View source for Compact Linear Collider

{{Short description|Concept for a linear particle accelerator}}
[[Image:CLIC-Logo-Color-72.png|thumb|Compact Linear Collider project]]
The '''Compact Linear Collider''' ('''CLIC''') is a concept for a future [[linear particle accelerator]] that aims to explore the next [[energy]] frontier. CLIC would collide [[electron]]s with [[positron]]s and is currently the only mature option for a multi-TeV linear [[collider]]. The accelerator would be between {{cvt|11|and|50|km|0}} long,<ref name=Burrows_CLIC_CERN-2018>
{{cite report
 |editor1-last=Burrows|editor1-first=P. N.
 |display-editors=et al.
 |id=CERN-2018-005-M
 |arxiv=1812.06018
 |doi= 10.23731/CYRM-2018-002 |doi-access=free
 |title= The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) - 2018 Summary Report
 |location=Geneva, Switzerland
 |year=2018
 |author1=CERN
}}</ref> more than ten times longer than the existing [[SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory|Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC)]] in California, US. CLIC is proposed to be built at [[CERN]], across the border between [[France]] and [[Switzerland]] near [[Geneva]], with first [[Particle beam|beams]] starting by the time the [[Large Hadron Collider]] (LHC) has finished operations around 2035.<ref name=Burrows_CLIC_CERN-2018/>

The CLIC accelerator would use a novel two-beam acceleration technique at an [[acceleration]] [[gradient]] of 100&nbsp;M[[volt|V]]/m, and its staged construction would provide [[collision]]s at three [[center of mass|centre-of-mass]] [[energy|energies]] up to 3&nbsp;TeV for optimal [[physics]] reach.<ref name="Burrows_CLIC_CERN-2018" /> [[Research and development]] (R&D) are being carried out to achieve the high precision physics goals under challenging beam and [[background radiation|background]] conditions.

CLIC aims to discover new physics beyond the [[Standard Model]] of particle physics, through precision [[measurement]]s of [[Standard Model]] properties as well as direct detection of new particles. The collider would offer high sensitivity to [[electroweak interaction|electroweak]] states, exceeding the predicted precision of the full LHC programme.<ref name="Burrows_CLIC_CERN-2018" /> The current CLIC design includes the possibility for electron beam [[polarization (waves)|polarisation]].

The CLIC collaboration produced a Conceptual Design Report (CDR) in 2012,<ref name=cdr_page>
{{cite web
 |title=Conceptual Design Report CLIC CDR
 |url=https://clicdp.web.cern.ch/content/conceptual-design-report
 |website=CLIC detector and physics study
 |publisher=[[CERN]]
 |access-date=31 July 2019
}}</ref> complemented by an updated energy staging scenario in 2016.<ref name=Burrows_CLIC_CERN-2016>
{{cite report
 |editor1-last=Burrows|editor1-first=P. N.
 |display-editors=et al.
 |id=CERN-2016-004
 |arxiv=1608.07537
 |doi= 10.5170/CERN-2016-004 |doi-access=free
 |title= Updated Baseline for a Staged Compact Linear Collider
 |location=Geneva, Switzerland
 |year=2016
 |last1=CERN
 |first1=Geneva
}}</ref> Additional detailed studies of the physics case for CLIC, an advanced design of the accelerator complex and the detector, as well as numerous R&D results are summarised in a recent series of CERN Yellow Reports.<ref name="Burrows_CLIC_CERN-2018" /><ref name=new_physics_rep/><ref name=2018_proj_imp/><ref name=detector_R_and_D/>

== Background ==
There are two main types of particle colliders, which differ in the types of particles they collide: [[lepton]] colliders and [[hadron]] colliders. Each type of collider can produce different final states of particles and can study different physics phenomena. Examples of hadron colliders are the [[Intersecting Storage Rings|ISR]], the [[Super Proton Synchrotron|SPS]] and the LHC at CERN, and the [[Tevatron]] in the US. Examples of lepton colliders are the [[SuperKEKB]] in Japan, the [[Beijing Electron–Positron Collider II|BEPC II]] in China, [[DAFNE]] in Italy, the [[VEPP-2000|VEPP]] in Russia, [[SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory|SLAC]] in the US, and the [[Large Electron–Positron Collider]] at CERN. Some of these lepton colliders are still running.

Hadrons are compound objects, which lead to more complicated collision events and limit the achievable precision of physics measurements. This is for instance why the Large Hadron Collider was designed to operate at such a high energy even while it was already known the Higgs particle ought to be found at around the energies it eventually was: the lesser accuracy of a hadron collider necessitated more numerous and higher energy impacts to compensate. Lepton colliders on the other hand collide [[Elementary particle|fundamental particles]], therefore the initial state of each event is known and higher precision measurements can be achieved.

Another means of categorizing colliders is by their physical geometry: either linear or circular. Circular colliders benefit from being able to accelerate particles over and over to reach very high energies, and from being able to repeatedly intersect their beams, to reach very high numbers of collisions between individual particles.

On the other hand they are limited by the fact that keeping the particles circulating means constantly accelerating them inwards. This makes charged particles emit [[synchrotron radiation]], eventually leading to a significant energy loss and a limit on achievable collision energy. This so called synchrotron loss is especially harmful to lepton colliders, because it scales as the fourth power of particle speed, and the only stable leptons around (electrons and positrons) are, as the name says, very light. They will have to be accelerated to much higher speeds than heavier particles (baryons) in order to gain the same energy, and suddenly synchrotron loss becomes the limiting factor.

As a linear collider, CLIC will not have this problem. It still has to tackle the problems of not being able to recirculate its beams, though, which despite it being called "compact", necessitates massive scale and a rather unconventional design to reach the high linear accelerations required.

== Three energy stages ==
[[File:CLIC map CLIC380 CLIC1500 CLIC3000 wtext wlogo.jpg|thumb|280x280px|CLIC accelerator with energy stages of 380&nbsp;GeV, 1.5&nbsp;TeV and 3&nbsp;TeV]]
CLIC is foreseen to be built and operated in three stages with different centre-of-mass energies: 380&nbsp;GeV, 1.5&nbsp;TeV, and 3&nbsp;TeV.<ref name=Burrows_CLIC_CERN-2018/> The integrated [[luminosity|luminosities]] at each stage are expected to be 1&nbsp;[[barn (unit)|ab]]<sup>−1</sup>, 2.5&nbsp;ab<sup>−1</sup>, and 5&nbsp;ab<sup>−1</sup> respectively,<ref name=Burrows_CLIC_CERN-2018/> providing a broad physics programme over a 27-year period. These centre-of-mass energies have been motivated by current LHC data and studies of the physics potential carried out by the CLIC study.<ref name=Burrows_CLIC_CERN-2018/>

Already at 380&nbsp;GeV, CLIC has good coverage of [[Standard Model]] physics; the energy stages beyond this allow for the discovery of new physics as well as increased precision measurements of [[Standard Model]] processes. Additionally, CLIC will operate at the [[top quark]] [[pair production|pair-production]] threshold around 350 GeV with the aim of precisely measuring the properties of the top quark.<ref name="Burrows_CLIC_CERN-2018" />
{{clear}}

== Physics case for CLIC ==
CLIC would allow the exploration of new energy ranges, provide possible solutions to unanswered problems, and enable the discovery of phenomena beyond our current understanding.

=== Higgs physics ===
The current LHC data suggest that the particle found in 2012 is the [[Higgs boson]] as predicted by the [[Standard Model]] of particle physics.<ref name=atlas>
{{Cite journal
 |author=ATLAS collaboration
 |year=2012
 |title=Observation of a New Particle in the Search for the Standard Model Higgs Boson with the ATLAS Detector at the LHC
 |journal=[[Physics Letters B]]
 |volume=716 |issue=1 |pages=1–29
 |arxiv=1207.7214
 |doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2012.08.020 |doi-access=free
 |bibcode=2012PhLB..716....1A|author-link=ATLAS experiment
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=The CMS Collaboration|date=September 2012|title=Observation of a new boson at a mass of 125&nbsp;GeV with the CMS experiment at the LHC|journal=Physics Letters B|volume=716|issue=1|pages=30–61|doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2012.08.021|arxiv=1207.7235|bibcode=2012PhLB..716...30C}}</ref> However, the LHC can only partially answer questions about the true nature of this particle, such as its composite/fundamental nature, [[coupling constant|coupling strengths]], and possible role in an extended electroweak sector.<ref name=cdr_page /> CLIC could examine these questions in more depth by measuring the Higgs couplings to a precision not achieved before.<ref name=Abramovicz_CLIC_CERN-2012>
{{Cite journal
 |last=Abramowicz |first=H.
 |display-authors=etal 
 |year=2017
 |title=Higgs Physics at the CLIC Electron-Positron Linear Collider
 |journal=[[European Physical Journal C]]
 |volume=77 |issue=7 |pages=475
 |arxiv=1608.07538
 |doi=10.1140/epjc/s10052-017-4968-5 |doi-access=free
 |pmid=28943795
 |pmc=5587080
 |bibcode=2017EPJC...77..475A
}}</ref> The 380&nbsp;GeV stage of CLIC allows, for example, accurate model-independent measurements of Higgs [[boson]] couplings to [[fermions]] and bosons through the Higgsstrahlung and WW-fusion production processes. The second and third stages give access to phenomena such as the [[Yukawa interaction|top-Yukawa coupling]], rare Higgs decays and the Higgs self-coupling.<ref name=Abramovicz_CLIC_CERN-2012/>

=== Top-quark physics ===
[[File:Ttbar 3TeV event11 woverlay Tight zoom.png|alt=|thumb|280x280px|A top quark event at 3&nbsp;TeV reconstructed in a simulated detector for CLIC]]
The top quark, the heaviest of all known fundamental particles, has currently never been studied in [[electron]]-[[positron]] collisions.<ref name=top_quark>
{{cite journal |arxiv=1807.02441|collaboration=The CLICdp collaboration|title=Top-quark physics at the CLIC electron-positron linear collider|year=2019|last1=Abramowicz |first1=H. |last2=Alipour Tehrani |first2=N. |last3=Arominski |first3=D. |last4=Benhammou |first4=Y. |last5=Benoit |first5=M. |last6=Blaising |first6=J.-J. |last7=Boronat |first7=M. |last8=Borysov |first8=O. |last9=Bosley |first9=R. R. |last10=Božović Jelisavčić |first10=I. |last11=Boyko |first11=I. |last12=Brass |first12=S. |last13=Brondolin |first13=E. |last14=Bruckman De Renstrom |first14=P. |last15=Buckland |first15=M. |last16=Burrows |first16=P. N. |last17=Chefdeville |first17=M. |last18=Chekanov |first18=S. |last19=Coates |first19=T. |last20=Dannheim |first20=D. |last21=Demarteau |first21=M. |last22=Denizli |first22=H. |last23=Durieux |first23=G. |last24=Eigen |first24=G. |last25=Elsener |first25=K. |last26=Fullana |first26=E. |last27=Fuster |first27=J. |last28=Gabriel |first28=M. |last29=Gaede |first29=F. |last30=García |first30=I.|journal=Journal of High Energy Physics|volume=2019|issue=11|page=003|display-authors=1|doi=10.1007/JHEP11(2019)003|bibcode=2019JHEP...11..003C|s2cid=85505969
}}</ref> The CLIC linear collider plans to have an extensive top quark physics programme. A major aim of this programme would be a threshold scan around the top quark pair-production threshold (~350&nbsp;GeV) to precisely determine the [[mass]] and other significant properties of the top quark. For this scan, CLIC currently plans to devote 10% of the running time of the first stage, collecting 100&nbsp;fb<sup>−1</sup>.<ref name=Burrows_CLIC_CERN-2018/> This study would allow the top quark mass to be ascertained in a theoretically well-defined manner and at a higher precision than possible with hadron colliders.<ref name=cdr_page/> CLIC would also aim to measure the top quark electroweak couplings to the [[W and Z bosons|Z boson]] and the photon, as deviations of these values from those predicted by the [[Standard Model]] could be evidence of new physics phenomena, such as extra dimensions. Further observation of top quark decays with [[Flavour (particle physics)|flavour]]-changing neutral currents at CLIC would be an indirect indication of new physics, as these should not be seen by CLIC under current [[Standard Model]] predictions.<ref name=top_quark/>

=== New phenomena ===
CLIC could discover new physics phenomena either through indirect measurements or by direct observation. Large deviations in precision measurements of particle properties from the [[Standard Model]] prediction would indirectly signal the presence of new physics. Such indirect methods give access to energy scales far beyond the available collision energy, reaching sensitivities of up to tens of TeV.

Examples of indirect measurements CLIC would be capable of at 3&nbsp;TeV are: using the production of muon pairs to provide evidence of a Z{{prime}} boson (reach up to ~30&nbsp;TeV) indicating a simple gauge extension beyond the [[Standard Model]]; using vector boson scattering for giving insight into the mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking; and exploiting the combination of several final states to determine the elementary or composite nature of the Higgs boson (reach of compositeness scale up to ~50&nbsp;TeV).<ref name="new_physics_rep">
{{cite journal |last1=de Blas |first1=J. |last2=Franceschini |first2=R. |last3=Riva |first3=F. |last4=Roloff |first4=P. |last5=Schnoor |first5=U. |last6=Spannowsky |first6=M. |last7=Wells |first7=J. D. |last8=Wulzer |first8=A. |last9=Zupan |first9=J. |title=The CLIC potential for new physics |date=21 December 2018 |journal=CERN Yellow Reports: Monographs |volume=3 |doi=10.23731/CYRM-2018-003 |bibcode=2018arXiv181202093D |arxiv=1812.02093 |s2cid=117485395
}}</ref> Direct pair production of particles up to a mass of 1.5&nbsp;TeV, and single particle production up to a mass of 3&nbsp;TeV is possible at CLIC. Due to the clean environment of electron-positron colliders, CLIC would be able to measure the properties of these potential new particles to a very high precision.<ref name="Burrows_CLIC_CERN-2018" /> Examples of particles CLIC could directly observe at 3&nbsp;TeV are some of those proposed by the [[supersymmetry|supersymmetry theory]]: [[chargino]]s, [[neutralino]]s (both ~≤ 1.5&nbsp;TeV), and [[sfermions#Sleptons|sleptons]] (≤ 1.5&nbsp;TeV).<ref name=new_physics_rep/>

However, research from experimental data on the [[cosmological constant]], [[LIGO]] [[noise]], and [[pulsar timing]], suggests it's very unlikely that there are any new particles with masses much higher than those which can be found in the standard model or the LHC.<ref name="cosmological-bounds">
{{cite journal |last1=Afshordi |first1=Niayesh |last2=Nelson |first2=Elliot |title=Cosmological bounds on TeV-scale physics and beyond |url=https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.93.083505 |journal=Physical Review D |access-date=20 February 2023 |pages=083505 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.93.083505 |date=7 April 2016|volume=93 |issue=8 |arxiv=1504.00012 |bibcode=2016PhRvD..93h3505A |s2cid=119110506
}}</ref><ref name="ligo-noise">
{{cite arXiv |last1=Afshordi |first1=Niayesh |title=On the origin of the LIGO "mystery" noise and the high energy particle physics desert |date=21 November 2019|class=gr-qc |eprint=1911.09384
}}</ref><ref name="pulsar-timing">
{{cite arXiv |last1=Afshordi |first1=Niayesh |last2=Kim |first2=Hyungjin |last3=Nelson |first3=Elliot |title=Pulsar Timing Constraints on Physics Beyond the Standard Model |date=15 March 2017|class=hep-th |eprint=1703.05331
}}</ref> On the other hand, this research has also indicated that [[quantum gravity]] or [[perturbative]] [[quantum field theory]] will become strongly coupled before 1 PeV, leading to other new physics in the TeVs.<ref name="cosmological-bounds" />

== Beams and accelerators ==
To reach the desired 3&nbsp;TeV beam energy, while keeping the length of the accelerator compact, CLIC targets an accelerating gradient up to 100&nbsp;MV/m. CLIC is based on normal-[[Electrical conductivity|conducting]] acceleration cavities operated at room [[temperature]], as they allow for higher acceleration gradients than [[superconductivity|superconducting]] cavities. With this technology, the main limitation is the [[High voltage|high-voltage]] breakdown rate (BDR), which follows the [[empiricism|empirical]] law <math>BDR \propto E^{30}\tau^5</math>, where <math>E</math> is the accelerating gradient and <math>\tau</math> is the RF pulse length.<ref name=Grudiev_Calatroni_Wuensch_LocalFieldQuantity_CERN-2009>
{{cite journal
 |last1=Grudiev|first1=A.
 |last2=Calatroni|first2=S.
 |last3=Wuensch|first3=W.
 |title=New local field quantity describing the high gradient limit of accelerating structures
 |journal=Physical Review Special Topics: Accelerators and Beams
 |volume=12
 |issue=10
 |pages=102001
 |year=2009
 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.12.102001 |doi-access=free
 |bibcode=2009PhRvS..12j2001G
}}</ref> The high accelerating gradient and the target BDR value (3&nbsp;×&nbsp;10<sup>−7</sup>&nbsp;pulse<sup>−1</sup>m<sup>−1</sup>) drive most of the beam [[parameter]]''s'' and [[machine]] design.

{| class="wikitable"
|+<small> Key parameters of the CLIC energy stages.<ref name="Burrows_CLIC_CERN-2018"/> </small>
|-
! Parameter !! Symbol !! Unit !! Stage 1 !! Stage 2 !! Stage 3
|-
| Centre-of-mass energy || <math>\sqrt{s}</math> || GeV || 380 || 1500 || 3000
|-
| Repetition frequency || ƒ<sub>rep</sub>|| Hz || 50 || 50 || 50
|-
| Number of bunches per train || ''n''<sub>b</sub> ||  || 352 || 312 || 312
|-
| Bunch separation || Δ''t'' || ns || 0.5 || 0.5 || 0.5
|-
| Pulse length || <math>\tau</math><sub>RF</sub> || ns || 244 || 244 || 244
|-
| Accelerating gradient || ''G'' || MV/m || 72 || 72/100 || 72/100
|-
| Total luminosity || ''L''|| 10<sup>34</sup> cm<sup>−2</sup>s<sup>−1</sup>|| 1.5 || 3.7 || 5.9
|-
| Luminosity above 99% of <math>\sqrt{s}</math> || ''L''<sub>0.01</sub> || 10<sup>34</sup> cm<sup>−2</sup>s<sup>−1</sup> || 0.9 || 1.4 || 2
|-
| Total integrated luminosity per year || ''L''<sub>int</sub> || fb<sup>−1</sup> || 180 || 444 || 708
|-
| Main linac tunnel length ||  || km || 11.4 || 29.0 || 50.1
|-
| Number of particles per bunch || ''N'' || 10<sup>9</sup> || 5.2 || 3.7 || 3.7
|-
| Bunch length || ''σ''<sub>''z''</sub> || μm || 70 || 44 || 44
|-
| IP beam size || ''σ''<sub>''x''</sub>/''σ''<sub>''y''</sub> || nm || 149/2.9 || ~60/1.5 || ~40/1
|-
| Normalised emittance (end of linac) || ''ε''<sub>''x''</sub>/''ε''<sub>''y''</sub> || nm || 900/20 || 660/20 || 660/20
|-
| Final RMS energy spread ||  || % || 0.35 || 0.35 || 0.35
|-
| Crossing angle (at IP) ||  || mrad || 16.5 || 20 || 20
|}

In order to reach these high accelerating gradients while keeping the power consumption affordable, CLIC makes use of a novel two-beam-acceleration scheme: a so-called Drive Beam runs parallel to the colliding Main Beam. The Drive Beam is decelerated in special devices called Power Extraction and Transfer Structures (PETS) that extract energy from the Drive Beam in the form of powerful [[radio frequency|Radio Frequency]] (RF) waves, which is then used to accelerate the Main Beam. Up to 90% of the energy of the Drive Beam is extracted and efficiently transferred to the Main Beam.<ref name=Adli_CLIC_CERN-2009>
{{cite thesis
 |last=Adli |first=E.
 |date=2009
 |title=A Study of the Beam Physics in the CLIC Drive Beam Decelerator
 |url=https://inspirehep.net/record/887068/files/CERN-THESIS-2010-024.pdf
 |publisher=University of Oslo
 |degree=PhD
}}</ref>
[[File:CLIC complex 3tev woarrows.jpg|alt=|thumb|400x400px|Overall layout of the CLIC accelerator complex for the 3&nbsp;TeV stage, in which one can identify the two Drive Beam and two Main Beam injector complexes<ref name=Burrows_CLIC_CERN-2018/>]]

=== Main beam ===
The electrons needed for the main beam are produced by illuminating a [[gallium arsenide|GaAs]]-type [[cathode]] with a Q-switched polarised [[laser]], and are longitudinally polarised at the level of 80%.<ref name="2018_proj_imp">
{{cite journal |last1=Aicheler |first1=M. |last2=Burrows |first2=P.N. |last3=Catalan |first3=N. |last4=Corsini |first4=R. |last5=Draper |first5=M. |last6=Osborne |first6=J. |last7=Schulte |first7=D. |last8=Stapnes |first8=S. |last9=Stuart |first9=M.J. |title=The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) – Project Implementation Plan |date=20 December 2018 |journal=CERN Yellow Reports: Monographs |volume=4 |doi=10.23731/CYRM-2018-004|arxiv=1903.08655 |doi-access=free
}}</ref> The [[positron]]''s'' for the main beam are produced by sending a 5&nbsp;GeV electron beam on a [[tungsten]] target. After an initial acceleration up to 2.86&nbsp;GeV, both electrons and positrons enter damping rings for [[Beam emittance|emittance]] reduction by [[radiation damping]]. Both beams are then further accelerated to 9&nbsp;GeV in a common booster linac. Long transfer lines transport the two beams to the beginning of the main [[CERN Hadron LINACs|linacs]] where they are accelerated up to 1.5&nbsp;TeV before going into the Beam Delivery System (BDS), which squeezes and brings the beams into collision. The two beams collide at the IP with 20&nbsp;m[[radian|rad]] crossing [[angle]] in the horizontal plane.<ref name=2018_proj_imp/>

=== Drive beam ===
Each Drive Beam complex is composed of a 2.5&nbsp;km-long linac, followed by a Drive Beam Recombination Complex: a system of delay lines and combiner rings where the incoming beam pulses are interleaved to ultimately form a 12&nbsp;GHz sequence and a local beam [[electric current|current]] as high as 100[[ampere|A]].<ref name=2018_proj_imp/> Each 2.5&nbsp;km-long Drive Beam linac is powered by 1&nbsp;GHz [[klystron]]''s''. This produces a 148&nbsp;μs-long beam (for the 1.5&nbsp;TeV energy stage scenario) with a bunching [[frequency]] of 0.5&nbsp;GHz. Every 244&nbsp;ns the bunching phase is switched by 180 degrees, i.e. odd and even buckets at 1&nbsp;GHz are filled alternately. This phase-coding allows the first factor two recombination: the odd bunches are delayed in a Delay Loop (DL), while the even bunches bypass it. The [[time of flight]] of the DL is about 244&nbsp;ns and tuned at the picosecond level such that the two trains of bunches can merge, forming several 244&nbsp;ns-long trains with bunching frequency at 1&nbsp;GHz, separated by 244&nbsp;ns of empty space. This new time-structure allows for further factor 3 and factor 4 recombination in the following combiner rings with a similar mechanism as in the DL. The final [[time]] structure of the beam is made of several (up to 25) 244&nbsp;ns-long trains of bunches at 12&nbsp;GHz, spaced by gaps of about 5.5&nbsp;μs. The recombination is timed such that each combined train arrives in its own decelerator sector, synchronized with the arrival of the Main Beam. The use of low-frequency (1&nbsp;GHz), long-pulse-length (148&nbsp;μs) klystrons for accelerating the Drive Beam and the beam recombination makes it more convenient than using klystrons to directly accelerate the Main Beam.<ref name=2018_proj_imp />[[File:CLIC two beam module installed in the CLIC Test Facility at CERN (CTF3).jpg|thumb|Image of the CLIC Two Beam Module in the CLIC Test Facility, CERN ([[CTF3]]). The beam travels from left to right.|alt=|280x280px]]

=== Test facilities ===
The main [[technology]] challenges of the CLIC accelerator design have been successfully addressed in various test facilities. The Drive Beam production and recombination, and the two-beam acceleration concept were demonstrated at the [[CTF3|CLIC Test Facility 3 (CTF3)]]. [[X-band]] high-power [[klystron]]-based RF sources were built in stages at the high-gradient X-band test facility (XBOX), CERN.<ref name=Hamdi_XBandPowerSource_CERN-2012>
{{cite conference
 |editor1-last=Hamdi|editor1-first=A.
 |display-editors=et al.
 |id=C1205201
 |url=http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/IPAC2012/papers/THPPC060.pdf
 |title=Commissioning of the First Klystron-based X-band Power Source at CERN
 |book-title=Proceedings of IPAC2012, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
 |number=3428
 |year=2012
 |isbn=978-3-95450-115-1
}}</ref><ref name=CatalanLasheras_ProceedingsLinac16_CERN-2012>
{{cite conference
 |editor1-last=Catalan Lasheras|editor1-first=N.
 |display-editors=et al.
 |id= Proceedings, 28th International Linear Accelerator Conference (LINAC16): East Lansing, Michigan
 |title=Commissioning of XBox-3: A Very High Capacity X-band Test Stand
 |book-title=Proceedings of LINAC2016, East Lansing, MI, USA
 |volume=LINAC2016
 |url=http://inspirehep.net/record/1633214/files/tuplr047.pdf
 |year=2016
 |last1=Catalán Lasheras
 |first1=Nuria
 |last2=Argyropoulos
 |first2=Theodoros
 |last3=Esperante Pereira
 |first3=Daniel
 |last4=Eymin
 |first4=Cedric
 |last5=Giner Navarro
 |first5=Jorge
 |last6=McMonagle
 |first6=Gerard
 |last7=Rey
 |first7=Stephane
 |last8=Solodko
 |first8=Anastasiya
 |last9=Syratchev
 |first9=Igor
 |last10=Volpi
 |first10=Matteo
 |last11=Woolley
 |first11=Benjamin
 |last12=Wuensch
 |first12=Walter
 |isbn=978-3-95450-169-4
}}</ref> These facilities provide the RF power and infrastructure required for the conditioning and verification of the performance of CLIC accelerating structures, and other X-band based projects. Additional X-band high-gradient tests are being carried out at the NEXTEF facility at [[KEK]] and at [[SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory|SLAC]], a new test stand is being commissioned at [[Tsinghua University]] and further test stands are being constructed at [[Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati|INFN Frascati]] and SINAP in Shanghai.<ref name=Burrows_Wuensch_Argyropoulos_XBandRF_CLICL_CERN-2017>
{{cite book
 |last1=Burrows|first1=Phil
 |last2=Wuensch|first2=Walter
 |last3=Argyropoulos|first3=Theodoros
 |title=Proceedings of 38th International Conference on High Energy Physics — PoS(ICHEP2016)- Chapter : High-gradient X-band RF technology for CLIC and beyond.
 |year=2017
 |pages=829
 |doi=10.22323/1.282.0829 |doi-access=free
 |chapter=High-gradient X-band RF technology for CLIC and beyond
}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== CLIC detector ==
[[File:CLIC detector.jpg|thumb|CLIC detector with cut out and labels |alt=|280x280px]]
A state-of-the-art [[detector]] is essential to profit from the complete physics potential of CLIC. The current detector design, named CLICdet, has been optimised via full [[simulation]] studies and R&D activities.<ref name="Alipour_CERN-2017">
{{cite report
 |editor1-last=Alipour Tehrani |editor1-first=N.
 |display-editors=etal 
 |id=CLICdp-Note-2017-001
 |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/2254048/files/CLICdp-Note-2017-001.pdf
 |title= CLICdet: The post-CDR CLIC detector model
 |location=Geneva, Switzerland
 |year=2017
}}</ref><ref name=clicdet_validation>
{{cite arXiv |eprint=1812.07337 |collaboration=The CLICdp collaboration |title=A detector for CLIC: Main parameters and performance |class=physics.ins-det |year=2018 |last1=Arominski |first1=D. |last2=Blaising |first2=Jean-Jacques |last3=Brondolin |first3=Erica |last4=Dannheim |first4=Dominik |last5=Elsener |first5=Konrad |last6=Gaede |first6=Frank |last7=García-García |first7=Ignacio |last8=Green |first8=Steven |last9=Hynds |first9=Daniel |last10=Leogrande |first10=Emilia |last11=Linssen |first11=Lucie |last12=Marshall |first12=John |last13=Nikiforou |first13=Nikiforos |last14=Nürnberg |first14=Andreas |last15=Perez-Codina |first15=Estel |last16=Petrič |first16=Marko |last17=Pitters |first17=Florian |last18=Robson |first18=Aidan |last19=Roloff |first19=Philipp |last20=Sailer |first20=André |last21=Schnoor |first21=Ulrike |last22=Simon |first22=Frank |last23=Simoniello |first23=Rosa |last24=Spannagel |first24=Simon |last25=Ström |first25=Rickard |last26=Viazlo |first26=Oleksandr |last27=Weber |first27=Matthias |last28=Xu |first28=Boruo}}</ref><ref
name="detector_R_and_D">
{{cite journal |last1=Dannheim |first1=Dominik |last2=Krüger |first2=Katja |last3=Levy |first3=Aharon |last4=Nürnberg |first4=Andreas |last5=Sicking |first5=Eva |title=Detector Technologies for CLIC |journal=CERN Yellow Reports: Monographs |date=2019 |volume=1 |doi=10.23731/CYRM-2019-001 |bibcode=2019arXiv190502520A |arxiv=1905.02520 |s2cid=146808208
}}</ref> The detector follows the standard design of grand particle detectors at high energy colliders: a cylindrical detector volume with a layered configuration, surrounding the beam axis. CLICdet would have dimensions of ~13&nbsp;×&nbsp;12&nbsp;m (height × length) and weigh ~8000 tonnes.

=== Detector Layers ===
CLICdet consists of four main layers of increasing radius: vertex and tracking system, [[calorimeters]], [[solenoid]] [[magnet]], and [[muon]] detector.<ref name="Alipour_CERN-2017" />
[[File:Compact Linear Collider CLICTD.tif|alt=|thumb|280x280px|A silicon pixel detector prototype for CLIC: "CLICTD" – a monolithic CMOS chip containing both sensor and readout, shown here on an electronics board during testing]]
The vertex and tracking system is located at the innermost region of CLICdet and aims to detect the position and momenta of particles with minimum adverse impact on their [[energy]] and [[trajectory]]. The vertex detector is cylindrical with three double layers of detector materials at increasing radii and has three segmented disks at each end in a spiral configuration to aid air flow cooling. These are assumed to be made of 25x25 μm2 silicon pixels of thickness 50&nbsp;μm, and the aim is to have a single point resolution of 3&nbsp;μm. The tracking system is made of [[silicon]] [[sensor]] modules expected to be 200&nbsp;μm thick.<ref name=Alipour_CERN-2017/>

The calorimeters surround the vertex and tracking system and aim to measure the energy of particles via absorption. The electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) consists of ~40 layers of silicon/tungsten in a sandwich structure; the hadronic calorimeter (HCAL) has 60 [[steel]] absorber plates with [[scintillation (physics)|scintillating]] material inserted in between.<ref name="Alipour_CERN-2017" />

These inner CLICdet layers are enclosed in a superconducting solenoid magnet with a field strength of 4 [[tesla (unit)|T]]. This magnetic field bends charged particles, allowing for [[momentum]] and [[electric charge|charge]] measurements. The magnet is then surrounded by an [[iron]] yoke which would contain large area detectors for muon identification.<ref name="Alipour_CERN-2017" />

The detector also has a luminosity calorimeter (LumiCal) to measure the products of [[Bhabha scattering]] events, a beam calorimeter to complete the ECAL coverage down to 10 {{not a typo|mrads}} polar angle, and an intra-train feedback system to counteract luminosity loss due to relative beam-beam offsets.<ref name="Alipour_CERN-2017" />

=== Power pulsing and cooling ===
[[File:CLIC gas cooling vertex.png|thumb|Gas-cooling vertex streamlines|alt=|280x280px]]Strict requirements on the material budget for the vertex and tracking system do not allow the use of conventional [[liquid]] cooling systems for CLICdet. Therefore, it is proposed that a dry gas cooling system will be used for this inner region. Air gaps have been factored into the design of the detector to allow the flow of the [[gas]], which will be air or [[Nitrogen]].<ref name=Duarte-Ramos_Klempt_Nuiry_CLIC_CERN-2016>
{{cite report
 |editor1-last=Duarte Ramos|editor1-first=F.
 |editor2-last=Klempt|editor2-first=W.
 |editor3-last=Nuiry|editor3-first=F. -X.
 |id=CLICdp-Note-2016-002
 |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/2138963/files/CLICdp-Note-2016-002_14-03-16.pdf
 |title= Experimental tests on the air cooling of the CLIC vertex detector
 |location=Geneva, CERN
 |year=2016
}}</ref><ref name="Duarte-Ramos_Gerwig_Villajero-Bermudez_CLIC_CERN-2014">
{{cite report
 |editor1-last=Duarte Ramos|editor1-first=F.
 |editor2-last=Gerwig|editor2-first=H.
 |editor3-last=Villajero Bermudez|editor3-first=M.
 |id=LCD-Note-2013-007
 |title= CLIC inner detectors cooling simulations
 |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1572989/files/LCD-Note-2013-007.pdf
 |location=Geneva, Switzerland
 |collaboration=CERN Linear Collider Detector collaboration
 |year=2014
}}</ref> To allow for effective air cooling, the average power consumption of the Silicon sensors in the vertex detector needs to be lowered. Therefore, these sensors will operate via a current-based power pulsing scheme: switching the sensors from a high to low power consumption state whenever possible, corresponding to the 50&nbsp;Hz bunch train crossing rate.<ref name="Blanchot_Dannheim_Fuentes_CLIC_CERN-2014">{{cite journal
 |last1=Blanchot|first1=G
 |last2=Dannheim|first2=D
 |last3=Fuentes|first3=C
 |title=Power-pulsing schemes for vertex detectors at CLIC
 |journal=Journal of Instrumentation
 |volume=9
 |issue=1
 |year=2014
 |pages=C01005
 |doi=10.1088/1748-0221/9/01/C01005 |doi-access=free
 |bibcode=2014JInst...9C1005B
}}</ref>

== Status ==
{{As of|2017}}, approximately two percent of the CERN annual budget is invested in the development of CLIC technologies. The first stage of CLIC with a length of around {{cvt|11|km|0}} is currently estimated at a cost of six billion CHF.<ref name=Burrows_CLIC_CERN-2018/> CLIC is a global project involving more than 70 institutes in more than 30 countries. It consists of two collaborations: the CLIC detector and physics collaboration (CLICdp), and the CLIC accelerator study. CLIC is currently in the development stage, conducting performance studies for accelerator parts and systems, detector technology and optimisation studies, and physics analysis. In parallel, the collaborations are working with the theory community to evaluate the physics potential of CLIC.

The CLIC project has submitted two concise documents as input to the next update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (ESPP) summarising the physics potential of CLIC<ref>{{cite arXiv |eprint=1812.07986|collaboration=The CLIC and CLICdp collaborations|title=The Compact Linear e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>−</sup> Collider (CLIC): Physics Potential|class=hep-ex|year=2018|last1=Roloff|first1=P.|last2=Franceschini|first2=R.|last3=Schnoor|first3=U.|last4=Wulzer|first4=A.}}</ref> as well as the status of the CLIC accelerator and detector projects.<ref>{{cite arXiv |eprint=1812.07987|collaboration=The CLIC and CLICdp collaborations|title=The Compact Linear e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>−</sup> Collider (CLIC): Accelerator and Detector|class=physics.acc-ph|year=2018|last1=Robson|first1=A.|last2=Burrows|first2=P.N.|last3=Catalan Lasheras|first3=N.|last4=Linssen|first4=L.|last5=Petric|first5=M.|last6=Schulte|first6=D.|last7=Sicking|first7=E.|last8=Stapnes|first8=S.|last9=Wuensch|first9=W.}}</ref> 
The update of the ESPP is a community-wide process, which is expected to conclude in May 2020 with the publication of a strategy document.

Detailed information on the CLIC project is available in CERN Yellow Reports, on the CLIC potential for New Physics,<ref name=new_physics_rep/> the CLIC project implementation plan<ref name=2018_proj_imp/> and the Detector technologies for CLIC.<ref name=detector_R_and_D/> An overview is provided in the 2018 CLIC Summary Report.<ref name=Burrows_CLIC_CERN-2018/>

== See also ==
* [[Future Circular Collider]]
* [[International Linear Collider]]
* [[Circular Electron Positron Collider]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* CLIC accelerator: CLIC study website [http://clic-study.web.cern.ch/], CLIC study documents and publications [http://clic-study.web.cern.ch/content/updated-baseline-staged-compact-linear-collider]
* CLIC detector and physics: CLICdp website [http://clicdp.web.cern.ch/], CLICdp documents and publications [http://clicdp.web.cern.ch/content/documents-and-publications], FAQ page of the CLICdp website [http://clicdp.web.cern.ch/content/faq]
* Updated Project Implementation documents(2018)[https://clic.cern/european-strategy]
* CLIC conceptual design reports:
** A multi-TeV linear collider based on CLIC technology [https://cds.cern.ch/record/1500095]
** Physics and detectors at CLIC [https://cds.cern.ch/record/1425915]
** The CLIC programme: Towards a staged e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>−</sup> linear collider exploring the terascale [https://cds.cern.ch/record/1475225]
* Articles and videos on CLIC: CLIC [http://clic-study.web.cern.ch/content/articles], CLICdp [http://clicdp.web.cern.ch/content/articles], CERN CLIC test facility [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LKChKOJpml4]

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