Massacre]].
|-
| War crimes during the [[internal conflict in Peru]]||{{nts|61007}}<ref name="EVBTRG36">{{cite web|url=http://www.cverdad.org.pe/ifinal/pdf/Tomo%20-%20ANEXOS/ANEXO%202.pdf|title=Informe final. Anexo 2: ¿CUÁNTOS PERUANOS MURIERON? (2003)|publisher=Comisión de la Verdad y la Reconciliación|language=es|access-date=August 2, 2018}}</ref> <sup>[see notes]</sup>||{{nts|77552}}<sup>[see notes]</sup>
||{{nts|68784}}<sup>[see notes]</sup>||[[Peru]]||{{nts|1980|format=no}}||{{nts|2000|format=no}}
|20 years||In the late 20th century, the Peruvian government (armed forces and civil ''rondas'') fought against communist terrorists in Peru. The principal actors in the war were the [[Communist Party of Peru]] or "Shining Path" and the government of Peru; the [[Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement]] was also involved and other paramilitary entities. [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Peru)|Peru's Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] reached a figure of approx. 68,784 deaths and disappearances, of which 54% were ascribed to Shining Path, 1.5% to Tupac Amaru and 37% to State officials, who were also responsible for 83% of reported cases of sexual violence, and systematic use of torture. An academic research published in 2019 contests the commission's methodology, reaching a total figure of approx. 47,849, of which 27,872 were victims of State officials, 18,341 of the Shining Path, and 1,636 by all other actors.<ref name="epNAR">{{Cite journal|last=Rendon|first=Silvio|date=January 1, 2019 |title=Capturing correctly: A reanalysis of the indirect capture–recapture methods in the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission|journal=Research & Politics|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|page=2053168018820375|doi=10.1177/2053168018820375|issn=2053-1680|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="lXVJx">{{cite journal|last=Rendon|first=Silvio|date=April 1, 2019 |title=A truth commission did not tell the truth: A rejoinder to Manrique-Vallier and Ball|journal=Research & Politics|language=en|volume=6|issue=2|page=2053168019840972|doi=10.1177/2053168019840972|issn=2053-1680|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|-
|War crimes during the [[Kashmir conflict|Kashmir Conflict]]
|{{nts|47000}}<ref name="EVBTRG34">{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-36624520081121 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910235157/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-36624520081121 |archive-date=2016-09-10 |title=India revises Kashmir death toll to 47,000|access-date=August 28, 2016 |work=Reuters|date=November 21, 2008}}</ref>
|{{nts|100000}}<ref name="EVBTRG35">{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/INDIA937.PDF|title=The Human Rights Crisis in Kashmir|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=August 2, 2018}}</ref>
|{{nts|68557}}
|[[Kashmir]]
|1947
|present
|71 years
|See also: [[Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir|Human Rights Abuses in Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]], [[List of massacres in Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
||War crimes during the [[Sheikh Said rebellion]]
||{{ntsh|17321}}15,000
20,000<ref name="The Militant Kurds page 86">Vera Eccarius-Kelly, ''The Militant Kurds: A Dual Strategy for Freedom'', p. 86, 2010.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>
||{{ntsh|100000}}40,000
250,000<ref name="page 104">{{cite web|url=http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/val/sospo/vk/koivunen/theinvis.pdf|title=The Invisible War in North Kurdistan|last=Koivunen|first=Kristiina|website=ethesis.helsinki.fi|language=fi|page=104|access-date=July 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012052731/http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/val/sospo/vk/koivunen/theinvis.pdf|archive-date=October 12, 2017}}</ref>
||41,618
||[[Turkey]]
||1925
||1925
|1 month
||The [[Sheikh Said Rebellion]] was a rebellion to revive the Islamic Caliphate System, and used elements of Kurdish nationalism for recruiting.<ref name="EVBTRG37">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cw5V1c1ej_cC&pg=PA147|title=From Caliphate to Secular State: Power Struggle in the Early Turkish Republic: Power Struggle in the Early Turkish Republic|author=Hakan Ozoglu|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2011|isbn=978-0-313-37957-4|page=147}}</ref> It was led by [[Sheikh Said]] and a group of former Ottoman soldiers, known as [[Hamidiye (cavalry)|Hamidiye soldiers]]. The rebellion was of two Kurdish groups, the [[Zaza people]] and the speakers of the related [[Kurmanji dialect]] of Kurdish: it "was led specifically by the Zaza population and received almost full support in the entire Zaza region and some of the neighbouring Kurmanji-dominated regions".<ref name="EVBTRG38">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bGpbVFzubsC&pg=PA64|title=The Zaza Kurds of Turkey: A Middle Eastern Minority in a Globalised Society|author=Mehmed S. Kaya|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2011|isbn=978-1-84511-875-4|page=64}}</ref>
|-
||[[War crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War]]
||{{nts|7000}}<ref name="EVBTRG40">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/13/opinion/13iht-edpatten.html|title=Sri Lanka's Choice, and the World's Responsibility|last=Patten|first=Chris|date=January 12, 2010|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=June 8, 2011}}</ref>
||{{nts|169796}}<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://itjpsl.com/assets/ITJP_death_toll_A4_v6.pdf | title=Death Toll In Sri Lanka's 2009 War | publisher=International Truth and Justice Project | access-date=2024-06-22}}</ref>
||{{nts|34476}}
||[[Sri Lanka]]
||2009
||2009
|1 year
||There are allegations that [[war crime]]s were committed by the [[Sri Lanka Armed Forces|Sri Lankan military]] and the rebel [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (Tamil Tigers) during the [[Sri Lankan Civil War]], particularly during the final months of the [[Eelam War IV]] phase in 2009. The alleged war crimes include attacks on civilians and civilian buildings by both sides; executions of combatants and prisoners by both sides; enforced disappearances by the Sri Lankan military and paramilitary groups backed by them; acute shortages of food, medicine, and clean water for civilians trapped in the war zone; and child recruitment by the Tamil Tigers.<ref name="EVBTRG42">{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/10/22/sri-lanka-us-war-crimes-report-details-extensive-abuses|title=Sri Lanka: US War Crimes Report Details Extensive Abuses|date=October 22, 2009|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|access-date=January 17, 2010}}</ref><ref name="EVBTRG43">{{cite news|url=http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2010/12/08/govt-ltte-executed-soldiers|title=LTTE Executed Soldiers|date=December 8, 2010|newspaper=[[The Sunday Leader]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212104240/http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2010/12/08/govt-ltte-executed-soldiers/ |archive-date=December 12, 2010 |access-date=January 17, 2010}}</ref> See also: [[Alleged war crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War]]
|-
||Violations of [[human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory]]
||{{ntsh|50000}}<!-- Arbitrary sort point for this vague number --> Many tens of thousands
||{{ntsh|50000}}<!-- Arbitrary sort point for this vague number --> Many tens of thousands
||
||[[Iraq]], [[Syria]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Libya]], [[Philippines]], [[Nigeria]] and sporadic terrorism worldwide
||2014
||present
|7 years
||[[ISIS]] has existed as an active terrorist organization in one form or another since at least 2003. Many tens of thousands of casualties in the Iraqi wars of the 21st century can be attributed to them and their parent organizations. See also the death tolls from 2014 onwards in [[International military intervention against ISIL]]
|-
||[[War crimes in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]
||{{nts|10094}}
||{{nts|25094}}
||{{nts|15915}}
||[[Ukraine]]
||2022
||present
|months
||[[Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War#Civilian deaths]]
|-
|[[Sack of Thessalonica (904)]]||{{nts|15000}}||{{nts|15000}}<ref name="EVBTRG44">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC|title=A History of the Byzantine State and Society|first=Warren T. |last=Treadgold|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|year=1997|isbn=0-8047-2630-2|page=572}}</ref>
||{{nts|15000}}||[[Byzantine Empire]]||{{nts|904}}||{{nts|904}}
|?|| The sack of the second city of the Byzantine Empire by a Muslim fleet under the command of [[Leo of Tripoli]]. In addition to the thousands killed, the [[Saracen]] fleet also took 20,000 Greek slaves.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
|-

||[[War crimes in the Tigray War]]
||{{nts|2316}}
||{{nts|52000}}
||{{nts|10974}}
||[[Tigray Region|Tigray]], [[Ethiopia]]
||2020
||present
|over 2 years
||[[Casualties of the Tigray War#Total deaths]]
|-
||[[Children in the military#Iran|Use of child soldiers in Iran]] during the [[Iran–Iraq War]]
||{{nts|6000}}
||{{nts|18000}}
||{{nts|10392}}
||[[Iran]]
||1980
||1988
|8 years
||3% of 2–600,000 casualties.<ref name="hiro205">{{cite book|title=The Longest War: The Iran-Iraq Military Conflict|last=Hiro|first=Dilip|publisher=Routledge|year=1991|isbn=978-0-415-90406-3|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/longestwariranir00hiro/page/205 205]|oclc=22347651|author-link=Dilip Hiro|url=https://archive.org/details/longestwariranir00hiro/page/205}}</ref><ref name="Rajaee1997">{{cite book|title=Iranian Perspectives on the Iran-Iraq War|last=Rajaee|first=Farhang|publisher=University Press of Florida|year=1997|isbn=978-0-8130-1476-0|location=Gainesville|page=2|oclc=492125659}}</ref><ref name="Mikaberidze2011">{{cite book|title=Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia|last=Mikaberidze|first=Alexander|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2011|isbn=978-1-59884-336-1|location=Santa Barbara, California|page=418|oclc=775759780}}</ref><ref name="EVBTRG45">''Hammond Atlas of the 20th Century'' (1999) pp. 134–35</ref><ref name="Dunnigan 1991">Dunnigan, ''A Quick and Dirty Guide to War'' (1991)</ref><ref name="Twentieth Century World History 1997">Jan Palmowski, ''Dictionary of Twentieth Century World History'' (Oxford, 1997)<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref><ref name="ReferenceD">Clodfelter, Micheal, ''Warfare and Armed Conflict: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1618–1991''</ref><ref name="Chirot, Daniel 1994">Chirot, Daniel, ''Modern Tyrants: the power and prevalence of evil in our age'' (1994)</ref><ref name="EVBTRG46">"B&J": Jacob Bercovitch and Richard Jackson, ''International Conflict: A Chronological Encyclopedia of Conflicts and Their Management 1945–1995'' (1997), p. 195.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref><ref name="EVBTRG47">{{cite web|url=http://kurzman.unc.edu/death-tolls-of-the-iran-iraq-war|title=Death Tolls of the Iran-Iraq War|last=Hill|first=The University of North Carolina at Chapel|website=kurzman.unc.edu|publisher=Charles Kurzman|access-date=August 2, 2018}}</ref>
|-
||[[List of massacres during the Algerian Civil War|Massacres during the Algerian Civil War]]
||{{nts|10000}}
||{{nts|10000}}
||{{nts|10000}}
||[[Algeria]]
||1991
||2002
|11 years
||<ref name="Bedjaoui">"An Anatomy of the Massacres", Ait-Larbi, Ait-Belkacem, Belaid, Nait-Redjam, and Soltani, in ''An Inquiry into the Algerian Massacres'', ed. Bedjaoui, Aroua, and Ait-Larbi, Hoggar: Geneva 1999.</ref><ref name="EVBTRG48">[http://stathis.research.yale.edu/files/Wanton.pdf "Wanton and Senseless? The Logic of Massacres in Algeria"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025159/http://stathis.research.yale.edu/files/Wanton.pdf|date=March 4, 2016}}, Stathis N. Kalyvas, ''Rationality and Society'', Vol. 11, No. 3, 243–285 (1999)<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>
|-
||War crimes during the [[Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war]]
||{{nts|6,856}}<ref name="sn4hr.org">{{Cite web|url=http://sn4hr.org/blog/2018/09/24/civilian-death-toll/|title=Civilian Death Toll|date=June 14, 2021}}</ref>
||{{nts|8,651}}<ref name="9dP23">{{Cite web|url=https://www.syriahr.com/en/177267/|title=July 2020 &#124; Russian airstrikes kill civilian in Al-Bab and tens of ISIS members in the Syrian desert • the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights|date=July 30, 2020}}</ref>
||{{nts|7701}}
||[[Syria]]
||September 2015
||present
|4 years
|<ref name="sArMF">{{cite web|url=http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=126256|title=The Russian operations complete their 43rd month on the Syrian territory by killing 22 citizens including about 10 children and women by its warplanes |publisher=Syrian Observatory for Human Rights|date=April 30, 2019}}</ref> See also: [[Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War]].
|-
||War crimes during the [[Balochistan conflict]]
||{{nts|7628}}
||{{nts|7628}}
||{{nts|7628}}
||[[Balochistan]], [[Pakistan]]
||1937
||present
|81 years
||<ref name="EVBTRG49">{{cite web|url=http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat6.htm|title=Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls|website=users.erols.com}}</ref><wbr/>{{unreliable source?|date=January 2019}}<ref name="EVBTRG50">{{cite web|url=http://www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?article4120|title=Balochistan: Pakistan's internal war: History of an insurgency|last=Ray|first=Fulcher}}</ref><ref name="EVBTRG51">{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/Balochistan/index.html|title=Balochistan Assessment: 2016|access-date=March 4, 2018}}</ref>
|-
|[[September 11 attacks]]
||{{nts|2977}}
||{{nts|2977}}
||{{nts|2977}}
||[[United States]]
||September 11, 2001
||September 11, 2001
|1 day
||<ref name="EVBTRG61">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/27/us/september-11-anniversary-fast-facts|title=September 11th Fast Facts|date=March 27, 2015|access-date=May 14, 2015|publisher=CNN}}</ref>
|-
||War crimes during the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]]
||{{nts|2000}}
||{{nts|2000}}
||{{nts|2000}}
||[[Donbas]], [[Ukraine]]
||2014
||{{ntsh|2021}} Present
|7 years
||<ref name="EVBTRG62">"Humanitarian Bulletin Ukraine Issue 11" (PDF), OHCHR, July 9, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2018.</ref>
|-
||[[Sabra and Shatila massacre]]
||{{nts|460}}<ref name="EVBTRG63">{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/massacres-at-sabra-and-shatila|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926122948/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Sabra_%26_Shatila.html|title=Massacres at Sabra & Shatila|archive-date=September 26, 2016|website=Jewish Virtual Library}}</ref>
||{{nts|3500}}<ref name="EVBTRG644">{{Cite news|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/53050/World/Region/Remembering-Sabra--Shatila-The-death-of-their-worl.aspx|title=Remembering Sabra & Shatila: The death of their world|date=September 16, 2012|work=Ahram online|access-date=November 13, 2012|archive-date=October 6, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006133649/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/53050/World/Region/Remembering-Sabra--Shatila-The-death-of-their-worl.aspx}}</ref>
||{{nts|1269}}
||West [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]]
||September 16, 1982
||September 18, 1982
|2 days
||Massacre of a Palestinian refugee camp by Lebanese Christians.
|}

== Political repression ==
=== Abuse of workers, forced laborers and slaves ===
''This section lists deaths caused by poor labor conditions, executions for not performing labor satisfactorily, and deaths caused by mistreatment of the workforce both in transit and at work locations.''{{Incomplete list|date=March 2022}}

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|- style="background:#CCCC;"
! style="width:7%;" | Event
! data-sort-type="number" | Lowest estimate!! style="width:7%;" data-sort-type="number" | Highest estimate
! data-sort-type="number" | Geometric mean estimate<ref name="Pinto 2014 173–180"/>!! style="width:5%;" | Location !! style="width:5%;" | From !! style="width:5%;" data-sort- type="number"| Until
!Duration!! style="width:50%;" data-sort- type="number"| Notes
|-
||[[Atlantic slave trade]]
||{{nts|2000000}}<ref name="HjLHH">{{cite web |last=Greenberg |first=Jon |title=Jon Stewart: Slave trade caused 5 million deaths |url=https://www.politifact.com/punditfact/statements/2014/mar/18/jon-stewart/jon-stewart-slave-trade-caused-5-million-deaths/ |website=Pundit Fact}}</ref>
||{{nts|60000000}}<ref name="egC2A">{{cite book |last=Stannard |first=David |title=American Holocaust |date=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-508557-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanholocaus00stan}}</ref>
||{{nts|10954451}}
||[[Africa]], the [[Americas]], and the [[Atlantic]]
||1500s
||1800s
|200 years
||
|-
||[[Slavery in the Ottoman Empire]]
||{{nts|10500000}}{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}}
||{{nts|11250000}}{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}}
||{{nts|10868533}}
||[[Eurasia]], [[Middle East]], [[North Africa]]
||1450
||1800
|350 years
||There is no concrete number for total number of persons killed due to Ottoman slavery, such as the [[Barbary slave trade]], [[Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe|Nogai slave raids]], or [[Slavery in the Ottoman Empire#Zanj slaves|Zanj Slave Trade]].<ref name="FgSVH">Davis, Robert. Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800.</ref><ref name="AqyPz">The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 3, AD 1420–AD 1804.</ref>
|-
||[[Laogai]] system
||{{nts|1500000}}<ref name="horriblethings"/>
||{{nts|27000000}}<ref name="SvTJw">Chang, Jung and Halliday, Jon. Mao: The Unknown Story. Jonathan Cape, London, 2005. p. 338:</ref>
||{{nts|6363961}}
||[[China]]
||1945
||1976
|31 years
||[[Laogai]] (勞改/劳改), the abbreviation for ''Láodòng Gǎizào'' (勞動改造/劳动改造), which means "reform through labor", is a slogan of the Chinese [[criminal justice|criminal justice system]] and has been used to refer to the use of [[penal labour]] and [[prison farm]]s in the People's Republic of China (PRC), which once took up more than half of the world's slaves.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} ''Laogai'' is different from ''laojiao'', or [[re-education through labor]], which was an administrative detention for a person who was not a criminal but had committed minor offenses, and was intended to reform offenders into law-abiding citizens.<ref name="HRW">{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/campaigns/china-98/laojiao.htm|title=Reeducation Through Labor in China|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|access-date=October 12, 2008|date=June 1998|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915044818/http://www.hrw.org/campaigns/china-98/laojiao.htm|archive-date=September 15, 2008}}</ref> Persons detained under ''laojiao'' were detained in facilities that were separate from the general prison system of ''laogai''. Both systems, however, involved [[Penal labour|penal labor]].{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
|-
||[[Atrocities in the Congo Free State]]
||{{nts|3000000}}{{efn|The Casement estimate is used by Ascherson in his book ''[[The King Incorporated]]'', although he notes that it is "almost certainly an underestimate".{{sfn|Ascherson|1999|p=9}}}}
||{{nts|13000000}}{{sfn|Hochschild|1999|p=315}}
||{{nts|6244998}}
||[[Congo Free State]]||{{nts|1885|format=no}}||{{nts|1908|format=no}}
|23 years||[[International Association of the Congo|Private forces]] under the control of [[Leopold II of Belgium]] carried out mass murders, mutilations, and other crimes against the Congolese in order to encourage the gathering of valuable raw materials, principally [[rubber]]. The main cause of the population decline was disease and starvation, which was exacerbated by the social disruption caused by the Free State, such as population displacement and poor treatment. Additionally disease, famine and violence combined to reduce the birth-rate while excess deaths rose.<ref name="Hochschild 1999">[[Adam Hochschild|Hochschild, Adam]] (1999), pp. 226–32, ''[[King Leopold's Ghost]]'', Houghton Mifflin Harcourt; {{ISBN|0-547-52573-7}}</ref> Estimates of the death toll vary considerably because of the lack of a formal census before 1924, but a commonly cited figure of 10 million deaths was obtained by estimating a 50% decline in the total population during the Congo Free State and applying it to the total population of 10 million in 1924.<ref name="Hochschild p.226–232">Hochschild, pp. 226–32.</ref>
|-
|[[Trans-Saharan slave trade]]
|3,500,000<ref name="EVBTRG1">{{Cite journal|last=Wright|first=John|title=The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade|url=https://academic.oup.com/jis/article-abstract/20/1/130/857172?redirectedFrom=fulltext|journal=Journal of Islamic Studies}}</ref>
|6,000,000<ref name="EVBTRG1"/>
|4,582,576
|[[Africa]]
|5th century BC
|1981
|2400 years
|
|-
|[[Indian Ocean slave trade]]
|
|17,000,000<ref name="TQlJq">{{cite journal|last=Lacoste|first=Yves|author-link=Yves Lacoste|date=2005|title=Hérodote a lu: Les Traites négrières, essai d'histoire globale, de Olivier Pétré-Grenouilleau|trans-title=Book Review: African Slave Trade, an Attempted Global History, by Olivier Pétré-Grenouilleau|url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-herodote-2005-2-page-193.htm|journal=Hérodote|volume=117 |language=fr|issue=2|pages=196–205|doi=10.3917/her.117.0193|access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="VLLBn">{{cite book|last=Pétré-Grenouilleau|first=Olivier|title=Les Traites négrières, essai d'histoire globale|date=2004|publisher=Gallimard|isbn=978-2-07-073499-3|location=Paris|language=fr|trans-title=African Slave Trade, an Attempted Global History}}</ref>
|
|[[Africa]], [[Middle East]], [[South Asia]]
|25th century BC
|1910
|4400 years
|
|-
||[[Gulag]] system
||{{nts|1053829}}<ref name="stalinpenal">Pool, ''The Stalinist Penal System'', p. 131<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed, publisher, year needed--></ref><ref name="0h340">{{Cite journal|last1=Getty|first1=J. Arch|last2=Rittersporn|first2=Gábor |last3=Zemskov |first3=Viktor |title=Victims of the Soviet penal system in the pre-war years: a first approach on the basis of archival evidence|journal=[[American Historical Review]]|date=1993 |volume=98 |issue=4 |page=1024 |doi=10.2307/2166597 |jstor=2166597|url=http://sovietinfo.tripod.com/GTY-Penal_System.pdf}}</ref>
||{{nts|6000000}}<ref name="TFmya">Alexopoulos, Golfo (2017). ''Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag'', Yale University Press.<!--ISSN/ISBN needed--></ref>
||{{nts|2514552}}
||[[Soviet Union]]
||1930s
||1950s
|20 years
||[[Gulag]] is an acronym for the organization that administered the forced labor system in the [[Soviet Union]] that became a colloquialism in the west for the camps themselves. The system was used to punish criminals, political dissidents, and prisoners of war.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} There is a growing consensus among scholars that, based on archival data, the number of deaths in the gulag system fall within the range 1.5 to 1.7 million.<ref name="uU78m">{{cite journal |last=Healey|first=Dan|author-link=Dan Healey|date=June 1, 2018|title=Golfo Alexopoulos. Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag|url=https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/ou_press/golfo-alexopoulos-illness-and-inhumanity-in-stalin-s-gulag-i363rKPYOp|journal=[[The American Historical Review]]|volume=123 |issue=3 |pages=1049–1051|doi=10.1093/ahr/123.3.1049|quote="New studies using declassified Gulag archives have provisionally established a consensus on mortality and "inhumanity." The tentative consensus says that once secret records of the Gulag administration in Moscow show a lower death toll than expected from memoir sources, generally between 1.5 and 1.7 million (out of 18 million who passed through) for the years from 1930 to 1953."}}</ref><ref name="RgmWB">{{cite journal|author=Wheatcroft, Stephen G.|year=1999|title=Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data. Not the Last Word|url=http://sovietinfo.tripod.com/WCR-Secret_Police.pdf|journal=[[Europe-Asia Studies]]|volume=51|issue=2|page=320|doi=10.1080/09668139999056}}</ref><ref name="YCUpp">[[Steven Rosefielde]]. ''[[Red Holocaust (2009 book)|Red Holocaust]].'' [[Routledge]], 2009. {{ISBN|0-415-77757-7}} p. 67 ''"...more complete archival data increases camp deaths by 19.4 percent to 1,258,537"''; p. 77: ''"The best archivally based estimate of Gulag excess deaths at present is 1.6 million from 1929 to 1953." ''</ref>
|-
||Forced labor in [[North Korea]]
||{{nts|400000}}
||{{nts|1500000}}
||{{nts|774597}}
||[[North Korea]]
||1972
||ongoing
|49 years
||<ref name="VlIvA">''[[Black Book of Communism]]'', p. 564.<!-- ISSN/ISBN, publisher, year needed --></ref><ref name="mooncuddles">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/19/ashamed-south-koreans-chilled-by-kim-jong-uns-cuddles|title='Ashamed': South Koreans chilled by Kim Jong-un's cuddles|last=Haas|first=Benjamin|date=September 19, 2018|website=The Guardian|access-date=September 20, 2018|quote=North Korea runs massive prison camps that hold between 80,000 and 120,000 political prisoners, according to a United Nations inquiry that compiled evidence of a raft of crimes against humanity. The UN commission cited 'extermination, murder, enslavement, torture, imprisonment, rape, forced abortions and other sexual violence, persecution on political, religious, racial and gender grounds, the forcible transfer of populations, the enforced disappearance of persons and the inhumane act of knowingly causing prolonged starvation'.}}</ref>
|-
||[[Hacienda]] peonage and chattel slavery
||{{nts|173000}}
||{{nts|2015000}}
||{{nts|590419}}
||[[Mexico]]
||1900
||1920
|20 years
||[[R.J. Rummel]], coiner of the word "[[democide]]", estimated the mortality rate for [[Mexico|Mexican]] [[Peonage]], a form of debt labor, by comparing it to similar forced labor systems such as the Soviet [[Gulag]], and then applying and reducing it accordingly to the [[population of Mexico]] at the time, coming up with an annual death rate of 69,000.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
|-
||Forced labor of [[Koreans]] by [[Imperial Japan]]
||{{nts|270000}}
||{{nts|810000}}
||{{nts|467654}}
||[[Korea]] and [[Manchuria]]
||1939
||1945
|6 years
||<ref name="JdGid">{{cite book|first=R.J.|last=Rummel|title=Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1990|publisher=Lit Verlag|year=1999|isbn=3-8258-4010-7}} Available online: {{cite web|title=Statistics of Democide: Chapter 3 – Statistics Of Japanese Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources|work=Freedom, Democracy, Peace; Power, Democide, and War|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP3.HTM|access-date=March 1, 2006}}</ref>
|-
||[[Slavery in Portugal|Forced labour in the Portuguese Empire]]
||{{nts|325000}}
||{{nts|325000}}
||{{nts|325000}}
||[[Portuguese Empire]]
||1900
||1925
|25 years
||<ref name="AB0iz">{{cite web|last=White|first=Matthew|title=Secondary Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century|url=http://necrometrics.com/20c300k.htm|website=Necrometrics|access-date=August 2, 2018}}</ref><wbr/>{{unreliable source?|date=January 2019}}
|-
||[[Barbary slave trade]]
||{{nts|245000}}
||{{nts|380000}}
||{{nts|305123}}
||[[Italy]], [[Spain]], and [[Portugal]]
||1500s
||1600s
|100 years
||<ref name="remilitari">{{cite web|url=http://remilitari.com/guias/victimario.htm|title=De re Militari: muertos en Guerras, Dictaduras y Genocidios|website=remilitari.com}}</ref> – Part of [[Ottoman slave trade|Slavery in the Ottoman Empire]]
|-
||Slavery during the [[Amazon rubber boom]]
||{{nts|250000}}
||{{nts|250000}}
||{{nts|250000}}
||[[Amazon Basin|Amazon]], [[Brazil]]
||1900
||1912
|12 years
||<ref name="vbR7h">{{cite web|url=http://necrometrics.com/20c100k.htm#Amaz|title=Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls|website=necrometrics.com|access-date=August 2, 2018}}</ref><wbr/>{{unreliable source?|date=January 2019}}
|-
||Construction of the [[Burma Railway]]
||{{nts|102621}}<ref name="mansell.com">MacPherson, Neil, [http://www.mansell.com/pow_resources/camplists/death_rr/movements_1.html "Death Railway Movements"], mansell.com. Retrieved January 6, 2015.</ref>
||{{nts|102621}}<ref name="mansell.com"/>
||{{nts|102621}}
||[[Burma]]
||1943
||1947
|4 years
||
[[Forced labour]] was used in the construction of the [[Burma Railway]]. More than 180,000 Southeast Asian civilian labourers ([[Romusha]]) and 60,000 [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] [[prisoners of war]] (POWs) worked on the railway. Of these, estimates of Romusha deaths are little more than guesses, but probably about 90,000 died. 12,621 Allied POWs died during the construction. The dead POWs included 6,904 [[British people|British]] personnel, 2,802 [[Australians]], 2,782 [[Dutch people|Dutch]], and 133 [[Americans]].<ref name="mansell.com"/>
|-
||Forced labour in the [[French colonial empire]]
||{{nts|14000}}
||{{nts|200000}}
||{{nts|52915}}
||[[Africa]]
||1900
||1940
|40 years
||<ref name="8qsgt">{{cite web|url=http://necrometrics.com/20c100k.htm#Fr00|title=Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls|website=necrometrics.com|access-date=August 2, 2018}}</ref><wbr/>{{unreliable source?|date=January 2019}}
|-
||[[Chinese Peruvians#Early history|Forced labor of Chinese contract workers in Peru]]
||{{nts|40000}}<ref name="smithbodies">{{cite web |last=Katz |first=Brigit |title=Remains of 19th-Century Chinese Laborers Found at a Pyramid in Peru |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/remains-19th-century-chinese-laborers-found-pyramid-peru-180964647/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111084210/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/remains-19th-century-chinese-laborers-found-pyramid-peru-180964647/ |archive-date=2019-11-11 |website=Smithsonian.com}}</ref>
||{{nts|50054}}<ref name="brownsla"/>
||{{nts|44746}}
||[[Peru]]
||1849
||1874
|26 years
||80,000<ref name="smithbodies"/> to 100,000<ref name="smithbodies"/><ref name="brownsla">{{cite web |last=Hwang |first=Justina |title=Chinese in Peru in the 19th century |url=https://library.brown.edu/create/modernlatinamerica/chapters/chapter-6-the-andes/moments-in-andean-history/chinese-peru/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111084324/https://library.brown.edu/create/modernlatinamerica/chapters/chapter-6-the-andes/moments-in-andean-history/chinese-peru/ |archive-date=2019-11-11 |publisher=Brown University}}</ref> Chinese contract laborers, 95% of which were Cantonese and almost all of which were male, were sent mostly to the [[sugar]] plantations from 1849 to 1874, during the termination of [[slavery]]. They were to provide continuous labor for the coastal [[guano]] mines and especially for the coastal plantations where they became a major labor force (contributing greatly to the Peruvian [[Guano Era|guano boom]]) until the end of the century. While the coolies were believed to be reduced to virtual slaves, they also represented a historical transition from slave to free labor. A third group of Chinese workers was contracted for the construction of the railway from Lima to [[La Oroya]] and [[Huancayo]]. Chinese migrants were barred from using cemeteries reserved for Roman Catholics, and were instead buried at pre-Incan burial sites.<ref name="ACyjO">{{cite news |url=https://phys.org/news/2017-08-peru-pre-incan-site-tomb-chinese.html |quote=The Chinese were discriminated against even in death, having to be buried in the pre-Incan sites after being barred from cemeteries reserved for Roman Catholics. |title=Peru discovers in pre-Incan site tomb of 16 Chinese migrants |date=August 24, 2017 |work=[[Phys.org]]}}</ref> Between 1849 and 1874 half<ref name="smithbodies"/><ref name="brownsla"/> the Chinese population of Peru perished due to abuse, exhaustion, and suicide<ref name="brownsla"/> caused by forced labor.<ref name="smithbodies"/><ref name="brownsla"/>
|-

||Forced labor of Allied [[POWs]] during [[World War II]]
||{{nts|35000}}
||{{nts|35000}}
||{{nts|35000}}
||In and around the [[Pacific]]
||1939
||1945
|6 years
||According to the Japanese military's own record, nearly 25% of 140,000 Allied [[POWs]] died while interned in Japanese prison camps, where they were forced to work (U.S. POWs died at a rate of 27%).<ref name="KSrzU">{{cite news|url=http://www.japantoday.com/jp/book/115 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207230309/http://www.japantoday.com/jp/book/115|archive-date=February 7, 2008|title=Japan News and Discussion|work=Japan Today|access-date=February 15, 2016}}</ref><ref name="O9eY4">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bataan/peopleevents/e_atrocities.html|title=Bataan Rescue: People & Events|publisher=American Experience|access-date=February 15, 2016|archive-date=July 27, 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030727223501/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bataan/peopleevents/e_atrocities.html}}</ref>
|-
||[[Danube–Black Sea Canal#Forced labor and repression|Forced labor across the Danube-Black Sea Canal in Romania]]
||{{nts|656}}
||{{nts|200000}}
||{{nts|11454}}
||[[Romania]]
||1949
||1953
|5 years
||According to [[Marius Oprea]], the death rate among political prisoners at the canal was extremely high; for instance, in the winter of 1951–52, there were one to three detainees dying every day at the [[Poarta Albă]] camp, near Galeșu village.<ref name="abator">{{cite web|url=https://adevarul.ro/locale/constanta/povestile-cumplite-abatorul-terorii-peninsula-lagarul-comunist-munca-moartea-era-binecuvantare-1_59b249125ab6550cb8e5e2d4/index.html|title=Poveștile cumplite din abatorul terorii Peninsula. Lăgărul comunist de muncă unde moartea era o binecuvântare|trans-title=Horrific stories from the Peninsula slaughterhouse of terror. The communist labor camp where death was a blessing|language=ro|first=Mariana|last=Iancu|newspaper=[[Adevărul]]|date=September 9, 2017|access-date=August 11, 2021}}</ref> The [[Presidential Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Romania]] presented an estimate of several thousand deaths among the political prisoners used in the project, significantly higher than 656 officially recorded by an official report from 1968.<ref name="CPADCR">{{in lang|ro}} [http://www.presidency.ro/static/ordine/RAPORT_FINAL_CPADCR.pdf Comisia Prezidențială pentru Analiza Dictaturii Comuniste din România: Raport Final] / ed.: Vladimir Tismăneanu, Dorin Dobrincu, Cristian Vasile, București: [[Humanitas (publishing house)|Humanitas]], 2007, {{ISBN|978-973-50-1836-8}}, pp. 253–261</ref> Journalist [[Anne Applebaum]] had previously claimed that over 200,000 had died in its construction,<ref>{{cite book|last=Applebaum|first=Anne|title=Gulag: a history|date=2003|publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7679-0056-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/gulaghistory00appl/page/456 456]|url=https://archive.org/details/gulaghistory00appl/page/456}}</ref>{{dubious|date=June 2020}} as a result of exposure, unsafe equipment, malnutrition, accidents, [[tuberculosis]] and other diseases, over-work, etc.,<ref>{{cite web|author-last=Sherrer|author-first=Hans|title=Gulag: A History|url=http://forejustice.org/wc/gulag_applebaum.html#sdendnote8sym|website=forejustice.org}}</ref> while political analyst [[Vladimir Socor]] had estimated the number of deaths to be "considerably in excess of 10,000".<ref name="socor">{{cite web|first=Vladimir|last=Socor|author-link=Vladimir Socor|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10891/osa:1d1da643-edcd-44f8-8467-73e9f57202f0|title=The Danube–Black Sea Canal: A Graveyard Revisited|publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Free Europe]]|website=catalog.osaarchivum.org|date=August 31, 1984|hdl=10891/osa:1d1da643-edcd-44f8-8467-73e9f57202f0 |access-date=November 27, 2021}}</ref> According to [[Andrei Muraru]], a historian and adviser to [[President of Romania|Romanian President]] [[Klaus Iohannis]], the project became known as ''The Death Canal'' (''Canalul Morții'').<ref name="Mutler">{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/secret-political-prisoners-note-buried-in-casino-wall-revives-dark-memories-of-romania-s-communist-era/30773148.html|title=Buried In A Casino Wall, A Dark Secret From Romania's Communist Past|first=Alison |last=Mutler|publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|website=rferl.org|date=August 8, 2020|access-date=September 12, 2022}}</ref> It has also been called "a cesspool of immense human suffering and mortality".<ref name="rothschild">[http://digital.library.upenn.edu/ebooks-public/pdfs/0195119924.pdf Joseph Rothschild, Nancy Meriwether Wingfield, ''Return to diversity: A Political History of East Central Europe Since World War II''], [[Oxford University Press]], New York, 1999, p. 161 {{ISBN|0-19-511993-2}}</ref> Investigations conducted by the Association of Former Political Prisoners of Romania (AFDPR) Constanța, based on death records from the villages found along the Canal route, indicate 6,355 "Canal workers" (a [[euphemism]] for detainees) died during the 1949–1953 period.<ref name="Stănescu Vol. III., p. 280.">{{harvnb|Stănescu Vol. III |p=280}}</ref>
|-
||Construction of the [[Suez Canal]]
||{{nts|938}}<ref name=":02">{{Cite web | author=Sir Arnold T. Wilson | title=The Suez Canal | date=1939 |page=31 | publisher=Oxford University Press. | url=https://archive.org/details/suezcanal032262mbp | quote=Overland Route later known as the Steam ship route which was the connection from Suez to Cairo, then down the Nile to the Mahmoudieh Canal and to the Mediterranean port of Alexandria. Superseded by the Suez canal, it operated from 1830 to 1869 and from 1837 with steam ships in the Red sea. •Between 1.36 and 2.49 deaths per thousand per year cited by the companies chief medical officer, page 31. Thus 34,258x2.49 deaths per thousand x 11 years=938 (highest reported working staff x highest reported deaths per thousand x number of years under construction)}}</ref>
||{{nts|120000}}
||{{nts|10609}}
||[[Egypt]]
||1859
||1869
|10 years
||French diplomat [[Ferdinand de Lesseps]] had obtained many concessions from [[Isma'il Pasha]], the [[Khedive]] of Egypt and Sudan in 1854–56 to build the Suez Canal. Some sources estimate the workforce at 30,000,<ref name="1567E">{{cite web|url=http://www.arte.tv/fr/connaissance-decouverte/aventure-humaine/Cette_20semaine/1291022.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819201458/http://www.arte.tv/fr/connaissance-decouverte/aventure-humaine/Cette_20semaine/1291022.html|title=L'Aventure Humaine: ''Le canal de Suez'', Article de l'historien Uwe Oster|archive-date=August 19, 2011}}</ref> but others estimate that 120,000 workers died over the ten years of construction due to malnutrition, fatigue, and disease, especially [[cholera]].<ref name="PcXl5">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5195068.stm The Suez Crisis – Key maps], bbc.co.uk. Retrieved August 2, 2018.</ref>
|-
||[[FIFA World Cup]]-related abuses of [[Human rights in Qatar#FIFA World Cup preparations and reported abuses|human rights in Qatar]]
||{{nts|6500}}
||{{nts|6500}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dart |first1=Tom |title=How many migrant workers have died in Qatar? What we know about the human cost of the 2022 World Cup |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/nov/27/qatar-deaths-how-many-migrant-workers-died-world-cup-number-toll#:~:text=Overall%2C%2015%2C021%20non%2DQataris%20died,the%20award%20of%20the%20tournament. |access-date=26 June 2024 |agency=The Guardian |date=27 November 2022}}</ref>
||{{nts|6500}}
||[[Qatar]]
||2013
||ongoing
|8 years
||Out of at least 100,000 laborers.<ref name="Xyt5Y">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-33019838|title=Have 1,200 World Cup workers really died in Qatar?|last=Stephenson|first=Wesley|agency=BBC News|access-date=March 4, 2018}}</ref>
|-
|| [[Rana Plaza factory collapse]]
||{{nts|1134}}
||{{nts|1134}}
||{{nts|1134}}
||[[Dhaka, Bangladesh]]
||2013
||2013
||1 day
||1,134 workers in the garment factory where reported dead and over 2,500 injured after it collapsed due to poor engineering and neglect of safety guidelines
|}

=== Genocides, ethnic cleansing, religious persecution ===
{{main|List of genocides by death toll|Genocides in history}}
''This section lists events that entail the mass murder (or death caused by the forced eviction) of individuals on the basis of race, religion, or ethnicity.''{{Incomplete list|date=March 2022}}

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|- style="background:#CCCC;"
! data-sort-type="number" | Event
! data-sort-type="number" | Lowest estimate!! data-sort-type="number" | Highest estimate
! data-sort-type="number" | Geometric mean estimate<ref name="Pinto 2014 173–180"/>!! style="width:10%;" | Location !! style="width:5%;" | From !! style="width:5%;" data-sort- type="number"| Until
!Duration!! style="width:50%;" data-sort- type="number"| Notes
|-
||[[Genocide of indigenous peoples|Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas]]
||{{nts|2000000}}<ref name="Sx8YT">{{cite web |first=R.J. |last=Rummel |title=Death by Government Chapter 3 Pre-Twentieth Century Democide |url=https://hawaii.edu/powerkills/DBG.CHAP3.HTM}}</ref>
||{{nts|80000000}}<ref name=":0"/><ref name="American Philosophy 1491"/>
||{{nts|12649111}}
||[[Americas|America]]
||1492
||1996<ref name="cbc.ca">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/residential-school-deaths-report-1.3365319|title=341 students died at Northern residential schools – CBC News|publisher=CBC|quote=Sinclair said the total number of recorded residential school deaths in Canada — 3,201 — could be an underestimate given poor record keeping, and the real number of deaths could have been five to 10 times higher.}}</ref><ref name="Tasker">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/residential-schools-findings-point-to-cultural-genocide-commission-chair-says-1.3093580|title=Residential schools findings point to 'cultural genocide', commission chair says|last=Tasker|first=John Paul|date=May 29, 2015|access-date=July 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518220713/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/residential-schools-findings-point-to-cultural-genocide-commission-chair-says-1.3093580|archive-date=May 18, 2016|url-status=live|publisher=CBC News}}</ref><ref name="Smith">{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2015/12/15/truth-and-reconciliation-commissions-report-details-deaths-of-3201-children-in-residential-schools.html|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission's report details deaths of 3,201 children in residential schools|last=Smith|first=Joanna|date=December 15, 2015|work=Toronto Star|access-date=November 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826133919/https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2015/12/15/truth-and-reconciliation-commissions-report-details-deaths-of-3201-children-in-residential-schools.html|archive-date=August 26, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="trccanada">{{cite web|url=http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/File/2015/Findings/Exec_Summary_2015_05_31_web_o.pdf|title=Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future: Summary of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada|author=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada|date=2015|page=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921023350/http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/File/2015/Findings/Exec_Summary_2015_05_31_web_o.pdf|archive-date=September 21, 2018 |access-date=September 20, 2018|quote=The establishment and operation of residential schools were a central element of this policy, which can best be described as 'cultural genocide'.}}</ref>
|504 years
|While estimates for the overall Indigenous death toll vary widely, a study by scientists from University College London estimated that 56 million Indigenous peoples died in the Americas by 1600, accounting for 90% of their total population. The decline was caused primarily by diseases that were previously unknown to the continent, such as smallpox, along with slavery and war. The study also concluded that the resulting disruption of land use was so significant that it affected CO2 levels and affected climate change.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koch |first1=Alexander |last2=Brierly |first2=Chris |last3=Maslin |first3=Mark |last4=Lewis |first4=Simon |title=Earth system impacts of the European arrival and Great Dying in the Americas after 1492 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |date=2019 |volume=207 |pages=13–36 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.12.004 |bibcode=2019QSRv..207...13K |s2cid=133664669 |doi-access=free }}</ref> 
See also: [[Spanish colonization of the Americas]], [[Encomienda system]], [[Mexican Indian Wars]], [[List of Indian massacres]], [[Putumayo genocide]], [[Amazon rubber cycle]]
|-
||[[Generalplan Ost]] ([[World War II casualties of the Soviet Union|World War II civilian casualties of the Soviet Union]])
||7,420,135{{Citation needed|reason=Source? Not all civilians deaths in war are due to war crimes|date=April 2022}}
||13,684,448
||10,076,728
||[[Nazi Germany|German]]-occupied Europe and Russia
||1939
||1945
|6 years
||[[Nazi Germany|Germany]]'s extermination of civilian citizens of the [[Soviet Union]].
Numbers include Jewish victims and overlap with [[The Holocaust]].
|-
||[[The Holocaust]]||{{nts|5100000}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nathan |first=Omar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ntMZDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA203 |title=The dignity of commerce: markets and the moral foundations of contract law |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-226-41552-9 |language=en |quote=Bloxham... "Between 5,100,000 and 6,200,000... |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Riep |first=Leonhard |date=2020 |title=The Production of the Muselmann and the Singularity of Auschwitz: A Critique of Adriana Cavarero's Account of the "Auschwitz Event" |journal=Hypatia |language=en |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=626–645 |doi=10.1017/hyp.2020.41 |issn=0887-5367|doi-access=free }}</ref>
||{{nts|7000000}}<ref name="Fischer2020">{{cite book |last=Fischel |first=Jack R. |author-mask=3 |year=2020 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Holocaust |location=Lanham, MD |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |edition=Third |isbn=978-1-5381-3015-5|page=10}}</ref>
||{{nts|5974947}}
||[[Nazi Germany|German]]-occupied Europe
||1941
||1945
|4 years
||The systematic and bureaucratic genocide of [[History of the Jews in Europe|European Jews]] by [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], and its collaborators, exterminated approximately 1/3 of the global Jewish population, 2/3 of local European. Most commonly cited figures are between approximately 5.9 to 6.3 million killed.<ref name="7tHu8">"How many Jews were murdered in the Holocaust?". Yad Vashem. (FAQs about the Holocaust).</ref><ref name="VOUdy">"The Holocaust: Tracing Lost Family Members". JVL. Retrieved November 2013.</ref>
|-
||[[Holodomor]]
||{{nts|2711000}}
||{{nts|7811000}}
||{{nts|4601698}}
||[[Ukraine]]
||1932
||1933
|1 year
||The term "Ukrainian Genocide" usually refers to the man-made famine of 1932 through 1933, called the [[Holodomor]], in which the grain of [[Ukrainians]] was confiscated to the point where they could not survive off the amount of grain they had, and were also restricted from fleeing their villages to find food under threat of execution or deportation into a [[Gulag]] camp.
The term also includes the killing of Ukrainian intelligentsia during the [[Great Purge]].

The main advocate for this view was [[Raphael Lemkin]], creator of the word [[genocide]].

Data from after the opening of the Soviet archives records deaths at 2.4 to 7.5 million in famine, 300,000 during the purge, and 1,100 from the [[Law of Spikelets]].

Some scholars dispute that the famine was deliberately engineered by the Soviet government or that it was a genocide.<ref name="SlyVq">{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=Robert|author-link1=Robert William Davies|last2=Wheatcroft|first2=Stephen|author-link2=Stephen G. Wheatcroft|title=The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 5: The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture 1931–1933|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4s1lCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA441|year=2009|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-230-27397-9|page=441}}</ref><ref name="t9S0Z">{{cite journal |last=Tauger |first=Mark B. |url=https://carlbeckpapers.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/cbp/article/download/89/90 |title=Natural Disaster and Human Actions in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1933 |journal=The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies |issue=1506 |year=2001 |pages=1–65 |issn=2163-839X |doi=10.5195/CBP.2001.89 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612213128/https://carlbeckpapers.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/cbp/article/download/89/90 |archive-date=June 12, 2017 |df=dmy-all|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="KydsW">{{Cite journal|last= Ghodsee|first=Kristen R.|volume=4| issue=2| page=124|title=A Tale of "Two Totalitarianisms": The Crisis of Capitalism and the Historical Memory of Communism| journal=History of the Present |date=2014 |url=http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/kristenghodsee/files/history_of_the_present_galleys.pdf |jstor=10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115|doi=10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115|author-link=Kristen R. Ghodsee}}</ref>

– Part of the [[Soviet famine of 1930–1933]]
|-
||[[Nazi crimes against the Polish nation]]
||{{nts|2770000}}
||{{nts|2770000}}
||{{nts|2770000}}
||[[Nazi Germany|German]]-occupied [[Poland]]
||1941
||1945
|4 years
||[[Genocide]] of Poles during the invasion of [[Poland]] by [[Nazi Germany|Germany]].
|-
|[[Three Alls policy]]
|{{nts|2700000}}
|{{nts|2700000}}
|{{nts|2700000}}
|[[China]]
|1940
|1942
|2 years
|In a study published in 1996, historian Mitsuyoshi Himeta claims that the Three Alls policy, a scorched earth policy implemented by the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] on China, sanctioned by [[Emperor Hirohito]] himself, was both directly and indirectly responsible for the deaths of "more than 2.7 million" Chinese civilians.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}– Part of the [[Japanese war crimes]]
|-
||[[Cambodian genocide#Number of deaths|Cambodian genocide]]
||{{nts|1386734}}<ref name="Bruce Sharp">{{cite web | last=Sharp | first=Bruce | title=Counting Hell: The Death Toll of the Khmer Rouge Regime in Cambodia | date= April 1, 2005 | url=http://www.mekong.net/cambodia/deaths.htm | access-date =July 5, 2006}}</ref>
||{{nts|3400000}}<ref name="Heuveline, Patrick 2001">Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia". In ''Forced Migration and Mortality'', eds. Holly E. Reed and Charles B. Keely. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>
||{{nts|2171381}}
||[[Democratic Kampuchea]]
||1975
||1979
|4 years
||Deaths due to arbitrary torture, execution, starvation, and forced labor among the population of [[Cambodia]] under the rule of [[Pol Pot]] and the [[Khmer Rouge]], including both killings of ethnic [[Khmer people|Khmer]] (the majority ethnic group) as well as a [[Cambodian genocide#Ethnic and religious victims|genocide of religious and ethnic minorities by the Khmer Rouge]].
Minimum death toll is the number of corpses found in the [[Killing Fields]].{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}<br/>[[Samuel Totten]] argues the mass killings were committed by fellow Khmer, and the Khmer were killed more in proportion to their population than other victims of the Khmer Rouge, making it more of a [[politicide]].<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite web|last=White|first=Matthew|title=20th Century death tolls larger than one million but fewer than 5 million people-Cambodia|url=http://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm#Cambodia|website=necrometrics|access-date=March 8, 2018}}</ref>

These killings have been described as ''autogenocide'' or ''civil genocide.''

According to [[Samuel Totten]] {{nts|1325000}} ethnic Khmers were killed.
|-
|[[Kazakh famine of 1930–1933]]
||{{nts|1500000}}
||{{nts|2300000}}
||{{nts|1857418}}
|[[Kazakhstan]]
|1932
|1933
|1 year
|– Part of the [[Soviet famine of 1930–1933]]
|-
||[[Rwandan genocide|Rwandan]] and [[1993 ethnic violence in Burundi|Burundian genocides]]
||{{nts|974000}}
||{{nts|2347000}}
||{{nts|1511945}}
||[[Burundi]], [[Rwanda]], and [[Zaire]]
||1959
||1997
|38 years
||Combined death toll of all [[genocide]]s and other massacres between the [[Hutus]] and the [[Tutsis]].
This includes 1959, 1963, 1973 Tutsis Massacres in Rwanda, [[1994 Rwandan Genocide]], 1996–97 [[Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War|Massacre of Hutus in Zaire]], 1972 [[Ikiza]] in Burundi, 1988 Hutus massacres, [[1993 ethnic violence in Burundi|1993 Burundi Genocide]], and Ethnic violence in [[Burundi Civil War]] 1993–2006
|-
||[[Population transfer in the Soviet Union]]
||1,124,203
||1,912,392
||1,466,259
||[[Soviet Union]]
||1920
||1951
|31 years
||May include casualties of [[de-Cossackization]].
|-
||[[Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)]]
||{{nts|500000}}
||{{nts|3000000}}
||{{nts|1224745}}
|| Eastern Europe
|| 1944
|| 1950
|6 years
||Both direct and indirect deaths of ethnic German civilians and POWs during the redrawing of national borders after World War II.
|-
||[[Armenian genocide]]
||{{nts|800000}}
||{{nts|1700000}}
||{{nts|1166190}}
||[[Ottoman Empire]]
||1914
||1918
|4 years
||The first [[genocide]] of the 20th century to kill over 1 million people, this event was conducted by the [[Young Turks]] government of the [[Ottoman Empire]] under the administration of [[Talaat Pasha]], [[Enver Pasha]] and [[Djemal Pasha]].
|-
||[[Circassian genocide]]
||{{nts|600000}}
||{{nts|2000000
}}
||{{nts|1095445}}
||[[Russian Empire|Russian-occupied]] [[Circassia]]
|| 1864
|| 1867
|3 years
|| 90–97% of total Circassian population killed or deported by the Russian forces.<ref>{{cite news|date=May 22, 2009|title=145th Anniversary of the Circassian Genocide and the Sochi Olympics Issue|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS104971+22-May-2009+PRN20090522|access-date=November 28, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702174523/https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/22/idUS104971%2B22-May-2009%2BPRN20090522|archive-date=July 2, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Ellen Barry|date=May 20, 2011|title=Georgia Says Russia Committed Genocide in 19th Century|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/21/world/europe/21georgia.html}}</ref><ref name="Richmond2">{{cite book|last=Richmond|first=Walter|title=The Circassian Genocide|page=132|quote=If we assume that Berzhe's middle figure of 50,000 was close to the number who survived to settle in the lowlands, then between 95 percent and 97 percent of all Circassians were killed outright, died during Evdokimov's campaign, or were deported.}}</ref>
|-
||[[Persecution of Hazaras]] during the [[1888–1893 uprisings of Hazaras]]
||{{nts|400000}}<ref name="SLpGE">{{cite web|title=Hazara Genocide (1888–1893) |url=https://accopulocrat.wixsite.com/hazaragenocide|website=Wixsite}}</ref>
||{{nts|2500000}}<ref name="pitasour">{{cite web |last=Bussi |first=Pierluigi |title=Il Genocidio Degli Hazara |url=http://ilkim.it/il-genocidio-degli-hazara/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031042836/http://ilkim.it/il-genocidio-degli-hazara/ |archive-date=2019-10-31 |website=Kim International Magazine|date=January 19, 2017 }}</ref>
||{{nts|1000000}}
||[[Afghanistan]]
||1888
||1893
|5 years
||Over 60% of the Hazara population were either massacred or displaced in [[Abdur Rahman Khan]]'s crackdown of the [[Hazaras]].
|-
||[[Punti–Hakka Clan Wars]]
||{{nts|1000000}}
||{{nts|1000000}}
||{{nts|1000000}}
||[[China]]
||1850
||1867
|17 years
||After the fall of the [[Taiping Heavenly Kingdom]] the [[Qing]] government cracked down on the [[Hakka]] ethnic group for allying with the kingdom slaughtering 30,000 per day. The death toll of the [[Punti-Hakka Clan Wars]] is estimated to be 1 million and there was also a mass execution done during the [[Taiping Rebellion]]. It is unclear whether these events refer to the Qing crackdown. If this death toll is applied to the estimated death rate, the massacre likely took place over the course of a month.<ref name="DdTjF">Purcell, Victor. ''China''. London: Ernest Benn, 1962. p. 167<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref><ref name="T1pvJ">Quoted in ibid., p. 239.</ref><ref name="IvJiM">Chesneaux, Jean. ''Peasant Revolts in China, 1840–1949''. Translated by C. A. Curwen. New York: W. W. Norton, 1973. p. 40<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>
|-
||[[1971 Bangladesh genocide]]
||{{nts|200000}}
||{{nts|3000000}}<ref name="xC1gv">{{cite web |last=Rummel |first=R.J. |title=Pakistan Genocide in Bangladesh: Estimates, Sources, and Calculations |url=https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB8.2.GIF |website=View Line 82}}</ref>
||{{nts|774597}}
||[[East Pakistan]]
||March 21, 1971
||December 16, 1971
|8 months, 2 weeks and 3 days
||See also: [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], [[Operation Searchlight]], [[List of massacres in Bangladesh]], [[Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
|-
||[[Rwandan genocide]]
||{{nts|500000}}
||{{nts|1100000}}
||{{nts|741620}}
||[[Rwanda]]
||April 7, 1994
||July 19, 1994
|103 days
||The Rwandan Genocide may be the fastest killing of a national population in human history in a single annum, with 13% of the population killed in 100 days. If the Genocide had persisted all year at the same rate, then between 50% and 70% of the Rwandan population could have been killed.
|-
||[[French conquest of Algeria]]
||{{nts|500000}}
||{{nts|1000000}}
||{{nts|707107}}
||[[Algeria]]
||1830
||1903
|73 years
||According to [[Ben Kiernan]], "colonization and genocidal massacres proceeded in tandem." He estimates that within the first three decades (1830–1860) of French conquest, between 500,000 and 1 million Algerians, out of a total of 3 million, died due to war, massacres, disease and famine.<ref name="Kiernan2007">{{cite book|last=Kiernan|first=Ben|author-link=Ben Kiernan|title=Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur|url=https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326|url-access=registration|year=2007|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-10098-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326/page/364 364]–ff|quote=In Algeria, colonization and genocidal massacres proceeded in tandem. From 1830 to 1847, its European settler population quadrupled to 104,000. Of the native Algerian population of approximately 3 million in 1830, about 500,000 to 1 million perished in the first three decades of French conquest.}}</ref><ref name="rfLSj">{{cite book|last=Jalata|first=Asafa|title=Phases of Terrorism in the Age of Globalization: From Christopher Columbus to Osama bin Laden|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SCjxCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92|date=2016|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|isbn=978-1-137-55234-1|pages=92–3}}</ref>
|-
||[[Partition of India]]
||{{nts|200000}}
||{{nts|2000000}}
||{{nts|632456}}
||[[India]]
||1947
||1957
|10 years
||In the riots which preceded the partition in the Punjab Province, it is believed that between 200,000 and 2 million people were killed in the retributive genocide between [[Hindus]] and [[Muslims]].<ref name="Nehfc">D'Costa, Bina (2011). ''Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia'', Routledge. p. 53; {{ISBN|978-0-415-56566-0}}</ref><ref name="SxgSZ">Sikand, Yoginder (2004). ''Muslims in India Since 1947: Islamic Perspectives on Inter-Faith Relations'', Routledge. p. 5; {{ISBN|978-1-134-37825-8}}</ref><ref name="bEQtS">Butalia, Urvashi (2000). ''The Other Side of Silence: Voices From the Partition of India'', Duke University Press.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>
|-
||[[Romani genocide|Romani Genocide]]
||{{nts|220000}}
||{{nts|1500000}}
||{{nts|574456}}
||[[Nazi]] occupied Europe
||1941
||1945
|4 years
||The [[genocide]] of [[Romani people|Romani]] by [[Nazi Germany]] and its puppet states.
|-
||[[Dzungar genocide]]
||{{nts|480000}}
||{{nts|600000}}
||{{nts|536656}}
||[[Dzungar Khanate]]
||1755
||1758
|3 years
||The mass extermination of [[Dzungar people|Dzungar Mongols]] by the [[Qing dynasty]] under the order of the [[Qianlong Emperor]].
|-
||[[Greek genocide]]
||{{nts|289000}}
||{{nts|750000}}
||{{nts|465564}}
||[[Ottoman Empire]]
||1913
||1922
|9 years
||Violent [[ethnic cleansing]] of [[Greeks]] from their historical homeland of [[Anatolia]].
|-
||[[Albigensian Crusade]]
||{{nts|200000}}<ref name="Albigensian Crusade">{{cite web|last=White|first=Matthew|title=Albigensian Crusade|url=http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#Albigensian|website=necrometrics}}</ref><wbr/>{{unreliable source?|date=January 2019}}
||{{nts|1000000}}<ref name="Albigensian Crusade"/><wbr/>{{unreliable source?|date=January 2019}}
||{{nts|447214}}
||[[Languedoc]], [[France]]
||1209
||1229
|20 years
||[[Raphael Lemkin]], well known as the coiner of the term "[[genocide]]", referred to the [[Albigensian Crusade]] as "one of the most conclusive cases of genocide in religious history".<ref name="LemkinJacobs2012">{{cite book|author=Raphael Lemkin|author-link=Raphael Lemkin|editor=Steven Leonard Jacobs|title=Lemkin on Genocide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9pkney_zw8C&pg=PA71|year=2012|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-4526-5|page=71}}</ref>
|-
||[[Genocide of indigenous peoples in Brazil]]
||{{nts|235000}}
||{{nts|800000}}
||{{nts|433590}}
||[[Brazil]]
||1900
||1985
|85 years
||<ref name="necrometrics.com">{{cite web|url=http://necrometrics.com/20c300k.htm#Brazil|title=Secondary Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century – Brazil|last=White|first=Matthew|website=Necrometrics}}</ref><wbr/>{{unreliable source?|date=January 2019}} – Part of the [[Native American Genocide|Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas]]
|-
|[[Libyan genocide (disambiguation)|Libyan genocide]]
|250,000
|750,000
|433,012
|[[Italian colonization of Libya|Italian Libya]]
|1911
|1943
|32 years
|The systematic destruction of the Libyan people and culture by the [[Italian Empire]] and its colonial authority; from 1929 to 1934<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-world-history-of-genocide/eurocentrism-silence-and-memory-of-genocide-in-colonial-libya-19291934/2F6A0A6F7010B944D4C13A4A6425A0A1 |title=Ahmida, Ali Abdullatif (2023), Kiernan, Ben; Naimark, Norman; Straus, Scott; Lower, Wendy (eds.), "Eurocentrism, Silence and Memory of Genocide in Colonial Libya, 1929–1934", The Cambridge World History of Genocide: Volume 3: Genocide in the Contemporary Era, 1914–2020, The Cambridge World History of Genocide, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, vol. 3, pp. 118–140, ISBN 978-1-108-76711-8, retrieved 2023-12-10|chapter=Eurocentrism, Silence and Memory of Genocide in Colonial Libya, 1929–1934 |date=February 2, 2024 |volume=3 |pages=118–140 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781108767118.006 |isbn=978-1-108-76711-8 |last1=Ahmida |first1=Ali Abdullatif }}</ref> alone, 83,000–125,000 Libyans were massacred or died in Italian concentration camps.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Duggan, Christopher (2008). The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 497. ISBN 978-0-618-35367-5.}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/libya-italy-fascism-colonial-past-forgotten-genocide |title="Fascist Italy and the forgotten Libyan genocide". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 2023-12-10.}}</ref> However, when applying the wider definition of genocide, during the [[Italian colonization of Libya|entire Italian colonial period]], it is estimated that anywhere from 250,000 to 750,000 Libyans died.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://necrometrics.com/20c100k.htm#Libya |title="Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls". necrometrics.com. Retrieved 2023-12-10.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233609338 |title=Ahmida, Ali Abdullatif (September 2006). "When the Subaltern Speak: Memory of Genocide in Colonial Libya 1929 to 1933". ResearchGate. p. 189.}}</ref> Served as an inspiration for Nazi Germany for the Holocaust; Nazi German officials made several visits to Italian Libya and complimented the Italian methods as "successful" and would go on to apply them against Jews, Romani, Homosexuals, etc.<ref name=":2" />
|-
||[[Occupation of Tibet]]
||{{nts|144000}}<ref name="2bxki">Smith 1997, pp. 600–01 n. 8</ref>
||{{nts|1200000}}<ref name="Tibet: Proving Truth from Facts">"[http://www.tibet.net/en/diir/pubs/wp/tb96/Tibet%20Proving%20Truth.pdf Tibet: Proving Truth from Facts]". {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615161100/http://www.tibet.net/en/diir/pubs/wp/tb96/Tibet%20Proving%20Truth.pdf|date=June 15, 2007}}, ''The Department of Information and International Relations: Central Tibetan Administration'', 1996. p. 53<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>
||{{nts|415692}}
||[[Tibet]]
||1950
||present
|68 years
||In 1960, the western-based [[Nongovernmental organization|nongovernmental]] [[International Commission of Jurists]] (ICJ) gave a report titled ''Tibet and the Chinese People's Republic to the United Nations''. The report was prepared by the ICJ's Legal Inquiry Committee, composed of eleven international lawyers from around the world. This report accused the Chinese of the crime of [[genocide]] in Tibet, after nine years of full occupation, six years before the devastation of the [[cultural revolution]] began.{{Full citation needed|date=May 2019}} The ICJ also documented accounts of massacres, tortures and killings, bombardment of monasteries, and extermination of whole nomad camps. Declassified Soviet archives provides data that Chinese communists, who received a great assistance in military equipment from the Soviets, broadly used Soviet aircraft for bombing monasteries and other punitive operations in Tibet.<ref name="OPLNX">Kuzmin, S.L. ''[http://savetibet.ru/img/2010/tibet-book-eng.pdf Hidden Tibet: History of Independence and Occupation]''. Dharamsala, LTWA, 2011.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>{{request quotation|date=May 2019}}
|-
||[[Third Punic War]]
||{{nts|150000}}<ref name="T4buv">{{Cite book|last=Dutton |first=Donald G. |title=The Psychology of Genocide, Massacres, and Extreme Violence: Why "normal" People Come to Commit Atrocities|year=2007|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|page=14|isbn=978-0-275-99000-8}}</ref>
||{{nts|750000}}
||{{nts|335410}}
||[[Tunisia]]
||149 BC
||146 BC
|3 years
||This war was a much smaller engagement than the two previous Punic Wars and focused on [[Tunisia]], mainly on the [[Battle of Carthage (c. 149 BC)|Siege of Carthage]], which resulted in the complete destruction of the city, the annexation of all remaining Carthaginian territory by Rome, and the death or enslavement of the entire Carthaginian population. The Third Punic War ended Carthage's independent existence. Classified by some historians as the first true genocide.<ref name="T4buv" /><ref name="ZWtVm">{{Cite book |last=Friedman |first=Mark |title=Genocide (Hot Topics) |publisher=Raintree |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4062-3508-1 |page=58}}</ref><ref>[https://gsp.yale.edu/sites/default/files/first_genocide.pdf Ben Kierman. Yale University. “The First Genocide, Carthage, 146 BC.”]</ref>
|-
||[[Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia]]
||{{nts|200000}}{{sfn|Yeomans|2012|p = 18}}
||{{nts|500000}}{{sfn|Yeomans|2012|p = 18}}
||{{nts|316228}}
||[[Independent State of Croatia]]
||1941
||1945
|4 years
||Genocide of [[Serbs]] by the [[Ustaše]] government of the [[Independent State of Croatia]]
|-
||[[Cambodian genocide#Ethnic and Religious Victims|Chinese genocide under Khmer Rouge]]
||{{nts|215000}}<ref name="ReferenceC"/><wbr/>{{unreliable source?|date=January 2019}}
||{{nts|225000}}
||{{nts|219943}}
||[[Democratic Kampuchea]]
||1975
||1979
|4 years
||More than half of the [[Chinese people|Chinese]] population of [[Cambodia]] were slaughtered by the [[Khmer Rouge]].<ref name="XLSBP">{{cite book|title=Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts|last=Totten|first=Samuel|author-link=Samuel Totten|author2=William S. Parsons|author3-link=Israel W. Charny|author3=Israel W. Charny|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-94430-9|page=345|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C&pg=PA345}}</ref> – Part of the [[Cambodian genocide]]
|-
||[[Cambodian genocide#Ethnic and Religious Victims|Cham genocide under Khmer Rouge]]
||{{nts|90000}}<ref name="ReferenceC" />
||{{nts|500000}}<ref name="THkO1">{{cite journal | last1=Hannum | first1=Hurst | year=1989 | title=International Law and Cambodian Genocide: The Sounds of Silence | jstor=761936 | journal=Human Rights Quarterly | volume=11 | issue=1| pages=82–138 | doi=10.2307/761936}}</ref>
||{{nts|212132}}
||[[Democratic Kampuchea]]
||1975
||1979
|4 years
||The [[genocide]] slaughtered over 70% of the [[Chams|Cham]] [[Muslim]] population in [[Cambodia]] according to themselves.
According to [[Ben Kiernan]], Cham were subjected to the most brutal treatment of those persecuted by the [[Khmer Rouge]] and subjected to the slaughter of 36% of their population according to [[Samuel Totten]].{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}

– Part of the [[Cambodian genocide]]
|-
|[[Sayfo|Assyrian genocide]]
|{{nts|150000}}
|{{nts|300000}}
|{{nts|212132}}
|[[Ottoman Empire]]
|1914
|1920
|6 years
|One of the various [[genocides]] and [[ethnic cleansings]] the [[Ottoman Empire]] committed under the administration of the [[Young Turks]].
|-
||[[Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War]]
||{{nts|200000}}
||{{nts|220000}}<ref name="rScGi">CDI: The Center for Defense Information, The Defense Monitor, "The World At War: January 1, 1998".</ref>
||{{nts|209762}}
||[[Zaire]]
||1996
||1997
|1 year
||During the [[First Congo War]], Rwanda was able to destroy refugee camps, which the ''génocidaires'' had been using as their safe-bases, and forcibly repatriate Tutsi to Rwanda. During this process, Rwandan and aligned forces committed multiple atrocities, mainly against Hutu refugees. The true extent of the abuses is unknown because the AFDL and RPF carefully managed NGO and press access to areas where atrocities were thought to have occurred;<ref name="8V8kY">Reyntjens, Filip. The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996–2006. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2009. p. 100<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref> however, [[Amnesty International]] claimed as many as 200,000 Rwandese Hutu refugees were massacred by them and the [[Rwandan Defence Forces]] and aligned forces.<ref name="amnesty1998">"[https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr62/033/1998/en/ Democratic Republic of Congo. A long-standing crisis spinning out of control]". . Amnesty International, September 3, 1998, p. 9. AI Index: AFR 62/33/98.</ref> The United Nations similarly documented mass killings of civilians by Rwandan, Ugandan and the [[Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo|ADFL]] soldiers in the [[DRC Mapping Exercise Report]].{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
|-
||[[Wei–Jie war#Extermination of the Wu Hu|Ran Min's "Hu culling" order]]
||{{nts|200000}}
||{{nts|200000}}
||{{nts|200000}}
||[[Northern China]]
||349
||350
|1 year
||Ancient Chinese texts record that General [[Ran Min]] ordered the culling of the [[Five Barbarians|Wu Hu]], especially the [[Jie people]] in the fourth century AD. People with racial characteristics such as high-bridged noses and bushy beards were killed, many of whom were mistakenly-identified [[Han Chinese]]; in total, 200,000 were reportedly massacred.<ref name="pHFNm">[http://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%99%89%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7107 《晉書·卷一百七》] [[Jin Shu]] '''Original text''' 閔躬率趙人誅諸胡羯，無貴賤男女少長皆斬之，死者二十余萬，屍諸城外，悉為野犬豺狼所食。屯據四方者，所在承閔書誅之，于時高鼻多須至有濫死者半。</ref>
|-
|[[Great Famine of Mount Lebanon]]
||{{nts|200000}}
||{{nts|200000}}
||{{nts|200000}}
|[[Mount Lebanon]]
|1915
|1918
|3 years
|One of the various [[genocides]] and [[ethnic cleansings]] the [[Ottoman Empire]] committed under the administration of the [[Young Turks]].
|-
||[[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]]
||{{nts|200000}}
||{{nts|200000}}
||{{nts|200000}}
||[[Ireland]]
||1649
||1653
|4 years
||The Parliamentarian reconquest of Ireland was brutal, and Cromwell is still a hated figure in Ireland.<ref name="lCSll">John Morley, ''Biography of Oliver Cromwell'', p. 298. published 1900 and 2001; {{ISBN|978-1-4212-6707-4}} "Cromwell is still a hate figure in Ireland today because of the brutal effectiveness of his campaigns in Ireland. Of course, his victories in Ireland made him a hero in Protestant England." {{cite web|url=http://www.learningcurve.gov.uk/civilwar/g5/cs2/s4|title=Why did Britain become a republic?|access-date=May 25, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928062053/http://www.learningcurve.gov.uk/civilwar/g5/cs2/s4|archive-date=September 28, 2007}} British National Archives web site. Retrieved March 2007; {{cite web|url=http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/military/1649-52-cromwell-ireland.htm|title=1649–52: Cromwell's conquest of Ireland|access-date=January 17, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041211163740/http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/military/1649-52-cromwell-ireland.htm|archive-date=December 11, 2004}} From a history site dedicated to the English Civil War. "...&nbsp;making Cromwell's name into one of the most hated in Irish history". Retrieved March 2007. {{cite web |url=http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/military/1649-52-cromwell-ireland.htm|title=1649–52: Cromwell's conquest of Ireland|access-date=January 17, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041211163740/http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/military/1649-52-cromwell-ireland.htm|archive-date=December 11, 2004}}</ref> The extent to which Cromwell, who was in direct command for the first year of the campaign, was responsible for the atrocities is debated to this day. Some historians<ref name="Va8lf">Philip McKeiver in his 2007 work, ''A New History of Cromwell's Irish Campaign'' {{ISBN|978-0-9554663-0-4}} and Tom Reilly, 1999, ''Cromwell: An Honourable Enemy''; {{ISBN|0-86322-250-1}}</ref> argue that the actions of Cromwell were within the then-accepted rules of war, or were exaggerated or distorted by later propagandists. These arguments, in turn, have been challenged by others.<ref name="7DPE2">{{cite journal|last=Coyle|first=Eugene|title=Cromwell: An Honourable Enemy, Tom Reilly [review of]|url=http://www.historyireland.com/cromwell/cromwell-an-honourable-enemy-tom-reilly-brandon-press-17-99-isbn-0863222501|date=Winter 1999|journal=History Ireland|issue=4|department=Book Reviews|volume=7|access-date=October 10, 2014}}</ref>
|-
||[[Caste War of Yucatán]]
||{{nts|200000}}
||{{nts|200000}}
||{{nts|200000}}
||[[Yucatán Peninsula]], [[Mexico]]
||1847
||1901
|54 years
||The [[Caste War of Yucatán]] against the population of European descent, called Yucatecos, who held political and economic control of the region. Adam Jones wrote, "Genocidal atrocities on both sides cost up to 200,000 killed."{{sfn|Robins|Jones|2009|p=50}}– Part of the [[Native American Genocide|Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas]]
|-
||[[Destruction of Kurdish villages during the Iraqi Arabization campaign]]
||{{nts|87500}}
||{{nts|388100}}
||{{nts|184279}}
||[[Iraq]]
||1977
||1991
|14 years
| [[Destruction of Kurdish villages during the Iraqi Arabization campaign#Major population damaging events|87,500 to 388,100 Kurds]] were killed in the [[destruction of Kurdish villages during the Iraqi Arabization campaign]] including: 2,500<ref name="noriracasua">[https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB14.1C.GIF ''Routine calculations do not count as original research, provided there is consensus among editors that the result of the calculation is obvious, correct, and a meaningful reflection of the sources. Basic arithmetic, such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age are some examples of routine calculations. See also Category:Conversion templates.''<br/>row 1313 and 1314]<br/>1,000,000 and 10,000 to 2,000,000 and 100,000 Kurds were displaced and killed respectively between 1963 and 1987; 250,000 of them in 1977 and 1978. If deaths are proportional to the displacement then 2,500 to 12,500 Kurds would have died during this period depending on the scale of overall displacement and deaths used.</ref> to 12,500<ref name="noriracasua"/> in the [[Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in North Iraq]], 10,000<ref name="chestnut">{{cite book |last=Chestnut Greitens |first=Sheena |title=Dictators and their Secret Police: Coercive Institutions and State Violence |page=289 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NgfFDAAAQBAJ&q=feyli+kurds+disappeared+12,000&pg=PA289|isbn=978-1-316-71256-6 |date=August 16, 2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref> to 25,000<ref name="alkur">{{cite book|last=Jaffar Al-Faylee|first=Zaki|title=Tareekh Al-Kurd Al-Faylyoon|date=2010 <!-- omit location without publisher |location=Beirut--> |pages=485, 499–501}}</ref><ref name="heksih">{{cite book|last=Al-Hakeem|first=Dr. Sahib|title=Untold stories of more than 4000 women raped killed and tortured in Iraq, the country of mass graves|date=2003|pages=489–492}}</ref>{{Clarify|is this a supplied title because it cannot be traced by title or author|date=December 2017}} were killed during the [[Persecution of Feyli Kurds under Saddam Hussein|Feyli Kurds operation]], 5,000<ref name="bazmem">{{cite web |title=The Tragedy of the Missing Barzanis |url=https://kurdistanmemoryprogramme.com/the-tragedy-of-the-missing-barzanis/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119065607/https://kurdistanmemoryprogramme.com/the-tragedy-of-the-missing-barzanis/ |archive-date=2019-11-19 |website=Kurdistan Memory Programme}}</ref> to 8,000<ref name="pbs.org">{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Dave |title=The Crimes of Saddam Hussein<br/>1983 The Missing Barzanis |url=https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/iraq501/events_barzanis.html |website=Frontline World |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Kurds were disappeared in the
[[Kurdish rebellion of 1983|1983 Barzani killings]], 50,000<ref name="hrw">[https://hrw.org/reports/1993/iraqanfal/ Genocide in Iraq] Human Rights Watch, 1993</ref> to 100,000<ref name="hrw"/> (although Kurdish sources have cited a higher figure of 182,000<ref name="Frontline">{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/iraq501/events_anfal.html |title=The Crimes of Saddam Hussein – 1988 The Anfal Campaign |publisher=PBS Frontline |date=January 24, 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060206034420/https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/iraq501/events_anfal.html |archive-date=February 6, 2006 |access-date=November 15, 2019}}</ref>) more Kurds were massacred in the [[Anfal genocide]], and at least 20,000<ref name="upris">{{cite web |last=Zenko |first=Micah |title=Remembering the Iraqi Uprising Twenty-Five Years Ago |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/remembering-iraqi-uprising-twenty-five-years-ago |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations}}</ref> were killed during the [[1991 Iraqi uprising]] notwithstanding an additional 48,400<ref name="kurdrefugees">1,000 deaths per day in April, May and June along Turkish border ''a -'' "Iraqi Deaths from the Gulf War as of April 1992," Greenpeace, Washington, D.C. See also "Aftermath of War: The Persian Gulf War Refugee Crisis," Staff Report to the Senate Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on Immigration and Refugee Affairs, May 20, 1991. The figure of nearly 1,000 deaths per day is also given in "Kurdistan in the Time of Saddam Hussein," Staff Report to the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, November 1991, p.14. "hundreds" (100 to 900?) died per day along Iranian border ''b -'' [https://apnews.com/2a413a508ec5af132b9cc245172f3f9c Kurdish Refugees Straggle Into Iran, Followed By Tragedy], Associated Press, Apr 13, 1991 1,100 to 1,900 (''a '' + ''b'') deaths per day from at least April 13th (''b'') up to between May 1st and May 31st (''a ''); which suggests 44 to 74 days: 1,100(44)= 48,400 1,900(74)= 140,600 '''Routine calculations''' ''Routine calculations do not count as original research, provided there is consensus among editors that the result of the calculation is obvious, correct, and a meaningful reflection of the sources. Basic arithmetic, such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age are some examples of routine calculations. See also Category:Conversion templates.''</ref> to 140,600<ref name="kurdrefugees"/> Kurdish refugees that starved to death along the Iranian and Turkish borders.
|-
|[[Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars]]
|{{nts|120000}}<ref name=":12" />
|{{nts|270000}}<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ke |first=Jing |title=Change the Hostile Other into Ingroup Partner: On the Albanian-Serb Relations |url=http://www.kppcenter.org/WBPReview2012-2-2-Ke.pdf |journal=Kosovo Public Policy Center |page=83 |quote="120,000–270,000 Albanians were killed and approximately 250,000 Albanians were expelled between 1912 and 1914."}}</ref>
|{{nts|180000}}
|[[Ottoman Empire]]
|October 1912
|August 1913
|9 months
|Mass murder and ethnic cleansing of Albanian civilians by [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbian]] and [[Kingdom of Montenegro|Montenegrin]] troops during the [[Balkan Wars]]
|-
||[[Polish Operation of the NKVD]]
||{{nts|110000}}
||{{nts|250000}}
||{{nts|165831}}
||[[Soviet Union]]
||1937
||1938
|1 year
||The operation from 1937 to 1938 to eliminate the Polish minority in the Soviet Union.
|-
||[[Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush]]
||{{nts|123000}}<ref name="EmLCa">{{Cite book|last=Pohl|first=J. Otto|year=1999|title=Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR, 1937–1949|publisher=[[Greenwood Press]]|lccn=98046822|isbn=978-0-313-30921-2|pages=97–98}}</ref>
||{{nts|200000}}<ref name="GY8zN">{{cite book|last1=Bancheli|first1=Tozun|last2=Bartmann|first2=Barry|last3=Srebrnik|first3=Henry|title=De Facto States: The Quest for Sovereignty|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-77120-1|page=229}}</ref>
||{{nts|156844}}
||[[Soviet Union]]
||February 1944
||March 1944
|1 month
||Expulsion of the whole of the [[Nakh peoples|Vainakh]] ([[Chechen people|Chechen]] and [[Ingush people|Ingush]]) populations of the [[North Caucasus]] to [[Central Asia]].
|-
||[[Hamidian massacres]]
||{{nts|80000}}
||{{nts|300000}}
||{{nts|154919}}
||[[Ottoman Empire]]
||1894
||1896
|2 years
||Mass murder of Armenian (and other Christian) civilians under [[Sultan]] [[Abdul Hamid II]] that foreshadowed the [[Armenian genocide]].
|-
|[[Massacres of Albanians in World War I]]
|{{nts|85,676}}<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gD8ZAAAAYAAJ&q=massacred&pg=PA763 |title=Albanians at the Ambassador Conference in Tirana, 1 August |date=1921 |publisher=Near East College Association |location=New York |page=199 |language=en |access-date=31 December 2019}}</ref>
|{{nts|250000}}<ref name=":13">{{cite book |url=https://dokumen.pub/kosovo-a-documentary-history-from-the-balkan-wars-to-world-war-ii-1788311760-9781788311762.html |title=Kosovo, A Documentary History: From the Balkan Wars to World War II 1788311760, 9781788311762 |language=en |access-date=10 August 2023}}</ref>
|{{nts|146352}}
|[[Principality of Albania]], [[Kosovo]], [[Vardar Macedonia]]
|1914
|1918
|4 years
|Mass murder and ethnic cleansing of Albanian civilians during the First World War by Serbian, Montenegrin, Greek and Bulgarian troops
|-
||[[Indonesian occupation of East Timor]]
||{{nts|60000}}<ref name="works.bepress.com">{{Cite book|last=Cribb|first=Robert|date=2001|title=How many deaths? Problems in the statistics of massacre in Indonesia (1965–1966) and East Timor (1975–1980)|publisher=Bepress|url=https://works.bepress.com/robert_cribb/2/|language=en|access-date=July 29, 2019|archive-date=April 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419011702/https://works.bepress.com/robert_cribb/2/}}</ref>
||{{nts|308000}}<ref name="Defert, Gabriel 1992">Defert, Gabriel, Timor Est le Genocide Oublié, L'Hartman, 1992.</ref>
||{{nts|135941}}
||[[East Timor]]
||{{nts|1974|format=no}}
||{{nts|1999|format=no}}
|25 years
||The civilian deaths under the Indonesian occupation of East Timor, including killings, disappearances, and deaths caused by conflict-related hunger and illness,<ref name="gPAXy">{{cite web|title=Conflict-related deaths in Timor-Leste 1974–1999|url=http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/updateFiles/english/CONFLICT-RELATED%20DEATHS.pdf|publisher=Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor|access-date=December 29, 2013}}</ref> resulted in an enormous proportional loss of life upon the island some estimating as high as 13% up to almost a third to almost 44% of the population.<ref name="Defert, Gabriel 1992"/><ref name="XqDE7">''Asia Watch, Human Rights in Indonesia and East Timor'', Human Rights Watch, New York, 1989, p. 253<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref><ref name="yale-university.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.yale-university.org/gsp/publications/KiernanRevised1.pdf|title=Yale University|access-date=February 18, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227144225/http://www.yale-university.org/gsp/publications/KiernanRevised1.pdf|archive-date=February 27, 2009}}</ref>
|-
||[[Ikiza|1972 Genocide of Burundian Hutus]]
||{{nts|80000}}
||{{nts|210000}}
||{{nts|129615}}
||[[Burundi]]
||1972
||1972
|?
||Communal mass murder of [[Hutu]]s by their rival tribe the [[Tutsi]] in [[Burundi]].
– Part of the [[Rwandan genocide|Rwandan]] and [[1993 ethnic violence in Burundi|Burundian genocides]]
|-
||[[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia]]
||{{nts|60000}}<ref name="qrAeK">''The Reconstruction of Nations'', 2004</ref><ref name="AFmzK">''W kręgu Łun w Bieszczadach'', 2009, p. 13</ref><ref name="jtBON">''Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji "Wisła", 2011, pp. 447–448<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed -->''</ref>
||{{nts|300000}}<ref name="TL3bj">Terles in ''Ethnic Cleansing'', p. 61<br />Czesław Partacz, ''Prawda historyczna na prawda polityczna w badaniach naukowych. Przykład ludobójstwa na Kresach Południowo-Wschodniej Polski w latach 1939–1946''<br />Lucyna Kulińska "Dzieci Kresów III", Kraków 2009, p.&nbsp;467<br />Józef Turowski, Władysław Siemaszko: Zbrodnie nacjonalistów ukraińskich dokonane na ludności polskiej na Wołyniu 1939–1945. Główna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich w Polsce – Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Środowisko Żołnierzy 27 Wołyńskiej Dywizji Armii Krajowej w Warszawie, 1990 Hochspringen ↑ Władysław Siemaszko, Ewa Siemaszko [2000]: Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na ludności polskiej Wołynia 1939–1945. Borowiecky, Warszawa 2000; {{ISBN|83-87689-34-3}}, S. 1056.</ref>
||{{nts|134164}}
||[[Volhyn]] and [[Eastern Galicia]]
||1943
||1944
|1 year
||Genocide<ref name="czl4Y">{{cite web|title=Uchwala Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 15 lipca 2009 r. w sprawie tragicznego losu Polakow na Kresach Wschodnich|url=http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/DetailsServlet?id=WMP20090470684|publisher=Biuro Prasowe Kancelarii Sejmu|access-date=August 17, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Zbrodnie">''W świetle przedstawionych wyżej ustaleń nie ulega wątpliwości, że zbrodnie, których dopuszczono się wobec ludności narodowości polskiej, noszą charakter niepodlegających przedawnieniu zbrodni ludobójstwa.'' – Piotr Zając, ''Prześladowania ludności narodowości polskiej na terenie Wołynia w latach 1939–1945 – ocena karnoprawna zdarzeń w oparciu o ustalenia śledztwa OKŚZpNP w Lublinie'', [in:] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120323073558/http://ipn.gov.pl/download.php?s=1&id=19295 ''Zbrodnie przeszłości. Opracowania i materiały prokuratorów IPN'', t. 2: ''Ludobójstwo'', red. Radosław Ignatiew, Antoni Kura, Warszawa 2008], pp. 34–49<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref> of Polish civilian population in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA).<ref name="Snyder B">Timothy Snyder [http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2010/feb/24/a-fascist-hero-in-democratic-kiev "A fascist hero in democratic Kiev"], ''New York Review of Books'', February 24, 2010.</ref><ref name="0MUBy">Keith Darden, ''[https://keithdarden.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/darden-natural-experiment.pdf Resisting Occupation: Lessons from a Natural Experiment in Carpathian Ukraine]'', p. 5, Yale University, October 2, 2008.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref><ref name="Himka2">J.P. Himka, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20130423172827/http://www.foa.ualberta.ca/en/Research/~/media/arts/Research/celebration_jph_march28.pdf Interventions: Challenging the Myths of Twentieth-Century Ukrainian history]", University of Alberta, March 28, 2011, p. 4<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref><ref name="Od rzezi, 447">Grzegorz Motyka, "Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji "Wisła",. ''Konflikt polsko-ukraiński 1943–1947'', Kraków (2011), p. 447<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref><ref name="pA5bA">Timothy Snyder, ''The Reconstruction of Nations. Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999'', [[Yale University Press]]. 2003. pp. 170, 176<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>
|-
||[[Pogroms in the Russian Empire]]
||{{nts|52000}}
||{{nts|254500}}
||{{nts|115039}}
||[[Russian Empire]]
||1903–1906
||1917–1922
|19 years
||The massacres of [[Jews]] in the [[Russian Empire]] reached their peak in the early 20th century, through the [[Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire#1903–06|killing of thousands from 1903 to 1906]]<ref name="e5Hni">Weinberg, Robert. ''The Revolution of 1905 in Odessa: Blood on the Steps''. 1993, p. 164.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref> and tens to hundreds of thousands from 1917 to 1922.<ref name="DMms1">{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/pogroms.html#4|title=Pogroms|website=Jewish Virtual Library |access-date=March 8, 2018}}</ref>
|-
||[[Kurdish rebellions in Turkey|Kurdish Rebellions in Turkey]]
||{{nts|33835}}
||{{nts|357000}}
||{{nts|109905}}
||[[Turkey]]
||1921
||present
|97 years
||All casualties from the various [[Kurdish population|Kurdish]] uprisings against the [[Turkey|Turkish]] state.
* 7,594<ref name="7LGMJ">Lundgren, Asa (2007). ''The unwelcome neighbour: Turkey's Kurdish policy''. London: Tauris & Co., p. 44.</ref> to 40,000:<ref name="VE7OW">McDowall, David (2007). ''A Modern History of the Kurds''. London: Tauris & Co. pp. 207–08.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref> [[Dersim rebellion]]
* 15,000<ref name="The Militant Kurds page 86" /> to 250,000:<ref name="page 104" /> [[Sheikh Said rebellion]]
* 6,741<ref name="nearly7000">{{cite web|url=http://www.yenisafak.com/en/news/nearly-7000-civilians-killed-by-pkk-in-31-years-2237092|title=Nearly 7,000 civilians killed by PKK in 31 years|first=Yeni|last=Şafak|publisher=yenisafak.com|access-date=March 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011091853/http://www.yenisafak.com/en/news/nearly-7000-civilians-killed-by-pkk-in-31-years-2237092|archive-date=October 11, 2016}}</ref> to 20,000:<ref name="r2Qln">{{cite book|last=Visweswaran|first=Kamala|title=Everyday Occupations: Experiencing Militarism in South Asia and the Middle East|date=2013|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-8122-0783-5|page=14|edition= 1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pGcUBAAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref name="f2oE9">{{cite book|last=Romano|first=David|title=The Kurdish Nationalist Movement: Opportunity, Mobilization and Identity|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-68426-9|page=81|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ohSNu6bidEQC}}</ref> [[Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)|Modern Turk-Kurd conflict]]
* 4,500 to 47,000:<ref name="Cumhurıyetı16">Yusuf Mazhar, ''Cumhuriyet'', 16 Temmuz 1930, ''... Zilan harekatında imha edilenlerin sayısı 15,000 kadardır. Zilan Deresi ağzına kadar ceset dolmuştur...''</ref><ref name="Kahraman211">Ahmet Kahraman, ''ibid'', p. 211, ''[[Ağrı|Karaköse]], 14 (Özel muhabirimiz bildiriyor) ...''</ref><ref name="Ayse">[[Ayşe Hür]], [http://www.taraf.com.tr/haber/osmanlidan-bugune-kurtler-ve-devlet-4.htm "Osmanlı'dan bugüne Kürtler ve Devlet-4"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225123429/http://www.taraf.com.tr/haber/osmanlidan-bugune-kurtler-ve-devlet-4.htm|date=February 25, 2011}}, ''[[Taraf]]'', October 23, 2008. Retrieved August 16, 2010.</ref><ref name="sRkbw">M. Kalman, ''Belge, tanık ve yaşayanlarıyla Ağrı Direnişi 1926–1930'', Pêrî Yayınları, İstanbul, 1997; {{ISBN|975-8245-01-5}}, p. 105.</ref><ref name="iVHE6">"Der Krieg am Ararat" (Telegramm unseres Korrespondenten) ''[[Berliner Tageblatt]]'', October 3, 1930, "... die Türken in der Gegend von Zilan 220 Dörfer zerstört und 4500 Frauen und Greise massakriert."</ref> [[Ararat rebellion]]
|-
||[[Deportation of the Crimean Tatars]]
||{{nts|100000}}
||{{nts|100000}}
||{{nts|100000}}
||[[Soviet Union]]
||1944
||1945
|1 year
||Often considered an [[ethnic cleansing]], and [[Ukraine]] considers the event [[genocide]].
|-
||Massacres of European colonists during the rebellions of [[Túpac Amaru II]] and [[Túpac Katari]]
||{{nts|100000}}
||{{nts|100000}}
||{{nts|100000}}
||Present day [[Peru]]
||1780
||1782
|2 years
||The indigenous rebellions of [[Túpac Amaru II]] and [[Túpac Katari]] against the Spanish between 1780 and 1782, cost over 100,000 colonists' lives in [[Peru]] and Upper Peru (present-day [[Bolivia]]).{{sfn|Robins|Jones|2009|p=1}}
|-
||[[Eighty Years' War (1566–1609)|Spanish repressions of Dutch Protestants]]
||{{nts|100000}}
||{{nts|100000}}
||{{nts|100000}}
||The [[Low Countries]]
||1566
||1609
|43 years
||100,000 Dutch Protestants massacred under Charles V and Philip II during the [[Eighty Years' War]].<ref name="lEwLz">{{cite book|title=Halley's Bible Handbook, 24th ed.|date=1965}}</ref>
|-
||[[Darfur genocide]]
||{{plainlist|
* {{nts|63000}}<ref name="Darfur: Counting the Deaths: Mortality Estimates from Multiple Survey Data">{{cite web|url=http://www.cedat.be/sites/default/files/ID%20214%20-%20Counting%20the%20death%20(2).pdf|title=Microsoft Word – Letters9|access-date=March 24, 2010|archive-date=January 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115204206/http://www.cedat.be/sites/default/files/ID%20214%20-%20Counting%20the%20death%20(2).pdf}}</ref>
* {{nts|10000}} (Sudan)<ref name="malVH">"[http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5gMU9_nxHnfBspo342jYG0nXyx7-gD91TRRCO0 Sudan president charged with genocide in Darfur]", ''[[Associated Press]]''. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724220641/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5gMU9_nxHnfBspo342jYG0nXyx7-gD91TRRCO0|date=July 24, 2008}}</ref>}}
||{{plainlist|
* {{nts|450000}}<ref name="Quantifying Genocide in Darfur">Dr. [[Eric Reeves]], [http://www.sudanreeves.org/Article102.html Quantifying Genocide in Darfur], April 28, 2006 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728071750/http://www.sudanreeves.org/Article102.html|date=July 28, 2011}}</ref>
* {{nts|300000}} (U.N.)<ref name="bodycount">{{cite news|title=U.N.: 100,000 more dead in Darfur than reported|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/04/22/darfur.holmes/index.html|publisher=CNN|date=April 22, 2008|access-date=April 22, 2008}}</ref>}}
||{{nts|96033}}
||[[Darfur]], [[Sudan]]
||2003
||present
|15 years
||The [[War in Darfur]] is a major armed conflict in the [[Darfur]] region of [[Sudan]] that began in February 2003 when the [[Sudan Liberation Movement/Army|Sudan Liberation Movement]] (SLM) and [[Justice and Equality Movement]] (JEM) rebel groups began fighting the [[government of Sudan]], which they accused of oppressing Darfur's non-[[Arab]] population.<ref name="RgTRE">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3496731.stm|title=Q&A: Sudan's Darfur conflict|publisher=BBC News|date=February 8, 2010|access-date=March 24, 2010}}</ref><ref name="za7lT">{{cite web|url=http://www.alertnet.org/db/crisisprofiles/SD_DAR.htm|title=Darfur conflict|publisher=Alertnet.org|access-date=March 24, 2010}}</ref> The government responded to attacks by carrying out a campaign of [[ethnic cleansing]] against Darfur's non-Arabs. This resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of civilians and the indictment of Sudan's president [[Omar al-Bashir]] for [[genocide]], war crimes, and [[crimes against humanity]] by the [[International Criminal Court]].<ref name="Rz0Pu">{{cite web|title=The Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir|url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/situations%20and%20cases/situations/situation%20icc%200205/related%20cases/icc02050109/Pages/icc02050109.aspx|publisher=[[International Criminal Court]]|access-date=April 24, 2016|archive-date=May 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508041245/https://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/situations%20and%20cases/situations/situation%20icc%200205/related%20cases/icc02050109/Pages/icc02050109.aspx}}</ref>
|-
||[[Al-Anfal campaign|Al-Anfal genocide]]<ref name="hrw.org">{{cite web|date=1993|title=Iraqi Anfal|url=http://hrw.org/reports/1993/iraqanfal|access-date=August 31, 2013|publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref>
||{{nts|50000}}<ref name="hrw.org" />
||{{nts|182000}}<ref name="Frontline" />
||{{nts|95394}}
||[[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq]]<ref name="hrw.org" />
||1986
||1989
||3 years
|The [[Al-Anfal campaign|Kurdish genocide]] led by [[Ali Hassan al-Majid]] under the order of [[Saddam Hussein]].
|-
||Atrocities against [[Harkis]] after the [[Algerian War]]
||{{nts|50000}}<ref name="Horne 537">{{cite book|first=Alistair|last=Horne|page=[https://archive.org/details/savagewarofpeace00horn/page/537 537]|title=A Savage War of Peace|isbn=0-670-61964-7|url=https://archive.org/details/savagewarofpeace00horn/page/537|year=1978|publisher=Viking Press }}</ref>
||{{nts|150000}}<ref name="Horne 537" />
||{{nts|86603}}
||[[Algeria]]
||1962
||?
|?
||The [[Harkis]] were seen as traitors by many Algerians, and many of those who stayed behind suffered severe reprisals after independence. [[French historians]] estimate that somewhere between 50,000 and 150,000 [[Harkis]] and members of their families were killed by the FLN or by lynch mobs in Algeria, often in atrocious circumstances or after torture.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
|-
||[[Aktion T4]]
||{{nts|70273}}
||{{nts|93521}}
||{{nts|81068}}
||[[Nazi Germany]]
||1939
||1941
|2 years
||A euthanasia program in [[Nazi Germany]] used to purge those deemed genetically deficient.
|-
||Racial violence during the [[Rwandan Revolution]]
| colspan="3" |{{ntsh|60000}}50,000 Hutus and tens of thousands of [[Tutsis]]
||[[Burundi]] and [[Rwanda]]
||1959
||1962
|3 years
||<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|title=Genocides, Politicides, and Other Mass Murder Since 1945, With Stages in 2008|url=http://www.genocidewatch.org/images/GenocidesandPoliticidessince1945withstagesin2008.pdf|publisher=Genocide Watch|date=2008|access-date=August 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202041700/http://www.genocidewatch.org/images/GenocidesandPoliticidessince1945withstagesin2008.pdf|archive-date=February 2, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|[[Persecution of Albanians in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]
|{{nts|80000}}<ref name=":24">{{Cite book |last=Demolli |first=Haki |title=Terrorizmi |publisher=Law Faculty Prishtina |year=2002 |location=Prishtina |pages= |quote=based on the national secret files, in the period 1918–40 around 80,000 Albanians were exterminated, between 1944 and 1950, 49,000 Albanians were killed by the communist Yugoslav forces, and in the period 1981–97, 221 Albanians were killed by the Serbian police and military forces. During these periods hundred of thousands of Albanians have been forcibly displaced towards Turkey and Western European countries.}}</ref>
|{{nts|80000}}
|{{nts|80000}}
|[[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]
|1918
|1941
|23 years
|
|-
||[[Conquest of the Canary Islands]]
||{{nts|80000}}<ref>{{cite book |last=White |first=Matthew |title=The Great Big Book of Horrible Things: The 100 Worst Things People Have Done To Each Other |date=2012 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-08192-3 |pages=192}}</ref>
||{{nts|80000}}
||{{nts|80000}}
||[[Canary Islands]]
||1402
||1520
|103 years
||
|-
||[[Guatemalan genocide]]
||{{nts|35000}}
||{{nts|166000}}
||{{nts|76223}}
||[[Guatemala]]
||1960
||1996
|36 years
||According to the [[Historical Clarification Commission]], 140,000 to 200,000 were killed or disappeared, and at least 42,275 were killed by human rights violations during the [[Guatemalan Civil War]], of which 93% were from officially sanctioned government terror and 83% of the victims were [[Maya peoples|Maya]].
– Part of the [[Native American Genocide|Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas]]
|-
||[[Annexation of Hyderabad]]
||{{nts|27000}}
||{{nts|200000}}
||{{nts|73485}}
||[[Hyderabad State]], [[India]]
||1948
||1948
|5 days
||<ref name="QLOyx">{{cite web|last=Noorani|first=A.G.|title=Of a massacre untold|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1805/18051130.htm|website=Frontline|access-date=August 2, 2018}}<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref><ref name="5FCbM">{{cite news|last=Thompson|first=Mike|title=Hyderabad 1948: India's hidden massacre|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-24159594|publisher=BBC News|date=September 24, 2013}}</ref>
|-
||[[De-Cossackization]]
||{{nts|5000}}<ref name="xJqy2">Futoryansky L.I. (2003). Cossacks in the flames of the civil war in Russia (1918–1920). Orenburg: GOU OGU. p. 474.</ref>
||{{nts|1000000}}<ref name="5s3GT">Reshetnikov L.P. (2014). Return to Russia. The third way, or dead ends of hopelessness. M .: FIV. p. 119.</ref>
||{{nts|70711}}
||Former [[Russian Empire]]
||1917
||1933
|16 years
||Violent class purge, [[ethnic cleansing]], and [[mass murder]] of [[Cossacks]], especially [[Kuban Cossacks|Kuban]] and [[Don Cossacks]], by the [[Bolshevik]]s.
|-
||[[Effacer le tableau]]
||{{nts|60000}}
||{{nts|70000}}
||{{nts|64807}}
||[[Democratic Republic of Congo]]
||1998
||2003
|5 years
||[[Pygmy peoples]] were murdered en masse as they were regarded as subhumans.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
|-
||[[Religious violence in Nigeria|Religious Killings of Christians in Nigeria]]
||{{nts|62000}}
||{{nts|62000}}
||{{nts|62000}}
||[[Nigeria]]
||1999
||present
|24 years
|| Since the turn of the 21st century, 62,000 [[Christianity in Nigeria|Nigerian Christians]] have been killed by the terrorist group [[Boko Haram]], [[Fulani herdsmen]] and other groups.<ref name="michaelhaverluck">{{cite web |last=F. Haverluck |first=Michael |title='Silent slaughter' – 2 decades of genocide in Nigeria |url=https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/2020/08/07/Silent-slaughter-%E2%80%93-2-decades-of-genocide-in-Nigeria |website=Genocide Watch |date=7 August 2020 |publisher=7 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="iconreport">{{cite web |title=ICON Launches New Report Proving Nigerian Genocide |url=https://missionsbox.org/press-releases/icon-launches-new-report-proving-genocide-in-nigeria/ |website=Missions Box|date=3 August 2020 }}</ref> The killings have been referred to as a silent genocide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Silent Slaughter |url=https://iconhelp.org/silent-slaughter/ |publisher=International Committee on Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Nigeria's Silent Slaughter Genocide in Nigeria and the Implications for the International Community |journal=International Committee on Nigeria |url=https://clientwebproof.com/Nigeria-Silent-Slaughter/}}</ref>
|-
||[[Herero and Namaqua genocide]]
||{{nts|34000}}
||{{nts|110000}}
||{{nts|61156}}
||[[German South-West Africa]]
||1904
||1908<ref name="Germanyagrees">{{Cite web|last=Oltermann|first=Philip|date=2021-05-28|title=Germany agrees to pay Namibia €1.1bn over historical Herero-Nama genocide|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/28/germany-agrees-to-pay-namibia-11bn-over-historical-herero-nama-genocide|access-date=2021-05-28|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref>
|4 years
||Genocides of the [[Herero people|Herero]] and [[Nama people|Nama]] peoples by the [[German Empire]] during the [[Herero Wars]].
|-
||[[Yugoslav Wars#War crimes|Bosnian Genocide and other ethnic cleansings]] during the [[Yugoslav Wars]]
||{{nts|52856}}
||{{nts|64917}}
||{{nts|58577}}
||[[Yugoslavia]] and successor states
||1991
||2001
|10 years
||All civilians killed in the Yugoslav Wars including events such as the [[Srebrenica massacre]], [[Vukovar massacre]], [[Gospić massacre]], and other atrocities.
69.8% to 82% of civilian victims of the [[Bosnian War]] were [[Bosniak]]. During the War in Croatia, 43.4% of the killed on the Croatian side were civilians.{{sfn|Fink|2010|p=469}}
* 34,764<ref name="6oKXl">{{cite web|url=http://www.icty.org/x/file/About/OTP/War_Demographics/en/bih_casualty_undercount_conf_paper_100201.pdf|publisher=ICTY|title=The 1992–95 War in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Census-Based Multiple System Estimation of Casualties' Undercount|access-date=January 27, 2013}}</ref> to 40,330:<ref name="sx5aA">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Bl9KT9NME0C&pg=PA96|title=Courting Democracy in Bosnia and Herzegovina|author=Lara J. Nettelfield|year=2010|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-76380-6|pages=96–98}}</ref><ref name="Fh5Av">{{cite news|title=After years of toil, book names Bosnian war dead|date=February 15, 2013 |work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bosnia-dead-idUSBRE91E0J220130215}}</ref> [[Bosnian War]]
* 10,844<ref name="Kosovo">*[http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/kosovo-war-victims-list-published Kosovo Memory Book Database Presentation and Evaluation" (PDF), balkaninsight.com. Retrieved February 6, 2016.] * [http://www.hlc-rdc.org/?p=28616&lang=de "Serbia marks anniversary of NATO bombing"], hlc-rdc.org. Retrieved May 6, 2012.</ref> to 14,661:<ref name="Kosovo" /> [[Kosovo War]]
* 7,158<ref name="croat">*Srpske žrtve rata i poraća na području Hrvatske i bivše RSK 1990. – 1998. godine", ''Veritas''. Retrieved June 16, 2015.{{in lang|hr}}<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --> * Martić Witness Details Croatian War Casualties", ''Global Voices BALKANS''. Retrieved April 13, 2006.{{in lang|en}} * [[Marko Attila Hoare]], "Genocide in Bosnia and the failure of international justice" (PDF), Kingston University (UK), April 2008. Retrieved March 23, 2011.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref> to 9,836:<ref name="croat" /> [[Croatian War of Independence]]
* 90:<ref name="DO5hN">*"Dëshmorët e Ushtrisë Çlirimtare Kombëtare", shkruar nga Xhemal Selimi. Tanusha 2001. February 15, 2011.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --> * Bender, Kristof (2013). "How the U.S. and EU Stopped a War and Nobody Noticed: The Containment of the Macedonian Conflict and EU Soft Power". In Berdal, Mats; Zaum, Dominik. Political Economy of Statebuilding: Power After Peace. London: Routledge. p. 341; {{ISBN|978-0-203-10130-8}}</ref> [[2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia]]
|-
||[[Chetnik war crimes in World War II|Genocide against Bosniaks and Croats by the Chetniks]]
||{{nts|50000}}
||{{nts|68000}}
||{{nts|58310}}
||[[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]
||1941
||1945
|4 years
||<ref name="Geiger">{{cite journal| author=Vladimir Geiger | title=Human Losses of the Croats in World War II and the Immediate Post-War Period Caused by the Chetniks (Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland) and the Partisans (People's Liberation Army and the Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia/Yugoslav Army) and the Communist Authorities: Numerical Indicators|journal=Revue für Kroatische Geschichte=Revue d'Histoire Croate|volume=VIII|issue=1|pages=77–121|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/103223?lang=en|year=2012}}</ref><ref name="bguuZ">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TtWycwryensC&q=chetnik+genocide&pg=PA430|isbn=978-0-203-89043-1|title=Century of genocide: critical essays and eyewitness accounts|page=430|author1=Samuel Totten|author2=William S. Parsons|year=1997|publisher=Routledge|access-date=11 January 2011}}</ref>{{sfn|Geiger|2012|pp=103, 117}}<ref name="uP4E5">{{cite book|last=Redžić|first=Enver|title=Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Second World War|year=2005|publisher=Tylor and Francis|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7146-5625-0|page=84|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pVCx3jerQmYC&q=Chetniks+extermination&pg=PA146}}</ref>
|-
|| Italian [[Second Italo-Senussi War|Pacification of Libya]]
|| {{nts|56000}}
|| {{nts|56000}}
|| {{nts|56000}}
|| [[Libya]]
|| 1923
|| 1932
| 9 years
|| The pacification campaign led to the deaths of one quarter of the 225,000 people in region of [[Cyrenaica]]. The Italians also expelled half of the region's population.<ref name="Mann309">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGHGPgj1_tIC&pg=PA309|title=The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing|last=Mann|first=Michael|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-53854-1|page=309}}</ref>
|-
| Massacres of Polish civilians during the [[Warsaw Uprising]]
|| {{nts|50000}}
|| {{nts|60000}}<ref name="KXfeJ">Lukas, Richard C. (2012). ''The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles under German Occupation, 1939–1944''. Hippocrene Books. p. 197. {{ISBN|978-0-7818-1302-0}}.</ref><ref name="WNv5P">Walter Laqueur & Judith Tydor Baumel (2001). "Dirlewanger, Oskar". ''The Holocaust Encyclopedia'', Yale University Press (p. 150), {{ISBN|0-300-08432-3}}. Retrieved June 24, 2012.</ref>
|| {{nts|54772}}
|| [[Occupied Poland]]
|| {{ntsh|1944.60}}August 5, 1944 ||{{ntsh|1944.62}}August 12, 1944
| 1 week|| Polish fatalities in districts of Wola and Ochota committed during [[Warsaw Uprising]]
|-
|| [[1993 ethnic violence in Burundi]]
|| {{nts|50000}}
|| {{nts|50000}}
|| {{nts|50000}}
|| [[Burundi]]
|| 1993
|| 1993
| ?
|| Communal mass murder of [[Tutsi]]s by their rival tribe the [[Hutu]] in [[Burundi]].
– Part of the [[Rwandan genocide|Rwandan]] and [[1993 ethnic violence in Burundi|Burundian genocides]]
|-
|| [[Witch trials in the early modern period]]
|| {{nts|20000}}
|| {{nts|100000}}
|| {{nts|44721}}
|| Europe
|| 1400
|| 1800
| 300 years
||<ref name="7P63B">{{cite web|url=http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#Witch|title=Twentieth Century Atlas – Historical Body Count|website=necrometrics.com|access-date=August 2, 2018}}</ref><wbr />{{unreliable source?|date=January 2019}}
|-
| British concentration camps during the [[Second Boer War]]
| {{nts|26000}}
| {{nts|40000}}
| {{nts|32249}}
| [[South African Republic|Transvaal]]
| 1900
| 1902
| 2 years
| [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]] led the British army against the [[Boer Republics]] in the [[Second Boer War]] in Southern Africa. In an attempt to pacify Boer guerrillas, he targeted their families, and 116,000 Boer women and children were captured and jailed by the British, Within 2 years, 22,074 children died and 4,177 women died due to neglect by the British. 115,000 black people were separately jailed, of whom 15,000 died in prison camps.<ref name="46 black people died in the black concentration camps">{{cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/523-people-die-black-concentration-camps-second-anglo-boer-war|title=15,000 black people died in concentration camps|access-date=August 2, 2018|date=March 16, 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Burning of Smyrna]]
|| {{nts|10000}}<ref name="97GGA">{{cite book|last=Biondich|first=Mark|title=The Balkans: Revolution, War, and Political Violence since 1878|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vC-Fk7Mxu2MC&pg=PA92|year=2011|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-929905-8|page=92}}</ref><ref name="VWUXa">Naimark, Norman M. ''Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe''. Cambridge: MA: Harvard University Press, 2002, p. 52.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>
|| {{nts|100000}}<ref name="4sUr8">{{cite book |author=Rudolph J. Rummel|title=Death by Government|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=1994|isbn=978-1-56000-927-6|chapter=Turkey's Genocidal Purges}}, p. 233.</ref><ref name="bU9nu">Naimark. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=L-QLXnX16kAC&q=atrocities+against+turks+occupation&pg=PA46 Fires of Hatred]'', pp. 47–52.</ref>
|| {{nts|31623}}
|| [[Smyrna]], [[Ottoman Empire]]
|| {{ntsh|1922.70}}September 9, 1922
|| {{ntsh|1922.73}}September 24, 1922
| 15 days
|| A fire began in Smyrna four days after the [[Turkish military]] captured the city on 9 September, effectively ending the [[Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)|Greco-Turkish War]], more than three years after the [[Greek army]] had landed troops at Smyrna on 15 May 1919. 10,000 to 100,000 Greeks and Armenians died in the fire and accompanying massacres committed by the Turks. The [[Responsibility for the great fire of Smyrna|responsibility for the fire]] is a controversial issue; some sources blame Turks, and some sources blame Greeks or Armenians.<ref name="mwDUf">{{cite journal|last=Neyzi|first=Leyla|date=2008|title=The Burning of Smyrna/ Izmir (1922) Revisited: Coming to Terms with the Past in the Present|journal=The Past as Resource in the Turkic Speaking World|pages=23–42|doi=10.5771/9783956506888-23|isbn=978-3-95650-688-8|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="jDIMn">{{cite book|last=Martoyan|first=Tehmine|title=Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, 1913-1923|date=2017|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-78533-433-7|editor1-last=Shirinian|editor1-first=George N.|language=en|chapter=The Destruction of Smyrna in 1922: An Armenian and Greek Shared Tragedy}}</ref>
|-
|| [[Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia|Austro-Hungarian atrocities during the occupation of Serbia in World War I]]
|| {{nts|30000}}<ref name="DWSerbia">{{cite web |last=Deutsche Welle |title=Austrougarski zločini u Srbiji |date=12 October 2014 |url=https://www.dw.com/sr/austrougarski-zlo%C4%8Dini-u-srbiji/a-17989134 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214023923/https://www.dw.com/sr/austrougarski-zlo%C4%8Dini-u-srbiji/a-17989134 |archive-date=14 December 2021 |access-date=14 December 2021 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |language=sr-RS}}</ref><ref name="Demm">{{cite book |last1=Demm |first1=Eberhard |title=Censorship and Propaganda in World War I: A Comprehensive History |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781350118591 |page=50 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cf2ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP50 |quote=That the Austro-Hungarian army executed around 30,000 innocent civilians in Serbia and in Galica, roughly five times more than the Germans had in Belgium and France, was rarely mentioned and represented, although these atrocities were well documented.}}</ref>
|| {{nts|30000}}<ref name="DWSerbia" /><ref name="Demm" />
|| {{nts|30000}}
| [[Serbia]]
| 1914
| 1915
| 1 year
|| Mass executions of Serbian civilians by Austro-Hungarian forces 
|-
|| [[Persecution of Shias by the Islamic State]]
|| {{nts|Tens of thousands}}<ref name="BS5ID">"Which groups are under threat by ISIS in Iraq?", cnn.com. Retrieved December 22, 2015.</ref>
|| {{nts|Tens of thousands}}
|| {{nts|Tens of thousands}}
|| [[Iraq]], [[Syria]], [[Afghanistan]]
|| 2003
|| present
| 16 years
|| [[Ethnic cleansing]], execution, forced conversion, rape, and enslavement of [[Shias]] by [[ISIL]]. One of the first instances was the [[Imam Ali Mosque bombing]] in [[Najaf]].
|-
|| Massacres of [[Kyrgyz people]] during the [[Central Asian revolt of 1916]]
|| {{nts|3000}}
|| {{nts|270000}}
|| {{nts|28460}}
|| [[Russian Empire]], [[Kyrgyzstan]]
|| 1916
|| 1916
| 7 months
|| In 1916, there was an uprising and crackdown of [[Kyrgyzstan]]is against and by Tsarist Russia in what is now known as the [[Urkun]].
A public commission in [[Kyrgyzstan]] called the crackdown of 1916 that killed 100,000 to 270,000 Kyrgyzstanis a [[genocide]] though [[Russia]] rejected this characterization.<ref name="shkfS">{{cite news|title=Commission Calls 1916 Tsarist Mass Killings Of Kyrgyz Genocide Print Share|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/kyrgyzstan-1916-russia-mass-killings-genocide/27926414.html|agency=Radio Free Europe}}</ref>

[[Russia]]n sources put the death toll at 3,000.<ref name="iEmUA">{{cite web|url=http://www.krugosvet.ru/articles/124/1012486/print.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111155448/http://www.krugosvet.ru/articles/124/1012486/print.htm|title=Krugosvet Encyclopaedia. Article on Sturmer|archive-date=November 11, 2007}}</ref>
|-
|| [[Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam]]
|| {{nts|10000}}
|| {{nts|65000}}
|| {{nts|25495}}
|| [[Kanara|Canara]]
|| 1784
|| 1799
| 15 years
|| A 15-year imprisonment of [[Mangalorean Catholics]] and other Christians at [[Seringapatam]] in the Indian region of [[Kanara|Canara]] by [[Tipu Sultan]], the ''de facto'' ruler of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]].{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
|-
|| 1988 [[Burundi]]an massacre of [[Hutu]]s
|| {{nts|25000}}
|| {{nts|25000}}
|| {{nts|25000}}
|| [[Burundi]]
|| 1988
|| 1988
| ?
||<ref name="auto1"/> – Part of the [[Rwandan genocide|Rwandan]] and [[1993 ethnic violence in Burundi|Burundian genocides]]
|-
|| [[Parsley massacre]]
|| {{nts|17000}}<ref name="Newman">{{cite book|author=Graeme R. Newman|title=Crime and Punishment around the World [4 volumes]: [Four Volumes]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2uK6bR9byVIC&pg=RA1-PA133|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35134-1|page=1}}</ref><ref name="Tunzelmann">{{cite book|author=Alex von Tunzelmann|title=Red Heat: Conspiracy, Murder and the Cold War in the Caribbean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CMya7T_-dRYC&pg=PA1933|year=2012|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4711-1477-9|page=1933}}</ref>
|| {{nts|35000}}<ref name="Newman"/><ref name="Tunzelmann"/>
|| {{nts|24393}}
|| [[Dominican Republic]]
|| October 2, 1937
|| October 8, 1937
| 6 days
||[[Genocidal massacre]] of people who say {{lang|es|perejil}} (Spanish: "parsley") in a French accent in order to determine if they are [[Afro-Haitian]] or [[Afro-Dominicans (Dominican Republic)|Afro-Dominican]].
|-
||[[Australian frontier wars]]
||{{nts|22000}}
||{{nts|22500}}
||{{nts|22249}}
||[[Australia]]
||1788
||1934
|146 years
||Wars between [[Indigenous Australians]] and settlers in which killed about 20,000 aboriginal and 2,500 settlers in combat or massacres.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}See also: [[List of massacres of Indigenous Australians]]
|-
||[[Ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia]]
||{{nts|17000}}
||{{nts|28000}}
||{{nts|21817}}
||[[Abkhazia]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
||1992
||1993
|1 year
||The ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia,<ref name="NuWII">Budapest Declaration and Geneva Declaration on Ethnic Cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia between 1992 and 1993 adopted by the OSCE and recognized as ethnic cleansing in 1994 and 1999.</ref><ref name="Russia p 27">The Guns of August 2008, Russia's War in Georgia, Svante Cornell & Frederick Starr, p. 27.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref><ref name="4Lut3">Anatol Lieven, "Victorious Abkhazian Army Settles Old Scores in An Orgy of Looting", ''The Times'', October 4, 1993.</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">"In Georgia, Tales of Atrocities Lee Hockstander", ''International Herald Tribune'', October 22, 1993.</ref><ref name="Y6jQ5">The Human Rights Field Operation: Law, Theory and Practice, Abkhazia Case, [[Michael C. O'Flaherty|Michael O'Flaherty]]<!-- publisher, year, ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref><ref name="r4D7x">''The Politics of Religion in Russia and the New States of Eurasia'', Michael Bourdeaux, p. 237.<!-- ISSN/ISBN, publisher, year needed --></ref><ref name="FKhiB">Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union: Russian and American Perspectives, Alekseĭ Georgievich Arbatov, p. 388</ref><ref name="Empire p. 72">Georgiy I. Mirsky, ''On Ruins of Empire: Ethnicity and Nationalism in the Former Soviet Union'', p. 72<!-- ISSN/ISBN, publisher, year needed --></ref><ref name="MTBXm">''Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus'', p. 174.<!-- ISSN/ISBN, publisher, year needed --></ref><ref name="A6KoH">Michael Bourdeaux, ''The Politics of Religion in Russia and the New States of Eurasia'', p. 238.<!-- ISSN/ISBN, publisher, year needed --></ref> also known as the "massacres of Georgians in Abkhazia",<ref name="ReferenceA">Svetlana Mikhailovna Chervonnaia, ''Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow'', Gothic Image Publications, 1994.<!-- ISSN/ISBN, page(s) needed --></ref><ref name="xIrrZ">Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Soviet Union, Svante E. Cornell</ref> and "genocide of Georgians in Abkhazia"<ref name="VHfaF">Tamaz Nadareishvili, ''Conspiracy Against Georgia, Tbilisi'', 2002.<!-- ISSN/ISBN, publisher needed --></ref> Refers to [[ethnic cleansing]],<ref name="tMX33">''Human Rights Watch Helsinki'', Vol 7, No 7, March 1995, p. 230.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref> massacres<ref name="jWNyL">Gary K. Bertsch, ''Crossroads and Conflict: Security and Foreign Policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia'', p. 161.<!-- ISSN/ISBN, publisher needed --></ref> and forced mass expulsion of thousands of ethnic [[Georgian people|Georgians]]
|-
||[[Dersim rebellion]]
||{{nts|7594}}
||{{nts|40000}}
||{{nts|17429}}
||[[Dersim]], [[Turkey]]
||1937
||1937
|8 months
||The [[Dersim massacre]] was a massacre of [[Kurdish people]] ([[Alevism|Alevi]] [[Kurmanj]] and [[Zaza people|Zaza]]) by the [[Turkey|Turkish government]] in the [[Dersim]] region of eastern Turkey, which includes parts of [[Tunceli Province]], [[Elazığ Province]], and [[Bingöl Province]].<ref name="Dersim 38 Conference">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pen-kurd.org/almani/haydar/Dersim-PresseerklC3A4rungEnglish.pdf|title=Dersim '38 Conference|access-date=August 15, 2020|archive-date=October 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020041344/http://www.pen-kurd.org/almani/haydar/Dersim-PresseerklC3A4rungEnglish.pdf}}</ref><ref name="bZHZd">{{cite news|title=The Suppression of the Dersim Rebellion in Turkey (1937–38)|url=http://www.hum.uu.nl/medewerkers/m.vanbruinessen/publications/Dersim_rebellion.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009015747/http://www.hum.uu.nl/medewerkers/m.vanbruinessen/publications/Dersim_rebellion.pdf|archive-date=October 9, 2011|access-date=January 20, 2016|publisher=University of Pennsylvania}}</ref><ref name="Pvx8s">{{cite book|author=Jacqueline Sammali|title=Etre Kurde, un délit?: portrait d'un peuple nié|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PUSgS0Y-pRsC&pg=PA119|year=1995|publisher=Harmattan|isbn=978-2-7384-3772-3|page=119}}</ref><ref name="5Hzd2">{{cite book|author=Sabri Cigerli|title=Les Kurdes et leur histoire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MxKFhFCzeLcC&pg=PA125|year=1999|publisher=Harmattan|isbn=978-2-7384-7662-3|page=125}}</ref><ref name="0oyko">{{cite web|url=http://www.weeklyzaman.com/en/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=4970|title=Can Kurds rely on the Turkish state?|publisher=Weeklyzaman.com|date=October 14, 2011 |access-date=December 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129011435/http://www.weeklyzaman.com/en/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=4970|archive-date=November 29, 2014}}</ref><ref name="DqHFL">{{cite web|url=http://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/middle-eastnorth-africapersian-gulf-region/turkeykurds-1922-present|title=16. Turkey/Kurds (1922–present)|publisher=Uca.edu|access-date=December 24, 2013}}</ref><ref name="GD">Birinci Genel Müfettişlik Bölgesi, ''Güney Doğu'', İstanbul, pp. 66, 194. {{in lang|tr}}. Retrieved August 2, 2018.</ref> The massacre occurred after a rebellion led by [[Seyid Riza]] against the [[Turkification]] policies of the Turkish government.<ref name="vBEMk">{{cite web|url=http://www.massviolence.org/IMG/article_PDF/Dersim-Massacre-1937-1938.pdf|title=Accueil – Sciences Po Violence de masse et Résistance – Réseau de recherche|website=massviolence.org|access-date=August 2, 2018}}</ref> As a result of the Turkish military campaign against the rebellion, thousands of [[Alevi]] [[Zazas]]<ref name="35s93">{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/|title=Accueil {{!}} Sciences Po Violence de masse et Résistance – Réseau de recherche|website=sciencespo.fr|access-date=July 29, 2019}}</ref> died and many others were internally displaced due to the conflict.
– Part of the [[Kurdish rebellions in Turkey|Kurdish Rebellions in Turkey]]
|-
||[[1966 anti-Igbo pogrom]]
||{{nts|10000}}
||{{nts|30000}}
||{{nts|17321}}
||[[Nigeria]]
||May 29, 1966
||October 1966
|4 months, 2 days
||<ref name="McKenna-1969">{{cite journal|last=McKenna|first=Joseph C.|title=Elements of a Nigerian Peace|journal=Foreign Affairs|date=1969|volume=47|issue=4|pages=668–680|doi=10.2307/20039407|jstor=20039407}}</ref>
|-
||[[List of Indian massacres in North America|Indian massacres]] in the [[United States]] frontiers
||{{nts|16349}}
||{{nts|16349}}
||{{nts|16349}}
||What is now the [[United States]]
||1511
||1890
|379 years
||It is difficult to determine the total number of people who died as a result of Indian massacres. However, one book, ''The Wild Frontier: Atrocities during the American-Indian War from Jamestown Colony to Wounded Knee'', presents an estimate by counting every recorded atrocity in the area that would eventually become the continental United States, from first contact (1511) to the closing of the frontier (1890). The parameters were limited to the intentional and indiscriminate [[murder]], [[torture]], or mutilation of civilians, the wounded, and prisoners. The results revealed that 7,193 people died from atrocities perpetrated by those of European descent, and 9,156 people died from atrocities perpetrated by Native Americans.<ref name="Osborn, William M. 2001">Osborn, William M. (2001). ''The Wild Frontier: Atrocities During The American-Indian War from Jamestown Colony to Wounded Knee'', Garden City, New York: Random House; {{ISBN|978-0-375-50374-0}}</ref>– Part of the [[Native American Genocide|Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas]]
|-
||[[Persecution of Biharis in Bangladesh]]
||{{nts|1000}}
||{{nts|150000}}<ref name="Fink2010">{{cite book|author=George Fink|title=Stress of War, Conflict and Disaster|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rOq4XV94wLsC&pg=PA292 |date=2010 |publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-381382-4|page=292}}</ref><ref name="p8wFi">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict: Po – Z, index. 3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TG2kN033mDkC&pg=PA64|date=1999|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-227010-9|page=64}}</ref>
||{{nts|12247}}
||[[Bangladesh]]
||1971
||1971
|?
||Most extreme episode of the massacres of [[Biharis]] by [[Bengalis|Bengali]] mobs
|-
||[[Gukurahundi]]
||{{nts|3750}}<ref name="hxVJ0">"CCJP"</ref>
||{{nts|30000}}<ref name="hill77">{{cite book |title=The Battle for Zimbabwe: The Final Countdown |last=Hill |first=Geoff |location=Johannesburg |publisher=Struik Publishers |year=2005|orig-date=2003 |isbn=978-1-86872-652-3 |page=77}}</ref>
||{{nts|10607}}
||[[Zimbabwe]]
||1983
||1987
|5 years
||[[Ethnic cleansing]] and executions of members of the [[Northern Ndebele people|Ndebele]] by the [[Robert Mugabe]]'s [[Zimbabwean Fifth Brigade|Fifth Brigade]].
|-
||Deaths of indigenous children in the [[Canadian Indian residential school system|Canadian residential schools]] system
||{{nts|3201}}<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/specialseries/2017/01/canada-dark-secret-170130091149080.html|title=Canada's Dark Secret|website=Al Jazeera |access-date=May 20, 2018|quote=6,000 children died in these schools. Some evidence puts the casualties at three times that number.}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GbZDUvvy258|title=Death toll in Residential Schools|last=CBC News: The National|date=December 14, 2015|via=YouTube}}</ref>
||{{nts|32010}}
||{{nts|10122}}
||[[Canada]]
||1876
||1996
|120 years
||<ref name="auto4">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/residential-schools/|title=Residential Schools|last=Miller|first=J.R.}}</ref><ref name="cbc.ca"/><ref name="Tasker"/><ref name="Smith"/><ref name="Luxen">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-33001425|title=Survivors of Canada's 'cultural genocide' still healing|last=Luxen|first=Micah|date=June 24, 2016|access-date=June 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725181119/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-33001425|archive-date=July 25, 2016|url-status=live|publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="trccanada"/><ref name="Palmater">{{cite web|url=https://nowtoronto.com/news/canada-s-150th-a-celebration-of-indigenous-genocide/|title=Canada 150 is a celebration of Indigenous genocide|author=Pamela Palmater|date=March 29, 2017|work=Now|quote=Celebrating genocide is not what most would consider a modern Canadian value. While use of the term "genocide" to describe Canada's treatment of Indigenous peoples has created a great deal of debate, there has always been a recognition that, at minimum, Canada was guilty of "cultural genocide," even if individuals couldn't bring themselves to accept more sinister intentions. Former prime minister Paul Martin told the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) that it was time to call the residential schools policy what it was: "cultural genocide." Supreme Court of Canada Chief Justice Beverley McLachlin weighed in on Canada's dismal human rights record, saying that residential schools were attempts to commit "cultural genocide" against Indigenous peoples.}}</ref>– Part of the [[Native American Genocide|Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas]]
|-
||[[Cambodian genocide#Ethnic and religious victims|Vietnamese genocide by Khmer Rouge]]
||{{nts|10000}}<ref name="ReferenceC"/>
||{{nts|10000}}
||{{nts|10000}}
||[[Democratic Kampuchea]]
||1975
||1979
|4 years
||100% of the [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] in [[Cambodia]] were slaughtered during the [[genocide]], according to [[Samuel Totten]].
– Part of the [[Cambodian genocide]]
|-
||Thai Genocide by [[Khmer Rouge]]
||{{nts|8000}}<ref name="ReferenceC"/>
||{{nts|8000}}
||{{nts|8000}}
||[[Democratic Kampuchea]]
||1975
||1979
|4 years
||40% of Thai in [[Cambodia]] were killed during the [[Cambodian genocide]] according to [[Samuel Totten]].
– Part of the [[Cambodian genocide]]
|-
||[[1946 Bihar riots]]
||{{nts|2000}}
||{{nts|30000}}
||{{nts|7746}}
||[[Bihar]], [[British India]]
||October 30, 1946
||November 7, 1946
|8 days
||Killings of Bihari Muslims by Bengali Hindus in retaliation to the [[Direct Action Day]] riots.<ref name="TFz0Z">Ian Stephens, ''Pakistan'' (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1963), p. 111.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>{{sfn|''The New York Times'' (a)|1946}}
|-
||[[Noakhali riots]]
||{{nts|5000}}
||{{nts|10000}}
||{{nts|7071}}
||[[Noakhali]] Region, [[Bengal]], British India
||October 1946
||November 1946
|1 month
||Killings of Bengali Hindus by Bengali Muslims in retaliation to the [[Direct Action Day]] riots.
|-
||[[Sétif and Guelma massacre]]
||{{nts|1020}}
||{{nts|45000}}
||{{nts|6775}}
||[[Algeria]]
||1945
||1945
|?
||<ref name="Horne 537"/>
|-
||Genocide of native [[Aboriginal Tasmanians|Tasmanians]]
||{{nts|3000}}
||{{nts|15000}}
||{{nts|6708}}
||[[Australia]]
||1803
||1905
|102 years
||The last full-blooded Aboriginal Tasmanian was either [[Truganini]] or [[Fanny Cochrane Smith]], whose date of death is used here to denote the end of the genocide. In 2017, there were between 6,000 and 23,000 mixed-race individuals of Aboriginal Tasmanian descent.<ref>{{Cite news | title=Changes to Tasmania's Aboriginal identity test labelled outrageous | last=Hunt | first=Linda | publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] | url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-07-01/changes-to-aboriginal-identity-test-labelled-outrageous/7561128 | date=1 July 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | title=Claiming Aboriginality: Have Tasmania's Aboriginal services been 'swamped with white people'? | last=Shine | first=Rhiannon | publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] | url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-07-01/tasmanias-aboriginality-criteria-relaxation-affecting-services/8670254 | date=1 July 2017 }}</ref>
|-
||Massacres of [[Arabs]] and [[Indian people|Indians]] during the [[Zanzibar Revolution]]
||{{nts|2000}}
||{{nts|20000}}
||{{nts|6325}}
||[[Zanzibar]]
||January 12, 1964
||February 2, 1964
|~21 days
||Thousands of [[Arabs]] and Indians were massacred during the [[Zanzibar Revolution]]
|-
|[[Foibe massacres|Foibe Massacres]]
|11,000<ref name="8vNAQ">{{Cite book|last=Rumici, Guido |title=Infoibati (1943–1945): i nomi, i luoghi, i testimoni, i documenti|date=2002|publisher=Mursia|isbn=88-425-2999-0|location=Milano|oclc=50485485}}</ref>
|3,000<ref name="g6Up6">{{Cite book|last=Pupo, Raoul |title=Foibe|date=2003|publisher=B. Mondadori|author2=Spazzali, Roberto|isbn=88-424-9015-6|location=Milano|oclc=53705184}}</ref>
|5,745
|[[Istria]]
|1943
|1945
|3 years
|The foibe massacres were mass killings both during and after [[World War II]], mainly committed by [[Yugoslav Partisans]] against the local ethnic Italian population, mainly in [[Venezia Giulia]], [[Istria]] and [[Dalmatia]]. The term refers to the victims who were often thrown alive into ''[[foiba]]s'' (deep natural [[sinkhole]]s; by extension, it also was applied to the use of mine shafts, etc. to hide the bodies).
|-
||[[1964 East Pakistan riots]]
||{{nts|5590}}
||{{nts|5690}}
||{{nts|5640}}
||[[East Pakistan]]
||January 2, 1964
||March 28, 1964
|2 months, 26 days
||All casualties from the various riots in [[East Pakistan]] during the year 1964.
* Khulna: 200–300
* Dhaka: 1,000
* Narayangang: 3,500
* Bhulta: 267
* Golkandi: 623
|-
||[[Simele massacre]]
||{{nts|5000}}<ref name="Zubaida370">{{Harvnb|Zubaida|2000|p=370}}</ref>
||{{nts|6000}}<ref name="IFHR">{{cite web|title=Displaced persons in Iraqi Kurdistan and Iraqi refugees in Iran|url=http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/iq350a.pdf|work=fidh.org|publisher=International Federation for Human Rights|date=January 2003 |access-date=September 23, 2011}}</ref><ref name="DeKelaita">{{cite web|last=DeKelaita|first=Robert|title=The Origins and Developments of Assyrian Nationalism|url=http://www.aina.org/books/oadoan.pdf|publisher=Committee on International Relations Of the [[University of Chicago]]|agency=Assyrian International News Agency|date=November 22, 2009|access-date=September 23, 2011}}</ref>
||{{nts|5477}}
||[[Simele]], [[Kingdom of Iraq]]
||August 7, 1933
||August 11, 1933
|4 days
||The Simele massacre inspired [[Raphael Lemkin]] to create the concept of [[genocide]].<ref name="Donabed2015">{{cite book|author=Sargon Donabed|title=Reforging a Forgotten History: Iraq and the Assyrians in the 20th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bwLdCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT110|date=2015|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-8605-6|page=110}}</ref>
|-
||[[1950 East Pakistan riots]]
||{{nts|4803}}
||{{nts|4833}}
||{{nts|4818}}
||[[East Bengal]]
||February 1950
||March 1950
|1 month
||All casualties from the various riots in [[East Pakistan]] during the year 1950.
* 70–100: Nachole
* 215: Dhaka
* 2,500: [[1950 Barisal Riots#Killings|Barisal]]
* 17: Rajshahi
* 2,000: Mymensingh
* 1: Jessore
|-
||[[1984 anti-Sikh riots]]
||{{nts|2800}}
||{{nts|8000}}
||{{nts|4733}}
||[[India]]
||October 31, 1984
||November 3, 1984
|3 days 
||A series of [[pogroms]] against [[Sikhs]] primarily done by members of the [[Indian National Congress]] party due to the [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|assassination of the prime minister]].
|-
||[[Nellie massacre]]
||{{nts|2191}}
||{{nts|10000}}
||{{nts|4681}}
||[[Assam]], [[India]]
||Six hours on February 18, 1983
||Six hours on February 18, 1983
|6 hours
||Killings of 2191 Bengali Musims after Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]]'s decision to give 4 million Bengali Muslims in Assam the right to vote<ref name="qThrh">"[http://www.slideshare.net/umain30/genesis-of-nellie-massacre-and-assam-agitation Genesis of Nellie massacre and Assam agitation]", Indilens news team. Retrieved November 10, 2015.</ref>
|-
||[[Direct Action Day]]
||{{nts|4000}}
||{{nts|4000}}
||{{nts|4000}}
||[[India]]
||August 16, 1946
||August 18, 1946
|2 days
||Also known as the [[Great Calcutta Killings]], a day of widespread riot and manslaughter between Hindus and Muslims in the city of [[Calcutta]] (now known as Kolkata) in the [[Bengal]] province of [[British India]].
|-
||Laotian genocide by [[Khmer Rouge]]
||{{nts|4000}}
||{{nts|4000}}
||{{nts|4000}}
||[[Democratic Kampuchea]]
||1975
||1979
|4 years
||40% of Laotians in [[Cambodia]] were killed during the [[Cambodian genocide]] according to [[Samuel Totten]].<ref name="ReferenceC"/>– Part of the [[Cambodian genocide]]
|-
||[[1804 Haiti massacre]]
||{{nts|3000}}
||{{nts|5000}}
||{{nts|3873}}
||[[Haiti]]
||Early February 1804
||April 22, 1804
|?
||[[Genocide]] of French people in Haiti.{{sfn|Girard|2011|pp=319–322}}
|-
||[[Trail of Tears]]
||{{nts|2000}}
||{{nts|6000}}
||{{nts|3464}}
||[[United States]]
||1830
||1850
|20 years
||The forced relocation of various Native American tribes under the order of [[Andrew Jackson]].
– Part of the [[Native American Genocide|Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas]]
|-
||[[Genocide of Yazidis by the Islamic State]]
||{{nts|2000}}<ref name="UCtW0">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/07/world/meast/stopping-isis|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807191105/http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/07/world/meast/stopping-isis|archive-date=August 7, 2014|title=Will anyone stop ISIS?|date=August 7, 2014|publisher=CNN.com}}</ref><ref name="gtMH6">{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/08/06/world/meast/iraq-crisis-minority-persecution/index.html|title=Iraq: 'Hundreds of Yazidi minority slaughtered' |first=Laura |last=Smith-Spark|date=August 6, 2014 |publisher=CNN}}</ref>
||{{nts|5000}}
||{{nts|3162}}
||[[Sinjar]], [[Iraq]] and [[Syria]]
||2014
||present
|4 years
||[[Ethnic cleansing]], execution, forced conversion, rape, and enslavement of [[Yazidi]]s by [[ISIL]]
|-
||[[Selk'nam genocide]]
||{{nts|2500}}{{sfn|Chapman|2010|p=544}}
||{{nts|3900}}<ref name="Gardini 1984 645–47">{{cite journal|last=Gardini|first=Walter|date=1984|title=Restoring the Honour of an Indian Tribe-Rescate de una tribu|journal=Anthropos|volume=Bd. 79, H. 4./6.|pages=645–47}}<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>
||{{nts|3122}}
||[[Tierra del Fuego]], [[Chile]]
||Late 1800s
||Early 1900s
|?
||[[Genocide]] of [[Selk'nam people|Selknam]] Native Chilean tribe.
– Part of the [[Native American Genocide|Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas]]
|-
||[[Genocide of Christians by the Islamic State]]
||{{nts|Thousands}}<ref name="bAcHZ">"As Christians Flee, Governments Pressured To Declare ISIS Guilty Of Genocide". NPR. December 24, 2015. "At least a thousand Christians have been killed. Hundreds of thousands have fled."</ref>
||{{nts|Thousands}}
||{{nts|Thousands}}
||Worldwide
||2014
||present
|4 years
||[[Ethnic cleansing]], execution, forced conversion, rape, and enslavement of [[Christians]] by [[ISIL]]. In Iraq, the genocide started before 2014, as exemplified by the [[2010 Baghdad church massacre]]
|-
|[[Expulsion of Cham Albanians]]
|{{nts|1,200}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baltsiotis |first=Lambros |date=2011 |title=The Muslim Chams of Northwestern Greece |url=https://journals.openedition.org/ejts/4444 |journal=European Journal of Turkish Studies|issue=12 |doi=10.4000/ejts.4444 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|{{nts|5000}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vickers |first=Miranda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hFA6Kt0idx0C&q=5,000%20chameria%201912 |title=The Cham Issue: Albanian National & Property Claims in Greece |publisher=Conflict Studies Research Centre, Royal Military Academy Sandhurst |year=2002 |isbn=9781903584767}}</ref>
|{{nts|2449}}
|[[Thesprotia]], Greece
|1944
|1945
|1 year
|Forced migration of Cham Albanians from Greece to Albania.
|-
||Massacre of protesters at the [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid]]
||{{nts|2000}}
||{{nts|2000}}
||{{nts|2000}}
||[[Ayodhya]], India
||1992
||1993
|1 year
||The destruction of a prominent mosque in India by Hindu extremists and killings of Muslim protesters.<ref name="TG5wz">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-11436552|title=Timeline: Ayodhya holy site crisis|publisher=BBC News|date=December 6, 2012}}</ref>
|-
||[[2002 Gujarat riots]]
||{{nts|1044}}
||{{nts|2977}}<ref name="TllSi">{{cite journal|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=Communal Riots in Gujarat: The State at Risk?|journal=Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics|date=July 2003|page=16|url=http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/4127/1/hpsacp17.pdf |access-date=November 5, 2013}}</ref>
||{{nts|1763}}
||[[Gujarat]], [[India]]
||February 2002
||March 2002
|1 month
||Minimum death toll includes 790 [[Muslim]] death toll. Both death tolls include 254 [[Hindu]] deaths. Maximum death toll includes 223 presumed mixing as dead, and a higher 2,500 Muslim death toll.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
|-
||[[Conquest of the Desert]]
||{{nts|1300}}
||{{nts|1300}}
||{{nts|1300}}
||[[Argentina]]
||Mid-1870s
||1884
|?
||Military campaign, directed mainly by General [[Julio Argentino Roca]], which established Argentine dominance over [[Patagonia]], then inhabited by [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas#Argentina|indigenous peoples]]. – Part of the [[Native American Genocide|Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas]]
|-
|[[Black War]]
|878
|878
|878
|[[Australia]]
|Mid-1820s
|1832
|?
|– Part of the Genocide of native [[Aboriginal Tasmanians|Tasmanians]]
|-
||[[Massacre of Salsipuedes]]
||{{nts|40}}
||{{nts|40}}
||{{nts|40}}
||[[Uruguay]]
||April 11, 1831
||The same day
|1 day
||Largest event of extermination of the [[Charrúa|Charrúa people]]. Most of the tribe was either killed or then sold as slaves to [[human zoos]] in Europe that day.
– Part of the [[Native American Genocide|Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas]]
|}

=== Political leaders and regimes ===

''This section lists deaths attributed to certain political leaders, deaths are from both the conditions within the country due to national policy, and active killings by forces loyal to the leader in question.''{{Incomplete list|date=March 2022}}
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|- style="background:#CCCC;"
! style="width:7%;" | Leader(s)
! data-sort-type="number" | Lowest estimate!! style="width:7%;" data-sort-type="number" | Highest estimate
! data-sort-type="number" | Geom. mean estimate<ref name="Pinto 2014 173–180"/>!! style="width:5%;" | Location !! style="width:5%;" | From !! style="width:5%;" data-sort- type="number"| Until
!Duration!! style="width:50%;" data-sort- type="number"| Notes
|-
|-
|| Various [[Marxist-Leninist]] leaders
|| {{nts|27,928,221}}
|| {{nts|328,000,000}}<ref name="University of Hawaii System 2013">{{cite web | title=20th Century Democide | publisher=University of Hawaii System | date=2013-12-17 | url=https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/20TH.HTM | access-date=2021-10-25}}</ref><ref name="Harvard University Press 2018">{{cite book | title=The Black Book of Communism – Stéphane Courtois, Nicolas Werth, Jean-Louis Panné, Andrzej Paczkowski, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Margolin, Mark Kramer | date=2018-11-16 | publisher=Harvard University Press | isbn=978-0-674-07608-2 | url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674076082 | access-date=2021-10-25}}</ref>{{efn|For other sources, see each respective leader's death toll}}{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=July 2022}}
|| {{nts|64,475,510}}
|| worldwide
|| 1917
|| present
| 104 years
||
* [[Siad Barre]] 50,000 to 100,000
* [[Mengistu Haile Mariam]] 225,000 to 2 million
* [[North Korea]] 710,000 to 3.5 million
* [[Vladimir Lenin]] 1,101,000 to 10,442,168
* [[Joseph Stalin]] 9,073,394 to 42,673,000<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://hawaii.edu/powerkills/USSR.TAB1.1.GIF |title=hawaii.edu |format= |access-date=November 23, 2021}}</ref>
* [[Hungarian People's Republic]] 7,000 to 13,748
* [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic]] 24,000 to 181,000
* [[Socialist Republic of Romania]] 100,000 to 920,000<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB16A.1.GIF |title=hawaii.edu |format= }}</ref>
* [[People's Republic of Bulgaria]] 31,000 to 220,000
* [[Communist Yugoslavia]] 60,000 to 802,000
* [[Communist Afghanistan]] 500,000 to 2 million<ref name="Khalidi"/><ref name="Sliwinski"/>
* [[Mao Zedong]] 14,109,560 to 80,170,000
** [[Deng Xiaoping]] Between the years: 1976 and 1986 (Death toll included with Mao)
* [[FRELIMO|Communist Mozambique]] 83,000 to 250,000
* [[Cuba]] 29,919 to 141,000
* [[Enver Hoxha]] 5,000 to 11,180
* [[Vietnam]] 145,225 to 1,082,000
* [[Pol Pot]] 1,386,734 to 3,400,000
* [[People's Republic of Angola]] 100,000 to 200,000
* [[Heng Samrin]] 68,000 to 383,000
* [[Mongolian People's Republic]] 35,000 to 200,000
* [[Sandinista National Liberation Front]] 5000
* [[Polish People's Republic]] 10,000 to 54,000
* [[Greek Civil War|Communist Greece]] 14,000 to 25,000
* [[Hungarian Soviet Republic]] 5,032
* Communist [[Laos]] 46,000 to 77,000
* [[People's Republic of Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] 3,000 to 13,000
* [[South Yemen]] 1,000
* [[East Germany]] 327 to 70,000
{{See also|Mass killings under communist regimes}}
|-
|| [[Genghis Khan]], [[Timur]] and [[Kublai Khan]]
|| {{nts|40000000}}
|| {{nts|80000000}}
|| {{nts|56,568,542}}
|| [[Eurasia]]
|| 1206
|| 1405
|| 199 years
|| Due to the lack or records and time span in which they occurred, estimates of the violence associated with the [[Mongol invasions and conquests|conquests of the Mongol Empire]] and its predecessor states vary considerably<ref name="isIlI">{{cite web |url=https://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#Mongol |title=Twentieth Century Atlas – Historical Body Count |website=necrometrics.com |access-date=April 27, 2019}}</ref> not including the spread of [[Black Death|plague]] to Europe, West Asia, or China it is possible that between 20 and 40 million people were killed between 1206 and 1405 during the various campaign's of Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, and Timur<ref name="Sujj6">{{Cite book|title=Development Centre studies Chinese economic performance in the long run|last=m|first=Angus|publisher=Development Centre studies Chinese economic performance in the long run|year=1998}}</ref><ref name="Q0onu">{{cite book|title=An Estimate of the Total Population of Sung-Chin China", in Études Song Series 1, No 1|last=HO|first=Ping-ti|year=1970|pages=33, 53}}</ref> According to Matthew White, up to 60 million people were killed during Genghis Khan's invasions and an additional maximum of 20 million under [[Timurid conquests and invasions|Timurid campaigns]], totaling a higher figure of 80 million people, even not considering the fatalities of Kublai Khan's invasions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Twentieth Century Atlas – Historical Body Count|url=http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm|access-date=2021-10-15|website=necrometrics.com}}</ref>
|-
|| [[Mao Zedong]] and [[Deng Xiaoping]]
|| 14,109,560
|| {{nts|80170000}}+<ref name="University of Hawaii System 2013"/>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=July 2022}}
|| {{nts|33,632,773}}
|| [[People's Republic of China]]
|| 1923
|| 1986
| 63 years
|| Critics of [[Mao Zedong]] have argued Mao's China saw unprecedented losses of human life through mismanaged economic policies such as the [[Great Leap Forward]], slave labor through the [[Laogai]], violent political purges such as the [[Cultural Revolution]] and class extermination through [[Land reform in China|land reform]].
Estimates For each event/policy include:

* [[Great Chinese Famine]]: 11<ref name="RucQM"/> to 55 million<ref>{{Cite journal |last=中国 |first=科学院地质研究所 |date=1959-10-01 |title=大跃进以来的磷矿研究工作 |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |volume=10 |issue=20 |pages=702–703 |doi=10.1360/csb1959-4-20-702 |issn=0023-074X|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* [[Laogai]]: 1.5<ref name="bH7Hy">The Great Big Book of Horrible Things: The Definitive Chronicle of History's 100 Worst Atrocities by Matthew White</ref> to 27 million<ref name="SvTJw"/>
* [[Land Reform Movement|Land Reform]]: 200,000<ref name="oRhUS">{{cite book |last=Stavis |first=Benedict |title=The Politics of Agricultural Mechanization in China |date=1978 |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=University of California |isbn=978-0-8014-1087-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IzC6AAAAIAAJ&q=execution}}</ref> to 5 million<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mosher |first=Steven W. |title=China misperceived: American illusions and Chinese realities |date=1992 |publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=978-0-465-09813-2 |edition=1. dr |series=Politics/Asian studies |location=New York}}</ref> 
* [[Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries]]: 712,000<ref name="Yang Kuisong"/> to 2 million
* [[Sufan movement]]: 53,000,<ref name="zqmcf">{{Cite book|last=Luo|first=William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ooIIDAAAQBAJ&q=%E8%82%83%E5%8F%8D%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8+5.3%E4%B8%87%E4%BA%BA+%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1&pg=PA153|title=半资本主义与中国 （Semi-Capitalism in China）|date=30 March 2018|publisher=世界华语出版社|isbn=978-1-940266-12-1|language=zh}}</ref><ref name="7WRnp">{{Cite web|last=Chen|first=Zhaonan|date=9 June 2018|title=遇到中共就失憶！國民黨還能騙自己多久？|url=https://www.storm.mg/article/446880|access-date=5 April 2020|website=storm.mg|language=zh-TW}}</ref>
* [[Socialist Education Movement]]: 77,560<ref name="myR7k">{{Cite book|last=Yang|first=Jishen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4d4qDwAAQBAJ&q=%E5%9B%9B%E6%B8%85%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8+77560&pg=PT67|title=天地翻覆: 中国文化大革命历史|date=4 July 2017|publisher=天地图书|language=zh}}</ref> 
* [[Cultural Revolution]]: 400,000<ref name="Maurice Meisner 1999 354"/> to 3,420,000 
* [[1959 Tibetan uprising]]: 85,000 to 87,000, 
* Purges in the [[Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet]]: At least 5,000 to <700,000<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schram |first=Stuart |date=March 2007 |title=Mao: The Unknown Story. Jung Chang and Jon Halliday. |location=London |publisher=Jonathan Cape |isbn=978-0-224-07126-0 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030574100600107x |journal=The China Quarterly |volume=189 |pages=205–208 |doi=10.1017/s030574100600107x |s2cid=154814055 |issn=0305-7410}}</ref>{{See also|Anti-Bolshevik League incident|Futian incident}}
* [[Yan'an Rectification Movement]]: 10,000<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McIlvaine |first=B. |date=January 1979 |title=Index: Foreign broadcast information service daily report: Peoples Republic of China, 1975–. Index: Foreign broadcast information service daily report: Soviet Union, 1977–. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-061x(79)90036-4 |journal=Government Publications Review (1973) |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=415–417 |doi=10.1016/0093-061x(79)90036-4 |issn=0093-061X}}</ref>
* [[Siege of Changchun]]: 120,000 to 200,000<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=谢 |first1=军 |last2=倪 |first2=四道 |last3=曾 |first3=祥方 |last4=罗 |first4=艳 |last5=陈 |first5=颙 |last6=龙 |first6=锋 |date=2011-01-01 |title=一个发生在沉积盖层里的破坏性地震: 2010年1月31日四川遂宁-重庆潼南地震 |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=147–152 |doi=10.1360/csb2011-56-2-147 |issn=0023-074X|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceE">{{Cite journal |date=1957-03-30 |title=（書評）木村尚三郎著「「フランス封建王政、その確立過程、帰結」(史学雑誌六四ノ一〇)「フランス封建王政の時代的下限」――コミューヌの法人格と十四世紀前半におけるその没落をめぐつて――(史学雑誌六五ノ三)」 |journal=Legal History Review |volume=1957 |issue=7 |pages=269–271 |doi=10.5955/jalha.1957.269 |issn=0441-2508|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lary |first=Diana |title=China's civil war: a social history, 1945-1949 |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-05467-7 |series=New approaches to Asian history |location=Cambridge}}</ref>

Events such as the Siege of Changchun, Yan'nan Rectification Movements, and the Purges in the Jiangxi-Fujian Soviet occurred while Mao occupied territories of China, but before the establishment of the PRC. Deaths from land reform also occurred during and after the Civil War. The death toll for the Laogai prison system is difficult to distinguish between deaths from other events/policies and the regimes of Deng and Mao.{{See also|History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)}}
|-
||Various [[Fascism|Fascist]] leaders
||{{nts|16481274}}
||{{nts|41233037}}
||{{nts|26068621}}
||worldwide
||1922
||1975
|55 years
||
* Adolf Hitler, 12,883,250 to 24,895,692+
* [[Hideki Tojo]], 3 million to 14 million
* [[Benito Mussolini]], 158,000 to 750,000
* [[Francisco Franco]], 195,000 to 227,321
* [[Maximiliano Hernández Martínez]], 10,000 to 40,000
* [[Rafael Trujillo]], 50,000
* [[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]], 60,000 to 300,000 from the [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia]], 20,000 Ukrainians during [[Eastern European anti-Communist insurgencies|Insurgency in western Ukraine]]<ref>{{cite book|title=HEROES AND VILLAINS|last=Marples|first=David|chapter=Chapter 3. The OUN, 1929–43|series=CEUP collection|date=January 23, 2013|pages=79–123|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=978-615-5211-35-5|url=https://books.openedition.org/ceup/545}}</ref><ref name=shekhov2011>{{cite journal|last= Shekhovtsov|first= Anton|title= The Creeping Resurgence of the Ukrainian Radical Right? The Case of the Freedom Party|journal= Europe-Asia Studies|date= March 2011|volume= 63|issue= 2|pages= 207–210|doi= 10.1080/09668136.2011.547696|s2cid= 155079439}}</ref><ref name=rudling2013wr>{{cite book |last= Rudling |first= Per Anders |author-link= Per Anders Rudling |title= Analysing Fascist Discourse: European Fascism in Talk and Text |year= 2013 |chapter-url= http://defendinghistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/PA-Rudling-on-Return-of-Ukrainian-Far-Right-2013.pdf |publisher= Routledge |location= New York |pages= 229–235 |editor= Wodak and Richardson |chapter= The Return of the Ukrainian Far Right: The Case of VO Svoboda}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Rudling writes: "OUN founder Evhen Konovalets' (1891–1938) stated that his movement was "waging war against mixed marriages" with Poles, Russians and Jews, the latter of whom he described as "foes of our national rebirth" (Carynnyk, 2011: 315). After Konovalets' was himself assassinated in 1938, the movement split into two wings, the followers of Andrii Melnyk (1890–1964) and Stepan Bandera (1909–1959), known as Melnykites, OUN(m), and Banderites, OUN(b). Both wings enthusiastically committed to the new fascist Europe."<ref name=rudling2013wr/>|group=nb}}
* [[Ustaše]], 300,000 to 1,088,000
* [[Miklós Horthy]] and [[Arrow Cross Party]] (included with Adolf Hitler)
* [[Iron Guard]] (included with Adolf Hitler)
* [[Greek Junta]], 24<ref name="Psaropoulos 2019">{{cite web | last=Psaropoulos | first=John | title=Greece remembers the brutality that felled its dictatorship – News | publisher=Al Jazeera | date=17 Nov 2019 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/17/greece-remembers-the-brutality-that-felled-its-dictatorship | access-date=28 Oct 2021}}</ref>
The overwhelming majority of all deaths caused by fascism occurred between 1929 and 1945. Marking the period between [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|The Wall Street Crash]] and [[World War II]].
|-

||[[Hong Xiuquan]]
||{{nts|20000000}}<ref name="Google Search">{{cite web | title=hong xiquan death toll | website=Google Search | url=https://www.google.com/search?q=hong+xiquan+death+toll | access-date=2021-10-25}}</ref><ref name="Feigon 2021">{{cite web | last=Feigon | first=Lee Nathan | title=Hong Xiuquan – Chinese prophet and rebel | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | date=2021-05-28 | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hong-Xiuquan | access-date=2021-10-25}}</ref>
||{{nts|20000000}}<ref name="Google Search"/><ref name="Feigon 2021"/>
||{{nts|20000000}}
||[[China]]
||1850
||1864
|14 years
||Deaths owing to war crimes, and famine caused by the [[Taiping Rebellion]]
|-
||[[Joseph Stalin]]
||{{nts|9073394}}
||{{nts|42672000}}<ref name=":1"/>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=July 2022}}
||{{nts|19676887}}
||[[Soviet Union]]
||1922
||1953
|31 years
||The millions killed by the regime of [[Joseph Stalin]] through [[Soviet famine of 1932-33|famine]], [[Great Purge|purges]], [[Gulag|labor camps]], [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|population transfer]], [[Deportation of the Crimean Tatars|deportations]], and [[Polish Operation of the NKVD (1937–38)|NKVD massacres.]] The minimum death toll (to the left) uses the minimum post-archive calculations from after the fall of the Soviet regime of those not killed in famine which range from four to ten million<ref name="vH4NZ">{{Cite journal|last=Getty G.T. V.N.|first=J.A. Rittersporn Zemskov|date=1993|title=Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-war Years|url=http://www.etext.org/Politics/Staljin/Staljin/articles/AHR/AHR.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611064213/http://www.etext.org/Politics/Staljin/Staljin/articles/AHR/AHR.html|archive-date=2008-06-11|journal=American Historical Review|type=During 1921–53, the number of sentences was (political convictions): sentences, 4,060,306; death penalties, 799,473; camps and prisons, 2,634397; exile, 413,512; other, 215,942. In addition, during 1937–52 there were 14,269,753 non-political sentences, among them 34,228 death penalties, 2,066,637 sentences for 0–1 year, 4,362,973 for 2–5 years, 1,611,293 for 6–10 years, and 286,795 for more than 10 years. Other sentences were non-custodial|volume=98|pages=315–345|doi=10.2307/2166597|jstor=2166597}}</ref><ref name="5yQaH">{{cite web|url=http://sovietinfo.tripod.com/WCR-German_Soviet.pdf|title=The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings 1930-1945|last=Wheatcroft|first=Stephen|date=1996|page=1334|others=Europe-Asia Studies}}</ref><ref name="20L1z">{{Cite web | url=http://sovietinfo.tripod.com/WCR-Scale_Repression.pdf | title=More Light on the Scale of Repression and Excess Mortality in the Soviet-Union in the 1930s | author=S.G. Wheatcroft}}</ref><ref name="YsjCP">{{Cite journal|title=The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930–45|author=Wheatcroft, Stephen|year=1996|journal=Europe-Asia Studies|volume=48|issue=8|pages=1319–1353|doi=10.1080/09668139608412415|jstor=152781}}</ref> [[Robert Conquest]], writer of the book ''[[The Great Terror]]'', first stated an estimate of 30 million, then a few years later lowering it to 20 million,<ref name="wkKws">{{Cite book|title=The great terror: a reassessment|last=Conquest, Robert.|date=1990|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-505580-2|location=New York|oclc=20133978|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/greatterror00robe}}</ref> and finally saying that no fewer than 15 million perished during the entire history of the USSR.<ref name="N0Jq0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubXQSk2qfXMC|title=The Great Terror: A Reassessment|last=Conquest|first=Robert|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-531699-5|page=xvi}}</ref> Following the collapse of the USSR and the opening of the archives, scholars have reached lower death tolls.<ref name="75hDc">{{cite book|last=Snyder, Timothy.|title=Bloodlands: [Europe between Hitler and Stalin]|date=2010 |page=384 |publisher=Blackstone Audio, Inc.|isbn=978-1-4417-6150-7|oclc=1014318956}}</ref>

Timothy D. Snyder in 2011 said that Stalin approximately killed 6 million to 9 million<ref name="CBQoD">{{cite web|url=https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2011/01/27/hitler-vs-stalin-who-was-worse/|title=Hitler vs. Stalin: Who Was Worse?|last=Snyder|first=Timothy|date=January 27, 2011 |website=The New York Review of Books|language=en|trans-title=The total number of noncombatants killed by the Germans—about 11 million—is roughly what we had thought. The total number of civilians killed by the Soviets, however, is considerably less than we had believed. We know now that the Germans killed more people than the Soviets did ... All in all, the Germans deliberately killed about 11 million noncombatants, a figure that rises to more than 12 million if foreseeable deaths from deportation, hunger, and sentences in concentration camps are included. For the Soviets during the Stalin period, the analogous figures are approximately six million and nine million. These figures are of course subject to revision, but it is very unlikely that the consensus will change again as radically as it has since the opening of Eastern European archives in the 1990s.|access-date=November 14, 2019}}</ref>

Historian [[Stephen Kotkin]] in 2018 stated that Stalin together and Lenin are responsible for 18–20 million deaths<ref>{{Citation |title=Arthur Ross Book Award: Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929–1941 | date=December 6, 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C5T5XV_E4wA&t=58m04s |access-date=2023-12-17 |language=en}}</ref>

The minimum{{Copy edit inline|for=Possible typo. This paragraph is likely an explanation of the maximum count.|date=September 2023}} death toll uses post-archive calculations from after the fall of the Soviet regime, while higher estimates are based on demographic calculations of population loss.

Modern Estimates for each event include.

* [[Soviet famine of 1930–1933]]: 5.5<ref name="KHWAn">Davies; Wheatcroft (2009). The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 5: The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture 1931–1933. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 401. {{ISBN|978-0-230-23855-8}}.</ref>-8.7 million<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wolowyna |first=Oleh |date=2021-10-02 |title=A Demographic Framework for the 1932–1934 Famine in the Soviet Union |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14623528.2020.1834741 |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |language=en |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=501–526 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2020.1834741 |s2cid=226316468 |issn=1462-3528}}</ref> 
* [[Gulag]]s: 1,053,829<ref name="stalinpenal" />–6 million<ref name="TFmya" />
* Executions: 799,455<ref name="PFVNy">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2002/sep/12/highereducation.historyandhistoryofart|title=Seumas Milne: The battle for history|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=September 12, 2002}}</ref>−1.5 million<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stalin Died 60 Years Too Late |url=https://www.cato.org/commentary/stalin-died-60-years-too-late |access-date=2023-12-17 |publisher=Cato Institute |trans-quote=Russian Vadim Ehrlichman estimated 9.2 million deaths: five million in the Gulag, 1.7 million from deportation, 1.5 million from executions, and 1 million from maltreatment of foreign POWs/German civilians.}}</ref>
* [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|Population transfer in the Soviet]]: 839,521<ref name="6j9ct">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wulDuN7APaIC&pg=PA207|title=Migration, Homeland, and Belonging in Eurasia|isbn=978-0-8018-9075-8|last1=Buckley|first1=Cynthia J.|last2=Ruble|first2=Blair A.|last3=Hofmann|first3=Erin Trouth|date=September 9, 2008| publisher=Woodrow Wilson Center Press }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Buckley |first1=Cynthia J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wulDuN7APaIC&pg=PA207 |title=Migration, Homeland, and Belonging in Eurasia |last2=Ruble |first2=Blair A. |last3=Hofmann |first3=Erin Trouth |date=2008-09-09 |publisher=Woodrow Wilson Center Press |isbn=978-0-8018-9075-8 |language=en}}</ref>–1.5 million<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rousso |first1=Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CIt7fMp30sAC&pg=PA73 |title=Stalinism and Nazism: History and Memory Compared |last2=Golsan |first2=Richard Joseph |date=2004-01-01 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8032-9000-6 |language=en}}</ref>
* Expelled Germans: 300,000–360,000<ref name="dfYLz">Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945–1978. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28 Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewälte Erlebenisberichte, Bonn 1989, pp. 40–41, 46–47, 51–53)</ref> 
* Axis Prisoners of War: 580,589<ref>{{Cite web |title=Г.Ф.Кривошеев (под редакцией). Россия и СССР в войнах XX века: Потери вооруженных сил |url=http://lib.ru/MEMUARY/1939-1945/KRIWOSHEEW/poteri.txt#w02.htm-186 |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=lib.ru}}</ref>–2.3 million<ref>{{Cite book |last=Elliott |first=Mark |title=Pawns of Yalta: Soviet Refugees and America's Role in Their Repatriation |publisher=University of Illinois Press |year=1982 |isbn=0-252-00897-9}}</ref>

Those killed in the [[Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946)]] and the [[Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)|occupation of the Baltic states]] are included with the deaths from executions and population transfer.

See also

[[Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin]]
|-
|| [[Adolf Hitler]]
|| {{nts|12883250}}
|| {{nts|24895692}}+
|| {{nts|17909144}}
|| [[Nazi Germany|German]]-occupied Europe
|| 1934
|| 1945
| 11 years
|| The estimate includes [[The Holocaust]] against the [[Jews]], plus the genocide and mass murder of [[Porajmos|Gypsies]], [[World War II persecution of Serbs|Serbs]], [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine|East Slavs]], [[Nazi eugenics|disabled people]], [[Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust|homosexuals]], [[Suppression of Freemasonry|Freemasons]], [[Nazi crimes against Soviet POWs|POWs]], and the [[Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany|Jehovah's Witnesses]]
* 4.9–6.2 million Jews killed (two-thirds to 78% of European Jews killed)<ref name="LDAxw">Reitlinger, Gerald (1953). The Final Solution. The Attempt to Exterminate the Jews of Europe, 1939–1945. New York City: Beechhurst Press.</ref><ref name="WJhat">Early efforts by scholars to determine the number of Jews murdered by the Nazis were limited by a lack of access to pertinent records. The genocide seldom entered Western discourse, both due to ignorance and to the Cold-War politics which made West Germany a new ally of the United States.The first significant work on the subject published in English was Gerald Reitlinger's Final Solution (1953), which, relying almost exclusively on German documentation, estimated 4.9 million dead. This figure is now considered extremely conservative. Raul Hilberg's 1961 [[The Destruction of the European Jews]] became a classic in the field of Holocaust literature and made the genocide of the Jews known to the wider public, Hilberg estimated its victims to be 5.1 million lives, or 4.9–5.4 million broadly construed. The trial of Adolf Eichmann further raised awareness of the genocide, Eichmann also provided documentation and testimony which revised the number of the dead.The first work to arrive at a figure comparable to modern estimates was Lucy Dawidowicz's The War Against the Jews, published in 1975, the book provided detailed listings by country of the number of Jews killed in the Holocaust which are still used as a reference in modern Holocaust studies. Dawidowicz researched birth and death records in many cities of prewar Europe to come up with a death toll of 5,933,900 Jews. After the opening of Soviet records, scholarship arrived at a death toll of about 6 million Jews. Gutman and Rozett's Encyclopedia of the Holocaust was published in 1990 and estimated slightly over 5.9 million Jews were murdered.Wolfgang Benz's The Holocaust: A German Historian Examines the Genocide, published 1995, gave a toll of 6.2 million.</ref><ref name="VjGXH">Davies, Norman (2012). God's Playground [Boze igrzysko]. Otwarte (publishing). p. 956. {{ISBN|83-240-1556-6}}. Polish edition, second volume. "To, co robili Sowieci, bylo szczególnie mylace. Same liczby bylSacramentsie wiarygodne, ale pozbawione komentarza, sprytnie ukrywaly fakt, ze ofiary w przewazajacej liczbie nie byly Rosjanami, ze owe miliony obejmowaly ofiary nie tylko Hitlera, ale i Stalina, oraz ze wsród ludnosci cywilnej najwieksze grupy stanowili Ukraincy, Polacy, Bialorusini i Zydzi. Translation: The Soviet methods were particularly misleading. The numbers were correct, but the victims were overwhelmingly not Russian, and came from either one of the two regimes."</ref>
* 7,007,000 to 17,244,692 killed by [[Generalplan Ost]] and [[Hunger Plan]]
** 2,470,000<ref name="asfIU">Zemskov, Viktor N. (2012). "О масштабах людских потерь CCCР в Великой Отечественной Войне" [The extent of human losses USSR in the Great Patriotic War]. Military Historical Archive (Военно-исторический архив) (in Russian). 9: 59–71 – via Demoskop Weehly vol. 559–560 (2013)<br/>Excludes: * Excludes the 2,500,000 million Jewish civilians killed in Soviet Territories-(see: Gilbert, Martin. Atlas of the Holocaust. 1988. {{ISBN|978-0-688-12364-2}}) * 30,000 to 35,000 Roma killed in Porajmos-(see: Niewyk, Donald L. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. Columbia University Press. p. 422. {{ISBN|0-231-11200-9}}. "European Romani (Gypsy) Population". The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 8, 2016.</ref> to 11,149,692<ref name="OC3jf">Includes: * Deaths caused by the result of direct, intentional actions of violence 7,420,379-(see: ????????? 1995, pp. 124–131 The Russian Academy of Science article by M.V. Philimoshin based this figure on sources published in the Soviet era.) * Deaths of forced laborers in Germany 2,164,313-(see: Евдокимов 1995, pp. 124–131.) * Deaths due to famine and disease in the occupied regions 4,100,000-(see: Евдокимов 1995, pp. 124–131 The Russian Academy of Science article by M.V. Philimoshin estimated 6% of the population in the occupied regions died due to war related famine and disease.) Excludes: * Excludes the 2,500,000 million Jewish civilians killed in Soviet Territories-(see: Gilbert, Martin. Atlas of the Holocaust. 1988. {{ISBN|978-0-688-12364-2}}) * 30,000 to 35,000 Roma killed in Porajmos-(see: Niewyk, Donald L. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. Columbia University Press. p. 422. {{ISBN|0-231-11200-9}}. "European Romani (Gypsy) Population". The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 8, 2016.</ref> [[World War II casualties of the Soviet Union|Non Jewish and Roma Soviet civilians killed]]
*** (500,000<ref name="lnshF">Richard Overy, Russia's War (1997): "an estimated 500,000 Soviet citizens died from German bomb attacks."</ref> died from [[Strategic bombing during World War II|Bombing of Soviet civilians]] alone)
** 2.8<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pohl |first=Dieter |title=Die Herrschaft der Wehrmacht: Deutsche Militärbesatzung und einheimische Bevölkerung in der Sowjetunion 1941–1944 |publisher=Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag |year=2012 |isbn=978-3-486-70739-7}}</ref>–3.325 million [[German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war|Soviet POWs killed by Nazis]]<ref name="cMLAV">{{cite web|url=http://www.berkeleyinternet.com/iwm/soviet.html|title=Imperial War Museum – Invasion of the Soviet Union display|website=berkeleyinternet.com|access-date=July 29, 2019}}</ref>
** 1.8<ref name="tadm2">{{cite web|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/polish-victims|title=Polish Victims|website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org|language=en|access-date=July 29, 2019}}</ref>–2.77 million<ref name="tsN2a">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120323161233/http://niniwa2.cba.pl/polska_1939_1945.htm Polska 1939–1945 – Straty Osobowe I Ofiary Represji Pod Dwiema Okupacjami] Tomasz Szarota; Wojciech Materski, eds. (2009). Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami [Poland 1939–1945. Human Losses and Victims of Repression under two Occupations]. Warsaw: Institute of National Remembrance (IPN). Archived from the original on March 23, 2012. – Janusz Kurtyka; Zbigniew Gluza. Preface.: "ze pod okupacja sowiecka zginelo w latach 1939–1941, a nastepnie 1944–1945 co najmniej 150 tys [...] Laczne straty smiertelne ludnosci polskiej pod okupacja niemiecka oblicza sie obecnie na ok. 2 770 000. [...] Do tych strat nalezy doliczyc ponad 100 tys. Polaków pomordowanych w latach 1942–1945 przez nacjonalistów ukrainskich (w tym na samym Wolyniu ok. 60 tys. osób [...] Liczba Zydów i Polaków zydowskiego pochodzenia, obywateli II Rzeczypospolitej, zamordowanych przez Niemców siega 2,7– 2,9 mln osób." Translation: "It must be assumed losses of at least 150.000 people during the Soviet occupation from 1939 to 1941 and again from 1944 to 1945 [...] The total fatalities of the Polish population under the German occupation are now estimated at 2,770,000. [...] To these losses should be added more than 100,000 Poles murdered in the years 1942–1945 by Ukrainian nationalists (including about 60,000 in Volhynia [...] The number of Jews and Poles of Jewish ethnicity, citizens of the Second Polish Republic, murdered by the Germans amounts to 2.7–2.9 million people." – Waldemar Grabowski. German and Soviet occupation. Fundamental issues.: "Straty ludnosci panstwa polskiego narodowosci ukrainskiej sa trudne do wyliczenia," Translation: "The losses of ethnic Poles of Ukrainian nationality are difficult to calculate." Note: Polish losses amount to 11.3% of the 24.4 million ethnic Poles in prewar Poland and about 90 percent of the 3.3 million Jews of prewar times. The IPN figures do not include losses among Polish citizens of Ukrainian and Belarusian ethnicity.</ref> [[Nazi crimes against the Polish nation|Poles and other Non-Jews killed by Nazis in Poland]]
* 130,000<ref name="O8j13">Niewyk, Donald L. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. Columbia University Press. p. 422. {{ISBN|0-231-11200-9}}.</ref> to 500,000<ref name="X1Vdr">{{cite web|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/genocide-of-european-roma-gypsies-1939-1945|title=Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939–1945|website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org|language=en|access-date=July 29, 2019}}</ref> killed in [[Porajmos]] (1/4 of Roma population)
* 300,000<ref name="oGOBm">Voglis, Polymeris (2006). "Surviving Hunger: Life in the Cities and the Countryside during the Occupation". In Gildea, Robert; Wievorka, Olivier; Warring, Anette. Surviving Hitler and Mussolini: Daily Life in Occupied Europe. Oxford: Berg. pp. 16–41. {{ISBN|978-1-84520-181-4}}.</ref><ref name="jG5lo">Baranowski, Shelley (2010). Nazi empire : German colonialism and imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 273. {{ISBN|978-0-521-67408-9}}.</ref> [[Great Famine (Greece)]]
* 275,000 to 300,000 killed in [[Aktion T4]]<ref name="C9bAy">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stiftung-denkmal.de/category/aktuelles/|title=Aktuelles Archive|access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><ref name="3ye68">"Euthanasia Program" (PDF). Yad Vashem. 2018. Chase, Jefferson (January 26, 2017).</ref><ref name="2XPeM">{{Cite web | url=http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%206303.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220003234/http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%206303.pdf | archive-date=2019-02-20 | title=Euthanasia Program | publisher=Yad Vashem}}</ref><ref name="LPpjY">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/remembering-the-forgotten-victims-of-nazi-euthanasia-murders/a-37286088|title=Remembering the 'forgotten victims' of Nazi 'euthanasia' murders &#124; DW &#124; 26.01.2017|publisher=Deutsche Welle |access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref>
* 80,000 to 200,000 killed in [[Suppression of Freemasonry#Nazi Germany and occupied Europe|Elimination of Freemasons]]<ref name="PstQi">Hodapp, Christopher (2013). Freemasonry for Dummies, 2. Edition. Wiley Publishing Inc. {{ISBN|1-118-41208-7}}.</ref>
* 77,000 members of [[German resistance to Nazism|German resistance against Nazism executed]]<ref name="xhA5R">Peter Hoffmann "The History of the German Resistance, 1933–1945"p.xiii</ref>
* 20,000 to 25,000 Slovenes<ref name="0u9Hd">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ds-rs.si/sites/default/files/dokumenti/zbornik_zrtve_vojne_in_revolucije.pdf|title=The number of Slovenes estimated to have died as a result of the Nazi occupation (not including those killed by Slovene collaboration forces and other Nazi allies) is estimated between 20,000 and 25,000 people. This number only includes civilians: Slovene partisan POWs who died and resistance fighters killed in action are not included (their number is estimated at 27,000). These numbers however include only Slovenes from present-day Slovenia: it does not include Carinthian Slovene victims, nor Slovene victims from areas in present-day Italy and Croatia. These numbers are result of a 10-year-long research by the Institute for Contemporary History (Inštitut za novejšo zgodovino) from Ljubljana, Slovenia. The partial results of the research have been released in 2008 in the volume Žrtve vojne in revolucije v Sloveniji (Ljubljana: Institute for Contemporary History, 2008), and officially presented at the Slovenian National Council|access-date=August 15, 2020|archive-date=May 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528091612/http://www.ds-rs.si/sites/default/files/dokumenti/zbornik_zrtve_vojne_in_revolucije.pdf}}</ref>
* 18,000<ref name="sP1HK">van der Zee, Henri A (1998), The Hunger Winter: Occupied Holland 1944–1945, University of Nebraska Press, pp. 304–5.</ref> to 22,000<ref name="KB4E6">Barnouw, David (1999). De hongerwinter. {{ISBN|978-90-6550-446-3}}.</ref> [[Dutch famine of 1944–45]]
* 7,000 Spanish Republican killed<ref name="7It39">Pike, David Wingeate. Spaniards in the Holocaust: Mauthausen, the horror on the Danube; Editorial: Routledge Chapman & Hall {{ISBN|978-0-415-22780-3}}. London, 2000.</ref>
* 5,000 to 15,000 [[Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust|Homosexuals killed]]<ref name="KVuwT">The Holocaust Chronicle, Publications International Ltd., p. 108.</ref>
* 1,250 to 5,000 [[Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany|Jehovah's Witnesses killed]]<ref name="cPmyc">Shulman, William L. A State of Terror: Germany 1933–1939. Bayside, New York: Holocaust Resource Center and Archives.</ref>
|-
||[[Hirohito]], various leaders
||{{nts|3000000}}<ref name="Rummell, Statistics"/>
||{{nts|14000000}}<ref name="educationforum.ipbhost.com"/>
||{{nts|6480741}}
||In and around East and South East [[Asia]], [[Oceania]] and the Pacific
||1937
||1945
|8 years
|| If total casualties for these conflicts are assigned exclusively to Japanese aggression the toll could reach some 30 million deaths. See also: [[Japanese war crimes]]
|-
||[[Leopold II of Belgium]]
||{{nts|3000000}}{{efn|The Casement estimate is used by Ascherson in his book ''[[The King Incorporated]]'', although he notes that it is "almost certainly an underestimate".{{sfn|Ascherson|1999|p=9}}}}
||{{nts|13000000}}{{sfn|Hochschild|1999|p=315}}
||{{nts|6244998}}
||[[Congo Free State]]||{{nts|1885|format=no}}||{{nts|1908|format=no}}
|23 years||[[International Association of the Congo|Private forces]] under the control of [[Leopold II of Belgium]] carried out mass murders, mutilations, and other crimes against the Congolese in order to encourage the gathering of valuable raw materials, principally [[rubber]]. The main cause of the population decline was disease and starvation, which was exacerbated by the social disruption caused by the Free State, such as population displacement and poor treatment. Additionally disease, famine and violence combined to reduce the birth-rate while excess deaths rose.<ref name="Hochschild 1999"/> Estimates of the death toll vary considerably due to the lack of a formal census before 1924, but a commonly cited figure of 10 million deaths was obtained by estimating a 50% decline in the total population during the Congo Free State and applying it to the total population of 10 million in 1924.<ref name="Hochschild p.226–232"/> See also: [[Atrocities in the Congo Free State]]
|-
||[[Vladimir Lenin]]
||{{nts|1101000}}<ref>Norman Lowe. Mastering Twentieth-Century Russian History. Palgrave, 2002. p. 155.</ref>
||{{nts|10442168}}<ref>[http://news.stanford.edu/news/2011/april/famine-040411.html How the U.S. saved a starving Soviet Russia: PBS film highlights Stanford scholar's research on the 1921–23 famine] Stanford News</ref>
||{{nts|3390697}}
||[[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]]
||1917
||1922
|5 years
|| Including low and high estimates for the [[Kronstadt rebellion]], [[Red Terror]], [[Tambov Rebellion]], and [[Russian famine of 1921–1922]]. All estimates are available in their respective articles.
|-
||[[Ranavalona I]]
||{{nts|2500000}}
||{{nts|2500000}}
||{{nts|2500000}}
||[[Madagascar]]
||1829
||1842
|13 years
||Putting an end to most foreign trade relationships, [[Ranavalona I]] pursued a policy of self-reliance, made possible through frequent use of the long-standing tradition of ''[[Corvée#Madagascar|fanompoana]]''—forced labor in lieu of tax payments in money or goods. Ranavalona continued the wars of expansion conducted by her predecessor, [[Radama I]], in an effort to extend her realm over the entire island, and imposed strict punishments on those who were judged as having acted in opposition to her will. Due in large part to loss of life throughout the years of military campaigns, high death rates among ''fanompoana'' workers, and harsh traditions of justice under her rule, the population of Madagascar is estimated to have declined from around 5 million to 2.5 million between 1833 and 1839, and from 750,000 to 130,000 between 1829 and 1842 in Imerina.<ref name="Stats">{{cite journal|last=Campbell|first=Gwyn|date=October 1991|title=The state and pre-colonial demographic history: the case of nineteenth century Madagascar|journal=Journal of African History|volume=23|issue=3|pages=415–45|doi=10.1017/S0021853700031534}}</ref> These statistics have contributed to a strongly unfavorable view of Ranavalona's rule in historical accounts.<ref name="Laidler 2005">Laidler (2005)</ref>
|-
||[[Chiang Kai-shek|Chiang Kai-Shek]]
||480,643
||{{nts|10214000}}<ref name="rumdinger"/>
||2,215,691
||[[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]
||1928
||1946
|18 years
||Higher death toll is primarily attributed to conscription campaigns and grain confiscations.
The minimum death toll is based on minimum calculations from the [[Anti-communist mass killings#Mainland China|Kuomintang anti-communist massacres]] (40,643),<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1976-07-01 |title=中国共产党中央委员会 中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会常务委员会 中华人民共和国国务院 中国共产党中央军事委员会——关于建立伟大的领袖和导师毛泽东主席纪念堂的决定 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/csb1976-21-z1-433-x |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |volume=21 |issue=Z1 |pages=433 |doi=10.1360/csb1976-21-z1-433-x |issn=0023-074X}}</ref> [[1938 Changsha fire]] (30,000), the [[1938 Yellow River flood|flooding of the Yellow River]] (400,000),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=黄河 |first=水利委员会水利科学研究所新技术应用研究组 |date=1973-01-01 |title=利用&gamma;射线测定黄河泥沙含量 |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=39–41 |doi=10.1360/csb1973-18-1-39 |issn=0023-074X|doi-access=free }}</ref> and the [[February 28 incident]] (10,000).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kerr |first=George H. |date=1968 |title=Formosa Betrayed |journal=Verfassung in Recht und Übersee |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=93–95 |doi=10.5771/0506-7286-1968-1-93 |issn=0506-7286|doi-access=free }}</ref>
|-
||[[Pol Pot]]
||{{nts|1386734}}<ref name="Bruce Sharp"/>
||{{nts|3400000}}<ref name="Heuveline, Patrick 2001"/>
||{{nts|2171381}}
||[[Democratic Kampuchea|Cambodia]]
||1975
||1979
|4 years
||Deaths due to arbitrary torture, execution, starvation, and forced labor among the population of [[Cambodia]] under the rule of [[Pol Pot]] and the [[Khmer Rouge]], including both killings of ethnic [[Khmer people|Khmer]] (the majority ethnic group) as well as a [[Cambodian genocide#Ethnic and Religious Victims|genocide of religious and ethnic minorities by the Khmer Rouge]]. Minimum death toll is the number of corpses found in the [[Killing Fields]].{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}See also: [[Cambodian genocide]]
|-
||The [[Young Turks]]
||{{nts|1489000}}
||{{nts|3047000}}
||{{nts|2130019}}
||[[Ottoman Empire]]
||1913
||1922
|9 years
||Under the [[Young Turks]]' regime that took power in 1908, the [[Ottoman Empire]] committed various [[genocides]] and [[ethnic cleansings]]. The minimum death toll is derived from the sum of the minimum death tolls of the [[Armenian genocide]] (800,000), [[Assyrian genocide]] (150,000), [[Greek genocide]] (289,000), [[ethnic cleansing]] of the [[Thracian Bulgarians]] in 1913 (50,000), and the [[Great Famine of Mount Lebanon]] (200,000). The maximum death toll is derived from the work of [[Rudolph Rummel]].
|-
||[[Omar al-Bashir]]
||{{nts|1063000}}
||{{nts|2530000}}
||{{nts|1639936}}
||[[Sudan]]
||1989
||2019
|29 years
|| 1 to 2 million: [[Second Sudanese Civil War]]
63,000 to 530,000:<ref name="Rjqro">{{cite web |last=Reeves |first=Eric |title=Quantifying Genocide in Darfur: April 28, 2006 (Part 1) |url=http://www.sudanreeves.org/Article102.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728071750/http://www.sudanreeves.org/Article102.html |archive-date=2011-07-28 |access-date=April 27, 2019}}</ref> [[Darfur genocide]]
|-
||[[Kim family (North Korea)|Kim Dynasty]]
||{{nts|710000}}
||{{nts|3500000}}{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}
||{{nts|1576388}}
||[[North Korea]]
||1948
||present
|70 years
||North Korea continues to be one of the most repressive governments in the world.<ref name="mooncuddles"/> See also: [[Human rights in North Korea]]
|-
||[[Communist Afghanistan]]<ref name="Khalidi"/><ref name="Sliwinski"/>
||{{nts|500000}}
||{{nts|2000000}}
||{{nts|1000000}}
||[[Afghanistan]]
||1979
||1989
|10 years
||
|-
||[[Suharto]]
||{{nts|240500}}
||{{nts|3418000}}+
||{{nts|906658}}
||[[Indonesia]]
||1965
||1998
|33 years
||[[Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66|65/66 Politicide]]: 78,500 to 3 million "communists"<br/>[[Indonesian occupation of East Timor|East Timor atrocities]]: 60,000 to 308,000 East Timorese<br/>[[Papua conflict|West Papua atrocities]]: 100,000 papuans<br/>[[Petrus killings]]: 2,000 to 10,000 suspected criminals
|-
||[[Théoneste Bagosora]]
||{{nts|500000}}
||{{nts|1100000}}
||{{nts|741620}}
||[[Rwanda]]
||1994
||1994
|100 days
|| approximately 17% of the population of Rwanda was killed in 100 days, in the [[Rwandan genocide]].
|-
||[[Mengistu Haile Mariam]]
||{{nts|225000}}<ref name="QNm1x">de Waal, Alex. Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia. London: Africa Watch / Human Rights Watch, 1991, p. 110.</ref>
||{{nts|2000000}}<ref name="3nRhY">White 2011, pp. 455–456: "For those who prefer totals broken down by country, here are reasonable estimates for the number of people who died under Communist regimes from execution, labor camps, famine, ethnic cleansing, and desperate flight in leaky boats: China: 40,000,000 Soviet Union: 20,000,000 North Korea: 3,000,000 Ethiopia: 2,000,000 Cambodia: 1,700,000 Vietnam: 365,000 (after 1975) Yugoslavia: 175,000 East Germany: 100,000 Romania: 100,000 North Vietnam: 50,000 (internally, 1954–75) Cuba: 50,000 Mongolia: 35,000 Poland: 30,000 Bulgaria: 20,000 Czechoslovakia: 11,000 Albania: 5,000 Hungary: 5,000 Rough Total: 70 million (This rough total doesn't include the 20 million killed in the civil wars that brought Communists into power, or the 11 million who died in the proxy wars of the Cold War. Both sides probably share the blame for these to a certain extent. These two categories overlap somewhat, so once the duplicates are weeded out, it seems that some 26 million people died in Communist-inspired wars.)"</ref><wbr/>{{unreliable source?|date=January 2019}}
||{{nts|670820}}
||[[Ethiopia]]
||1977
||1987
|10 years
||
|-
||[[Saddam Hussein]]
||{{nts|200000}}<ref name="BurnsFilkins">A January 26, 2003 ''[[The New York Times]]'' article by John F. Burns similarly states "the number of those 'disappeared' into the hands of the secret police, never to be heard from again, could be 200,000." Noting that the [[Iran–Iraq War]] cost approximately 800,000 lives on both sides and that—while "surely a gross exaggeration"—Iraq estimated there were 100,000 deaths resulting from U.S. bombing in the [[Gulf War]], Burns concludes: "A million dead Iraqis, in war and through terror, may not be far from the mark." See {{cite web|last=Burns|first=John F.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/26/weekinreview/the-world-how-many-people-has-hussein-killed.html|title=How Many People Has Hussein Killed?|work=The New York Times|date=2003-01-26|access-date=2016-12-04}} Also writing in ''The New York Times'', [[Dexter Filkins]] appeared to echo but misrepresent Burns's remark on October 7, 2007: "[Saddam] murdered as many as a million of his people, many with poison gas.&nbsp;... His unprovoked invasion of Iran is estimated to have left another million people dead." See {{cite web|author-link=Dexter Filkins|last=Filkins|first=Dexter|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/07/magazine/07MAKIYA-t.html|title=Regrets Only?|work=The New York Times|date=2007-10-07|access-date=2016-12-04}} In turn, [[Arthur L. Herman]] accused Saddam of "kill[ing] as many as two million of his own people" in ''[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]]'' on July 1, 2008. See {{cite web|author-link=Arthur L. Herman|last=Herman|first=Arthur L.|url=https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/why-iraq-was-inevitable/|title=Why Iraq Was Inevitable|work=Commentary|date=2008-07-01|access-date=2016-12-04}}</ref>
||{{nts|2000000}}<ref name="BurnsFilkins"/>
||{{nts|632456}}
||[[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq]]
||1979
||2003
|24 years
|see [[Human rights in Saddam Hussein's Iraq#Number of victims]]
|-
||[[Ante Pavelić]] and [[Nikola Mandić]]
||{{nts|300000}}<ref name="csmonitor.com">{{cite journal|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2010/0402/Croatia-should-apologize-for-World-War-II-genocide-before-joining-the-EU|title=Croatia should apologize for World War II genocide before joining the EU|date=April 2, 2010|journal=Christian Science Monitor}}</ref>
||{{nts|1088000}}<ref name="mP0mj">{{cite web|url=https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB9.1.GIF|title=Yugoslavian Democide: Estimates, Sources, and Calculations|last=Rummel|first=R.J.|website=View Line 245}}</ref>
||{{nts|571314}}
||Croatia<ref name="csmonitor.com"/>
||1941
||1945
|4 years
|See also: [[Independent State of Croatia]]
|-
|[[Milton Obote]]
|300,000
|1 million<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kasozi |first=A. B. K. |title=Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964–1985 |year=1994 |page=4}}</ref>
|547,723
|[[Uganda]]
|1966
1980
|1971
1985
|10 years
|
|-
||[[Commonwealth of England]]
||{{nts|200,000}}
||{{nts|800,000}}
||{{nts|400,000}}
||[[Ireland]]
||1649
||1660
|11 years
||See also: [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]]
|-
||[[Ho Chi Minh]] and the [[Viet Cong]]
||{{nts|145225}}
||{{nts|1082000}}
||{{nts|396401}}
||[[Vietnam]]
||1954
||2000
|46 years
||95,000: [[Re-education camp (Vietnam)|re-education camps]]<ref name="Statistics of Vietnamese Democide"/><br/>13,500<ref name="lib.washington.edu"/>–200,000:<ref name="paulbogdanor.com"/> [[Land reform in North Vietnam|land reform]]<br/>36,725<ref name="Lewy"/> to 227,000:<ref name="Statistics of Vietnamese Democide"/> war crimes<br/>200,000 to 560,000:<ref name="Statistics of Vietnamese Democide"/><ref name="The Associated Press of 1979"/> [[Vietnamese boat people#Pirates and other hazards|boat people]]<br/>The minimum death toll is the same of minimum estimates for war crimes, re-education camps, and land reform. The maximum death toll is the combination of the maximum estimated death toll of land reform, war crimes, re-education camps and boat people, which may or may not be attributable to the regime.
|-
||[[Benito Mussolini]]
||{{nts|158000}}
||{{nts|750,000}}+
||{{nts|344238}}
||[[Italy]], [[Libya]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Yugoslavia]], [[Greece]]
||1922
||1945
||24 years
||
* 80,000<ref name="duggy">Duggan, Christopher (2007). The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796. New York: Houghton Mifflin. p. 497.</ref> to 125,000<ref name="zRb75">{{cite web |title=Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls |url=http://necrometrics.com/20c100k.htm#Libya |access-date=July 29, 2019 |website=necrometrics.com}}</ref><wbr/>{{unreliable source?|date=January 2019}} or over a quarter of the Cyrenaican<ref name="duggy"/> [[Pacification of Libya]]
* [[Ethiopia]] in which 62,000 to 485,000 [[Second Italo-Abyssinian War]]<ref name="ethi">{{Cite web|url=http://necrometrics.com/index.htm#Eth35|title=Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls|website=necrometrics.com|access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><wbr/>{{unreliable source?|date=January 2019}}
* 11,000<ref name="rfumY">Doxiadis, Sacrifices of Greece, Claims and Reparations, no.19, p.75-77</ref> [[Italian war crimes#Greece|War crimes in Greece]]
* 5,000<ref name="IxLOj">Rudolph J. Rummel. "Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900." LIT Verlag, 1998. p. 168.</ref> to 7,000.<ref name="snzaZ">{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19420904&id=TPQjAAAAIBAJ&pg=6550,3875812|title=Toledo Blade – Google News Archive Search|website=news.google.com}}</ref> [[Italian war crimes#Yugoslavia|War crimes in Yugoslavia]]
|-
||[[Gustavo Rojas Pinilla]]
||{{nts|300000}}<ref name=“GustavoRP”>{{Cite web | url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/colombian-history-biographies/gustavo-rojas-pinilla | title=Gustavo Rojas Pinilla | access-date=2023-06-22 | website=encyclopedia.com | date=2018-05-14}}</ref>
||{{nts|300000}}
||{{nts|300000}}
||[[Colombia]]
||1953
||1957
|4 years
||See also: [[La Violencia]]
|-
||[[Francisco Franco]]
||{{nts|195000}}
||{{nts|265000}}
||{{nts|227321}}
||[[Spain]], [[Austria]], and [[Russia]]
||1939
||1975
|36 years
||Diseases and starvation: 130,000 (1939–1943)<br/>Repression: 30,000–100,000 (1939–1948)<br/>Prison camps: 20,000 (1939–1943)<br/>Spanish Maquis: 5,548 (1939–1965)<br/>World War II: 5,000 ([[Mauthausen concentration camp]] in [[Austria]])<br/>[[Blue Division]]: Casualties in the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Russo-German conflict]] totalled 22,700. In action against the Blue Division, the [[Red Army]] suffered 49,300 casualties.
{{See also|Francoist Spain}}
|-
||[[Idi Amin]]
||{{nts|100000}}<ref name="Ullman1978">{{cite journal|last=Ullman|first=Richard H.|date=April 1978|title=Human Rights and Economic Power: The United States Versus Idi Amin|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/uganda/1978-04-01/human-rights-and-economic-power-united-states-versus-idi-amin |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |volume=56|issue=3|pages=529–543|doi=10.2307/20039917|jstor=20039917|quote=The most conservative estimates by informed observers hold that President Idi Amin Dada and the terror squads operating under his loose direction have killed 100,000 Ugandans in the seven years he has held power. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004030728/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/uganda/1978-04-01/human-rights-and-economic-power-united-states-versus-idi-amin |archive-date=October 4, 2015 |access-date=November 14, 2019}}</ref><ref name="guardian_obit">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/aug/18/guardianobituaries|title=Obituary: Idi Amin|last=Keatley|first=Patrick|date=August 18, 2003|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=March 18, 2008|location=London}}</ref>
||{{nts|500000}}
||{{nts|223607}}
||[[Uganda]]
|| 1971
|| 1979
|8 years
||[[Idi Amin]]'s rule of [[Uganda]] saw excessive and egregious human rights abuses toward ethnic minorities and political opposition, earning him the nickname "The Butcher of Uganda."
|-
||[[Josip Broz Tito]]
||{{nts|60000}}<ref name="XSXJS">{{cite book|title=Dark Continent|last=Mazower|first=Mark|isbn=978-0-14-024159-4|page=235|year=1999|publisher=Penguin }}</ref>
||{{nts|802000}}<ref name="aEj2n">{{cite web|url=https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB9.1.GIF |title=Data |publisher=hawaii.edu |access-date=2019-11-20}}</ref>
||{{nts|219363}}
||[[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]
||1944
||1980
|36 years
|
|-
||[[Bashar al-Assad]]
||{{nts|87,952}}<ref name="OrmZk">{{Cite web|url=https://www.syriahr.com/en/157193/|title=Syrian Revolution NINE years on: 586,100 persons killed and millions of Syrians displaced and injured • the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights|date=March 15, 2020}}</ref>
||500,000<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210601-decade-of-syria-war-killed-nearly-500-000-people-new-tally |title=France24. January 6, 2021. Decade of Syria war killed nearly 500,000 people: new tally.|date=June 2021 }}</ref>
||209,705
||[[Syria]]
||2011
||present
|9 years
||See also: [[Syrian civil war]]

perhaps up to 278,460<ref name="multiple1">
* {{cite news |date=20 June 2022 |title=Assad, Iran, Russia committed 91% of civilian killings in Syria |work=Middle East Monitor |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20220620-assad-iran-russia-committed-91-of-civilian-killings-in-syria/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104153837/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20220620-assad-iran-russia-committed-91-of-civilian-killings-in-syria/ |archive-date=4 January 2023}}
* {{Cite web |date=September 2022 |title=Civilian Death Toll |url=https://snhr.org/blog/2021/06/14/civilian-death-toll/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305114908/https://snhr.org/blog/2021/06/14/civilian-death-toll/ |archive-date=5 March 2022 |website=SNHR}}
* {{Cite news |date=19 June 2022 |title=91 percent of civilian deaths caused by Syrian regime and Russian forces: rights group |work=The New Arab |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/syria-regime-and-russia-caused-91-deaths-report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105112752/https://www.newarab.com/news/syria-regime-and-russia-caused-91-deaths-report |archive-date=5 January 2023}}
* {{Cite web |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Syria |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/syria/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702114009/https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/syria/ |archive-date=2 July 2022 |publisher=U.S Department of State}}
* {{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Kenneth |date=9 January 2017 |title=Barack Obama's Shaky Legacy on Human Rights |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/01/09/barack-obamas-shaky-legacy-human-rights |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202082511/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/01/09/barack-obamas-shaky-legacy-human-rights |archive-date=2 February 2021 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}
* {{Cite web |title=The Regional War in Syria: Summary of Caabu event with Christopher Phillips |url=https://www.caabu.org/news/news/regional-war-syria-summary-caabu-event-christopher-phillips |publisher=Council for Arab-British Understanding}}</ref> civilians killed

An additional 154,000 civilians have been [[forcibly disappeared]] or subject to [[Arbitrary arrest and detention|arbitrary detentions]]; with over 135,000 individuals being [[torture]]d, imprisoned or dead in [[Human rights in Syria#Detention Centers|government detention centres]] as of 2023.{{Efn|Sources:
* {{Cite news |date=March 2023 |title=Record of Arbitrary Arrests |work=SNHR |url=https://snhr.org/blog/2021/08/14/record-of-arbitrary-arrests1/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513172453/https://snhr.org/blog/2021/08/14/record-of-arbitrary-arrests1/ |archive-date=13 May 2023}}
* {{Cite web |date=15 March 2023 |title=On the 12th Anniversary of the Popular Uprising |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/12th-anniversary-popular-uprising-total-230224-civilians-documented-dead-including-15275-who-died-due-torture-154871-arrested-andor-forcibly-disappeared-and-roughly-14-million-syrians-displaced#:~:text=The%20report%20reveals%20that%20no,March%202011%20and%20March%202023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316062415/https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/12th-anniversary-popular-uprising-total-230224-civilians-documented-dead-including-15275-who-died-due-torture-154871-arrested-andor-forcibly-disappeared-and-roughly-14-million-syrians-displaced |archive-date=16 March 2023 |website=[[ReliefWeb]]}}}}
|-
||[[Michel Micombero]]
||{{nts|100000}}
||{{nts|300000}}
||{{nts|173205}}
||[[Burundi]]
||1966
||1976
|10 years
||See also: [[Ikiza]]
|-
||[[Government of Guatemala]], [[Armed Forces of Guatemala]], and [[Mano Blanca]]
||{{nts|130200}}
||{{nts|186000}}
||{{nts|155,619}}
||[[Guatemala]]
||1960
||1996
|36 years
||Between 140,000 and 200,000 dead and missing in [[Guatemalan Civil War]] (estimated)<ref name=briggs>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2007/feb/02/features11.g2 | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Billy | last=Briggs | title=Billy Briggs on the atrocities of Guatemala's civil war | date=2 February 2007 | access-date=17 December 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221125949/https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2007/feb/02/features11.g2 | archive-date=21 December 2016 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=bbc11>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/country_profiles/1215811.stm | author=BBC | newspaper=BBC News | title=Timeline: Guatemala | date=9 November 2011 | access-date=3 October 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520234925/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/country_profiles/1215811.stm | archive-date=20 May 2014 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>{{sfn|CDI|1998|p=}} 93% killed by government forces<ref>Historical Clarification Commission (CEH) (1999). Guatemala: Memory of silence. Guatemala City: Historical Clarification Commission. pp. 17–23.</ref>

|-
||[[FRELIMO]]
||{{nts|83000}}<ref name="mosq">{{cite web|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB14.1C.GIF |title=Table |publisher=hawaii.edu |access-date=2019-11-20}}</ref>
||{{nts|250000}}<ref name="mosq"/>
||{{nts|144049}}
||[[Communist Mozambique]]
||1975
||1999
|24 years
||See also: [[Mozambican Civil War]]
|-
||[[Salman of Saudi Arabia|King Salman]]
||{{nts|85000}}<ref name="yY1g1">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/21/yemen-young-children-dead-starvation-disease-save-the-children|title=Yemen: up to 85,000 young children dead from starvation|last=McKernan|first=Bethan|date=November 21, 2018|work=The Guardian|access-date=November 22, 2018}}</ref>
||{{nts|230000}}+<ref>{{cite web |title=Over 100,000 Reported Killed in Yemen War |url=https://acleddata.com/2019/10/31/press-release-over-100000-reported-killed-in-yemen-war/ |website=ACLED data do not include deaths from indirect causes linked to the conflict, such as starvation and disease; according to the UNDP-commissioned study, these indirect causes could result in another 131,000 deaths by 2020, bringing the full toll to more than 230,000. |date=October 31, 2019 |publisher=The Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project |access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=World Food Programme warns of worsening famine in Yemen |url=https://www.wfp.org/stories/world-food-programme-warns-worsening-famine-yemen |quote=Nearly a quarter of a million people have lost their lives in the country since the current conflict started in 2015. |date=January 13, 2021 |publisher=World Food Programme |access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref>
||{{nts|139821}}
||[[Yemen]]
||2016
||present
||5 years
||See also: [[Famine in Yemen (2016–present)|Famine in Yemen]]
|-

||[[Ivan the Terrible]]
||{{nts|60000}}<ref name="Ivan">{{cite web|url=http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#IvanT|title=Twentieth Century Atlas – Historical Body Count|website=necrometrics.com}}</ref><wbr/>{{unreliable source?|date=January 2019}}
||{{nts|260000}}<ref name="9p7Hx">{{cite web |last=Rummel |first=Rudolph |title=Pre-20th Century Democide – Estimates, Sources, and Calculations |url=https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB2.1B.GIF |publisher=(Line 642+645) |access-date=June 12, 2019}}</ref>
||{{nts|124900}}
||[[Russian Empire]]
||1533
||1584
|51 years
||
|-
||Communist rule in Romania, various leaders
||{{nts|60000}}<ref name="Valentino 2005 p. 75">Valentino (2005) Final solutions Table 2 found at p. 75.</ref>
||{{nts|234947}}<ref name="communistkills">{{cite web|url=http://www.scottmanning.com/content/communist-body-count|title=Communist Body Count |date=December 4, 2006|publisher=scottmanning.com}}</ref>
||{{nts|118730}}
||[[Romania]]
||1945
||1989
|44 years
||Total does not take into account the [[Romanian orphans]] who perished under [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]]'s policies.
{{See also|Socialist Republic of Romania}}
|-
||[[Syngman Rhee]]
||{{nts|60000}}
||{{nts|200000}}
||{{nts|109545}}
||[[South Korea]]
||1950
||1950
|1 years
||During the [[Bodo League massacre]]<ref name="apphoto">{{cite news |url= http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2010/jul/10/korea-bloodbath-probe-ends-us-escapes-much-blame/ |title=Korea bloodbath probe ends; US escapes much blame |agency=[[Associated Press]] |work=The San Diego Union-Tribune |author=Charles J. Hanley & Hyung-Jin Kim | date =10 July 2010 |access-date=2011-05-23}}</ref>
|-
||[[Siad Barre]]
||{{nts|50000}}
||{{nts|200000}}
||{{nts|100000}}
||[[Somalia]]
||1988
||1991
|3 years
||See also: [[Isaaq genocide]]
|-
||[[Second Spanish Republic]]
||{{nts|27000}}<ref name="University of Hawaii, Rummell">University of Hawaii, Rummell</ref>
||{{nts|302000}}<ref name="University of Hawaii, Rummell"/>
||{{nts|90300}}
||[[Spain]]
||1931
||1939
|8 years
||See also: [[Red Terror (Spain)]]
|-
||Communist rule in Bulgaria, various leaders
||{{nts|31000}}<ref name="Sofia 2010">Hanna Arendt Center in Sofia, with Dinyu Sharlanov and Venelin I. Ganev. Crimes Committed by the Communist Regime in Bulgaria. Country report. "Crimes of the Communist Regimes" Conference. February 24–26, 2010, Prague.</ref><ref name="mwHR6">Шарланов, Диню. История на комунизма в Булгария: Комунизирането на Булгариия. Сиела, 2009; {{ISBN|978-954-28-0543-4}}.</ref>
||{{nts|220000}}<ref name="communistkills"/>
||{{nts|82583}}
||[[Bulgaria]]
||1944
||1989
|45 years
||Collectivization and political repression in [[Bulgaria]]
{{See also|People's Republic of Bulgaria}}
|-
||[[Sheng Shicai]]
||{{nts|50000}}<ref name=shicaideaths> Millward, James A. (2007). Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang. London: Hurst Publishers. ISBN 9781849040679. p.210 </ref>
||{{nts|100000}}<ref name=shicaideaths> Millward, James A. (2007). Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang. London: Hurst Publishers. ISBN 9781849040679. p.210 </ref>
||{{nts|70711}}
||[[Xinjiang Province, Republic of China]]
||1933
||1945
|13 years
||
|-
||[[Vlad the Impaler]]
||{{nts|43903}}<ref name="rSXu1">{{cite book|last=Twiss|first=Miranda|title=The most evil men and women in history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RMZfykEKQwgC|date=January 1, 2002|publisher=Barnes & Noble Books|isbn=978-0-7607-3496-4|page=71}}</ref><ref name="p. 99">Stoicescu, ''Vlad Țepeș'' p. 99</ref>
||{{nts|100000}}
||{{nts|66259}}
||[[Wallachia]]
||1456
||1462
|6 years
||
|-
||Communist rule in Czechoslovakia, various leaders
||{{nts|24000}}<ref name="communistkills"/>{{Unreliable source?|reason=See talk page: Czechoslovakia|date=February 2021}}
||{{nts|181000}}<ref name="communistkills"/>{{Unreliable source?|reason=See talk page: Czechoslovakia|date=February 2021}}
||{{nts|65909}}
||[[Czechoslovakia]]
||1948
||1968
|20 years
||See also: [[History of Czechoslovakia (1948–89)#Stalinization|Communist repression in Czechoslovakia]]
|-
||[[Ruhollah Khomeini]] and [[Ali Khamenei|Ali Khemenei]]
||{{nts|48482}}
||{{nts|87500}}
||{{nts|65132}}
||[[Iran]]
||1979
||present
|39 years
||4,482 to 30,000 in P.O.C. massacre<br/>6,000 to 18,000 child soldiers killed<br/>(refer to earlier tables on page)<br/>8,000 to 9,500 [[Casualties of the Iranian Revolution]]<ref name="Tucker">{{cite book |last=Tucker |first=Spencer C. |author-link=Spencer C. Tucker |title=The Roots and Consequences of Civil Wars and Revolutions: Conflicts that Changed World History |date=2017 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=439}}</ref><br/>More than 30,000 Kurds died in the [[1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran|1979 rebellion]] and the consequent [[KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)|KDPI insurgency]].<ref name=hicks2000>{{Citation|last=Hicks |first=Neil |title=The human rights of Kurds in the Islamic Republic of Iran |date=April 2000 |url=http://www1.american.edu/cgp/pdf/hicks.pdf |publisher=American |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807060312/http://www1.american.edu/cgp/pdf/hicks.pdf |archive-date=7 August 2011 }}</ref>
|-
||[[Henry VIII]]
||{{nts|57000}}<ref name="MdW3R">{{cite web |last=Barksdale |first=Nate |title=8 Things You May Not Know About Henry VIII |url=https://www.history.com/news/8-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-henry-viii |publisher=History Channel|date=September 2018 }}</ref>
||{{nts|72000}}<ref name="Bevan">{{cite web | last=Bevan | first=Richard | title=The killer king: How many people did Henry VIII execute? | publisher=Sky HISTORY TV channel | url=https://www.history.co.uk/article/the-killer-king-how-many-people-did-henry-viii-execute | access-date=2021-10-28}}</ref>
||{{nts|64062}}
||[[Kingdom of England|England]]
||1509
||1547
|38 years
||
|-
||[[Francisco Macías Nguema]]
||{{nts|20000}}<ref name="Fegley1989">{{cite book |first=Randall |last=Fegley |title=Equarorial Guinea: an Afncan tragedy |series=American University Studies series XI Anthropology and Sociology vol. 39 |date=1989 |publisher=Peter Lang Publishing |isbn=0-8204-0977-4 <!-- See also author quotes in [http://www.dangardner.ca/Featnov605.html Gardner 2005-11-06 The Ottawa Citizen] -->}}</ref>{{rp|1}}
||{{nts|20000}}
||{{nts|20000}}
||[[Equatorial Guinea]]
||1968
||1979
|11 years
||At trial, Macías Nguema and his regime was accused of the genocide of 20,000.<ref name="Fegley1989"/>{{rp|167}}
|-
||[[Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador]] and proceeding government of [[El Salvador]]
||{{nts|55387}}
||{{nts|59886}}
||{{nts|57,593}}
|[[El Salvador]]
||1979
||1992
|12 years
||65,161+ civilians killed in [[Salvadoran Civil War]]<ref name="Seilgon"/> along with 5,292+ disappeared.<ref name="Seilgon">{{cite book |url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/seligson/files/2013/12/Low-Intensity-Warfare-High-Intensity-Death-The-Demographic-Impact-of-the-Wars-in-El-Salvador-and-Nicaragua.pdf |title=Low Intensity Warfare, High Intensity Death: The Demographic Impact of the Wars in El Salvador and Nicaragua |first1=Mitchell A. |last1=Seligson |first2=Vincent |last2=McElhinny |publisher=University of Pittsburgh}}</ref> The [[Truth Commission for El Salvador]] concluded that approximately 85% of the abuses committed between 1980 and 1991 were committed by government forces.<ref name=":0"/> Controversially, the commission named over 40 senior members of the military, judicial system, and armed opposition in the report for their involvement in the conduction of the mass atrocities. Furthermore, from the 22,000 testimonies documented, at least 60% involved murders, 25% involved disappearances, and 20% involved torture.<ref>{{cite web |title=Truth Commission: El Salvador |url=http://www.usip.org/publications/truth-commission-el-salvador |publisher=United States Institute of Peace |access-date=15 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
||[[Rafael Trujillo]]
||{{nts|50000}}<ref name="lalupa">{{cite web|url=http://www.lalupa.com.do/2012/10/la-matanza-de-1937/|title=La matanza de 1937 – La Lupa Sin Trabas|work=La Lupa Sin Trabas|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001432/http://www.lalupa.com.do/2012/10/la-matanza-de-1937|archive-date=December 3, 2013}}</ref><ref name="harvp">{{harvp|Capdevilla|1998}}</ref><ref name="ErPaul">{{cite journal|last=Roorda|first=Eric Paul|year=1996|title=Genocide next door: the Good Neighbor policy, the Trujillo regime, and the Haitian massacre of 1937|journal=Diplomatic History|volume=20|issue=3|pages=301–19|doi=10.1111/j.1467-7709.1996.tb00269.x}}</ref>
||{{nts|50000}}<ref name="lalupa"/><ref name="harvp"/><ref name="ErPaul"/>
||{{nts|50000}}
||[[Dominican Republic]]
||1930
||1960
|30 years
||
|-
||[[Sheikh Hasina]]
||{{nts|45000}}
||{{nts|45000}}
||{{nts|45000}}
||[[Bangladesh]]
||2009
||present
|14 years
||
|-
||[[François Duvalier]]
||{{nts|30000}}<ref name="Greene 2001">{{cite book|last=Greene|first=Anne|title=Dominican Republic and Haiti|chapter=Haiti: Historical Setting §&nbsp;François Duvalier, 1957–71|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/dominicanrepubli00metz#page/288|date=2001|url=https://archive.org/details/dominicanrepubli00libr/page/288|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dominicanrepubli00libr/page/288 288–289]|editor-last=Metz|editor-first=Helen Chapin |editor-link=Helen Chapin Metz |series=Country Studies|others=Research completed December 1999|edition=3rd|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress|isbn=978-0-8444-1044-9|issn=1057-5294|lccn=2001023524|oclc=46321054|quote=President Duvalier reigned supreme for fourteen years. Even in Haiti, where dictators had been the norm, François&nbsp;Duvalier gave new meaning to the term. Duvalier and his henchmen killed between 30,000 and 60,000 Haitians. The victims were not only political opponents, but women, whole families, whole towns. ... In April 1963, when an army officer suspected of trying to kidnap two of Duvalier's children took refuge in the Dominican chancery, Duvalier ordered the Presidential&nbsp;Guard to occupy the building. The Dominicans were incensed; President [[Juan&nbsp;Bosch&nbsp;Gaviño]] ordered troops to the border and threatened to invade. However, the Dominican commanders were reluctant to enter Haiti, and Bosch was obliged to turn to the {{bracket|[[Organization of American States]]}} to settle the matter.}}</ref>
||{{nts|60000}}<ref name="Greene 2001"/>
||{{nts|42426}}
||[[Haiti]]
||1957
||1971
|14 years
|| Duvalier's rule based on a purged military, a rural militia known as the {{nowrap|[[Tonton Macoute]]}}, and the use of [[cult of personality]], resulted in the murder of 30,000 to 60,000 Haitians, and the exile of many more.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
|-
||[[Hissène Habré]]
||{{nts|40000}}
||{{nts|40000}}
||{{nts|40000}}
||[[Chad]]
||1982
||1990
|8 years
||In May 2016, [[Hissène Habré]] was found guilty of human-rights abuses, including rape, [[sexual slavery]], and ordering the killing of 40,000 people. He was sentenced to life in prison. He is the first former head of state to be convicted for human rights abuses in the court of another nation.<ref name="the Economist">{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21699871-hissene-habr-first-ex-head-state-be-convicted-another-nations|title=Chad's former president has been found guilty of crimes against humanity. Who's next?|date=June 1, 2016|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref>
|-
||Communist rule in Cuba, various leaders
||{{nts|9240}}<ref name="cuba">"It has so far verified the names of 9,240 victims of the Castro regime and the circumstances of their deaths. Archive researchers meticulously insist on confirming stories of official murder from two independent sources.<br/>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113590852154334404 Cuba Archive President Maria Werlau says the total number of victims could be higher by a factor of 10."]</ref>
||{{nts|92400}}<ref name="cuba"/>
||{{nts|29219}}
||[[Cuba]]
||1976
||present
|42 years
||Human rights in Cuba are under the scrutiny of [[Human Rights Watch]], which accuses the [[Cuba]]n government of systematic human rights abuses. This includes offenses such as [[arbitrary imprisonment]], unfair trials, and [[extrajudicial execution]].<ref name="cidh.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.cidh.org/countryrep/Cuba67sp/indice.htm|title=Information about human rights in Cuba|date=April 7, 1967|publisher=Comision Interamericana de Derechos Humanos|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614143826/http://www.cidh.org/countryrep/Cuba67sp/indice.htm|archive-date=June 14, 2006|access-date=July 9, 2006}}</ref><ref name="Castro sued over alleged torture">{{cite web|url=http://newsfromrussia.com/world/2005/11/16/67822.html|title=Castro sued over alleged torture|date=November 16, 2005|publisher=News from Russia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060214150400/http://newsfromrussia.com/world/2005/11/16/67822.html|archive-date=February 14, 2006|access-date=July 9, 2006}}</ref> See also: [[Human rights in Cuba]]
|-
||[[French First Republic]], various leaders
||{{nts|16,594}}
||{{nts|41,594}}
||{{nts|26,272}}
||[[France]]
||1792
||1799
|7 years
||See also: [[Reign of Terror]]
|-
||[[Maximiliano Hernández Martínez]]
||{{nts|10000}}<ref name="ucsd">{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521064730/http://dodgson.ucsd.edu/las/elsal/1902-1932.html |archive-date=2008-05-21 |title=Elections and Events 1902–1932|url=http://dodgson.ucsd.edu/las/elsal/1902-1932.html|access-date=22 October 2021|publisher=[[University of California, San Diego]]}}</ref>
||{{nts|40000}}<ref name="ucsd"/>
||{{nts|20000}}
||[[El Salvador]]
||1931
||1944
||12 years
||10,000–40,000 killed in [[La Matanza]]
|-
||[[Nicolás Maduro]]
||{{ntsh|17501}}Almost 18,000<ref name="Maduro">{{cite web |title=Venezuela: Extrajudicial Killings in Poor Areas Pattern of Serious Police Abuse Goes Unpunished |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/09/18/venezuela-extrajudicial-killings-poor-areas |publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=September 18, 2019 }}</ref>
||{{ntsh|17999}}Almost 18,000
||{{ntsh|17750}}Almost 18,000
||[[Venezuela]]
||2016
||present
|5 years
||
|-
||[[Ferdinand Marcos]]
||{{nts|3257}}<ref name="6J6Ya">Rachel A.G. Reyes, [http://www.manilatimes.net/3257-fact-checking-the-marcos-killings-1975-1985/255735 "Fact checking the Marcos killings, 1975–1985"], manilatimes.net, April 12, 2016.</ref>
||{{nts|83257}}<ref name="Yht67">{{cite news|url=https://www.esquiremag.ph/politics/opinion/martial-law-tallies-a1576-20160924-lfrm4|title=The tallies of Martial Law|website=Esquiremag.ph}}</ref>
||{{nts|16467}}
||[[Philippines]]
||1965
||1986
|21 years
||The conservative estimate is recorded from 1975 to 1985, while the maximum estimate is recorded from 1965 to 1976. Also Includes those from the [[Moro conflict]].
|-
||[[Tomás de Torquemada]]
||{{nts|2000}}<ref name="Op7O9">{{cite book |last=Murphy |first=Cullen |title=God's Jury: The Inquisition and the Making of the Modern World |publisher=HMH |isbn=978-0-618-09156-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/godsjuryinquisit0000murp/page/10 10] |url=https://archive.org/details/godsjuryinquisit0000murp |url-access=registration |quote=2,000 people. |access-date=June 18, 2019|date=January 17, 2012}}</ref>
||{{nts|124621}}<ref name="3xbCO">{{cite web |last=Rummel |first=Rudolph |title=Pre-20th Century Democide – Estimates, Sources, and Calculations |url=https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB2.1A.GIF |website=(Line 20) |access-date=June 18, 2019}}</ref>
||{{nts|15787}}
||[[Spanish Empire]]
||1480
||1498
|18 years
||Minimum death toll only includes lowest estimate of those [[Death by burning|burned at the stake]], whereas the maximum death toll also includes those who died from [[Starvation|hunger]] and [[torture]].
|-
||[[Jiang Zemin]], [[Hu Jintao]], and [[Xi Jinping]]
||{{nts|3700}}<ref name=Amnesty2013>{{cite web |publisher=Amnesty International|title=Changing the soup but not the medicine: Abolishing re-education through labor in China|date=Dec 2013|location=London, UK|url=https://www.amnesty.org/es/documents/asa17/042/2013/es/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010512/https://www.amnesty.org/es/documents/asa17/042/2013/es/ |archive-date=2019-01-23}}</ref>
||{{nts|66390}}<ref name=Jay>{{cite magazine|first=Jay  |last= Nordlinger   |author-link= Jay Nordlinger  |date=25 August 2014|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/sites/default/files/nordlinger_gutmann08-25-14.html |title=Face The Slaughter: The Slaughter: Mass Killings, Organ Harvesting, and China's Secret Solution to Its Dissident Problem, by Ethan Gutmann |magazine=[[National Review]]}}</ref><ref name=HMH>{{cite web|first=Ethan |last=Gutmann |date=10 March 2011 |url=http://eastofethan.com/2011/03/10/how-many-harvested-revisited |title="How many harvested?" revisited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220031956/http://eastofethan.com/2011/03/10/how-many-harvested-revisited |archive-date=20 December 2011|website=eastofethan.com}}</ref><ref name="independent.co.uk">{{cite news|last=Samuels|first=Gabriel|title=China kills millions of innocent meditators for their organs, report finds|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-kills-millions-of-innocent-meditators-for-their-organs-report-finds-a7107091.html|newspaper=The Independent|date=29 June 2016}}</ref><ref name=MW>{{cite press release|author=Falun Gong Human Rights Working Group (FalunHR) |via=MarketWired |date=8 May 2008 |url=http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/chinas-organ-harvesting-questioned-again-by-un-special-rapporteurs-falunhr-reports-853799.htm |title=China's Organ Harvesting Questioned Again by UN Special Rapporteurs: FalunHR Reports|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180858/http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/chinas-organ-harvesting-questioned-again-by-un-special-rapporteurs-falunhr-reports-853799.htm |archive-date=October 2, 2018 |access-date=  26 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tibetcustom.com/article.php/2010031708590256 |title=Tibet's human rights issues raised at the 13th session of UN Human Rights Council – TibetCustom |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717054257/http://www.tibetcustom.com/article.php/2010031708590256 |access-date=30 November 2021|archive-date=July 17, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/06/19/oly.tibet.torch/ |title=Tibet protesters missing, Amnesty says - CNN.com   |access-date=30 November 2021}}</ref>
||{{nts|15673}}
||[[China]]
||1993
||present
|28 years
|| See also: [[Persecution of Falun Gong]], [[2008 Tibetan unrest]]
|-
||[[Communist rule in Poland]], various leaders
||{{nts|10000}}<ref name="bNo9Z">{{cite web|url=http://www.communistcrimes.org/en/Database/Poland/Poland-Communist-Era|title=CommunistCrimes.org – Poland: Communist Era|website=communistcrimes.org|access-date=May 8, 2019}}</ref>
||{{nts|22000}}
||{{nts|14832}}
||[[Communist Poland]]
||1945
||1989
|44 years
||See also: [[History of Poland (1945–89)#Stalinist era (1948–56)|Communist repression in Poland]]
|-
||Communist rule in Hungary, Various leaders
||{{nts|7000}}
||{{nts|27000}}<ref name="communistkills"/>
||{{nts|13748}}
||[[Hungary]]
||1948
||1956
|8 years
||Minimum death toll does not take into account those out of the 150,000 who perished in [[concentration camps]], and only counts the 5,000 alleged spies and 2,000 party members executed, noting that 5,000 spies came from only 98,000 out of 700,000 alleged spies.<ref name="bideleux476">{{Harvnb|Bideleux|Jeffries|2007|p=477}}</ref><ref name="crampton267">{{Harvnb|Crampton|1997|p=267}}</ref> See also: [[State Protection Authority|Communist repression in Hungary]]
|-
||[[Enver Hoxha]]
||{{nts|5000}}
||{{nts|25000}}
||{{nts|11180}}
||[[Albania]]
||1941
||1985
|44 years
||
|-
||[[Grégoire Kayibanda]]
||{{nts|10000}}{{sfn|Prunier|1999|p=56}}
||{{nts|10000}}
||{{nts|10000}}
||[[Rwanda]]
||1962
||1973
|11 years
||Reprisals against Tutsis during the [[Rwandan Revolution]]
|-
||[[Tiberius]]
||{{nts|9500}}<ref name="romnec">{{cite web|url=http://necrometrics.com/romestat.htm|title=Atrocity statistics from the Roman Era|website=necrometrics.com|access-date=August 2, 2018}}</ref><wbr/>{{unreliable source?|date=January 2019}}
||{{nts|9500}}
||{{nts|9500}}
||[[Ancient Rome]]
||14
||37
|23 years
||
|-
||[[Caligula]]
||{{nts|9000}}<ref name="romnec"/>
||{{nts|9000}}
||{{nts|9000}}
||[[Ancient Rome]]
||37
||41
|4 years
||
|-
||[[Johnny Paul Koroma]]
||{{nts|6000}}
||{{nts|6000}}
||{{nts|6000}}
||[[Sierra Leone]]
||1997
||1998
|1 year
||
|-
||[[Nero]]
||{{nts|5750}}<ref name="romnec"/>
||{{nts|5750}}
||{{nts|5750}}
||[[Ancient Rome]]
||54
||68
|14 years
||
|-
||Communist rule in East Germany, various leaders
||{{nts|327}}<ref name="thelocal.de">{{cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.de/20170608/study-gives-first-verifiable-tally-for-deaths-at-cold-war-east-german-borders-327|title=New study gives first verifiable death toll at Cold War East German borders|date=June 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608154126/https://www.thelocal.de/20170608/study-gives-first-verifiable-tally-for-deaths-at-cold-war-east-german-borders-327|archive-date=June 8, 2017|quote=The researchers meticulously combed through nearly 1,500 potential cases of deaths at the border between 1949 when the GDR was founded to 1989 when the Berlin Wall fell.}}</ref>
||{{nts|70000}}<ref>University of Hawaii: RJ rummel 20th century democide</ref>
||{{nts|4784}}
||[[East Germany]]<ref name="thelocal.de"/>
||1949<ref name="thelocal.de"/>
||1989<ref name="thelocal.de"/>
|40 years
||See also: [[Berlin Wall deaths]]
|-
|[[Fulgencio Batista]]
|1,000<ref>Wickham-Crowley, Timothy P. (1990). Exploring Revolution: Essays on Latin American Insurgency and Revolutionary Theory. Armonk and London: M.E. Sharpe. P. 63 "Estimates of hundreds or perhaps about a thousand deaths due to Batista's terror are also supported by comments made by Fidel Castro and other Batista critics during the war itself."</ref>
|20,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Speech of Senator John F. Kennedy, Cincinnati, Ohio, Democratic Dinner |website=The American Presidency Project |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/speech-senator-john-f-kennedy-cincinnati-ohio-democratic-dinner |access-date=2022-08-16}}</ref>
|4,472
|[[Cuba]]
|1952
|1959
|7 years
||
|-
|[[Muammar Gaddafi]]
|{{nts|1422}}
|{{nts|8070}}
|{{nts|3388}}
|[[Libya]]
|1979
|2011
|42 years
||
* [[Abu Salim prison]] massacre 1,270<ref name="notorious Abu Salim">{{Cite web|url=http://www.daylife.com/article/0gNNdjv7Qq32E?q=Libya|title=Libya's notorious Abu Salim prison to be emptied|publisher=[[daylife.com]]|access-date=2010-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303080553/http://www.daylife.com/article/0gNNdjv7Qq32E?q=Libya|archive-date=2011-03-03|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://genevalunch.com/blog/2010/03/24/libyas-notorious-abu-salim-prison-to-be-emptied/|title=Libya's notorious Abu Salim prison|publisher=geneva lunch|access-date=2010-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711083553/http://genevalunch.com/blog/2010/03/24/libyas-notorious-abu-salim-prison-to-be-emptied/|archive-date=2011-07-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="CNN libya death">{{Cite news|last1=Robertson|first1=Nic|first2=Paul|last2=Cruickshank|url=http://www.edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/11/23/libya.death/index.html|title=Jihadist death threatened Libyan peace deal|newspaper=[[CNN]]|date=23 November 2009|access-date=28 November 2011}}</ref>
* [[Libyan civil war (2011)]] 152<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=95&regionSelect=1-Northern_Africa | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005023419/http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=95&regionSelect=1-Northern_Africa | archive-date=October 5, 2013 | title=Database - Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) }}</ref> to 6,800<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/08/libyan-revolution-casualties-lower-expected-government | title=Libyan revolution casualties lower than expected, says new government | newspaper=The Guardian | date=January 8, 2013 | last1=Black | first1=Ian }}</ref>

|-
||[[Jean-Bédel Bokassa]]
||{{nts|100}}<ref name="Papa in the Dock">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080902004525/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,946313,00.html Papa in the Dock] ''Time'' magazine</ref>
||{{nts|90000}}
||{{nts|3000}}
||[[Central African Republic]]
||1966
||1976
|10 years
||It was found that Bokassa personally oversaw the massacre of 100 schoolchildren.<ref name="Papa in the Dock"/>
|-
||[[Claudius]]
||{{nts|2935}}<ref name="romnec"/>
||{{nts|2935}}
||{{nts|2935}}
||[[Ancient Rome]]
||41
||54
|13 years
||
|-
||[[Park Chung Hee]]
||{{nts|2104}}<ref name="DW.COM">{{cite web | title=Report highlights past abuse of 'vagrants' in SKorea – 21.04.2016 | publisher=Deutsche Welle | url=https://www.dw.com/en/report-highlights-past-abuse-of-vagrants-in-skorea/a-19202910 | access-date=November 24, 2021}}</ref><ref name="University of Hawaii System 2013b">{{cite web | title=Lesser Megamurderers | publisher=University of Hawaii System | date=December 17, 2013 | url=https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/LESSER.HTM | access-date=November 24, 2021}}</ref>
||{{nts|3514}}
||{{nts|2719}}
||[[South Korea]]
||1961
||1979
|18 years
||See also: [[South Korea in the Vietnam War]], [[Brothers Home]]. Low estimate includes estimates for the [[Brothers Home]], the [[Binh Tai Massacre]], the [[Bình An/Tây Vinh massacre]], the [[Bình Hòa massacre]], and the [[Hà My massacre]].
|-
||[[Chun Doo Hwan]]
||{{nts|1114}}
||{{nts|2814}}
||{{nts|1771}}
||[[South Korea]]
||1981
||1988
|8 years
||See also: [[Gwangju Uprising#Casualties|Kwangju incident]], [[Brothers Home]]
|}

=== Political purges ===
''This section lists events that entail the mass killings of political opposition (such as those of certain ideology, class or political persuasion).''{{Incomplete list|date=March 2022}}

''See also: [[Red Terror (disambiguation)]], [[White Terror (disambiguation)|White Terror]], and [[Politicide]].''

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|- style="background:#CCCC;"
! style="width:7%;" | Event
! data-sort-type="number" | Lowest estimate!! style="width:7%;" data-sort-type="number" | Highest estimate
! data-sort-type="number" | Geometric mean estimate<ref name="Pinto 2014 173–180"/>!! style="width:5%;" | Location !! style="width:5%;" | From !! style="width:5%;" data-sort- type="number"| Until
!Duration!! style="width:50%;" data-sort- type="number"| Notes
|-
|[[Mass killings of landlords under Mao Zedong]]
||{{nts|200000}}<ref name="fmom1">Teiwes, Frederic. "Establishment of the New Regime". In Twitchett, Denis; John K. Fairbank; Roderick MacFarquhar (eds.). The Cambridge history of China. Cambridge University Press. p. 87. {{ISBN|0-521-24336-X}}. Archived from the original on 2019-02-20. Retrieved 2008-08-23. "For a careful review of the evidence and a cautious estimate of 200,000 to 800,000 executions, see Benedict Stavis, The Politics of Agricultural Mechanization in China (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1978), 25–30.</ref>
||{{nts|28000000}}<ref name="rummellandlords">Rummel, Rudolph J. (2007). China's bloody century: genocide and mass murder since 1900. Transaction Publishers. p. 223. {{ISBN|978-1-4128-0670-1}}.</ref>
||{{nts|2366432}}||[[People's Republic of China]]|| 1947 || 1951
|5 years||Millions of [[landlords]] were allegedly killed during land reforms before the formation of the [[People's Republic of China]] because they were seen as class enemies.<ref name="Rummel223">{{cite book|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE2.HTM|title=China's bloody century: genocide and mass murder since 1900|last=Rummel|first=Rudolph J.|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4128-0670-1|page=223}}</ref><br/>See also: [[Struggle session]]
|-
|[[Cultural Revolution]]||{{nts|400000}}<ref name="Maurice Meisner 1999 354">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YpV7vbvclfgC&pg=PA354|title=Mao's China and After: A History of the People's Republic|author=Maurice Meisner|publisher=Free Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-684-85635-3|edition= 3rd|page=354}}</ref>||{{nts|10000000}}<ref name="XJg9O">{{cite web|title=The Chinese Case: Was It Genocide or Poor Policy?|url=https://www.ushmm.org/confront-genocide/speakers-and-events/all-speakers-and-events/genocide-and-mass-murder-in-the-twentieth-century-a-historical-perspective/the-chinese-case-was-it-genocide-or-poor-policy|author=USHMM|date=December 5, 1995|publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|quote=The Cultural Revolution was modern China's most destructive episode. It is estimated that 100 million people were persecuted and about five to ten million people, mostly intellectuals and party officials lost their lives.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823204000/https://www.ushmm.org/confront-genocide/speakers-and-events/all-speakers-and-events/genocide-and-mass-murder-in-the-twentieth-century-a-historical-perspective/the-chinese-case-was-it-genocide-or-poor-policy|archive-date=August 23, 2017}}</ref>
||{{nts|2000000}}||[[People's Republic of China]]|| 1966 || 1976
|10 years|| The [[Cultural Revolution]], formally the ''Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution'', was a sociopolitical movement that took place in the [[People's Republic of China]] from 1966 until 1976. Set into motion by [[Mao Zedong]], then [[Chairman]] of the [[Chinese Communist Party]], its stated goal was to preserve 'true' [[Communist ideology]] in the country by purging remnants of [[capitalist]] and [[traditional]] elements from Chinese society.<br/>See also: [[Struggle session]]
|-
||[[Dekulakization]]
||{{nts|530000}}<ref>Hildermeier, ''Die Sowjetunion'', p. 38 f.</ref>
||{{nts|5000000}}<ref>Robert Conquest (1986) ''The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-505180-7}}.</ref>
||{{nts|1627882}}
||[[Ukraine]], [[USSR]]
||1917
||1933
|16 years
|| Initial phase part of: [[Red terror]] Final phase part of: [[Collectivization in the Soviet Union|Collectivization]]
|-
|[[Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66]]||{{nts|500000}}<ref name="d49v0">{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Geoffrey B. |date=2018 |title=The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66 |url=https://press.princeton.edu/titles/11135.html |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |page=3 |isbn=978-1-4008-8886-3}}</ref>||{{nts|3000000}}<ref name="R6GvB">[http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/101east/2012/12/2012121874846805636.html Indonesia's killing fields] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214005113/http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/101east/2012/12/2012121874846805636.html |date=February 14, 2015 }}. ''[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]'', December 21, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2016.<br/>{{cite book|last1=Gellately|first1=Robert|author-link1=Robert Gellately|last2=Kiernan|first2=Ben|author-link2=Ben Kiernan|date=July 2003|title=The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective|url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-regional-history/specter-genocide-mass-murder-historical-perspective|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=k9Ro7b0tWz4C&pg=PA290 290–91]|isbn=0-521-52750-3|access-date=October 19, 2015}}<br/>"Blumenthal80">Mark Aarons (2007). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&pg=PA69 Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide]." In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L. H. McCormack (eds). ''[http://www.brill.com/legacy-nuremberg-civilising-influence-or-institutionalised-vengeance The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105053952/http://www.brill.com/legacy-nuremberg-civilising-influence-or-institutionalised-vengeance |date=January 5, 2016 }}'' [[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers]]; {{ISBN|90-04-15691-7}}, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&pg=PA80 80].</ref>
||{{nts|1224745}}||[[Indonesia]]|| 1965 || 1966
|1 year|| Massacres of people connected to the [[Indonesian Communist Party]] (PKI) were carried out in 1965–66 by the Indonesian Army and associated death squads with support from Western powers such as the United States.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bevins |first=Vincent|author-link=Vincent Bevins |title=[[The Jakarta Method|The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World]]|date=2020|pages=157–158 |publisher= [[PublicAffairs]] |isbn= 978-1-5417-4240-6}}</ref><ref name="6TfYV">{{cite book |last= Robinson|first=Geoffrey B.|date= 2018|title=The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66|url=https://press.princeton.edu/titles/11135.html|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |pages=206–207 |isbn=978-1-4008-8886-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Bradley |date=2010 |title=Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.–Indonesian Relations, 1960–1968 |url=https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=7853 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |page=193 |isbn=978-0-8047-7182-5}}</ref> Death tolls are difficult to estimate,<ref name="0xjiR">{{cite journal|last=Cribb|first=Robert|title=Unresolved Problems in the Indonesian Killings of 1965–1966|journal=Asian Survey|year=2002|volume=42|issue=4|pages=550–63|doi=10.1525/as.2002.42.4.550|s2cid=145646994}}</ref> but it is widely accepted by scholars that roughly 1 million people were killed.<ref name="90RVn">{{cite book |last=Melvin |first=Jess |date=2018 |title=The Army and the Indonesian Genocide: Mechanics of Mass Murder |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Army-and-the-Indonesian-Genocide-Mechanics-of-Mass-Murder/Melvin/p/book/9781138574694 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |page=1 |isbn=978-1-138-57469-4}}</ref>
|-
|[[Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries]]||{{nts|712000}}<ref name="Yang Kuisong">{{cite journal |title=Reconsidering the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries|author=Yang Kuisong|journal=[[The China Quarterly]]|date=March 2008|volume=193|pages=102–21|doi=10.1017/S0305741008000064|s2cid=154927374|author-link=Yang Kuisong}} {{subscription required}} [https://chinachange.org/2011/11/28/reconsidering-the-campaign-to-suppress-counterrevolutionaries/ summary] at China Change blog</ref>||{{nts|2000000}}<ref name="iAGsb">[[Maurice Meisner]]. ''Mao's China and After: A History of the People's Republic, Third Edition'', Free Press, 1999. {{ISBN|0-684-85635-2}}, p. 72: "...the estimate of many relatively impartial observers that there were 2,000,000 people executed during the first three years of the People's Republic is probably as accurate a guess as one can make on the basis of scanty information."<br/>{{cite book|author1=Roderick MacFarquhar|author-link1=Roderick MacFarquhar|author2=John K. Fairbank|author-link2=John K. Fairbank|title=The Cambridge History of China: Volume 14, The People's Republic, Part 1, The Emergence of Revolutionary China, 1949–1965|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ioppEjkCkeEC&pg=PA87|year=1987|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-24336-0|page=87}}<br/>"Mao's Killing Quotas">{{cite web|url=http://hrichina.org/public/PDFs/CRF.4.2005/CRF-2005-4_Quota.pdf|title=Mao's "Killing Quotas." Human Rights in China (HRIC), September 26, 2005, at Shandong University|last=Changyu|first=Li|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729194758/http://www.hrichina.org/public/PDFs/CRF.4.2005/CRF-2005-4_Quota.pdf|archive-date=July 29, 2009}}</ref>
||{{nts|1193315}}||[[People's Republic of China]]|| 1950 || 1951
|1 year|| The [[Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries]] ({{zh|c=镇压反革命|p=zhènyā fǎn gémìng|l=suppressing [[counterrevolutionaries]]}} or abbreviated as {{zh|c=鎮反|p=zhènfǎn}}) was the first political campaign launched by the [[People's Republic of China]] designed to eradicate opposition elements, especially former [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) functionaries accused of trying undermine the new [[Chinese Communist Party|Communist government]].<ref name="Yang Kuisong"/>
|-
|[[Great Purge]]||{{nts|681692}}<ref name="AnLK6">{{Cite journal|last1=Getty|first1=J. Arch|last2=Rittersporn|first2=Gábor |last3=Zemskov |first3=Viktor |title=Victims of the Soviet penal system in the pre-war years: a first approach on the basis of archival evidence|journal=[[American Historical Review]]|date=1993 |volume=98 |issue=4 |page=1022 |doi=10.2307/2166597 |jstor=2166597|url=http://sovietinfo.tripod.com/GTY-Penal_System.pdf}}</ref>||{{nts|1704230}}<ref name="AW-C">Wielka czystka by [[Alexander Weissberg-Cybulski]], {{ISBN|83-07-02122-7}}</ref>
||{{nts|1077850}}||[[Soviet Union]]|| 1936 || 1938
|2 years|| The [[Great Purge]] or Great Terror was a period of intense political repression in the [[Soviet Union]] including execution (especially through open air shootings) and forced labor through the [[Gulag]] system.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
|-
|[[White Terror (Spain)]]
||{{nts|150000}}<ref name="7czdj">Julián Casanova, Francisco Espinosa, Conxita Mir, Francisco Moreno Gómez. "Morir, matar, sobrevivir. La violencia en la dictadura de Franco", ''Editorial Crítica''. Barcelona, Spain. 2002. p. 8.</ref>||{{nts|400000}}<ref name="dcjln">Michael Richards, ''A Time of Silence: Civil War and the Culture of Repression in Franco's Spain, 1936–1945'', Cambridge University Press. 1998. p. 11.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>
||{{nts|244949}}||[[Spain]] during and after the [[Spanish Civil War]]|| 1936 || 1945
|9 years|| In [[Spain]], the [[White Terror (Spain)|White Terror]] (also known as "la Represión Franquista" or the "Francoist Repression") was the series of acts of politically motivated violence, rape, and other crimes committed by the Nationalist movement during the Spanish Civil War (July 17, 1936 – April 1, 1939) and during Francisco Franco's dictatorship (October 1, 1936 – November 20, 1975)<ref name="beevor">[[Antony Beevor]]. ''The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939'', Weidenfeld & Nicolson (2006), pp. 89–94.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>
|-
||[[Red Terror (Ethiopia)|Qey Shibir]]||{{nts| 30000}}||{{nts|750000}}<ref name="boSU6">{{cite web|title=Genocides, Politicides, and Other Mass Murder Since 1945, With Stages in 2008|url=http://www.gpanet.org/content/genocides-politicides-and-other-mass-murder-1945-stages-2008|publisher=Genocide Prevention Advisory Network|access-date=July 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805151226/http://www.gpanet.org/content/genocides-politicides-and-other-mass-murder-1945-stages-2008|archive-date=August 5, 2016 }}</ref>
||{{nts|150000}}||[[People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia]]|| 1977 || 1978
|1 year|| Violent purge of those deemed Anti-Communist in [[Ethiopia]].<ref name="abqyR">Harff, Barbara & Gurr, Ted Robert: "Toward an Empirical Theory of Genocides and Politicides", 32 International Studies Quarterly 359 (1988).</ref><ref name="ANEiL">Agence France Presse (8 Oct. 1996)</ref><ref name="9qDzc">{{cite book|author1=Christopher M. Andrew|author2=Vasili Mitrokhin|title=The World was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4eSR1rHg5_YC&pg=PA457|year=2005|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-00311-2|page=457}}</ref><ref name="US admits helping Mengistu escape">Riccardo Orizio, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/575405.stm US admits helping Mengistu escape], [[BBC]], December 22, 1999.</ref><ref name="HqPaj">''Talk of the Devil: Encounters with Seven Dictators'', p. 151.<!--author, ISSN/ISBN, publisher, year needed--></ref>
|-
||[[Bodo League massacre]]
||{{nts|100000}}<ref name="o5DdN">Paul M. Edwards, ''Historical Dictionary of the Korean War'', Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press, 2010, p. 32, entry "Bodo League Massacre"<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>
||{{nts|200000}}{{sfn|Kim|2004|p=535}}
||{{nts|141421}}
||[[Korean Peninsula|Korea]]
||1950
||1950
|?
||Massacre of communists and suspected communists during the summer of 1950, at the start of [[Korean War]].
|-
|[[Nazi Germany|German]] suppression of the [[Freemasons]]||{{nts|80000}}<ref name="holocaust">{{cite book|last=Hodapp|first=Christopher|date=2013|title=Freemasonry for Dummies, 2. Edition|publisher=Wiley Publishing Inc.|isbn=978-1-118-41208-4}}</ref>||{{nts|200000}}<ref name="holocaust"/>
||{{nts|126491}}||[[Nazi Germany|German]]-occupied territory || 1933 || 1945
|12 years|| The [[Nazis|Nazi]] regime of Germany targeted [[Freemasons]] as they saw them as collaborators in a [[Jewish]] conspiracy.
{{See also|Suppression of Freemasonry}}
|-
|[[Red Terror]]||{{nts|10000}}<ref name="9LftC">Ryan, James (2012). ''Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence''. London: [[Routledge]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=XJ6LAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 p. 114]; {{ISBN|978-1-138-81568-1}}</ref>||{{nts|1500000}}<ref name="szaszdi">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuXf0-HU4QMC|title=Russian Civil-Military Relations and the Origins of the Second Chechen War|publisher=University Press of America|author=Lajos Szaszdi|year=2008|page=152|isbn=978-0-7618-4178-4}}</ref>
||{{nts|122474}}|| Former [[Russian Empire]] during [[Russian Civil War]]|| 1918 || 1922
|4 years|| Political repression by the [[Bolsheviks]] during the [[Russian Civil War]].
|-
||[[White Terror (Russia)]]
||{{nts|20000}}<ref name="WRgcf">Rinke, Stefan; Wildt, Michael (2017). Revolutions and Counter-Revolutions: 1917 and Its Aftermath from a Global Perspective. Campus Verlag. p. 58. {{ISBN|978-3-593-50705-7}}.</ref>
||{{nts|300000}}<ref name="MNTlX">{{Cite book|title=Потери народонаселения в XX веке.|last=Эрлихман|first=Вадим|publisher=Издательский дом "Русская панорама"|year=2004|isbn=5-93165-107-1}}</ref>
||{{nts|77460}}
||Former [[Russian Empire]]
||1917
||1923
|6 years
||Political repression by the [[White movement]] during the [[Russian Civil War]].
|-
||[[1991 Iraqi uprisings]]
||{{nts|25000}}
||{{nts|180000}}
||{{nts|67082}}
||[[Iraq]]
||March the 1st, 1991
||April the 5th, 1991
|1 month and 4 days
||The death toll of the uprising against [[Saddam Hussein]]'s government during 1991 was high throughout the country. The rebels killed many Ba'athist officials and officers. In response, thousands of unarmed civilians were killed by indiscriminate fire from loyalist tanks, artillery and helicopters, and many historical and religious structures in the south were deliberately targeted under orders from Saddam Hussein. Saddam's security forces entered the cities, often using women and children as [[human shield]]s, where they detained and [[summary execution|summarily executed]] or "[[Forced disappearance|disappeared]]" thousands of people at random in a policy of [[collective responsibility]]. Many suspects were tortured, raped, or burned alive.<ref name="INwf9">{{cite web|url=http://www.mafhoum.com/press4/126S23.htm|title=Justice For Iraq |publisher=Mafhoum.com|access-date=August 14, 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[Operation Condor]]||{{nts|50000}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Chile|url=https://cja.org/where-we-work/chile/|publisher=[[Center for Justice and Accountability]]|access-date=March 3, 2021}}</ref>||{{nts|90000}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Bevins |first=Vincent|author-link=Vincent Bevins |title= [[The Jakarta Method|The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World]]|page=305 |date=2020 |publisher= [[PublicAffairs]] |isbn= 978-1-5417-4240-6}}</ref>
||{{nts|67082}}||[[South America]]|| 1975 || 1983
|8 years|| A campaign of political repression by right-wing dictatorships in South America, sponsored by the United States.<ref name="McSherry">{{cite book|last=McSherry|first=J. Patrice|author-link1= J. Patrice McSherry|editor1=Esparza, Marcia |editor2=Henry R. Huttenbach|editor3=Daniel Feierstein|title=State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold War Years (Critical Terrorism Studies)|chapter=Chapter 5: "Industrial repression" and Operation Condor in Latin America |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=acGNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA107 107]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2011|isbn=978-0-415-66457-8|chapter-url=https://www.routledge.com/State-Violence-and-Genocide-in-Latin-America-The-Cold-War-Years/Esparza-Huttenbach-Feierstein/p/book/9780415496377}}</ref><ref name="bGKbL">{{cite book |last=Blakeley|first=Ruth|date=2009 |title=State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South|url=http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415462402/|publisher=[[Routledge]]|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rft8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 22], [https://books.google.com/books?id=rft8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 23]|isbn=978-0-415-68617-4}}</ref>
|-
|[[Red Terror (Spain)]]||{{nts|38000}}<ref name="u8n9c">Beevor, Antony. ''The Battle for Spain; The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939''. Penguin Books. 2006. London. p. 87</ref>||{{nts|72344}}<ref name="Dela">de la Cueva, Julio, "Religious Persecution", ''Journal of Contemporary History'', 3, 198, pp. 355–69. {{JSTOR|261121}}</ref>
||{{nts|52432}}||[[Spain]] during the [[Spanish Civil War]]|| 1936 || 1939
|3 years|| The [[Red Terror]] in Spain ({{langx|es|Terror Rojo}})<ref name="qHIu6">Julian Casanova, ''Unearthing Franco's Legacy'', pp. 105–06, University of Notre Dame Press, 2010; {{ISBN|0-268-03268-8}}</ref> is the name given by historians to various acts of violence committed from 1936 until the end of the [[Spanish Civil War]] "by sections of nearly all the [[leftist]] groups".<ref name="lIe7u">[[Beevor, Antony]] (2006), The Battle For Spain; The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, p. 81.<!--ISSN/ISBN needed--></ref>
|-
|[[Land reform in Vietnam#North Vietnam|Land Reform in Vietnam]]||{{nts|13500}}<ref name="lib.washington.edu">Moise, pp. 205–22; "Newly released documents on the land reform", ''Vietnam Studies Group''.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --> {{cite web|url=https://www.lib.washington.edu/SouthEastAsia/vsg/elist_2007/Newly%20released%20documents%20on%20the%20land%20reform%20.html|title=Newly released documents on the land reform |access-date=June 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420044800/http://www.lib.washington.edu/southeastasia/vsg/elist_2007/Newly%20released%20documents%20on%20the%20land%20reform%20.html |archive-date=April 20, 2011}}</ref>||{{nts|200000}}<ref name="paulbogdanor.com">Lam Thanh Liem (2005), [http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/vietnam/landreform.html "Ho Chi Minh's Land Reform: Mistake or Crime"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218104945/http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/vietnam/landreform.html |date=February 18, 2013 }}. Retrieved October 4, 2015.</ref>
||{{nts|51962}}||[[North Vietnam]]|| 1954 || 1956
|2 years||
|-
|[[Reign of Terror]]
||{{nts|16594}}<ref name="kCzkQ">{{cite web |last=Dr. Linton |first=Marisa |title=The Terror in the French Revolution |url=http://www2.port.ac.uk/special/france1815to2003/chapter1/interviews/filetodownload,20545,en.pdf |publisher=Kingston University, UK |access-date=March 11, 2019}}</ref>
||{{nts|41594}}<ref name="Ha7ux">{{cite web |title=The Reign of Terror |url=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-worldhistory/chapter/the-reign-of-terror/ |publisher=Lumen Learning |access-date=March 11, 2019}}</ref>
||{{nts|26272}}
||[[France]] during the [[French Revolution]]
|| 1793
|| 1794
|1 year
|| The [[Reign of Terror]] was a period of violence that occurred after the onset of the [[French Revolution]], incited by conflict between two rival political factions, the [[Girondins]] and The [[Jacobins]], and marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution".{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
|-
||[[La Matanza|1932 Salvadoran peasant massacre]]
||{{nts|10000}}
||{{nts|40000}}<ref name="PtKh8">{{cite web|author=University of California, San Diego|url=http://dodgson.ucsd.edu/las/elsal/1902-1932.html|title=El Salvador elections and events 1902–1932|year=2001|access-date=August 12, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521064730/http://dodgson.ucsd.edu/las/elsal/1902-1932.html|archive-date=May 21, 2008|author-link=University of California, San Diego}}</ref>
||{{nts|20000}}
||[[El Salvador]]
||January 22, 1932
||July 11, 1932
|6 months and 20 days
||Many of the victims were [[indigenous people]].
|-
||[[February 28 incident]]
||{{nts|10000}}
||{{nts|30000}}
||{{nts|17321}}
||[[Taiwan]]
||1947
||1947
|1 day
||Crackdown by the [[Kuomintang]] government that ushered in the [[White Terror (Taiwan)]] era.
|-
|[[Dirty War]]||{{nts|9000}}<ref name="9GYTl">{{cite news|title=Obituary: Raúl Alfonsín – World news – The Guardian|author=Phil Gunson|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/02/obituary-raul-alfonsin|work=The Guardian|access-date=August 23, 2013 |location=London |date=April 2, 2009}}</ref>||{{nts|30000}}<ref name="McSherry"/>
||{{nts|16432}}||[[Argentina]]|| 1976 || 1983
|7 years|| At least 9,000 people were tortured and killed in Argentina from 1976 to 1983, carried out primarily by the Argentinean military Junta (part of Operation ''Condor'').<ref name="McSherry"/>
|-
|Red and White terrors of the [[Finnish Civil War#Red and White terror|Finnish Civil War]]||{{nts|11650}}||{{nts|11650}}
||{{nts|11650}}||[[Finland]]|| 1918 || 1918
|3 months, 2 weeks and 4 days|| Both sides of the [[Finnish Civil War]] used Terrors where 10,000 were killed in the White Terror and 1,650 were killed in the Red Terror.<ref name="Yh2Wi">{{Harvnb|Paavolainen|1966|pp=183–208}}, {{Harvnb|Paavolainen|1967|pp=}}, {{Harvnb|Keränen|Tiainen|Ahola|Ahola|1992|pp=121, 138}}, {{Harvnb|Eerola|Eerola|1998|pp=59, 91}}, {{Harvnb|Westerlund|2004a|p=15}}, {{Harvnb|Tikka|2006|pp=19–30}}, {{Harvnb|Jyränki|2014|pp=150–88}}, {{Harvnb|Tikka|2014|pp=90–118}}, {{Harvnb|Kekkonen|2016|pp=106–66, 287–356}}</ref>
|-
||[[1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners]]
||{{nts|4482}}
||{{nts|30000}}
||{{nts|11596}}
||[[Iran]]
||1988
||1988
|5 months
||Massacre of political prisoners in Iran.<ref name="amnesty">{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde13/021/1990/en/|title=Iran: Violations of human rights 1987 – 1990|date=December 1990 |access-date=August 7, 2014}}</ref><ref name="sKU0q">{{cite web|url=http://www.iranfocus.com/modules/news/article.php?storyid=160|title=Iran Focus|date=September 5, 2004|access-date=May 12, 2016|archive-date=February 20, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220155725/http://www.iranfocus.com/modules/news/article.php?storyid=160}}</ref><ref name="sCnhh">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/02/04/wiran04.xml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210125211/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/02/04/wiran04.xml|archive-date=February 10, 2006|title=News|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=May 12, 2016}}</ref>
|-
||[[1982 Hama massacre]]
||{{nts|2000}}
||{{nts|40000}}
||{{nts|8944}}
||[[Hama]], [[Syria]]
||February 2, 1982
||February 28, 1982
|26 days
||The [[1982 Hama massacre|Hama massacre]] ([[Arabic]]: مجزرة حماة) occurred in February 1982, when the [[Syrian Arab Army]] and the [[Defense Companies]], under the orders of the country's president [[Hafez al-Assad]], besieged the town of [[Hama]] for 27 days in order to quell an [[uprising]] by the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] against al-Assad's government.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
|-
|[[White Terror (Taiwan)]]||{{nts|3000}}||{{nts|4000}}
||{{nts|3464}}||[[Taiwan]]|| 1949 || 1987
|38 years|| An era of martial law in [[Taiwan]] in which 140,000 were imprisoned, and 3,000 to 4,000 were executed for real or perceived opposition to the [[Kuomintang]].{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
|-
||[[Patriotic Union (Colombia)#Decline and Extermination|Extermination of the Patriotic Union party]]
||{{nts|2000}}
||{{nts|5000}}
||{{nts|3162}}
||[[Colombia]]
||1984
||1994
||
|-
||[[Human rights violations in Pinochet's Chile]]
||{{nts|1200}}
||{{nts|3200}}
||{{nts|1960}}
||[[Chile]]
||1974
||1990
|16 years
||1,200 to 3,200 alleged [[communist]]s were executed, 80,000 were forcibly interned and 30,000 were tortured under the reign of [[Augusto Pinochet]].<ref name="RDHm4">{{in lang|es}} [http://www.usip.org/publications/truth-commission-chile-90 English translation] of the [[Rettig Report]]</ref><ref name="latinamericanstudies.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/human-rights/false-reports.htm|title=Chile to sue over false reports of Pinochet-era missing|publisher=Latin American Studies|date=December 30, 2008|access-date=March 10, 2010}}</ref>
|-
||[[1989 Tiananmen Square protests]] crackdown
||{{nts|241}}
||{{nts|10000}}<ref name="ttBRp">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/tiananmen-square-massacre-death-toll-secret-cable-british-ambassador-1989-alan-donald-a8126461.html|title=At least 10,000 people died in Tiananmen Square massacre, secret British cable alleges|date=December 23, 2017|work=The Independent}}</ref>
||{{nts|1552}}
||[[Tiananmen Square]], [[People's Republic of China]]
||1989
||1989
|1 month, 2 weeks and 6 days
||Crackdown of anti-government protest in the [[People's Republic of China]].
|-
|}

=== Prisons, concentration and extermination camps ===
''This section lists deaths that occurred in particular prisons, concentration and/or extermination camps, deaths are from both the conditions within the camps and from the active murder/execution of prisoners.''{{Incomplete list|date=March 2022}}
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|- style="background:#CCCC;"
! style="width:7%;" | Event
! data-sort-type="number" | Lowest estimate!! style="width:7%;" data-sort-type="number" | Highest estimate
! data-sort-type="number" | Geometric mean estimate<ref name="Pinto 2014 173–180"/>!! style="width:5%;" | Location !! style="width:5%;" | From !! style="width:5%;" data-sort- type="number"| Until
!Duration!! style="width:50%;" data-sort- type="number"| Notes
|-
|[[Auschwitz concentration camp]]
|{{nts|1100000}}
|{{nts|1500000}}
|{{nts|1284523}}
|[[Oświęcim]], [[Poland]]
|1940
|1945
|5 years
|<ref>{{cite book |last=Piper|first=Franciszek|editor-last1=Długoborski |editor-first1=Wacław |editor-last2=Piper |editor-first2=Franciszek |title=Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp |title-link=Auschwitz 1940–1945 |volume=III: Mass Murder |date=2000b |publisher=Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum |location=Oświęcim|oclc=929235229|isbn=978-83-85047-87-2 }}</ref><ref name="5uPwu">Wellers, Georges. "Essai de determination du nombre de morts au camp d'Auschwitz (attempt to determine the number of dead at the Auschwitz camp)", ''Le Monde Juif'', Oct–Dec 1983, pp. 127–59.</ref><ref name="FT1Zh">Brian Harmon, John Drobnicki, [http://www.vex.net/~nizkor/features/denial-of-science/appendix-2-01.html Historical sources and the Auschwitz death toll estimates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309082208/http://www.vex.net/~nizkor/features/denial-of-science/appendix-2-01.html |date=March 9, 2012}}, vex.net. Retrieved August 2, 2018.</ref>
|-
|[[Treblinka extermination camp]]
|{{nts|700000}}
|{{nts|1000000}}
|{{nts|836660}}
|[[Treblinka]], [[Poland]]
|1942
|1943
|1 year
|<ref name="nizkor.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.nizkor.org/faqs/reinhard/reinhard-faq-13.html|title=Operation Reinhard: Treblinka Deportations|work=Nizkor.org|access-date=August 23, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923030356/http://www.nizkor.org/faqs/reinhard/reinhard-faq-13.html|archive-date=September 23, 2013}}</ref><ref name="ea">Encyclopedia Americana</ref>
|-
|[[Belzec extermination camp]]
|{{nts|480000}}
|{{nts|600000}}
|{{nts|536656}}
|[[Bełżec, Lublin Voivodeship|Bełżec]], [[Poland]]
|1942
|1943
|1 year
|<ref name="witte-tyas">Peter Witte and Stephen Tyas, ''A New Document on the Deportation and Murder of Jews during "Einsatz Reinhardt" 1942'', [[Holocaust and Genocide Studies]], vol 15, No. 3, Winter 2001; {{ISBN|0-19-922506-0}}</ref><ref name="wtIZl">{{cite book|title=The Destruction of the European Jews: Third Edition|author=Raul Hilberg|year=2003|publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-09557-9}}</ref><ref name="arad">Yitzhak Arad, ''Bełżec, Sobibor, Treblinka. The Operation Reinhard Death Camps'', Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1987; NCR 0-253-34293-7</ref>
|-
|[[Kolyma#Accounts of the Kolyma Gulag camps|Kolyma]]
|{{nts|130000}}
|{{nts|500000}}
|{{nts|254951}}
|[[Kolyma]], [[Soviet Union]]
|1932
|1954
|22 years
|<ref name="9UFMW">Ludwik Kowalski: Alaska notes on Stalinism. Retrieved January 18, 2007. Case Study: Stalin's Purges from Genderside Watch. Retrieved January 19, 2007. George Bien, Gulag Survivor in the ''[[Boston Globe]]'', June 22, 2005, [[Kolyma]].</ref>
|-
|[[Jasenovac concentration camp]]
|{{nts|77000}}
|{{nts|100000}}
|{{nts|87750}}
|[[Independent State of Croatia]]
|1941
|1945
|4 years
|<ref name="JUSP">[[#Jasenovac Memorial Site|Official website of the Jasenovac Memorial Site]]</ref>{{sfn|Kolstø|2011|pp=226–241}}
|-
|[[Stutthof concentration camp]]
|{{nts|85000}}
|{{nts|85000}}
|{{nts|85000}}
|[[Stutthof]], [[Poland]]
|1939
|1945
|6 years
|See also: [[Nazi Germany]]
|-
|[[Stara Gradiška concentration camp]]
|{{nts|12790}}
|{{nts|75000}}
|{{nts|30972}}
|[[Independent State of Croatia]]
|1941
|1945
|4 years
|Primarily for women and children.<ref name="Smreka">{{cite web|url=http://public.mzos.hr/fgs.axd?id=13416|title=STARA GRADIŠKA Ustaški koncentracijski logor|author=Jelka Smreka|publisher=Spomen područja Jasenovac|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717120002/http://public.mzos.hr/fgs.axd?id=13416|archive-date=July 17, 2011 |access-date=August 25, 2010}}</ref><ref name="kovacic">{{cite web|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/75758|title=Iskapanja na prostoru koncentracijskog logora Stara Gradiška i procjena broj žrtava|author=Davor Kovačić|year=2004|access-date=August 25, 2010}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum|Tuol Sleng]]
|{{nts|17000}}
|{{nts|17000}}
|{{nts|17000}}
|[[Phnom Penh]], [[Cambodia]]
|1975
|1979
|4 years
|<ref name="dccam-history-of-dk">{{cite book|url=http://www.dccam.org|title=A History of Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979)|year=2007|publisher=Documentation Center of Cambodia|isbn=978-99950-60-04-6|page=74}}</ref>
|-
|[[Andersonville Prison|Camp Sumter]]
|{{nts|13171}}
|{{nts|13171}}
|{{nts|13171}}
|[[Andersonville, Georgia]], [[United States]]
|1864
|1865
|1 year
|<ref name="vIQQB">''The Andersonville Prison Trial: The Trial of Captain Henry Wirz'', by General N.P. Chipman, 1911.<!-- publisher?? --></ref>
|-
|[[Sednaya Prison]]
|{{nts|5000}}<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/a-human-slaughterhouse-in-syria/2017/02/11/4534820c-ee3a-11e6-9973-c5efb7ccfb0d_story.html
|title=A 'human slaughterhouse' in Syria
|date=February 11, 2017
|newspaper=The Washington Post
|author=Editorial Board
}}</ref>
|{{nts|30000}}<ref name="Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR)">{{cite news |title=Torture victims {{!}} Civilian from Daraa dies in Sednaya prison |url=https://www.syriahr.com/en/199739/ |access-date=11 January 2021 |date=9 January 2021}}</ref>
|{{nts|12247}}
|[[Saidnaya]], [[Rif Dimashq Governorate]], [[Syria]]
|2011
|unknown
|over 10 years<ref name="Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR)"/>
|[[Military prison]] used to torture and execute Syrian opposition to the [[Assad]] regime.
|-
|[[Crveni Krst concentration camp]]
|{{nts|12000}}
|{{nts|12000}}
|{{nts|12000}}
|[[Niš]], [[Serbia]]
|1941
|1944
|3 years
|<ref name="px26q">{{cite web|url=http://www.mrc.org.rs/?mod=prikaz&jezik=srpski&sta=vesti&id_tekst=2378|title=On the killing of Roma in World War II |date=March 13, 2013 |publisher=Mrc.org.rs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006213607/http://www.mrc.org.rs/?mod=prikaz&jezik=srpski&sta=vesti&id_tekst=2378|archive-date=October 6, 2011 |access-date=August 23, 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[Topovske Šupe concentration camp]]
|{{nts|4300}}
|{{nts|4300}}
|{{nts|4300}}
|[[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]]
|1941
|1941
|4 months
|{{sfn|Premerl|1988|p=191}}
|-
|[[Banjica concentration camp]]
|{{nts|3849}}
|{{nts|3849}}
|{{nts|3849}}
|[[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]]
|1941
|1944
|4 years
|{{sfn|Cohen|1996|p=49}}{{sfn|Ramet|2006|p=131}}{{sfn|Israeli|2013|p=33}}
|-
|[[Fort Dimanche]]
|{{nts|3,000}}
|{{nts|3,000}}
|{{nts|3,000}}
|[[Port-au-Prince]], [[Haiti]]
|1957
|1986
|30 years
|It has been estimated that about 3,000 inmates died.<ref name=nyt94>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/01/world/mission-haiti-troops-auschwitz-haiti-for-3-decades-gives-up-secrets-its-dark.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm |author=Rick Bragg| title=MISSION TO HAITI: THE TROOPS; The Auschwitz of Haiti for 3 Decades Gives Up the Secrets of its Dark Past| work=The New York Times |date=October 1, 1994 |access-date=September 4, 2012}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tammisaari prison camp]]
|{{nts|2963}}
|{{nts|2963}}
|{{nts|2963}}
|[[Ekenäs, Finland|Ekenäs]], [[Finland]]
|1918
|1918
|4 months
|
|-
|[[Elmira Prison]]
|{{nts|2950}}
|{{nts|2950}}
|{{nts|2950}}
|[[Elmira, New York]], U.S.
|1864
|1865
|1 year
|<ref name="dlRmh">{{cite book|title=Death Camp of the North: The Elmira Civil War Prison Camp|last=Horigan|first=Michael|publisher=[[Stackpole Books]]|year=2002|isbn=0-8117-1432-2|location=Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania|page=180}}</ref>
|-
|[[Shark Island concentration camp]]
|{{nts|1032}}
|{{nts|4000}}{{sfn|Erichsen|2005|p=133}}
|{{nts|2032}}
|[[Luderitz]], [[German South-West Africa]]
|1905
|1907
|2 years
|The minimum death toll is out of a camp population of 1,795 people, and the maximum total includes those who died in the [[Luderitz]] area.
|-
|[[Goli Otok prison]]
|{{nts|400}}<ref name="YvCK9">Previšić, Martin (February 2015). "Broj kažnjenika na Golom otoku i drugim logorima za informbirovce u vrijeme sukoba sa SSSR-om (1948.-1956.)" [The Number of Convicts on Goli Otok and other Internment Camps during the Informbiro period (1948–1956)] (PDF). Historijski zbornik (in Croatian). 66 (1): 173–193. Retrieved 27 July 2018. p.190</ref>
|{{nts|4000}}<ref name="DTNBk">{{Cite web|url=http://www.comune.bologna.it/iperbole/asnsmp/scotti.html|title=Scotti}}</ref>
|{{nts|1265}}
|[[Goli Otok]], [[Yugoslavia]]
|1949
|1956
|8 years
|
|-
|}

=== Riots and political unrest ===
{{Main|List of riots}}
''Riots and incidents where at least 1,000 people died are listed here.''{{Incomplete list|date=March 2022}}
{|class="sortable wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! Event
! Victims
! Country
! Locale(s)
! Date
|-
| [[Partition of India]]
| {{ntsh|2000000}}200,000–2,000,000 || British India|| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Bengal]] || {{nts|1947|format=no}}
|-
| [[La Violencia]]
| {{ntsh|300000}}200,000–300,000 || [[Colombia]]|| Country-wide || {{nts|1948|format=no}}–1960
|-
| [[1959 Tibetan uprising]]
| {{ntsh|87000}}85,000–87,000 || [[Tibet]], China || [[Lhasa]] || {{nts|1959|format=no}}
|-
| [[April Uprising]]
| {{nts|30000}} || [[Ottoman Empire]] || [[Bulgaria]] || {{nts|1876|format=no}}
|-
| [[Nika riots]]
| {{nts|30000}} || [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantium]] || [[Constantinople]] || {{ntsh|0532|format=no}}532
|-
| Political violence in [[Apartheid|Apartheid South Africa]]
| {{nts|18997}}–21,000<ref name="y9g0E">{{cite web|url=http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat6.htm|title=Minor Atrocities of the Twentieth Century|last=White|first=Matthew|date=July 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520135535/http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat6.htm|archive-date=May 20, 2018|access-date=May 20, 2018}}</ref><wbr/>{{unreliable source?|date=January 2019}} || [[South Africa]] || Country-wide || {{nts|1948|format=no}}–1994
|-
| [[Semaine sanglante]]
| {{ntsh|20000}}6,667–20,000 || France || Paris || {{nts|1871|format=no}}
|-
| [[February 28 incident]]
| {{ntsh|30000}}10,000–30,000 || [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]] || Taiwan || {{nts|1947|format=no}}
|-
| [[Jeju uprising]]
| {{ntsh|30000}}14,000–30,000 || Southern Korea, present-day South Korea || [[Jeju island]] || {{nts|1948|format=no}}
|-
| [[August Uprising]]
| {{ntsh|15500}}13,000–15,500 || Soviet Union || [[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic|Georgia]] || {{nts|1924|format=no}}
|-
| [[La Matanza]]
| {{ntsh|40000}}10,000–40,000 || [[El Salvador]] || || {{nts|1932|format=no}}
|-
| [[1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt|Romanian Peasants' Revolt]]
| {{ntsh|20000}}10,000–20,000 || [[Romania]] || || {{nts|1907|format=no}}<!--Is this a riot || or is it a rebellion?-->
|-
| [[Kronstadt rebellion]]
| {{nts|10000}} || Russia || [[Kronstadt]] || {{nts|1921|format=no}}
|-
| [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]]
| {{ntsh|8000}}2,800–8,000 || India || New Delhi || {{nts|1984|format=no}}
|-
| [[March 1st Movement]]
| {{nts|7500}} || Japanese Korea, present-day South Korea || [[Seoul]] || {{nts|1919|format=no}}
|-
|[[Al-Aqsa Intifada]]
|{{ntsh|4354}}4,179–4,354
|[[Israel]]/[[Palestinian territories]]
|
|{{nts|2000|format=no}}–2005
|-
| [[Pitchfork uprising]]
| {{nts|3800}} || Russia || || {{nts|1920|format=no}}
|-
| [[Iranian Revolution]]<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web|url=http://www.emadbaghi.com/en/archives/000592.php#more|title=Emad Baghi: English|website=emadbaghi.com|access-date=August 2, 2018|format=no}}</ref>
| {{nts|2781}}|| [[Iran]] || || {{nts|1979|format=no}}
|-
| [[8888 Uprising]]
|{{ntsh|10000}}3,000–10,000 || [[Burma]]/[[Myanmar]] || || {{nts|1987|format=no}}–1993
|-
|[[First Intifada]]
|{{nts|2204}}
|[[Israel]]/[[Palestinian territories]]
|
|{{nts|1987|format=no}}
|-
| [[Banana Massacre]]
| {{ntsh|2000}}47–2,000 || [[Colombia]] ||[[Ciénaga, Magdalena|Ciénaga]] || {{nts|1928|format=no}}
|-
| [[Santa María School massacre]]
| {{nts|2300}} || [[Chile]] || [[Iquique]] || {{nts|1907|format=no}}
|-
|[[Nellie massacre|Assam Movement]]
|{{nts|2191}}+
|[[India]]
|[[Assam]]
|{{nts|1979|format=no}}–1985
|-
|1994 South African transitional violence
|{{nts|1652}}<ref name="KOhmv">{{Cite book|url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/Freedom_in_the_World_1994-1995_complete_book.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005191135/https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/Freedom_in_the_World_1994-1995_complete_book.pdf|archive-date=October 5, 2018 |quote=During the first four months of 1994, the Human Rights Committee of South Africa reported that politically motivated killings occurred at a rate of nearly fourteen deaths per day.|access-date=October 5, 2018|page=521|publisher=Freedom House|location=New York|date=1995|title=Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights & Civil Liberties, 1994–1995|first1=Adrian|last1=Karatnycky|first2=Kathleen|last2=Cavanaugh|first3=James|last3=Finn|first4=Charles|last4=Graybow|first5=Douglas W.|last5=Payne|first6=Joseph E.|last6=Ryan|first7=Leonard R.|last7=Sussman|first8=George|last8=Zarycky|first9=James|last9=Finn}}</ref>||South Africa||||{{nts|1994|format=no}}
|-
| [[Romanian Revolution]]
|{{nts|1104}} || [[Romania]] || [[Bucharest]] and major cities || {{nts|1989|format=no}}
|-
|[[2009 Boko Haram uprising]]
|{{nts|1000}}+||[[Nigeria]]||States of Bauchi, Borno, Yobe, and Kano||{{nts|2009|format=no}}
|-
| [[May 1998 riots of Indonesia]]
|{{ntsh|1200}}1,000–1,200 || [[Indonesia]] || [[Jakarta]], [[Medan]], [[Surakarta]] || {{nts|1998|format=no}}
|-
|[[2007–2008 Kenyan crisis|2008 Kenyan election protests]]
|{{nts|1000}}<ref name="mI6ML">{{cite web|url=http://forums.ssrc.org:80/african-futures/2012/09/05/african-lysistrata-togo/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923112950/http://forums.ssrc.org/african-futures/2012/09/05/african-lysistrata-togo/|archive-date=September 23, 2012 |title=An African Lysistrata in Togo – African Futures|date=September 23, 2012|access-date=December 25, 2018}}</ref><ref name="KslfA">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/06/world/africa/06kenya.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005180448/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/06/world/africa/06kenya.html|archive-date=October 5, 2018|title=Death Toll in Kenya Exceeds 1,000, but Talks Reach Crucial Phase – The New York Times|work=The New York Times |date=October 5, 2018 |last1=Gettleman |first1=Jeffrey }}</ref>||[[Kenya]]|| ||{{nts|2008|format=no}}
|-
|[[Protests against Faure Gnassingbé|2005 Togolese democracy protests]]
|{{ntsh|1000}}500–1,000<ref name="t5BKu">{{cite news |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/500-killed-in-togo-electoral-violence-un-254481 |title=500 killed in Togo electoral violence – UN |work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Independent Online]] |agency=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] |date=September 26, 2005 |access-date=December 29, 2017}}</ref><ref name="6MNjG">August 29, 2005. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). "Conclusions."[http://www.ohchr.org/english/docs/rapporttogo.pdf "La mission d'établissement des faits chargée de faire la lumière sur les violences et les allégations de violations des droits de l'homme survenues au Togo avant, pendant et après l'élection présidentielle du 24 avril 2005"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051217024818/http://www.ohchr.org/english/docs/rapporttogo.pdf |date=December 17, 2005}}</ref>||[[Togo]]||||{{nts|2005|format=no}}
|-
|[[1989 Bhagalpur violence]]
|{{nts|1000}}
|[[India]]
|[[Bhagalpur district]], [[Bihar]]
|{{nts|1989|format=no}}
|-
| [[Bloody Sunday (1905)|1905 Bloody Sunday]]
|{{ntsh|4000}}132–4,000 || Russia || [[Saint Petersburg]] || {{nts|1905|format=no}}
|-
| [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre|Jallianwala Bagh]] (Amritsar) massacre
|{{ntsh|1526}}379–1,526|| British India || [[Amritsar]] || {{nts|1919|format=no}}
|-
| [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests]]
|{{ntsh|1454}}300–10,454|| China || Beijing || {{nts|1989|format=no}}
|-
| [[Andijan massacre]]
| {{ntsh|1500}}187–1,500 || [[Uzbekistan]] || [[Andijan]] || {{nts|2005|format=no}}
|-
| [[Gwangju Uprising]]
| {{ntsh|2000}}144–2,000 || [[South Korea]] || [[Gwangju]] || {{nts|1980|format=no}}
|}

== Anthropogenically exacerbated disasters ==
{{Incomplete list|date=March 2022}}

=== Disease and famine {{anchor|Anthropogenically exacerbated disease and famine|Diseases and famines|Anthropogenically exacerbated diseases and famines|Anthropogenically exacerbated diseases|Anthropogenically exacerbated famines}}===<!-- Permanent anchors to this section (in case this section is split or renamed in the future) -->
{{Main|Famine|List of famines}}
''This section includes famines and disease outbreaks that were caused or exacerbated by human action.''

''Note: Some of these famines and diseases were partially caused by nature.''

{| style="width:100%;" class="sortable wikitable"
|- style="background:#CCCC;"
! style="width:7%;" | Event
! data-sort-type="number" | Lowest estimate!! style="width:7%;" data-sort-type="number" | Highest estimate
! data-sort-type="number" | Geom. mean estimate<ref name="Pinto 2014 173–180"/>!! style="width:5%;" | Location !! style="width:5%;" | From !! style="width:5%;" data-sort- type="number"| Until
!Duration!! style="width:50%;" data-sort- type="number"| Notes

|-
|[[Black Death]]||{{nts|75000000}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=McEvedy |first=C. |title=The bubonic plague |journal=Scientific American |pages=118–123 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0288-118 |date=February 1988|volume=258 |issue=2 |pmid=3055286 |bibcode=1988SciAm.258b.118M }}</ref>
||{{nts|200000000}}<ref>{{cite news |title=De-coding the Black Death |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/1576875.stm |date=3 October 2001}}</ref>
||{{nts|122474487}}
||Asia, Europe, North Africa
||1347
||1351
|4 years
||During the siege of Caffa in today's Crimea, one of the first documented cases of biological warfare spread the disease to the city which then led to the spread of the disease in Europe, and from Europe to North Africa and the Middle-East.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wheelis |first=Mark |title=Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |pages=971–975 |doi=10.3201/eid0809.010536 |date=September 2002|volume=8 |issue=9 |pmid=12194776 |pmc=2732530 }}</ref><ref name="Harrison, Dick">Harrison, Dick, {{lang|sv|Stora döden: den värsta katastrof som drabbat Europa}}, Ordfront, Stockholm, 2000 {{ISBN|91-7324-752-9}}</ref>

|-
||All famines in India under [[Timeline of major famines in India during British rule|British]] influence
||{{nts|12000000}}<ref name="Famine in India during British Rule">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/worst-atrocities-british-empire-amritsar-boer-war-concentration-camp-mau-mau-a6821756.html|title=The five worst atrocities carried out by the British Empire will make you wonder why we're apparently proud of it|date=January 19, 2016|work=The Independent|access-date=September 23, 2017}}</ref>
||{{nts|51000000}}<ref name="Famine in India during British Rule"/>
||{{nts|24738634}}
||India
||1757
||1947
|190 years
|Between 12 and 51 million Indians (or even more) died of starvation while India was under British rule ([[East India Company]] and [[British Raj]]). Millions of tonnes of wheat were exported to Britain as famine raged.<ref name="Famine in India during British Rule"/>
|-
||[[Indian famine of 1896–1897]] and the [[Indian famine of 1899–1900]]
||{{nts|8400000}}
||{{nts|19000000}}<ref name="yerFR">{{cite journal|year=1901|title=Notes from India|url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/issue/vol157no4055/PIIS0140-6736(00)X7748-3|journal=The Lancet|volume=157|issue=4055|pages=1430–1431|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(01)88925-X}}</ref>
||{{nts|12633289}}
||[[British India]]
||1896
||1900
|4 years
|| [[ENSO]] famines. See also: [[Late Victorian Holocausts]].
|-
|[[Great Chinese Famine]]||{{nts|2600000}}<ref>{{Citation|last=Yang|first=Songlin|title=There Were 2.6–4 Million Deaths in the Three Years of Difficulty in Excess of Normal Years|date=2021|work= Telling the Truth: China's Great Leap Forward, Household Registration and the Famine Death Tally|pages=117–131|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-981-16-1661-7_7|isbn=978-981-16-1661-7|s2cid=236692549}}</ref>
||{{nts|55000000}}<ref name="wemheuer">{{cite journal|title=Sites of horror: Mao's Great Famine [with response]|author=Wemheuer, Felix|journal=The China Journal|date=July 2011|issue=66|pages=155–64|doi=10.1086/tcj.66.41262812|jstor=41262812|s2cid=141874259}} on p.163 Frank Dikötter, in his response, quotes Yu Xiguang's figure of 55 million</ref>
||{{nts|11,958,261}}
||[[China]]
||1958
||1962
|4 years
||During the [[Great Leap Forward]] under [[Mao Zedong]] tens of millions of Chinese starved to death.<ref name="beckerxi">Becker, Jasper (1998). ''Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine'', Holt Paperbacks, p. xi.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref> State violence during this period further exacerbated the death toll, and some 2.5 million people were beaten or tortured to death in connection with Great Leap policies.<ref name="7zdwD">Dikötter, Frank. ''Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–62'', Walker & Company, 2010. p. 298.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>
|-
||Famine and disease caused by [[Japanese imperialism]]
||{{nts|8136000}}
||{{nts|14936000}}
||{{nts|11023579}}
||[[Japanese Empire]]
||1937
||1945
|8 years
||Combined death tolls from famine and disease from [[China]], [[Vietnam]], [[Indonesia]], and the [[Philippine]]s.
{{See also|World War II casualties}}
|-
|[[Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879]]||{{nts|9000000}}{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}||{{nts|13000000}}
||{{nts|10816654}}||[[China]]||1876||1879
|3 years||[[El Niño Southern Oscillation|ENSO]] famine.
{{See also|Late Victorian Holocausts}}
|-
|[[Great Bengal famine of 1770]]
|{{nts|10000000}}<ref name="Sen">{{cite book|author=Amartya Sen|title=Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation|url=https://archive.org/details/povertyfamineses0000sena|url-access=registration|year=1981|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-828463-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/povertyfamineses0000sena/page/39 39]}}</ref>
|{{nts|10000000}}<ref name="Sen"/>
|{{nts|10000000}}
|[[British Bengal]]
|1769
|1773
|4 years
|The famine killed a third of the [[Bengali people|Bengali]] population at the time.<ref name="Jonsson2013p167">{{cite book|author=Fredrik Albritton Jonsson|title=Enlightenment's Frontier: The Scottish Highlands and the Origins of Environmentalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d9FUmajYyqgC&pg=PT167|date=2013|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-16374-2|pages=167–70}}</ref> It is attributed to the policies of the [[Company Raj|ruling]] [[British East India Company]].<ref name="Jonsson2013p167"/>
|-
||[[Great Famine of 1876–1878]]
||{{nts|6100000}}
||{{nts|10320000}}<ref name="hejwv">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ProsperousBritishIndiaARevelationWilliamDigby|title='Prosperous' British India|last=Digby|first=William|publisher=T. Fisher Unwin|year=1901|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/ProsperousBritishIndiaARevelationWilliamDigby/page/n170 128]|oclc=6671095}}</ref>
||{{nts|7934230}}
||[[British India]]
||1876||1878
|2 years
||[[El Niño Southern Oscillation|ENSO]] famine. See also: [[Late Victorian Holocausts]].
|-
|[[Russian famine of 1921–1922|Russian famine of 1921–22]]||{{nts|5000000}}<ref name="stanford">"[http://news.stanford.edu/pr/2011/pr-famine-040411.html How the U.S. saved a starving Soviet Russia: PBS film highlights Stanford scholar's research on the 1921–23 famine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130064356/http://news.stanford.edu/pr/2011/pr-famine-040411.html |date=January 30, 2012 }}", Stanford University. April 4, 2011.</ref>||{{nts|10000000}}<ref name="stanford"/>
||{{nts|7071068}}||[[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]]||1921||1922
|1 year|| May have been exacerbated by [[War communism|War Communism]] policies, but it is debatable to which extent.
See also: [[Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union]], and [[Russian Civil War]], with its policy of [[War communism]], especially [[prodrazvyorstka]].
|-
||Famine and disease caused by the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]
||{{nts|5000000}}
||{{nts|10000000}}
||{{nts|7071068}}
||[[China]]
||1937
||1945
|8 years
||See also: [[World War II casualties]].
|-
||[[Soviet famine of 1932–33]]
||{{nts|4400000}}
||{{nts|9100000}}
||{{nts|6327717}}
||[[Soviet Union]]
||1932
||1933
|1 year
||The majority of famine victims were [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]. Many nations, including [[Ukraine]], regard the famine's effect in the [[Ukraine]] as a [[genocide]] against [[Ukraine]], known as the [[Holodomor]].

1.8 – 4.8 million: Ukraine

600,000 – 2.3 million: Kazakhstan

2 million: Elsewhere
|-
||Famine and disease caused by [[World War I]]
||{{nts|5411000}}
||{{nts|6100000}}
||{{nts|5745181}}
||Worldwide
||1914
||1918
|4 years
||See also: [[World War I casualties]].
|-
||Famine and disease caused by the [[Second Congo War]]
||{{nts|3800000}}
||{{nts|5400000}}
||{{nts|4529901}}
||[[Africa]]
||1998
||2004
|6 years
||Majority of those who died in war perished from famine and disease.
|-
|[[Persian famine of 1917–1919|Iranian famine of 1917–1919]]
|{{nts|2000000}}<ref name="UZia9">Katouzian 2013, p. 1934: "Russian Revolution of 1917 brought much relief to Iran after a century of imperial interference and intimidation. But it was followed by severe famine and the Spanish flu pandemic which, combined, took a high toll of around two million, mostly of the Iranian poor."</ref><ref name="YmljV">Rubin 2015, p. 508: "Despite Iran's official neutrality, this pattern of interference continued during World War I as Ottoman-, Russian-, British-, and German-supported local forces fought across Iran, wreaking enormous havoc on the country. With farmland, crops, livestock, and infrastructure destroyed, as many as 2 million Iranians died of famine at the war's end. Although the Russian Revolution of 1917 led to the recall of Russian troops, and thus gave hope to Iranians that the foreign yoke might be relenting, the British quickly moved to fill the vacuum in the north, and by 1918, had turned the country into an unofficial protectorate."</ref>
|{{nts|10000000}}<ref name="7lRDx">[[Persian famine of 1917–1919#CITEREFWinegard2016|Winegard 2016]], p. 85: "Between 1917 and 1919, it is estimated that nearly half (nine to eleven million people) of the Persian population died of starvation or disease brought on by malnutrition."</ref><ref name="8XBvG">[[Persian famine of 1917–1919#CITEREFMajd2013|Majd 2003]], p. 72: "According to the American Charge d'Affaires, Wallace Smith Murray, this famine had claimed one-third of Iran's population. A famine that even according to British sources as General Dunsterville, Major Donohoe, and General Sykes had claimed vast numbers of Iranians".</ref>
|{{nts|4472136}}
|Iran
|1917
|1919
|3 years
|The Persian famine of 1917–1919 was a period of widespread mass starvation and disease in [[Iran|Persia (Iran)]]. The famine took place in the [[Persian campaign (World War I)|occupied territory]] of Iran that had declared neutrality. According to the estimates acknowledged, 2–10 million people died of hunger and disease. A variety of factors are commented to have caused and contributed to the famine such as war profiteering, and poor harvests but mainly requisitioning and confiscation of foodstuffs by the occupying Russian and British armies.<ref name="JhXe3">[[Persian famine of 1917–1919#CITEREFMajd2013|Majd 2003]], p. 40. In the matter of tough custom regulations, Majd mentions incidents of unsuccessful importation of foodstuff recorded by the American embassy. He also refers to a letter by an American official saying "for the last two years practically all the importations have ceased"</ref><ref name="5WnPe">[[Persian famine of 1917–1919#CITEREFRubin2015|Rubin 2015]], p. 508: "Despite Iran's official neutrality, this pattern of interference continued during World War I as Ottoman-, Russian-, British-, and German-supported local forces fought across Iran, wreaking enormous havoc on the country. With farmland, crops, livestock, and infrastructure destroyed, as many as 2 million Iranians died of famine at the war's end. Although the Russian Revolution of 1917 led to the recall of Russian troops, and thus gave hope to Iranians that the foreign yoke might be relenting, the British quickly moved to fill the vacuum in the north, and by 1918, had turned the country into an unofficial protectorate."</ref>
|-
||Famine and disease caused by [[Decommunization]]
||{{nts|4000000}}+<ref name="RucQM">{{cite web |last=Patnaik |first=Utsa |title=The Republic of Hunger |url=http://www.networkideas.org/featart/apr2004/Republic_Hunger.pdf |access-date=March 30, 2019}}</ref>
||{{nts|4000000}}+
||{{nts|4000000}}+
||Former States of the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Eastern Bloc]]
||1991
||2000
|9 years
||Deaths caused by decrease in living conditions in [[Russia]] and other former [[Communist]] States after the fall of the [[Soviet Union]].
|-
|[[Bengal famine of 1943]] ||{{nts|800000}}{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}||{{nts|3800000}}
||{{nts|3464102}}||[[British India]]||1943||1944
|1 year|| The [[Japanese conquest of Burma]] cut off India's main supply of [[rice]] imports,<ref name="uWE2N">[[Nicholas Tarling]] (ed.) ''The Cambridge History of SouthEast Asia'' Vol.II Part 1 pp. 139–40</ref> however, war-related administrative policies in British India ultimately helped to cause the massive death toll.<ref name="CpJEB">[[Madhusree Mukerjee]], ''Churchill's Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India During World War II''.</ref><ref name="2zJXF">[http://southasiarev.wordpress.com/2011/04/12/book-review-churchills-secret-war-in-india Book review: Churchill's secret war in India], southasiarev.wordpress.com, April 12, 2011.</ref>
|-
|[[Blockade of Biafra]]||{{nts|2000000}}<ref name="Laad4">Stevenson, "Capitol Gains" (2014), p. 314.</ref>||{{nts|3000000}}<ref name="ThreeMil">{{cite web|url=http://www.enotes.com/genocide-encyclopedia/biafra-nigeria|publisher=eNotes.com|title=Biafra/Nigeria|access-date=August 30, 2009}}</ref><ref name="kTUBk">{{cite web|title=Nigerian Civil War|url=http://www.war-memorial.net/Nigerian-Civil-War--3.140|work=Polynational War Memorial|access-date=January 4, 2014}}</ref>
||{{nts|2449490}}||[[Nigeria]]||1967||1970
|3 years||More than two million [[Igbo people|Igbo]] died from the famine imposed deliberately through blockades during the war. Lack of medicine also contributed. Thousands starved to death daily as the war progressed.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
|-
|Famine and disease during the [[Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies]]||{{nts|2400000}}<ref name="mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de">Van der Eng, Pierre (2008) [http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8852 "Food Supply in Java during War and Decolonisation, 1940–1950"], ''MPRA Paper No. 8852'', pp. 35–38. /</ref>||{{nts|2400000}}
||{{nts|2400000}} ||[[Indonesia]]||1944||1945
|1 year|| An estimated 2.4 million Indonesians starved to death during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia. The problem was partly caused by failures of the main 1944–45 rice crop, but the main cause was the compulsory rice purchasing system that the Japanese authorities put in place to secure rice for distribution to the armed forces and urban population.<ref name="mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de"/>
|-
||[[Soviet famine of 1946–1947]]
||{{nts|1000000}}
||{{nts|1500000}}
||{{nts|1224745}}
||[[Soviet Union]]
||1946
||1947
|1 year
||Debated as to whether it was caused by war or government policy.
|-
|[[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Irish Famine]] ||{{nts|750000}}<ref name="dz0AY">Foster, R.F. ''Modern Ireland 1600–1972'', Penguin Press, 1988. p. 324. Foster's footnote reads: "Based on hitherto unpublished work by C. Ó Gráda and Phelim Hughes, 'Fertility trends, excess mortality and the Great Irish Famine'...Also see C.Ó Gráda and Joel Mokyr, 'New developments in Irish Population History 1700–1850', Economic History Review, vol. xxxvii, no. 4 (November 1984), pp. 473–88."</ref><ref name="XhK7J">Joseph Lee, The Modernisation of Irish Society p. 1. Lee says 'at least 800,000'.</ref>||{{nts|1500000}}<ref name="hj9xl">Vaughan, W.E. and Fitzpatrick, A.J.(eds). Irish Historical Statistics, Population, 1821/1971. Royal Irish Academy, 1978.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>
||{{nts|1060660}}||[[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Ireland]]||1846||1849
|3 years|| Although blight ravaged [[potato]] crops throughout Europe during the 1840s, the impact and human cost in Ireland, where a third of the population was significantly dependent on the [[Irish Lumper]] potato for food, was exacerbated by a host of political, social and economic factors, which continue to remain the subject of historical debate.<ref name="dVwjn">{{cite book|author=Cecil Woodham-Smith|title=The great hunger: Ireland 1845–1849|year=1991|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-014515-1|page=19}}</ref><ref name="3ZXx5">{{cite book|author=Christine Kinealy|title=This Great Calamity: The Irish Famine, 1845–52|year=2006|publisher=Gill & Macmillan |isbn=978-0-7171-4011-4}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vietnamese famine of 1945]]||{{nts|400000}}<ref name="sisGF">Charles Hirschman et al. [http://www.soc.washington.edu/users/brines/vietcasualties.pdf "Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620194237/http://www.soc.washington.edu/users/brines/vietcasualties.pdf|date=June 20, 2010}}. ''Population and Development Review'' (December 1995).</ref>||{{nts|2000000}}<ref name="indochina">{{cite news|first=David|last=Koh|url=http://mailman.anu.edu.au/pipermail/hepr-vn/2008-August/000188.html|date=August 21, 2008|title=Vietnam needs to remember famine of 1945|work=The Straits Times|location=Singapore|access-date=January 25, 2010|archive-date=October 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019142402/http://mailman.anu.edu.au/pipermail/hepr-vn/2008-August/000188.html}}</ref>
||{{nts|894427}}||[[Vietnam]]||1944||1945
|1 year|| The [[Japanese occupation of Vietnam|Japanese occupation]] during World War II caused the famine in North Vietnam.<ref name="indochina"/>
|-
|[[Khmer Rouge rule of Cambodia#Economy|Cambodian Holocaust Famine]]||{{nts|800000}}<ref name="duz79">Bruce Sharp (2008), [http://www.mekong.net/cambodia/deaths.htm Counting Hell] 2.Ben Kiernan, paragraph 3. Mekong.</ref>||{{nts|950000}}<ref name="8llVP">Marek Sliwiński (1995), ''Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique'', L'Harmattan, p. 82.</ref>
||{{nts|871780}}||[[Cambodia]]||1975||1979
|4 years||An estimated 2 million Cambodians died as the result of murder, forced labor, and famine, perpetrated by the [[Khmer Rouge]], nearly half of which was caused by forced starvation. Came to an end due to invasion by Vietnam in 1979.
|-
|[[1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia]]||{{nts|400000}}<ref name="famines">{{cite book|last=de Waal|first=Alex|year=2002|orig-date=1997|title=Famine Crimes: Politics & the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa|location=Oxford|publisher=James Currey|isbn=0-85255-810-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IwZ1Xb-w45oC}}</ref>||{{nts|1000000}}<ref name="Sm93w">"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/703958.stm Flashback 1984: Portrait of a famine]", BBC News, April 6, 2000.</ref>
||{{nts|632456}}||[[Ethiopia]]||1983||1985
|2 years|| The [[Famines in Ethiopia|famines that struck Ethiopia]] between 1961 and 1985, especially the one of 1983–1985, were in large part created by government policies.<ref name="famines"/>
|-
||Famine and disease during the [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines]]
||{{nts|336000}}
||{{nts|336000}}
||{{nts|336000}}
||[[Philippines]]
||1942
||1945
|3 years
||See also: [[World War I casualties]].
|-
|[[North Korean famine]]||{{nts|240000}}<ref name="Spoorenberg, Thomas pp. 133–158">{{cite journal |last1=Spoorenberg |first1=Thomas |last2=Schwekendiek |first2=Daniel |year=2012 |title=Demographic Changes in North Korea: 1993–2008 |journal=Population and Development Review |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=133–158 |doi=10.1111/j.1728-4457.2012.00475.x}}</ref>||{{nts|420000}}<ref name="Spoorenberg, Thomas pp. 133–158"/>
||{{nts|317490}}||[[North Korea]]||1994||1998
|4 years|| The famine stemmed from a variety of factors. Economic mismanagement and the [[North Korea–Russia relations#1985–1991|loss of Soviet support]] caused food production and imports to decline rapidly. A series of floods and droughts exacerbated the crisis, but were not its direct cause. The [[Politics of North Korea|North Korean government]] and [[Economy of North Korea|its centrally-planned system]] proved too inflexible to effectively curtail the disaster. Recent research suggests the likely number of excess deaths between 1993 and 2000 was about 330,000.<ref name="Spoorenberg, Thomas pp. 133–158"/><ref name="goodkind-2011">{{cite journal|url=http://paa2011.princeton.edu/papers/111030|title=A Reassessment of Mortality in North Korea, 1993–2008|author1=Daniel Goodkind|author2=Loraine West|author3=Peter Johnson|journal=U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division|date=March 28, 2011|access-date=November 8, 2014|archive-date=September 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917031735/https://paa2011.princeton.edu/papers/111030}}</ref>
|-
||[[Cuban War of Independence|Cuban War of Independence Famine]]
||{{nts|300000}}
||{{nts|300000}}<ref name="UP8OD">Sheina, Robert L., ''Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899'' (2003)</ref><ref name="IoenA">''COWP: Correlates of War Project'', University of Michigan.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>
||{{nts|300000}}
||[[Cuba]]
||1895
||1898
|3 years
||Most of dead in this war perished from famine and disease.
|-
||[[Famine in the Tigray War]] (Plus lack of medical care)
||{{nts|250000}}
||{{nts|300000}}
||{{nts|273861}}
||[[Tigray Region|Tigray]], [[Ethiopia]]
||2020
||present
|3 years
|Belgium's Ghent University's 2022 estimates put the number of dead at due to the war at 300,000 to 500,000 including 50,000 to 100,000 deaths from fighting, [[Famine in the Tigray War|150,000 to 200,000 deaths due to famine]] and 100,000 deaths from lack of medical attention.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Analysis {{!}} The World's Deadliest War Isn't in Ukraine, But in Ethiopia |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/the-worlds-deadliest-war-isnt-in-ukraine-but-in-ethiopia/2022/03/22/eaf4b83c-a9b6-11ec-8a8e-9c6e9fc7a0de_story.html |access-date=2022-03-23 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bangladesh famine of 1974]]
||{{nts|27000}}[https://www.redalyc.org/journal/7038/703873562014/703873562014.pdf]
||{{nts|1500000}}[https://www.redalyc.org/journal/7038/703873562014/703873562014.pdf]
||{{nts|201246}}
||[[Bangladesh]]
||April 1974
||December 1974
|8 months
||Severe rainfall and consequent floods of the [[Brahmaputra]] river caused bad harvests, coupled with completely unprepared government policies, brought to the death of millions of [[Bangladeshis]] (mostly in the [[Rangpur Division|Rangpur]] region) during the famine and consequent high mortality rates after the end of the crisis (estimated 450 thousand people died because of diseases and weakened immunity systems).
|-
||[[Great Famine of Mount Lebanon]]
||{{nts|200000}}
||{{nts|200000}}
||{{nts|200000}}
||[[Mount Lebanon]], [[Ottoman Empire]]
||1915
||1918
|3 years
|Around 200,000 people starved to death at a time when the population of Mount Lebanon was estimated at 400,000.<ref name="ziVnQ">Harris 2012, p.174</ref> The Mount Lebanon famine caused the highest fatality rate by population of World War I. Bodies were piled in the streets, and people were reported to be eating street animals, while some resorted to cannibalism.<!--ref name=BBC /--><ref name="TN">{{cite news|last=Ghazal|first=Rym|title=Lebanon's dark days of hunger: The Great Famine of 1915–18|url=http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/lebanons-dark-days-of-hunger-the-great-famine-of-1915-18|access-date=January 24, 2016|publisher=The National|date=April 14, 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[1998 Sudan famine]]||{{nts|70000}}<ref name="8qqEg">{{cite book|last=Ó Gráda|first=Cormac|year=2009|title=Famine: a short history|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|page=24|isbn=978-0-691-12237-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LoN2XkjJio4C&pg=PA24}}</ref>||{{nts|70000}}
||{{nts|70000}}||[[Sudan]]||1998||1998
|?|| The famine was caused almost entirely by human rights abuse and [[Second Sudanese Civil War|the war]] in Southern Sudan.<ref name="CNN despite">[http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/africa/9807/31/sudan.famine "Despite aid effort, Sudan famine squeezing life from dozens daily"], CNN. Retrieveded May 25, 2006.</ref>
|-
|[[Famine in Yemen (2016–present)]]||{{nts|50000}} children<ref name="FamYemBBC">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=October 24, 2018 |title=Yemen crisis: Half of population facing 'pre-famine conditions'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-45964795|publisher=BBC News |access-date=October 28, 2018}}</ref>||{{nts|50000}} children<ref name="FamYemBBC"/>||{{nts|50000}} children<ref name="FamYemBBC"/>||[[Yemen]]||2016||present
|2 years|| The famine was triggered by [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen|Saudi Arabia's intervention]] into the [[Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)|Yemeni Civil War]], which is backed by Western powers including the [[United States]].<ref name="FEARU">{{cite news |last= Kristof|first=Nicholas|date=September 26, 2018|title=Be Outraged by America's Role in Yemen's Misery|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/26/opinion/yemen-united-states-united-nations.html|work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=October 28, 2018}}</ref> Around 13 million people, or roughly half of the country's population, is facing starvation in what the UN calls "the worst famine in the world in 100 years".<ref name="RtUvY">{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=October 15, 2018 |title=Yemen could be 'worst famine in 100 years'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-middle-east-45857729/yemen-could-be-worst-famine-in-100-years|publisher=BBC News |access-date=October 28, 2018}}</ref>
|}

=== Floods and landslides {{anchor|Anthropogenically exacerbated floods and landslides|Anthropogenically exacerbated floods|Anthropogenically exacerbated landslides}}===<!-- Permanent anchors to this section (in case this section is split or renamed in the future) -->
{{Main|List of deadliest floods|List of natural disasters by death toll#Floods and landslides|List of landslides}}
''These are floods and landslides that have been partially caused by humans, for example by failure of [[dam]]s, [[levee]]s, [[seawall]]s or [[retaining wall]]s.''{{Incomplete list|date=March 2022}}

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:100%;"
|-
! style="width:40%;" | Event
! style="width:22%;" | Lowest estimate
! style="width:18%;" | Highest estimate
! style="width:15%;" | Geom. mean estimate<ref name="Pinto 2014 173–180"/>
!Location
!From
!Until
!Duration
!Notes
|-
|[[1931 China floods]]||{{ntsh|2500000}}2,500,000<ref name="EVBTRG69">{{cite web|url=http://www.nbc10.com/news/4030540/detail.html|title=Worst Natural Disasters In History|work=Nbc10.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421043514/http://www.nbc10.com/news/4030540/detail.html|archive-date=April 21, 2008 |access-date=August 11, 2010}}</ref>||3,700,000<ref name="EVBTRG69"/>
|3,041,381
|[[China]]
|{{nts|1931|format=no}}
|{{nts|1931|format=no}}
|?
|
|-
|[[1887 Yellow River flood|1887 Yellow River (Huang He) flood]]||{{ntsh|900500}}900,500<ref name="Gunn2007">[https://books.google.com/books?id=4YzF-DT__aIC&pg=PA141 Encyclopedia of Disasters: Environmental Catastrophes and Human Tragedies], Angus M. Gunn, 2007, chapter 35: 'Yellow River China flood 1887', pp. 141–144</ref>||930,000<ref name="Tang & Li">{{cite book|title=中国自然灾害区划——灾害区划、影响评价、减灾对策|editor=王劲峰|location=Beijing|publisher=中国科学技术出版社|date=1995|chapter=水圈中的自然灾害|trans-chapter=Natural disaster in the Hydrosphere|last1=汤其成|last2=李秀云|page=41}}</ref>
|915,131
|[[China]]
|{{nts|1887|format=no}}
|{{nts|1887|format=no}}
|?
|
|-
|[[1938 Yellow River flood|1938 Yellow River (Huang He) flood]]||{{ntsh|400000}}400,000{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}||800,000{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
|591,608
|[[China]]
|{{nts|1938|format=no}}
|{{nts|1938|format=no}}
|?
|
|-
||[[Vietnamese boat people#Pirates and other hazards|Flight of the Boat People]]
||{{ntsh|380000}}200,000<ref name="Statistics of Vietnamese Democide"/><ref name="The Associated Press of 1979">The Associated Press of 1979</ref>
||560,000<ref name="Statistics of Vietnamese Democide"/><ref name="The Associated Press of 1979"/>
||334,664
|[[Gulf of Thailand]] and [[Pacific Ocean]]
|1978
|1979
|1 year
|
|-
|[[1935 Yangtze flood]]||{{ntsh|145000}}145,000{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}||{{ntsh|145000}}145,000{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}||{{ntsh|145000}}145,000{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
|[[China]]
|{{nts|1935|format=no}}
|{{nts|1935|format=no}}
|?
|
|-
|[[St. Felix's flood]], storm surge ||{{ntsh|100001}}more than 100,000{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}||{{ntsh|100001}}more than 100,000{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}||{{ntsh|100001}}more than 100,000{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
|[[Netherlands]]
|{{nts|1530|format=no}}
|{{nts|1530|format=no}}
|?
|
|-
|[[Hanoi]] and [[Red River Delta]] flood ||{{ntsh|100000}}100,000{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}||{{ntsh|100000}}100,000{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}||100,000
|[[North Vietnam]]
|{{nts|1971|format=no}}
|{{nts|1971|format=no}}
|?
|
|-
|[[1911 Yangtze river flood]]||{{ntsh|100000}}100,000{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}||{{ntsh|100000}}100,000{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}||100,000
|[[China]]
|{{nts|1911|format=no}}
|{{nts|1911|format=no}}
|?
|
|-
| The failure of 62 dams in [[Zhumadian]] Prefecture, [[Henan]], the largest of which was [[Banqiao Dam]], caused by [[Typhoon Nina (1975)|Typhoon Nina]]. ||{{ntsh|26000}}26,000<ref name="98azh">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R9w2RfP-mtQC&pg=PA36|title=The River Dragon Has Come!: The Three Gorges Dam and the Fate of China's Yangtze River and Its People|author=Dai Qing|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=1998|isbn=978-0-7656-0206-0|page=36}}</ref>||230,000<ref name="7PBYw">230,000 is the highest of a range of unofficial estimates, including also deaths of ensuing epidemics and famine, in {{harvnb|Yi|1998|p=28}}</ref>
|77,330
|[[China]]
|{{ntsh|1975.67}}August 1975
|{{ntsh|1975.67}}August 1975
|?
|
|-
|[[St. Lucia's flood]], storm surge ||{{ntsh|50000}}50,000{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}||80,000{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
|63,246
|[[Netherlands]], [[England]]
|{{nts|1287|format=no}}
|{{nts|1287|format=no}}
|?
|
|-
|[[Vargas tragedy|Vargas Tragedy]], landslide ||{{ntsh|10000}}10,000{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}||50,000{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
|22,361
|[[Venezuela]]
|{{nts|1999|format=no}}
|{{nts|1999|format=no}}
|?
|
|-
|[[North Sea flood of 1953|North Sea flood, storm surge]]||{{ntsh|2400}}2,400{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}||{{ntsh|2400}}2,400{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}||2,400
|[[Netherlands]], [[Scotland]], [[England]], [[Belgium]]
|{{ntsh|1953.85}}January 31, 1953
|{{ntsh|1953.85}}January 31, 1953
|1 day
|
|-
|[[Johnstown Flood]]||{{ntsh|2209}}2,209{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}||{{ntsh|2209}}2,209{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}||2,209
|[[Pennsylvania]]
|{{ntsh|1889.25}}May 31, 1889
|{{ntsh|1889.25}}May 31, 1889
|1 day
|
|}

== Other ==

=== Human sacrifice and suicide ===
''This section lists deaths from the practice of [[human sacrifice]] or [[suicide]].'' {{Incomplete list|date=March 2022}}

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|- style="background:#CCCC;"
! style="width:7%;" | Event
! data-sort-type="number" | Lowest estimate!! style="width:7%;" data-sort-type="number" | Highest estimate
! data-sort-type="number" | Geom. mean estimate<ref name="Pinto 2014 173–180"/>!! style="width:5%;" | Location !! style="width:5%;" | From !! style="width:5%;" data-sort- type="number"| Until
!Duration!! style="width:50%;" data-sort- type="number"| Notes
|-
|[[Human sacrifice in Aztec culture]]||{{nts|20000}}<ref name="wcuSY">{{cite book|title=Rivers of Blood, Rivers of Gold|last=Cocker|first=Mark|date=1998}}</ref>||{{nts|5000000}}<ref name="ufzbX">{{cite book|title=History of the Conquest of Mexico|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.152862|last=Prescott|first=William|date=1843}}</ref>
||{{nts|316228}}|| Mexico ||{{ntsh|1301}}14th century ||{{nts|1521|format=no}}
|200 years||[[Tzompantli#Aztec era|Skull racks]]: 60,000<ref name="oBf9L">Ruben Mendoza (2007) pp. 407–08.</ref> to 136,000<ref name="bVs0O">Harner (1977) p. 122</ref> See also: [[Aztecs]]
|-
|[[List of bombings during the Iraq War|Suicide bombings during the Iraq War]]
|{{nts|12284}}
|{{nts|18000}}+<ref name="2bSRZ">{{Cite journal|last1=Hicks|first1=Madelyn Hsiao-Rei|last2=Dardagan|first2=Hamit|last3=Bagnall|first3=Peter M|last4=Spagat|first4=Michael|last5=Sloboda|first5=John A|date=September 3, 2011|title=Casualties in civilians and coalition soldiers from suicide bombings in Iraq, 2003–10: a descriptive study|url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2811%2961023-4/fulltext|journal=The Lancet|volume=378|issue=9794|pages=906–14|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61023-4|pmid=21890055|s2cid=11493252}}</ref>
|{{nts|14870}}
|[[Iraq]]
|{{nts|2003|format=no}}
|{{nts|2019|format=no}}
|16 years 
|See also: [[Iraqi insurgency (2003–11)]] and [[Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)]]
|-
| Human sacrifice in [[Shang dynasty]] China ||{{nts|13000}}<ref name="qecrV">''National Geographic'', July 2003, cited by [http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat0.htm#Shang White]</ref><wbr/>{{unreliable source?|date=January 2019}}||{{nts|13000}}
||{{nts|13000}}|| China ||{{ntsh|-1300}}1300 BCE ||{{ntsh|-1050}}1050 BCE
|250 years|| Last 250 years of rule
|-
|[[Sati (practice)|Sati]] ritual suicides ||{{nts|7941}}<ref name="White-SelectedDeathTolls">Sakuntala Narasimhan, ''Sati: widow burning in India'', quoted by Matthew White, [http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstatv.htm "Selected Death Tolls for Wars, Massacres and Atrocities Before the 20th Century", p. 2] (July 2005), ''Historical Atlas of the 20th Century'' (self-published, 1998–2005).</ref><wbr/>{{unreliable source?|date=January 2019}}||{{nts|7941}}
|{{nts|7941}}||[[British Raj|India]]||{{nts|1815|format=no}}||{{nts|1828|format=no}}
|13 years||
|-
|[[Kamikaze]] suicide pilots ||{{nts|3912}}<ref name="EVBTRG68">This toll is only for the number of Japanese pilots killed in Kamikaze suicide missions. It does not include the number of enemy combatants killed by such missions, which is estimated to be around 4,000. Kamikaze pilots are estimated to have sunk or damaged beyond repair some 70 to 80 allied ships, representing about 80% of allied shipping losses in the final phase of the war in the Pacific (see [[Kamikaze]]).</ref>||{{nts|3912}}<ref name="EVBTRG68"/>
|{{nts|3912}}<ref name="EVBTRG68"/>||[[Pacific War|Pacific theatre]]||{{nts|1944|format=no}}||{{nts|1945|format=no}}
|1 year||See also: [[Empire of Japan]]
|-
|[[Jonestown|Peoples Temple Agricultural Project ("Jonestown")]]
|{{nts|909}}
|{{nts|909}}
|{{nts|909}}
|{{nts|[[Guyana]]}}
|{{nts|November 18, 1978}}
|{{nts|November 18, 1978}}
| 1 day
|[[Jim Jones#Murder of Congressman Ryan|Jim Jones]]
|-
|[[Palestinian suicide attacks]]
|{{nts|804}}
|{{nts|804}}
|{{nts|804}}
|[[Israel]] and [[State of Palestine|Palestine]]
|{{ntsh|1989.51}}July 6, 1989
|{{ntsh|2016.29}}April 18, 2016
|27 years
|May only include victims
{{See also|Palestinian political violence}}
|}

==See also==
===Other lists organized by death toll===
See [[Lists of death tolls]]

===Other lists with similar topics===
* [[List of unusual deaths]]
* [[List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft]]
* [[Lists of battles]]
* [[Lists of disasters]]
* [[Lists of earthquakes]]
* [[List of epidemics]]
* [[List of famines]]
* [[List of fires]]
* [[List of invasions]]
* [[List of tropical cyclone records]]
* [[List of riots]]
* [[List of terrorist incidents]]
* [[List of wars]]
* [[Lists of rail accidents]]

===Topics dealing with similar themes===
* [[Anti-communist mass killings]]
* [[Casualties of the Iraq War]]
* [[Decommunization]]<!-- 3 million casualties -->
* [[Democide]]
* [[Famine]]
* [[Genocide]]
* [[Genocides in history (before World War I)]]
* [[Infectious disease]]
* [[Mass killings under communist regimes]]
* [[Mass murder]]
* [[List of battles by casualties]]
* [[United States military casualties of war]]

==References==
===Footnotes===
{{Notelist|group=lower-alpha}}
{{reflist|group=nb}}

===Citations===
{{reflist|30em}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Citation|last=Arimo|first=Reino|year=1991|title=Saksalaisten sotilaallinen toiminta Suomessa 1918|place=Jyväskylä|publisher=Gummerus|isbn=978-951-96-1744-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Ascherson |first=Neal |author-link=Neal Ascherson |title=The King Incorporated: Leopold the Second and the Congo |year=1999 |publisher=Granta |location=London |isbn=1-86207-290-6 |edition=New}}
* {{Citation |last1=Bideleux |first1=Robert |last2=Jeffries |first2=Ian |title=A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-415-36626-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Capdevilla |first=Lauro |year=1998 |title=La dictature de Trujillo, République dominicaine, 1930–1961 |publisher=L'Harmattan |location=Paris; Montreal }}
* {{cite journal |author=CDI |journal=The Defense Monitor |title=The World at War |date=1 January 1998}}
* {{cite book |last=Chapman |first=Anne |title=European Encounters with the Yamana People of Cape Horn, Before and After Darwin |date=2010 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0521513791 |edition=1st}}
* {{cite book |last=Cohen |first=Philip J. |author-link=Philip J. Cohen |year=1996 |title=Serbia's Secret War: Propaganda and the Deceit of History |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |location=College Station, Texas |isbn=978-0-89096-760-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/serbiassecretwar0000cohe |url-access=registration}}
* {{Citation |last=Crampton |first=R. J. |title=Eastern Europe in the twentieth century and after |publisher=Routledge |year=1997 |isbn=0-415-16422-2}}
* {{Citation|last1=Eerola|first1=Jari|last2=Eerola|first2=Jouni|year=1998|title=Henkilötappiot Suomen sisällissodassa 1918|place=Turenki|publisher=Jaarli|isbn=978-952-91-0001-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Erichsen |first=Casper W. |title=The angel of death has descended violently among them: Concentration camps and prisoners-of-war in Namibia, 1904–08 |year=2005 |publisher=University of Leiden African Studies Centre |location=Leiden |isbn=9054480645}}
* {{cite journal |last=Geiger |first=Vladimir |title=Human losses of Croats in World War II and the immediate post-war period caused by the Chetniks (Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland) and the Partizans (People's Liberation Army and the partizan detachment of Yugoslavia/Yugoslav Army) and the Yugoslav Communist authoritities. Numerical indicators |journal=Review of Croatian History |volume=VIII |issue=1 |date=2012 |pages=77–121 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/103223?lang=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Girard |first=Philippe R. |year=2011 |title=The Slaves Who Defeated Napoleon: Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian War of Independence 1801–1804 |location=Tuscaloosa, Alabama |publisher=The University of Alabama Press |isbn=978-0-8173-1732-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Hochschild |first=Adam |author-link=Adam Hochschild |title=King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa |date=1999 |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]] |location=Boston |isbn=978-0-618-00190-3 |edition=1st |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/kingleopoldsghos00hoch_1}}
* {{cite book |last=Israeli |first=Raphael |author-link=Raphael Israeli |title=The Death Camps of Croatia: Visions and Revisions, 1941–1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M66fG2bhi1AC |year=2013 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |location=New Brunswick, New Jersey |isbn=978-1-4128-4975-3}}
* {{Citation |last=Jyränki |first=Antero |year=2014 |title=Kansa kahtia, henki halpaa. Oikeus sisällissodan Suomessa? |place=Helsinki |publisher=Art House |isbn=978-951-884-520-4}}
* {{Citation|last=Kekkonen|first=Jukka|year=2016|title=Kun aseet puhuvat. Poliittinen väkivalta Espanjan ja Suomen sisällissodissa|place=Helsinki|publisher=Art House|isbn=978-951-884-586-0}}
* {{Citation |last1=Keränen |first1=Jorma |last2=Tiainen |first2=Jorma |last3=Ahola |first3=Matti |last4=Ahola |first4=Veikko |last5=Frey|first5=Stina|last6=Lempinen|first6=Jorma|last7=Ojanen|first7=Eero|last8=Paakkonen|first8=Jari|last9=Talja|first9=Virpi|last10=Väänänen|first10=Juha|year=1992|title=Suomen itsenäistymisen kronikka|place=Jyväskylä|publisher=Gummerus|isbn=951-20-3800-5}}
* {{cite journal |last=Kim |first=Dong-Choon |title=Forgotten war, forgotten massacres{{snd}}the Korean War (1950–1953) as licensed mass killings |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |date=December 2004 |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=523–544 |doi=10.1080/1462352042000320592 |s2cid=74141018 |url=https://www.academia.edu/6417696}}
* {{citation |last=Kolstø |first=Pål |chapter=The Serbian-Croatian Controversy over Jasenovac |editor=Ramet, Sabrina P. |editor2=Listhaug, Ola |title=Serbia and the Serbs in World War Two |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |year=2011 |pages=225–246}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Outram |first=Quentin |year=2002 |title=The Demographic impact of early modern warfare |journal=Social Science History |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=245–272 |doi=10.1215/01455532-26-2-245|doi-broken-date=November 1, 2024 }}
* {{Citation|last=Paavolainen|first=Jaakko|year=1966|title=Poliittiset väkivaltaisuudet Suomessa 1918, I Punainen terrori|place=Helsinki|publisher=Tammi}}
* {{Citation|last=Paavolainen|first=Jaakko|year=1967|title=Poliittiset väkivaltaisuudet Suomessa 1918, II Valkoinen terrori|place=Helsinki|publisher=Tammi}}
* {{cite book |last=Platt |first=Stephen R. |year=2012 |title=Autumn in the Heavenly Kingdom: China, the West, and the Epic Story of the Taiping Civil War |url=https://archive.org/details/autumninheavenly00plat |url-access=registration |publisher=Knopf |location=New York |isbn=978-0-307-27173-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Premerl |first=Nada |year=1988 |title=Židovi na tlu Jugoslavije |trans-title=Jews on the Territory of Yugoslavia |language=sh |publisher=MTM |location=[[Zagreb]]}}
*{{cite book |last=Prunier |first=Gérard |author-link=Gérard Prunier |year=1999 |title=The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide |edition=2nd |location=Kampala |publisher=Fountain Publishers Limited |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3aNPwAACAAJ |isbn=978-9970-02-089-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Ramet |first=Sabrina P. |year=2006 |title=The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington |isbn=978-0-253-34656-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC}}
* {{cite book |last1=Robins |first1=Nicholas |last2=Jones |first2=Adam |title=Genocides by the Oppressed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AX3UCk_PdEwC |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-253-22077-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Stănescu|first=Mircea |title=Reeducarea în România comunistă. (Reeducation in communist Romania) Vol. III |year=2010 |publisher= Polirom |location=București, Romania |isbn=978-973-46-1626-8 |ref=CITEREFStănescu Vol. III|language=ro}}
* {{Citation|last=Tikka|first=Marko|year=2006|title=Terrorin aika. Suomen levottomat vuodet 1917–1921|place=Jyväskylä|publisher=Gummerus|isbn=951-20-7051-0}}
* {{Citation|last=Tikka|first=Marko|year=2014|title=Warfare & Terror in 1918 |editor=Tepora, T. |editor2=Roselius, A. |work=The Finnish Civil War 1918: History, Memory, Legacy|pages=90–118 |place=Leiden|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-24366-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Yeomans|first=Rory|author-link=Rory Yeomans|title=Visions of Annihilation: The Ustasha Regime and the Cultural Politics of Fascism, 1941–1945|year=2012|location=Pittsburgh|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|isbn=978-0-8229-7793-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yxv4-iqVe2wC}}
* {{Citation |last=Westerlund |first=Lars |year=2004a |title=Sotaoloissa vuosina 1914–1922 surmansa saaneet |place=Helsinki |publisher=VNKJ 10/2004, Edita |isbn=952-5354-52-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wilson |first=Peter H. |title=Europe's Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years War |publisher=Allen Lane |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7139-9592-3}}
* {{cite book |author-mask1=Yi Si |last=Yi |first=Si |chapter=The World's Most Catastrophic Dam Failures: The August 1975 Collapse of the Banqiao and Shimantan Dams |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780765602053 |title=The river dragon has come! The Three Gorges Dam and the fate of China's Yangtze River and its people |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=9780765602053 |editor1-last=Qing |editor1-first=Dai |location=Armonk, NY |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780765602053/page/25 |pages=25–38 |year=1998}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Zubaida |first=S |title=Contested nations: Iraq and the Assyrians |journal=Nations and Nationalism |date=July 2000 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=363–382 |doi=10.1111/j.1354-5078.2000.00363.x |url=http://www.aina.org/articles/contestednations.pdf |access-date=23 September 2011}}
* {{cite news |title=Gandhi Threatens Fast Unto Death |work=The New York Times |date=6 November 1946 |ref={{harvid|''The New York Times'' (a)|1946}}}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline|Human-made disasters}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080330210330/http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/world_war_2/3037296.html Soviet Prisoners of War: Forgotten Nazi Victims of World War II]
* {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20120828194552/http://www.airdisaster.com/features/top100/top100.shtml Top 100 aviation disasters]}} on AirDisaster.com

{{Massacres}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wars And Disasters By Death Toll}}
{{Draft categories|
[[Category:Lists of disasters|Anthropogenic]]
[[Category:Lists by death toll]]
[[Category:Population]]
[[Category:Man-made disasters|*]]
}}

{{Drafts moved from mainspace|date=July 2024}}