View source for Delta-v

{{short description|Measure of amount of effort to change trajectory}}
{{other uses}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Delta-''v''}}
{{refimprove|date=March 2014}}

'''Delta-''v''''' (also known as "[[Delta (letter)#Upper case|change]] in [[velocity]]"), symbolized as <math display="inline">{\Delta v} </math> and pronounced {{IPA|/dɛltə viː/}}, as used in [[flight dynamics (spacecraft)|spacecraft flight dynamics]], is a measure of the [[impulse (physics)|impulse]] per unit of spacecraft mass that is needed to perform a maneuver such as launching from or landing on a planet or moon, or an in-space [[orbital maneuver]]. It is a [[scalar (mathematics)|scalar]] that has the units of [[speed]]. As used in this context, it  is not the same as the [[delta-v (physics)|physical change in velocity]] of said spacecraft.

A simple example might be the case of a conventional rocket-propelled spacecraft, which achieves thrust by burning fuel. Such a spacecraft's delta-''v'', then, would be the change in velocity that spacecraft can achieve by burning its entire fuel load.

Delta-''v'' is produced by [[reaction engine]]s, such as [[rocket engine]]s, and is proportional to the [[thrust]] per unit mass and the burn time.  It is used to determine the mass of [[rocket propellant|propellant]] required for the given maneuver through the [[Tsiolkovsky rocket equation]].

For multiple maneuvers, delta-''v'' sums linearly.

For interplanetary missions, delta-''v'' is often plotted on a [[porkchop plot]], which displays the required mission delta-''v'' as a function of launch date.

==Definition==
<math display="block">\Delta{v} = \int_{t_0}^{t_1} \frac{|T(t)|}{m(t)}\, dt</math>
where
*{{math|{{var|T}}({{var|t}})}} is the instantaneous [[thrust]] at time {{math|{{var|t}}}}.
*{{math|{{var|m}}({{var|t}})}} is the instantaneous [[mass]]  at time {{math|{{var|t}}}}.

Change in velocity is useful in many cases, such as determining the change in [[momentum]] ([[Impulse_(physics)|impulse]]), where: <math>\Delta \mathbf{p} = m \Delta \mathbf{v}</math>, where <math>\mathbf{p}</math> is momentum and m is mass.{{clarification needed|date=January 2025|Mass is not assumed to be constant so what is this "m"? Newton's second law is not applicable directly to the rocket only because mass is not constant, so this relation is not valid in this case.}}

==Specific cases==
In the absence of external forces:
<math display="block">\Delta{v} = \int_{t_0}^{t_1} \left|\dot{v}\right|\, dt</math>
where <math>\dot{v}</math> is the coordinate acceleration.

When thrust is applied in a constant direction ({{math|{{sfrac|{{var|v}}|{{!}}{{var|v}}{{!}}}}}} is constant) this simplifies to:
<math display="block">\Delta{v} = | v_1 - v_0 |</math>
which is simply the magnitude of the [[Delta-v (physics)|change in velocity]]. However, this relation does not hold in the general case: if, for instance, a constant, unidirectional acceleration is reversed after {{math|({{var|t}}{{sub|1}} − {{var|t}}{{sub|0}})/2}} then the velocity difference is 0, but delta-''v'' is the same as for the non-reversed thrust.

For rockets, "absence of external forces" is taken to mean the absence of gravity drag and atmospheric drag, as well as the absence of aerostatic back pressure on the nozzle, and hence the [[Rocket engine#Vacuum specific impulse, Isp|vacuum I{{sub|sp}}]] is used for calculating the vehicle's delta-''v'' capacity via the [[rocket equation]]. In addition, the costs for [[Atmospheric drag|atmospheric]] losses and [[gravity drag]] are added into the [[delta-v budget|delta-''v'' budget]] when dealing with launches from a planetary surface.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sarigul-Klijn|first1=Nesrin|last2=Noel|first2=Chris|last3=Sarigul-Klijn|first3=Martinus|date=2004-01-05|title=Air Launching Eart-to-Orbit Vehicles: Delta V gains from Launch Conditions and Vehicle Aerodynamics|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268564872|doi=10.2514/6.2004-872|isbn=9781624100789}}</ref>

==Orbital maneuvers==
{{main article|orbital maneuver|rocket equation}}
Orbit maneuvers are made by firing a [[Rocket engine|thruster]] to produce a reaction force acting on the spacecraft. The size of this force will be
{{block indent|{{NumBlk||<math>T = v_\text{exh}\ \rho</math>|{{EquationRef|1}}}}}}
where
*{{math|{{var|v<sub>exh</sub>}}}} is the velocity of the exhaust gas in rocket frame
*{{math|{{var|ρ}}}} is the propellant flow rate to the combustion chamber

The acceleration <math>\dot{v}</math> of the spacecraft caused by this force will be
{{block indent|{{NumBlk||<math>\dot{v} = \frac{T}{m} = v_\text{exh}\ \frac{\rho}{m}</math>|{{EquationRef|2}}}}}}
where {{math|{{var|m}}}} is the mass of the spacecraft

During the burn the mass of the spacecraft will decrease due to use of fuel, the time derivative of the mass being
{{block indent|{{NumBlk||<math>\dot{m} = -\rho\,</math>|{{EquationRef|3}}}}}}

If now the direction of the force, i.e. the direction of the [[nozzle]], is fixed during the burn one gets the velocity increase from the thruster force of a burn starting at time <math>t_0\,</math> and ending at {{math|{{var|t}}{{sub|1}}}} as
{{block indent|{{NumBlk||<math>\Delta{v} = -\int_{t_0}^{t_1} {v_\text{exh}\ \frac{\dot{m}}{m}}\, dt</math>|{{EquationRef|4}}}}}}

Changing the integration variable from time {{math|{{var|t}}}} to the spacecraft mass {{math|{{var|m}}}} one gets
{{block indent|{{NumBlk||<math>\Delta{v} = -\int_{m_0}^{m_1} {v_\text{exh}\ \frac{dm}{m}}</math>|{{EquationRef|5}}}}}}

Assuming <math>v_\text{exh}\,</math> to be a constant not depending on the amount of fuel left this relation is integrated to
{{block indent|{{NumBlk||<math>\Delta{v} =  v_\text{exh}\ \ln\left(\frac{m_0}{m_1}\right)</math>|{{EquationRef|6}}}}}}

which is the [[Tsiolkovsky rocket equation]].

If for example 20% of the launch mass is fuel giving a constant <math>v_\text{exh}</math> of 2100&nbsp;m/s (a typical value for a [[hydrazine]] thruster) the capacity of the [[reaction control system]] is
<math display="block">\Delta{v} = 2100\ \ln\left(\frac{1}{0.8}\right)\,\text{m/s} = 460\,\text{m/s}.</math>

If <math>v_\text{exh}</math> is a non-constant function of the amount of fuel left<ref>Can be the case for a "blow-down" system for which the pressure in the tank gets lower when fuel has been used and that not only the fuel rate <math>\rho</math> but to some lesser extent also the exhaust velocity <math>v_\text{exh}</math> decreases.</ref>
<math display="block">v_\text{exh} = v_\text{exh}(m)</math>
the capacity of the reaction control system is computed by the integral ({{EquationNote|5}}).

The acceleration ({{EquationNote|2}}) caused by the thruster force is just an additional acceleration to be added to the other accelerations (force per unit mass) affecting the spacecraft and the orbit can easily be propagated with a numerical algorithm including also this thruster force.<ref>The thrust force per unit mass being <math>\frac{f(t)}{m(t)} = v_\text{exh}(t) \frac{\dot{m}(t)}{m(t)}</math> where <math>f(t)</math> and <math>m(t)</math> are given functions of time <math>t</math>.</ref> But for many purposes, typically for studies or for maneuver optimization, they are approximated by impulsive maneuvers as illustrated in figure 1 with a <math>\Delta{v}</math> as given by ({{EquationNote|4}}). Like this one can for example use a "patched conics" approach modeling the maneuver as a shift from one [[Kepler orbit]] to another by an instantaneous change of the velocity vector.

[[File:Impulsive maneuver.svg|thumb|Figure 1: Approximation of a finite thrust maneuver with an impulsive change in velocity having the delta-''v'' given by ({{EquationNote|4}}).]]
This approximation with impulsive maneuvers is in most cases very accurate, at least when chemical propulsion is used. For low thrust systems, typically [[Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion|electrical propulsion]] systems, this approximation is less accurate. But even for geostationary spacecraft using electrical propulsion for out-of-plane control with thruster burn periods extending over several hours around the nodes this approximation is fair.

==Production==
Delta-''v'' is typically provided by the [[thrust]] of a [[rocket engine]], but can be created by other engines. The time-rate of change of delta-''v'' is the magnitude of the acceleration ''caused by the engines'', i.e., the thrust per total vehicle mass. The actual acceleration vector would be found by adding thrust per mass on to the gravity vector and the vectors representing any other forces acting on the object.

The total delta-''v'' needed is a good starting point for early design decisions since consideration of the added complexities are deferred to later times in the design process.

The rocket equation shows that the required amount of propellant [[exponential growth|increases exponentially]] with increasing delta-''v''. Therefore, in modern [[spacecraft propulsion]] systems considerable study is put into reducing the total delta-''v'' needed for a given spaceflight, as well as designing spacecraft that are capable of producing larger delta-''v''.

Increasing the delta-''v'' provided by a propulsion system can be achieved by:
*[[staging (rocketry)|staging]]
*increasing [[specific impulse]]
*improving [[propellant mass fraction]]

==Multiple maneuvers==
Because the mass ratios apply to any given burn, when multiple maneuvers are performed in sequence, the mass ratios multiply.

Thus it can be shown that, provided the exhaust velocity is fixed, this means that delta-''v'' can be summed:

When {{math|{{var|m}}{{sub|1}}, {{var|m}}{{sub|2}}}} are the mass ratios of the maneuvers, and {{math|{{var|v}}{{sub|1}}, {{var|v}}{{sub|2}}}} are the delta-''v'' of the first and second maneuvers
<math display="block">\begin{align}
  m_1 m_2
&= e^{V_1/V_e} e^{V_2/V_e} \\
&= e^\frac{V_1 + V_2}{V_e} \\
&= e^{V/V_e} = M
\end{align}</math>
where {{math|1={{var|V}} = {{var|v}}{{sub|1}} + {{var|v}}{{sub|2}}}} and {{math|1={{var|M}} = {{var|m}}{{sub|1}} {{var|m}}{{sub|2}}}}. This is just the rocket equation applied to the sum of the two maneuvers.

This is convenient since it means that delta-''v'' can be calculated and simply added and the mass ratio calculated only for the overall vehicle for the entire mission. Thus delta-''v'' is commonly quoted rather than mass ratios which would require multiplication.

==Delta-''v'' budgets==
{{main article|Delta-v budget}}
{{solar system delta v map.svg}}
When designing a trajectory, delta-''v'' budget is used as a good indicator of how much propellant will be required. Propellant usage is an exponential function of delta-''v'' in accordance with the [[rocket equation]], it will also depend on the exhaust velocity.

It is not possible to determine delta-''v'' requirements from [[conservation of energy]] by considering only the total energy of the vehicle in the initial and final orbits since energy is carried away in the exhaust (see also below). For example, most spacecraft are launched in an orbit with inclination fairly near to the latitude at the launch site, to take advantage of the Earth's rotational surface speed. If it is necessary, for mission-based reasons, to put the spacecraft in an orbit of different [[inclination]], a substantial delta-''v'' is required, though the [[specific kinetic energy|specific kinetic]] and potential energies in the final orbit and the initial orbit are equal.

When rocket thrust is applied in short bursts the other sources of acceleration may be negligible, and the magnitude of the velocity change of one burst may be simply approximated by the delta-''v''. The total delta-''v'' to be applied can then simply be found by addition of each of the delta-''v'''s needed at the discrete burns, even though between bursts the magnitude and direction of the velocity changes due to gravity, e.g. in an [[elliptic orbit]].

For examples of calculating delta-''v'', see [[Hohmann transfer orbit]], [[gravitational slingshot]], and [[Interplanetary Transport Network]]. It is also notable that large thrust can reduce [[gravity drag]].

Delta-''v'' is also required to keep satellites in orbit and is expended in propulsive [[orbital stationkeeping]] maneuvers. Since the propellant load on most satellites cannot be replenished, the amount of propellant initially loaded on a satellite may well determine its useful lifetime.

===Oberth effect===
{{main article|Oberth effect}}
{{see also|Gravitational slingshot#Powered slingshots}}
From power considerations, it turns out that when applying delta-''v'' in the direction of the velocity the [[specific orbital energy]] gained per unit delta-''v'' is equal to the instantaneous speed. This is called the Oberth effect.

For example, a satellite in an elliptical orbit is boosted more efficiently at high speed (that is, small altitude) than at low speed (that is, high altitude).

Another example is that when a vehicle is making a pass of a planet, burning the propellant at closest approach rather than further out gives significantly higher final speed, and this is even more so when the planet is a large one with a deep gravity field, such as Jupiter.

===Porkchop plot===
{{main article|Porkchop plot}}
Due to the relative positions of planets changing over time, different delta-vs are required at different launch dates. A diagram that shows the required delta-''v'' plotted against time is sometimes called a ''porkchop plot''. Such a diagram is useful since it enables calculation of a [[launch window]], since launch should only occur when the mission is within the capabilities of the vehicle to be employed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/spotlight/porkchopAll.html|title=Mars Exploration: Features|website=marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov}}</ref>

===Around the Solar System{{Anchor |Delta-vs around the Solar System}}===<!-- This section is linked from [[Spacecraft propulsion]] -->
[[Image:Delta-Vs for inner Solar System.svg|upright=1.6|thumb|Delta-''v'' map of the inner solar system]]
Delta-''v'' needed for various orbital manoeuvers using conventional rockets; red arrows show where optional [[aerobraking]] can be performed in that particular direction, black numbers give delta-''v'' in km/s that apply in either direction.<ref name=marsdeltavs>{{cite web|title=Rockets and Space Transportation |url=http://www.pma.caltech.edu/~chirata/deltav.html |access-date=June 1, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701211813/http://www.pma.caltech.edu/~chirata/deltav.html |archive-date=July 1, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Delta-V Calculator|url=http://www.strout.net/info/science/delta-v/intro.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000312041150/http://www.strout.net/info/science/delta-v/intro.html|archive-date=March 12, 2000|url-status=live}} Gives figures of 8.6 from Earth's surface to LEO, 4.1 and 3.8 for LEO to lunar orbit (or L5) and GEO resp., 0.7 for L5 to lunar orbit, and 2.2 for lunar orbit to lunar surface. Figures are said to come from Chapter 2 of [https://science.nas.nasa.gov/Services/Education/SpaceSettlement/75SummerStudy/s.s.doc.html Space Settlements: A Design Study] {{webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011128074814/http://science.nas.nasa.gov/services/education/spacesettlement/75summerstudy/s.s.doc.html |date=2001-11-28 }} on the NASA website .</ref> Lower-delta-''v'' transfers than shown can often be achieved, but involve rare transfer windows or take significantly longer, see: {{section link|Orbital mechanics#Interplanetary Transport Network and fuzzy orbits}}. 
;C3: [[Escape orbit]]
;GEO: [[Geosynchronous orbit]]
;GTO: [[Geostationary transfer orbit]]
;L4/5: Earth–Moon {{L4}}{{L5}} [[Lagrangian point]]
;LEO: [[Low Earth orbit]]
{{clear}}

===LEO reentry===
For example the Soyuz spacecraft makes a de-orbit from the ISS in two steps. First, it needs a delta-''v'' of 2.18 m/s for a safe separation from the space station. Then it needs another 128 m/s for [[Atmospheric entry|reentry]].<ref name="Soyuz returns">{{cite web |last1=Gebhardt |first1=Chris |title=Soyuz MS-17 safely returns three Station crewmembers to Kazakhstan |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/04/soyuz-ms-17-landing/ |website=nasaspaceflight.com |date=17 April 2021 |access-date=10 July 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col}}
*[[Delta-v budget|Delta-''v'' budget]]
*[[Gravity drag]]
*[[Orbital maneuver]]
*[[Orbital stationkeeping]]
*[[Spacecraft propulsion]]
*[[Orbital propellant depot]]
*[[Specific impulse]]
*[[Tsiolkovsky rocket equation]]
*[[Delta-v (physics)|Delta-''v'' (physics)]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Orbits}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Delta-V}}
[[Category:Astrodynamics]]
[[Category:Spacecraft propulsion]]
[[Category:Physical quantities]]