View source for Clarke number

{{Short description|Relative abundance of elements}}
{{about|the geochemistry term|modern data|Abundance of elements in Earth's crust|the geodesy term|Earth ellipsoid#Historical Earth ellipsoids}}
'''Clarke number''' or '''clarke''' is the relative abundance of a [[chemical element]], typically [[Abundance of elements in Earth's crust|in Earth's crust]]. The technical definition of "Earth's crust" varies among authors, and the actual numbers also vary significantly.

== History ==
In the 1930s, [[USSR]] geochemist [[Alexander Fersman]] [[namesake|defined]] the relative abundance of chemical elements in geological objects, denoted in percents, as {{langx|ru|кларки|lit=the clarkes}}.{{r|Fersman1934|group="F"|p=141}} This was in honor to the American geochemist [[Frank Wigglesworth Clarke]], who pioneered in estimating the chemical composition of Earth's crust, based on Clarke and colleague's extensive chemical analysis of numerous rock samples, throughout 1889 to 1924(<ref name="Clarke1889" group="C" /><ref name="Clarke1891" group="C" /><ref name="Clarke1908" group="C" /><ref name="Clarke1911" group="C" /><ref name="Clarke1916" group="C" /><ref name="Clarke1920" group="C" /><ref name="ClarkeWashington1922" group="C" /><ref name="ClarkeWashington1924" group="C" /><ref name="Clarke1924" group="C" />).

Examples based on Fersman's definition:
* {{langx|ru|весовой кларк|lit=weight clarke}}: When the whole mass of a planet X is <math>Mx</math> {{bracket|kg}}, and the mass of oxygen there is <math>Mo </math> {{bracket|kg}}, then the weight clarke of oxygen in planet X is <math>Km=\frac{Mo}{Mx}</math> ([[dimensionless quantity|dimensionless]])
* {{langx|ru|кларк числа атомов|lit=clarke of atom count}}: When the whole count of atoms in a rock Y is <math>Ay</math> {{bracket|[[Mole (unit)|mol]]}}, and the atom count of silicon there is <math>As</math> {{bracket|mol}}, then silicon's clarke of atom count in rock Y is <math>Ka=\frac{As}{Ay}</math> (dimensionless)
* Fersman's "clarke of Earth's crust" is the Earth's surface including 16&nbsp;km-thick [[lithosphere]], [[hydrosphere]] and [[atmosphere]].{{r|Fersman1934|group="F"|p=141}}

=== In Russian ===
{{langx|ru|кларки}} is synonymous to "the relative abundance of elements" in any object, either in weight ratio or in atomic (number of atoms) ratio, regardless of how "Earth's crust" is defined, and denotation is not restricted to percents.<ref name="GSEN_Clarke" group="x" />

=== In English ===
In the English speaking world, the term "clarke" was not even used in Wells(1937){{r|"Wells1937"|group="U"||p=4}} which introduced Fersman's proposal, nor in later USGS articles such as Fleischer(1953).{{r|"Fleischer1953"|group="U"}} They used the term "relative abundance of the elements". [[Brian Mason (geochemist)|Brian Mason]] also mentioned the term "clarke" in Mason(1952){{r|"Mason1952"|group="M"|p=42}}(mistakenly attributing it to [[Vladimir Vernadsky]], later corrected to Fersman in Mason(1958){{r|"Mason1958"|group="M"|p=47}}), but the definition slightly differed from Fersman's, limiting it only to the average percentage in Earth's crust, but allowed to exclude hydrosphere and atmosphere. Besides for explaining the term, Mason himself did not use the term "clarke".<ref name="Mason1958" group="M" />

A variant term "clarke value" is occasionally used (examples:{{r|"Econ.Geol.USSR1963"|group="x"|}}{{r|"Lee.PRC1970"|group="x"|p=778}}). However, "clarke value" can have a different meaning, the [[#clarke of concentration|clarke of concentration]] (example:{{r|"Holland2005"|group="x"|p=412}}).

Terms "clarke number" and "Clarke number" are found in articles [[Engrish|written by Japanese authors]] (example:{{r|"Miyake1939"|group="x"|p=55}}).

=== Usage in Japan ===
In Japan, "clarke" is translated as {{nihongo3|clarke number|クラーク数|kurākusū}}. The word {{nihongo3|number|数|sū}} is always added, which happens to make the term appear similar in form with scientific constants such as {{nihongo3|the [[Avogadro constant]]|アボガドロ数|abogadorosū}}. The term may have a narrower sense than Fersman's. Several of the following constraints may apply:
* Only of Earth's crust{{r|IDPC1939|group="I"}}
* Lithosphere approximated as a 10 mile-deep layer from sea level{{r|IDPC1939|group="I"}}
* Must include all of three layers: lithosphere (93.06%), hydrosphere (0.91%) and atmosphere (0.03%){{r|IDPC1939|group="I"}}
* Only mass ratio{{r|IDPC1939|group="I"}})
* Denote in percents{{r|IDPC1939|group="I"}}) (not in [[Parts-per notation#ppm|ppm]] or [[Parts-per notation#ppb|ppb]])
* (What the quoter believes to be) data from Clarke and Washington(1924)

Another peculiarity in Japan is the existence of a popular version of data, which was tabulated in reference books such as the annual "Chronological Scientific Tables" (RCST1939(1938){{r|RCST1939|group="R"|p=E46}}), the "Dictionary of Physics and Chemistry" (IDPC(1939){{r|IDPC1939|group="I"|page=app.VI}}) and other prominent books on geochemistry and chemistry.{{r|"Onishi2001"|group="H"|p=(62)}} This version Kimura(1938){{r|"Kimura1938"|group="K"}} was devised by chemist {{ill|Kenjiro Kimura|ja|木村健二郎}}.{{r|Kimura1939|group="K"|p=5}} It was often quoted as ''The'' "Clarke numbers" (unsourced examples:{{r|Ito1942|group="x"|p=443}},{{r|Ebihara1998|group="H"|p=429 t2}}). The numbers differed from any versions by Clarke / Clarke&Washington (1889–1924<ref name="Clarke1889" group="C" /><ref name="Clarke1891" group="C" /><ref name="Clarke1908" group="C" /><ref name="Clarke1911" group="C" /><ref name="Clarke1916" group="C" /><ref name="Clarke1920" group="C" /><ref name="ClarkeWashington1922" group="C" /><ref name="ClarkeWashington1924" group="C" /><ref name="Clarke1924" group="C" />), or anything listed in foreign (non-Japanese) articles such as the USGS compilation {{r|Fleischer1953|group="U"|p=4 t2}}, thus [[Galápagos syndrome|unknown outside of Japan]]. Yet the numbers were sometimes quoted in English articles without citation (example:{{r|Miyake1939|group="x"|p=55}}).

As geological definition of "Earth's crust" evolved, the "10 mile-deep" approximation were deemed out-of-date, and some people considered the term "clarke number" obsolete too.{{r|"Ebihara1998"|group="H"}} Yet other people may have meant broader senses, not limiting to Earth's crust, leading to confusion.{{r|IDPC1981|group="I"|p=355}} RCST1961(1961) switched their "clarke number" table from Kimura(1938) to Mason(1958) based{{r|RCST1961|group="R"}}{{r|RCST1962|group="R"}}, and the label "clarke number" on table was removed in RCST1963(1962){{r|RCST1963|group="R"}}. IDPC(1971){{r|IDPC1971|group="I"}} removed the "clarke number" table which was a Kimura(1938)'s variant{{r|"IDPC1953"|group="I"}}{{r|"KGDC1963"|group="D"}}. IDPC(1981) said the term is mostly abandoned,{{r|IDPC1981|group="I"}} and the dictionary entry for "clarke number" itself was removed from IDPC(1998).{{r|Ebihara1998|group="H"|p=431}} So "clarke numbers" became associated almost solely with Kimura(1938)'s data, but Kimura's name forgotten. Incidentally, in major reference books, there was no data table titled "clarke numbers" which showed Clarke's original tables.

Despite being removed from major reference books, data from Kimura(1938) and phrases such as "the Clarke number of iron is 4.70", unsourced, continue to circulate, even in the 2010s (example:{{r|TakadaNakanishi2017|group="x"|p=799}}).

== Example data ==
This section lists only historical data. For recent data, see [[Abundance of elements in Earth's crust]].

Technical definition of "clarke", "Earth's crust" and "lithosphere" differ among authors, and the actual numbers vary accordingly, sometimes by several times. Even the same author presents multiple versions, with various estimation parameters or knowledge refinements. Yet they are often quoted without source, rendering the data unverifiable.
Clarke & Washington{{r|ClarkeWashington1922|group="C"|p=114}}{{r|ClarkeWashington1924|group="C"|p=34 t17}} presented estimations of the average composition of the outer part of Earth with four variants:
# 10-mile crust, hydrosphere and atmosphere.
# 20-mile crust, hydrosphere and atmosphere.
# 10-mile crust, only igneous rocks and sedimentary rocks. (i.e. exclude hydrosphere and atmosphere)
# 10-mile crust, only igneous rocks. (i.e. exclude hydrosphere and atmosphere)
"The earth's crust" in Clarke and Washington works can mean two different things: (a) The whole outer part of Earth, i.e. lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere; (b) Only the lithosphere, which in their works just meant "the rocky crust of the earth". "Crust" here means (b).
* Following tables do not cover all elements. Some elements not on the table may have larger abundance. Some minor elements are listed here to aid identifying the origin of unsourced documents.
* Some entries contain data for the disputed element 43 [[masurium]].
* Precision (number of digits) may be adjusted to improve legibility.

=== Of the mass of 10 mile-thick lithosphere plus hydrosphere and atmosphere ===
Tables of historical data for some elements of their relative abundance in Earth's crust.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
! colspan="2" |cited as
!Clarke (1889)
!Clarke (1891)
!Clarke (1908)
!Clarke (1911)
!Clarke (1916)
!Clarke (1920)
!Clarke & Washington (1922)
!Clarke & Washington (1924)
!Clarke (1924)
!Berg (1929)
!Berg (1932)
!Fersman (1923)
!Fersman (1934)
!RCST1937 (1936)
!RCST1939 (1938)
!Kimura (1939)
|-
! colspan="2" |cited in
!{{r|group="C"|"Clarke1889"|page=138 c.3}}
!{{r|group="C"|"Clarke1891"|page=39 c.3}}
!{{r|group="C"|"Clarke1908"|page=32 c.3}}
!{{r|group="C"|"Clarke1911"|pages=34-35 c.3}}
!{{r|group="C"|"Clarke1916"|page=34 c.3}}
!{{r|group="C"|"Clarke1920"|page=35 c.3}}
!{{r|group="C"|"ClarkeWashington1922"|page=114 c.1}}
!{{r|group="C"|"ClarkeWashington1924"|page=34 t.17 c.1}}
!{{r|group="C"|"Clarke1924"|page=36 c.3}}
!{{r|group="B"|"Berg1929"|p=11}}
!{{r|group="B"|"Berg1932"|page=113 t.15}}
!{{r|group="F"|"Fersman1923"|page=18 t.VI c.5}}
!{{r|group="F"|"Fersman1934"|page=148 t.XV c.X}} {{r|Fersman1955|group="F"|page=174 t.15 c.X}}
!{{r|group="R"|"RCST1937"|p=316}}
!{{r|group="R"|"RCST1939"|p=E46}}
!{{r|group="K"|"Kimura1939"|page=5 t.4}}
|-
!
!titled "clarke"?
!-
!-
!-
!-
!-
!-
!-
!-
!-
!
!
!-
!Yes
!Yes
!Yes
!Yes
|-
!
!elements
!19
!19
!20
!20
!20
!20
!31
!27
!20
!
!
!28
!87
!89
!89
!89
|-
! colspan="2" |lithosphere
!93%
!93%
!93%
!93%
!93%
!93%
!93%
!93%
!93%
!13.5/14.5
!
!Yes
!Yes
!Yes
!Yes
!Yes
|-
!
!definition
!10 miles
!10 miles
!10 miles
!10 miles
!10 miles
!10 miles
!10 miles
!10 miles
!10 miles
!16&nbsp;km
!16&nbsp;km
!
!16&nbsp;km
!16&nbsp;km
!16&nbsp;km
!10 miles
|-
!
!rock types
!All
!All
!All
!All
!All
!All
!All
!All
!All
!All
!
!All
!All
!All
!All
!All
|-
! colspan="2" |hydrosphere
!ocean 7%
!ocean 7%
!ocean 7%
!ocean 7%
!ocean 7%
!ocean 7%
!7%
!7%
!7%
!1/14.5
!
!Yes
!Yes
!Yes
!Yes
!Yes
|-
! colspan="2" |atmosphere
!N 0.02%
!N 0.02%
!N 0.02%
!N 0.02%
!N 0.02%
!N 0.02%
!0.03%
!0.03%
!Yes
!
!
!Yes
!Yes
!Yes
!Yes
!Yes
|-
! colspan="2" |remarks
!often mentioned
!
!
!
!
!
!
!often cited. >100%
!
!
!>100%
!>100%
!
!
!popular in Japan
!
|-
!Z
!element
! data-sort-type="number" |(mass%)
! data-sort-type="number" |(mass%)
! data-sort-type="number" |(mass%)
! data-sort-type="number" |(mass%)
! data-sort-type="number" |(mass%)
! data-sort-type="number" |(mass%)
! data-sort-type="number" |(mass%)
! data-sort-type="number" |(mass%)
! data-sort-type="number" |(mass%)
! data-sort-type="number" |(mass%)
! data-sort-type="number" |(mass%)
! data-sort-type="number" |(mass%)
! data-sort-type="number" |(mass%)
! data-sort-type="number" |(mass%)
! data-sort-type="number" |(weight%)
! data-sort-type="number" |(weight%)
|-
!8 O
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=O|format=wl}}
|49.98
|49.98
|49.78
|49.85
|50.02
|50.02
|49.190
|49.520
|49.20
|49.5000
|49.500
|49.70
|49.130
|49.500
|49.500
|49.500
|-
!14 Si
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Si|format=wl}}
|25.30
|25.30
|26.08
|26.03
|25.80
|25.80
|25.710
|25.750
|25.67
|25.7000
|25.300
|26.00
|26.000
|25.300
|25.800
|25.800
|-
!13 Al
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Al|format=wl}}
|7.26
|7.26
|7.34
|7.28
|7.30
|7.30
|7.500
|7.510
|7.50
|7.5000
|7.500
|7.45
|7.450
|7.500
|7.560
|7.560
|-
!26 Fe
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Fe|format=wl}}
|5.08
|5.08
|4.11
|4.12
|4.18
|4.18
|4.680
|4.700
|4.71
|4.7000
|5.080
|4.20
|4.200
|5.040
|4.700
|4.700
|-
!20 Ca
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Ca|format=wl}}
|3.51
|3.51
|3.19
|3.18
|3.22
|3.22
|3.370
|3.390
|3.39
|3.3900
|3.390
|3.25
|3.250
|3.390
|3.390
|3.390
|-
!11 Na
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Na|format=wl}}
|2.28
|2.28
|2.33
|2.33
|2.36
|2.36
|2.610
|2.640
|2.63
|2.6300
|2.630
|2.40
|2.400
|2.630
|2.630
|2.630
|-
!19 K
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=K|format=wl}}
|2.23
|2.23
|2.28
|2.33
|2.28
|2.28
|2.380
|2.400
|2.40
|2.4000
|2.400
|2.35
|2.350
|2.400
|2.400
|2.400
|-
!12 Mg
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Mg|format=wl}}
|2.50
|2.50
|2.24
|2.11
|2.08
|2.08
|1.940
|1.940
|1.93
|1.9300
|1.930
|2.35
|2.350
|1.930
|1.930
|1.930
|-
!1 H
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=H|format=wl}}
|0.94
|0.94
|0.95
|0.97
|0.95
|0.95
|0.872
|0.880
|0.87
|0.8700
|0.870
|1.00
|1.000
|0.870
|0.870
|0.870
|-
!22 Ti
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Ti|format=wl}}
|0.30
|0.30
|0.37
|0.41
|0.43
|0.43
|0.648
|0.580
|0.58
|0.5800
|0.630
|0.50
|0.610
|0.630
|0.460
|0.460
|-
!17 Cl
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Cl|format=wl}}
|0.15 (Cl+Br)
|0.15 (Cl+Br)
|0.21
|0.20
|0.20
|0.20
|0.228
|0.188
|0.19
|0.1900
|0.190
|0.20
|0.200
|0.190
|0.190
|0.190
|-
!25 Mn
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Mn|format=wl}}
|0.07
|0.07
|0.07
|0.08
|0.08
|0.08
|0.108
|0.080
|0.09
|0.0900
|0.090
|0.09
|0.100
|0.090
|0.090
|0.090
|-
!15 P
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=P|format=wl}}
|0.09
|0.09
|0.11
|0.10
|0.11
|0.11
|0.142
|0.120
|0.11
|0.1200
|0.120
|0.10
|0.120
|0.120
|0.080
|0.080
|-
!6 C
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=C|format=wl}}
|0.21
|0.21
|0.19
|0.19
|0.18
|0.18
|0.139
|0.087
|0.08
|0.0800
|0.080
|0.35
|0.350
|0.080
|0.080
|0.080
|-
!16 S
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=S|format=wl}}
|0.04
|0.04
|0.11
|0.10
|0.11
|0.11
|0.093
|0.048
|0.06
|0.0600
|0.060
|0.10
|0.100
|0.060
|0.060
|0.060
|-
!7 N
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=N|format=wl}}
|0.02
|0.02
|0.02
|0.03
|0.03
|0.03
|0.030
|0.030
|0.03
|0.0300
|0.030
|0.04
|0.040
|0.030
|0.030
|0.030
|-
!9 F
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=F|format=wl}}
| -
| -
|0.02
|0.10
|0.10
|0.10
|0.030
|0.027
|0.03
|0.0270
|0.026
|0.08
|0.080
|0.026
|0.030
|0.030
|-
!37 Rb
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Rb|format=wl}}
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|0.0033
|3.50E-03
| -
|0.008
|3.50E-03
|0.030
|0.030
|-
!56 Ba
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Ba|format=wl}}
|0.03
|0.03
|0.09
|0.09
|0.08
|0.08
|0.075
|0.047
|0.04
|0.0400
|0.040
|0.04
|0.050
|0.040
|0.023
|0.023
|-
!40 Zr
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Zr|format=wl}}
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|0.048
|0.023
| -
|0.0230
|0.023
| -
|0.025
|0.023
|0.020
|0.020
|-
!24 Cr
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Cr|format=wl}}
|0.01
|0.01
| -
| -
| -
| -
|0.062
|0.033
| -
|0.0330
|0.038
|0.02
|0.030
|0.033
|0.020
|0.020
|-
!38 Sr
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Sr|format=wl}}
| -
| -
|0.03
|0.03
|0.02
|0.02
|0.032
|0.017
|0.02
|0.0200
|0.020
|0.02
|0.040
|0.020
|0.020
|0.020
|-
!23 V
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=V|format=wl}}
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|0.038
|0.016
| -
|0.0160
|0.018
|0.02
|0.020
|0.013
|0.015
|0.015
|-
!28 Ni
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Ni|format=wl}}
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|0.030
|0.018
| -
|0.0180
|0.018
|0.02
|0.020
|0.018
|0.010
|0.010
|-
!29 Cu
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Cu|format=wl}}
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|0.010
|0.010
| -
|0.0100
|0.010
|0.02
|0.010
|0.010
|0.010
|0.010
|-
!58 Ce
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Ce|format=wl}}
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|0.019 (Ce+Y)
|0.014 (Ce+Y)
| -
|0.0022
|2.00E-03
| -
|2.90E-03
|2.00E-03
|4.50E-03
|4.50E-03
|-
!30 Zn
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Zn|format=wl}}
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|0.004
| -
| -
|0.0045
|0.017
| -
|0.020
|0.017
|4.00E-03
|4.00E-03
|-
!
!
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!32 Ge
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Ge|format=wl}}
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|2.00E-08
|1.00E-04
| -
|4.00E-04
|1.00E-04
|6.50E-04
|6.50E-04
|-
!43 Ma
![[masurium]]
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|1.00E-07
|1.00E-07
|1.00E-07
|1.00E-07
|-
!others
!
|0.00
|0.00
|0.48
|0.47
|0.47
|0.47
|0.00
|0.032
|0.47
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

=== Other variants ===
Some authors call these "clarkes" too, some do not.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
! colspan="2" |cited as
!Clarke (1889)
!Clarke & Washington (1924)
!Clarke & Washington (1924)
!Clarke & Washington (1924)
!Clarke (1924)
!Goldschmidt (1937)
!Goldschmidt (1937)
!Mason (1952)
!Mason (1958)
!RCST1961 (1961)
!Mason (1966)
!Mason & Moore (1982)
|-
! colspan="2" |cited in
!{{r|group="C"|"Clarke1889"|page=138 c.1}}
!{{r|group="C"|"ClarkeWashington1924"|page=34 t.17 c.2}}
!{{r|group="C"|"ClarkeWashington1924"|page=34 t.17 c.3}}
!{{r|group="C"|"ClarkeWashington1924"|page=20 t.11 c.1}}
!{{r|group="C"|"Clarke1924"|page=36 c.1}}
!{{r|group="G"|"Goldschmidt1938"|pages=99-100}}
!{{r|group="U"|"Fleischer1953"|page=4 t.2}}
!{{r|group="M"|"Mason1952"|page=41 t.8}}
!{{r|group="M"|"Mason1958"|page=44 t.9}}
!{{r|group="R"|"RCST1961"}}
!{{r|group="M"|"Mason1966"|page=45 t.3.3}}
!{{r|group="M"|"MasonMoore1982"|page=46 t.3.5}}
|-
!
!titled "clarke"?
!-
!-
!-
!-
!-
!
!-
!-
!-
!Yes
!-
!-
|-
!
!elements
!19
!27
!27
!35
!20
!
!
!80
!80
!85
!78
!78
|-
! colspan="2" |lithosphere
!100%
!Yes
!100%
!100%
!100%
!100%
!100%
!100%
!100%
!100%
!100%
!100%
|-
!
!definition
!10 miles
!20miles
!10 miles
!10 miles
!10 miles
!
!
!10 miles
!10 miles
!10 miles
!
!
|-
!
!rock types
!All
!All
!igneous + sedimentary
!igneous
!All
!igneous
!igneous
!All
!All
!All
!All
!All
|-
! colspan="2" |hydrosphere
!(no)
!Yes
!(no)
!(no)
!(no)
!(no)
!(no)
!(no)
!(no)
!Yes
!(no)
!(no)
|-
! colspan="2" |atmosphere
!(no)
!Yes
!(no)
!(no)
!(no)
!(no)
!(no)
!(no)
!(no)
!Yes
!(no)
!(no)
|-
! colspan="2" |remarks
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!wrong composition
!
!
|-
!Z
!element
! data-sort-type="number" |(mass%)
! data-sort-type="number" |(mass%)
! data-sort-type="number" |(mass%)
! data-sort-type="number" |(mass%)
! data-sort-type="number" |(mass%)
! data-sort-type="number" |(mass ppm)
! data-sort-type="number" |(weight%)
! data-sort-type="number" |(mass ppm)
! data-sort-type="number" |(mass ppm)
! data-sort-type="number" |(weight%)
! data-sort-type="number" |(mass ppm)
! data-sort-type="number" |(mass ppm)
|-
!8 O
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=O|format=wl}}
|47.29
|48.080
|46.710
|46.590
|46.46
|
|46.600
|466,000
|466,000
|46.600
|466,000
|466,000
|-
!14 Si
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Si|format=wl}}
|27.21
|26.720
|27.690
|27.720
|27.61
|277,200
|27.720
|277,200
|277,200
|27.720
|277,200
|277,200
|-
!15 Al
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Al|format=wl}}
|7.81
|7.790
|8.070
|8.130
|8.07
|81,300
|8.130
|81,300
|81,300
|8.130
|81,300
|81,300
|-
!26 Fe
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Fe|format=wl}}
|5.46
|4.870
|5.050
|5.010
|5.06
|50,000
|5.000
|50,000
|50,000
|5.000
|50,000
|50,000
|-
!20 Ca
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Ca|format=wl}}
|3.77
|3.520
|3.650
|3.630
|3.64
|36,300
|3.630
|36,300
|36,300
|3.630
|36,300
|36,300
|-
!11 Na
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Na|format=wl}}
|2.36
|2.690
|2.750
|2.850
|2.75
|28,300
|2.830
|28,300
|28,300
|2.830
|28,300
|28,300
|-
!19 K
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=K|format=wl}}
|2.40
|2.490
|2.580
|2.600
|2.58
|25,900
|2.590
|25,900
|25,900
|2.590
|25,900
|25,900
|-
!12 Mg
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Mg|format=wl}}
|2.68
|2.010
|2.080
|2.090
|2.07
|20,900
|2.090
|20,900
|20,900
|2.090
|20,900
|20,900
|-
!1 H
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=H|format=wl}}
|0.21
|0.510
|0.140
|0.130
|0.14
|nicht ber.
| -
|1,400
|1,400
|0.140
|1,400
|1,400
|-
!22 Ti
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Ti|format=wl}}
|0.33
|0.600
|0.620
|0.630
|0.62
|4,400
|0.440
|4,400
|4,400
|0.440
|4,400
|4,400
|-
!17 Cl
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Cl|format=wl}}
|0.01
|0.101
|0.045
|0.048
|0.05
|480
|0.048
|314
|200
|0.020
|130
|130
|-
!25 Mn
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Mn|format=wl}}
|0.08
|0.090
|0.090
|0.100
|0.09
|1,000
|0.100
|1,000
|1,000
|0.100
|950
|950
|-
!15 P
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=P|format=wl}}
|0.10
|0.130
|0.130
|0.130
|0.12
|800
|0.118
|1,180
|1,180
|0.118
|1,050
|1,050
|-
!6 C
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=C|format=wl}}
|0.22
|0.091
|0.094
|0.032
|0.09
|
|0.032
|320
|320
|0.032
|200
|200
|-
!16 S
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=S|format=wl}}
|0.03
|0.050
|0.052
|0.052
|0.06
|520
|0.052
|520
|520
|0.052
|260
|260
|-
!7 N
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=N|format=wl}}
| -
|0.016
| -
| -
| -
|
| -
|46
|46
|0.0046
|20
|20
|-
!9 F
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=F|format=wl}}
| -
|0.028
|0.029
|0.030
|0.03
|
|0.030
|300
|700
|0.070
|625
|625
|-
!37 Rb
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Rb|format=wl}}
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|310
|0.031
|310
|120
|0.012
|90
|90
|-
!56 Ba
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Ba|format=wl}}
|0.03
|0.048
|0.050
|0.050
|0.04
|250
|0.025
|250
|400
|0.040
|425
|425
|-
!40 Zr
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Zr|format=wl}}
| -
|0.024
|0.025
|0.026
| -
|220
|0.022
|220
|160
|0.016
|165
|165
|-
!24 Cr
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Cr|format=wl}}
|0.01
|0.034
|0.035
|0.037
| -
|200
|0.020
|200
|200
|0.020
|100
|100
|-
!38 Sr
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Sr|format=wl}}
| -
|0.017
|0.018
|0.019
|0.02
|150
|0.015
|300
|450
|0.045
|375
|375
|-
!23 V
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=V|format=wl}}
| -
|0.016
|0.016
|0.017
| -
|150
|0.015
|150
|110
|0.011
|135
|135
|-
!28 Ni
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Ni|format=wl}}
| -
|0.018
|0.019
|0.020
| -
|100
|0.010
|80
|80
|0.008
|75
|75
|-
!29 Cu
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Cu|format=wl}}
| -
|0.010
|0.010
|0.010
| -
|100
|0.010
|70
|45
|0.0045
|55
|55
|-
!58 Ce
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Ce|format=wl}}
| -
|0.014 (Ce+Y)
|0.014 (Ce+Y)
|0.015 (Ce+Y)
| -
|46.1
|0.0046
|46
|46
|0.0046
|60
|60
|-
!30 Zn
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Zn|format=wl}}
| -
| -
| -
|0.004
| -
|40
|0.004
|132
|65
|0.0065
|70
|70
|-
!
!
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!32 Ge
!{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol=Ge|format=wl}}
| -
| -
| -
|n*E-11
| -
|7
|0.0007
|7
|2
|2.00E-04
|1.5
|1.5
|-
!43 Ma
![[masurium]]
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
!others
!
|
|0.033
|0.033
|
|0.500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Clarke of concentration ==
A related term "''clarke of concentration''" or "''concentration clarke''", synonym: "[[concentration factor (mineralogy)]]", is a measure to see how rich a particular ore is.
That is, the ratio between the concentrations of a chemical element in the ore, and its concentration in the whole Earth's crust (i.e. "clarke") {{r|Mason1952|group="M"|p=42}}{{r|Laznicka2010|group="x"|p=43}}.

If the concentration of a commodity in an ore X is <math>Kx</math> {{bracket|ppm}}, and the "clarke" of that commodity is <math>Ke</math> {{bracket|ppm}},
then "the clarke of concentration" of that commodity X is <math>Kk=\frac{Kx}{Ke}</math> (dimensionless).

The value represents the degree to which the commodity is concentrated from crustal abundances to the ore by natural geochemical processes; a clue for whether the commodity could be mined economically.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nassar |first1=Nedal T. |last2=Lederer |first2=Graham W. |last3=Brainard |first3=Jamie L. |last4=Padilla |first4=Abraham J. |last5=Lessard |first5=Joseph D. |date=2022-05-17 |title=Rock-to-Metal Ratio: A Foundational Metric for Understanding Mine Wastes |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |volume=56 |issue=10 |pages=6710–6721 (p6718 equation 2) |doi=10.1021/acs.est.1c07875 |issn=0013-936X |pmc=9118561 |pmid=35467345|bibcode=2022EnST...56.6710N }}</ref>

== References ==
<!-- This article need to nest-reference a lot. The only way to let link-traversal work is {{harv}}.<ref>and {{r}} completely fails to work, {{refn}} gives no link, rendering impossible to reach the referred. But switching the whole article to {{harv}} system brings another pile of mess.<ref>system is slightly less horrible. -->

=== Footnotes ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Cited works ===
* C: [[Frank Wigglesworth Clarke]] of USGS and [[Henry Stephens Washington]]
<references group="C">
<ref name="Clarke1889" group="C">{{cite journal
|last=Clarke
|first=Frank Wiggleworths
|date=1889-10-26
|title=The relative abundance of the chemical elements
|pages=131–142
|url=https://www.dropbox.com/s/eiwvh6yurwuj6il/Volume%2011.pdf?dl=0&page=168
|format=PDF
|journal=Bulletin of the Philosophical Society of Washington
|publisher=[[Philosophical Society of Washington]]
|volume=11
|publication-date=1892
|access-date=2020-03-28
}}
* Based on 880 igneous rock samples.
* Chlorine and bromine data are summed.
</ref>
<ref name="Clarke1891" group="C">{{cite journal
|last=Clarke
|first=Frank Wiggleworths
|date=1891
|title=Relative abundance of the chemical elements
|page=39
|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/78/report.pdf <!-- url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/b78 -->
|format=PDF
|journal=Report of Work Done in the Division of Chemistry and Physics Mainly During the Fiscal Year 1889-'90
|publisher=United States Geological Survey
|volume=Bulletin 78
|doi=10.3133/b78
|hdl=11244/39275
|doi-access=free
|access-date=2020-04-01
|hdl-access=free
}}
* Numbers identical to {{harvtxt|Clarke|1889}}.
</ref>
<ref name="Clarke1908" group="C">{{cite journal
|last=Clarke
|first=Frank Wiggleworths
|date=1908
|title=The data of geochemistry
|edition=1st
|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0330/report.pdf <!-- |url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/b330 -->
|format=PDF
|journal=Bulletin
|publisher=United States Geological Survey
|volume=330
|page=1
|doi=10.3133/b330
|doi-access=free
|bibcode=1908usgs.rept....1C
|access-date=2020-03-19
}}</ref>
<ref name="Clarke1911" group="C">{{cite journal
|last=Clarke
|first=Frank Wiggleworths
|date=1911
|title=The data of geochemistry
|edition=2nd
|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0491/report.pdf <!-- |url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/b491 -->
|format=PDF
|journal=Bulletin
|publisher=United States Geological Survey
|volume=491
|doi=10.3133/b491
|doi-access=free
|access-date=2020-03-19
}}</ref>
<ref name="Clarke1916" group="C">{{cite journal
|last=Clarke
|first=Frank Wiggleworths
|date=1916
|title=The data of geochemistry
|edition=3rd
|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0616/report.pdf <!-- |url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/b616 -->
|format=PDF
|journal=Bulletin
|publisher=United States Geological Survey
|volume=616
|doi=10.3133/b616
|doi-access=free
|access-date=2020-03-19
}}</ref>
<ref name="Clarke1920" group="C">{{cite journal
|last=Clarke
|first=Frank Wiggleworths
|date=1920
|title=The data of geochemistry
|edition=4th
|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0695/report.pdf <!-- |url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/b695 -->
|format=PDF
|journal=Bulletin
|publisher=United States Geological Survey
|volume=695
|doi=10.3133/b695
|doi-access=free
|access-date=2020-03-19
}}
* Numbers identical to {{harv|Clarke|1916}}
</ref>
<ref name="ClarkeWashington1922" group="C">{{cite journal
|last1=Clarke
|first1=Frank Wiggleworths
|last2=Washington
|first2=Henry Stephens
|date=1922-05-01
|title=The Average Chemical Composition of Igneous Rocks
|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]
|publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]]
|volume=8
|issue=5
|pages=108–115
|doi=10.1073/pnas.8.5.108
|pmid=16586858
|pmc=1085008
|bibcode=1922PNAS....8..108C
|doi-access=free
}}
* Based on 5159 igneous rock samples.
* Table contains data for 31 elements, most comprehensive among Clarke's publications. Amount of cerium and yttrium are summed.
</ref>
<ref name="ClarkeWashington1924" group="C">{{cite journal
|last1=Clarke
|first1=Frank Wiggleworths
|last2=Washington
|first2=Henry Stephens
|date=1924
|title=The composition of the earth's crust
|journal=USGS Report
|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0127/report.pdf <!-- |url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp127 -->
|format=PDF
|publisher=United States Geological Survey
|volume=127
|page=4
|doi=10.3133/pp127
|hdl=2027/mdp.39015050613622
|doi-access=free
|bibcode=1924usgs.rept....4C
|access-date=2020-03-19
}}
* Often cited. Beware there is another article in the same year {{harv|Clarke|1924}} reporting different results.
* Based on 5159 igneous rock samples.
* p17 mentions that the 10miles crust consist of lithosphere:93.06%; hydrosphere:6.91%; atmosphere:0.03%, but p34 explains that table 17 is calculated using approximations ie. lithosphere:93%; hydrosphere:7%; atmosphere:0.03%. No mention of the exact calculation process.
* Table 17 contains data for 27 elements. Amount of cerium and yttrium are summed.
</ref>
<ref name="Clarke1924" group="C">{{cite journal
|last=Clarke
|first=Frank Wiggleworths
|date=1924
|title=The data of geochemistry
|edition=5th
|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0770/report.pdf <!-- |url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/b770 -->
|format=PDF
|journal=Bulletin
|publisher=United States Geological Survey
|volume=770
|page=3
|doi=10.3133/b770
|doi-access=free
|bibcode=1924usgs.rept....3C
|access-date=2020-03-19
}}
* p.27 mentions {{harvtxt|Clarke|Washington|1924}}, numbers differ. Data for only 20 elements, lesser than previous works such as {{harvtxt|Clarke|Washington|1924}}.
* Based on 5159 igneous rock samples.
* Amount of cerium and yttrium are summed.
</ref>
</references>
* U: [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS)
<references group="U">
<ref name="Wells1937" group="U">{{cite journal
|last=Wells
|first=Roger Clark
|date=1937
|title=Analyses of rocks and minerals from the laboratory of the United States Geological Survey, 1914–36
|url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/b878
|format=PDF
|page=4
|journal=Bulletin
|publisher=United States Geological Survey
|volume=878
|doi=10.3133/b878
|hdl=2346/65043
|doi-access=free
|bibcode=1937usgs.rept....1W
|access-date=2020-03-21
|hdl-access=free
}}</ref>
<ref name="Fleischer1953" group="U">{{cite journal
|last=Fleischer
|first=Michael
|date=1953
|title=Recent estimates of the abundances of the elements in the earth's crust
|url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/cir285
|format=PDF
|journal=Circular
|publisher=United States Geological Survey
|volume=285
|page=5
|doi=10.3133/cir285
|doi-access=free
|bibcode=1953usgs.rept....5F
|access-date=2020-03-21
}} (a review)
</ref>
</references>
* B: {{ill|Georg Ernst Wilhelm Berg|de}}
<references group="B">
<ref name="Berg1929" group="B">{{cite book
|last=Berg
|first=Georg Ernst Wilhelm
|date=1929
|title=Vorkommen und Geochemie der mineralischen Rohstoffe: Einführung in die Geochemie und Lagerstättenlehre, besonders für Chemiker und Studierende der allgemeinen Naturwissenschaften
|language=de
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lFRUAAAAMAAJ
|url-access=limited
|publisher=[[Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft]]
|place=Leipzig
|oclc=595448842
}}</ref>
<ref name="Berg1932" group="B">{{cite book
|last=Berg
|first=Georg Ernst Wilhelm
|date=1932
|title=Das Vorkommen der chemischen Elemente auf der Erde
|language=de
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuFDAAAAIAAJ
|url-access=limited
|publisher={{ill|Johann Ambrosius Barth Verlag|de}} <!-- paywall doi=10.1080/11035893509448219 -->
}}</ref>
</references>
* F: [[Alexander Fersman]]
<references group="F">
<ref name="Fersman1923" group="F">{{cite book
|last=Fersman
|first=A.E. <!-- |last=Ферсман
|first=А.Е. -->
|author-link=Alexander Fersman
|orig-year=1923
|date=1923
|title=Chemical elements of earth and space
|script-title=ru:Химические элементы Земли и Космоса
|language=ru
|url=http://www.geokniga.org/bookfiles/geokniga-himicheskie-elementy-zemli-i-kosmosa.pdf <!-- |url=http://www.geokniga.org/books/13848 -->
|format=pdf
|publisher=Науч. хим.-техн. изд-во Науч.-техн. отд. ВСНХ
|location=Peterburg
|access-date=2020-03-21
}}</ref>
<ref name="Fersman1934" group="F">{{cite book
|last=Fersman
|first=A.E. <!-- |last=Ферсман
|first=А.Е. -->
|author-link=Alexander Fersman
|orig-year=1934
|date=1934
|title=Geochemistry
|script-title=ru:Геохимия
|volume=Том 1
|language=ru
|url=http://www.geokniga.org/bookfiles/geokniga-geohimiya-tom-1-fersman-ae-1934.djvu
|format=djvu <!-- |url=http://www.geokniga.org/books/8187 -->
|location=Leningrad
|access-date=2020-03-21
}}
* p141: definitions of "clarke".
* p146 table 15 column 1 quotes {{harvtxt|Clarke|1889|p=135}} in {{harvtxt|Fersman|1934|p=13}}) but actual data is on p138, and the numbers on Fersman's are different from anything in {{harvtxt|Clarke|1889}}.
* p161 fig.18 "clarkes of meteorites": An example of applying the term "clarke" to objects other than geospheres.
</ref>
<ref name="Fersman1955" group="F">{{cite book
|last=Fersman
|first=A.E. <!-- |last=Ферсман
|first=А.Е. -->
|author-link=Alexander Fersman
|date=1955
|chapter=Geochemistry Vol1
|script-chapter=ru:Геохимия
|language=ru
|title=Selected Works of Academician A.E. Fersman
|script-title=ru:Избранные труды академика А.Е.Ферсмана
|volume=Том 3
|url=http://www.geokniga.org/books/5120
|publisher=Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR
|location=Moscow
|access-date=2020-03-30
}} (Posthumous revision. Data in p174 table 15 seems identical to {{harvtxt|Fersman|1934|p=148 table 15}})
</ref>
</references>

* G: [[Victor Goldschmidt]]
<references group="G">
<ref name="Goldschmidt1938" group="G">{{cite journal
|last=Goldschmidt
|first=V.M.
|author-link=Victor Goldschmidt
|date=1938
|language=de
|title=Geochemische Verteilungsgesetze der Elemente. ix: Die Mengenverhältnisse der Elemente und der Atomarten
|journal=Skrifter Utgitt av Det Norske Videnskaps-akademi I Oslo. I. Mat-Naturv. Klasse
|volume=1937 n.4.
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbooAQAAMAAJ
|url-access=limited
|publisher=J. Dybwad
|location=Oslo
|access-date=2020-04-21
|oclc=762456670 <!-- paywall -->
}}</ref>
</references>

* M: [[Brian Mason (geochemist)|Brian Mason]]
<references group="M">
<ref name="Mason1952" group="M">{{cite book
|last=Mason
|first=Brian Harold
|author-link=Brian Mason (geochemist)
|title=Principles of Geochemistry
|edition=1st
|orig-year=1952
|date=1955
|page=42
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=43Q1AAAAMAAJ&q=%22term+clarke%22
|url-access=limited
|publisher=John Wiley & Sons
}}
* Attributing the term "clarke" to Vladimir Vernadsky. The numbers he gave as examples ("the clarke of oxygene is 46.60, of silicon, 27.72") was his own data (based on Clarke&Washington(1924) and Goldschmidt) for rocky crust excluding hydrosphere and atmosphere.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=43Q1AAAAMAAJ&q=%22clarke+of+concentration%22 p.42] Attributing the term "clarke of concentration" to Vladimir Vernadsky, but without specifying location in source. Mason himself used the term "concentration clarke" instead.
</ref>
<ref name="Mason1958" group="M">{{cite book
|last=Mason
|first=Brian Harold
|author-link=Brian Mason (geochemist)
|title=Principles of Geochemistry
|edition=2nd
|date=1958
|page=47 <!-- |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=NORDAAAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22term+clarke%22 -->
|url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofgeoc00maso
|url-access=limited
|publisher=John Wiley & Sons
|oclc=614731481
}}
* p.47 Corrected the term "clarke" originator to Fersman. He maintained "Clarke of concentration" come from Vernadsky.
* p.45 Table 9 "The Average Amount of Elements in the Earth's Crust": Mason claims data for major elements are taken from Clarke and Washington but they are not. Most data for major elements are identical to {{harvtxt|Goldschmidt|1938|p=99}}, which were only about igneous rocks. Mason argues that the average of igneous rocks can reasonably represent the whole crust.
</ref>
<ref name="Mason1966" group="M">{{cite book
|last=Mason
|first=Brian Harold
|author-link=Brian Mason (geochemist)
|title=Principles of Geochemistry
|edition=3rd
|date=1966
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KkBRAAAAMAAJ
|url-access=limited
|oclc=570774645
|publisher=John Wiley & Sons
|isbn=9780471575214
}}</ref>
<ref name="MasonMoore1982" group="M">{{cite book
|last1=Mason
|first1=Brian Harold
|author-link=Brian Mason (geochemist)
|last2=Moore
|first2=Carleton B.
|title=Principles of Geochemistry
|edition=4th
|date=1982
|page=49
|publisher=John Wiley & Sons
|isbn=978-0-471-08642-0
}} (other format {{isbn|978-0-471-57522-1}})
* pp.46-47 Table 3.5 "The Average Amounts of the Elements in Crustal Rocks in Grams per Ton or Parts per Million"
</ref>
</references>
* K: {{ill|Kenjiro Kimura|ja|木村健二郎}}
<references group="K">
<ref name="Kimura1938" group="K">Kimura(1938) = {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Kimura|1938}}|reference={{harvtxt|RCST1939|1938|page=E46}}}}</ref>
<ref name="Kimura1939" group="K">{{cite journal
|last=Kimura
|first=Kenjiro <!--|author=木村健二郎-->
|trans-title=Minor substances in Japan' hot springs
|script-title=ja:本邦温泉ノ微量成分ニ就テ
|language=ja
|date=1939
|journal=The Journal of the Japanese Society of Balneology, Climatology
|script-journal=ja:日本温泉気候学会雑誌
|publisher=日本温泉気候物理医学会
|volume=5
|issue=1
|edition=1
|pages=1–11
|doi=10.11390/onki1935.5.1
|quote=(p.11 footnote 8) table 3(sic) is a clarke number table based on data in recent literature and my recalculations
}} (p.5 table 4 is the clarke number table. Identical to {{harvtxt|Kimura|1938}})
</ref>
</references>
* H: Research on the history of chemistry
<references group="H">
<ref name="Ebihara1998" group="H">{{cite magazine
|last=Ebihara
|first=Mitsuru <!-- |author=海老原 充 -->
|title=[Clarke numbers — doomed data?]
|script-title=ja:クラーク数―消えゆく数値?(どうやってそれを求めたの 1)
|language=ja
|year=1998
|magazine=Kagaku to kyoiku
|script-journal=ja:化学と教育
|trans-journal=Chemistry and education
|volume=46
|issue=7
|pages=428–431
|publisher=The Chemical Society of Japan
|doi=10.20665/kakyoshi.46.7_428
|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/kakyoshi/46/7/46_KJ00003520487/_article/-char/en
|format=PDF
}}
* An essay.
* p429: translation of quote: "today our knowledge have sub-ppb level accuracy. Clarke numbers, which are defined as percent-based, became inconvenient."
* table 2 "clarke numbers": Lack citation. Values identical to {{harvtxt|Kimura|1938}}.
* table 1 "average composition of igneous rocks": mis-cited as Clarke&Washington's are not. They are actually Mason's heavily modified version {{harv|Mason|1958|p=41}}.
</ref>
<ref name="Onishi2001" group="H">{{cite magazine
|last=Onishi
|first=Hiroshi <!-- |author=大西 寛 -->
|title=[Transition of Clarke Number as Seen in Rikagaku Jiten and Rika Nenpyo]
|script-title=ja:「理化学辞典」と「理科年表」にみるクラーク数の変遷
|language=ja
|year=2001
|magazine=The Journal of the Japanese Society for the History of Chemistry
|script-journal=ja:化学史研究
|volume=28
|issue=4
|pages=265–268
|publisher=Japanese Society for the History of Chemistry
|url=https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10007418243
|url-access=subscription
}}
* An essay.
* p.(62) denotes "Unfortunately, Rikanenpyō edition 34({{harvtxt|RCST1961|1961}}) and edition 35({{harvtxt|RCST1962|1962a}})'s usage of clarke numbers are erratic", but doesn't mention how.
</ref>
</references>

=== Examples of usage ===
* R: {{nihongo|Chronological Scientific Tables|理科年表|Rikanenpyō}}([[:ja:理科年表]]): An (mostly) annual reference book published in Japan since 1925CE. Note that the actual published year is typically one year earlier than the nominal (book title) year.
<references group="R">
<ref name="RCST1937" group="R">{{cite encyclopedia
|editor=Tokyo Astronomical Observatory <!-- editor=東京天文台 -->

|date=1936
|trans-title=Abundance ratio of elements in Earth's crust (Clarke numbers table)
|script-title=ja:地殻ヲナス元素ノ割合(クラーク数表)
|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1223097/187
|language=ja
|script-periodical=ja:理科年表
|periodical=Chronological Scientific Tables
|publisher=Tokyo Imperial University
|edition=Edition 13 (S12(1937))
|page=316
|doi=10.11501/1223097
|access-date=2020-03-22
|ref={{harvid|RCST1937|1936}}
|quote=Based on F.W.Clarke and H.S.Washington(1922). With slight correction by G.Berg(1934), et al.
|author1=東京天文台
}}
* Edition 1937 was the first edition to use the term "{{nihongo|clarke number|クラーク数}}". Same data on edition 1937–1938.
</ref>
<ref name="RCST1939" group="R">{{cite encyclopedia
|editor=Tokyo Astronomical Observatory <!-- editor=東京天文台 -->

|date=1938
|trans-title=Abundance ratio of elements in Earth's crust (Clarke numbers table)
|script-title=ja:地殻ヲナス元素ノ割合(クラーク数表)
|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1223113/179
|language=ja
|script-periodical=ja:理科年表
|periodical=Chronological Scientific Tables
|publisher=Tokyo Imperial University
|edition=15 (S14(1939))
|page=E46
|doi=10.11501/1223113
|access-date=2020-03-22
|ref={{harvid|RCST1939|1938}}
|quote=Based on F.W.Clarke and H.S.Washington(1922). With slight correction by G.Berg(1934), Kenjiro Kimura(1938) et al.
|author1=東京天文台
}}
* Edition 1939 was the first edition to adopt {{harvtxt|Kimura|1938}}. Same data on edition 1939–1961.
</ref>
<ref name="RCST1961" group="R">{{cite encyclopedia
|editor=Tokyo Astronomical Observatory <!-- editor=東京天文台 -->

|date=1961
|trans-title=Abundance ratio of elements in Earth's crust
|script-title=ja:地殻をなす元素の割合
|language=ja
|script-periodical=ja:理科年表
|periodical=Chronological Scientific Tables
|publisher=Tokyo Imperial University
|edition=34 (S36(1961))
|page=地87
|ref={{harvid|RCST1961|1961}}
|quote=Numbers on this table represents the lithosphere, 10 miles thick from sea level, based mainly on Mason(1958).
}}
* Switched from {{harvtxt|Kimura|1938}} to {{harvtxt|Mason|1958}} based. Table's column title is "clarke number" on edition 1961–1962. Lists 85 elements, which is more than Mason(1958). Same data on edition 1961–1966.
</ref>
<ref name="RCST1962" group="R">{{cite encyclopedia
|editor=Tokyo Astronomical Observatory <!-- editor=東京天文台 -->

|date=1962-01-20
|trans-title=Abundance ratio of elements in Earth's crust
|script-title=ja:地殻をなす元素の割合
|language=ja
|script-periodical=ja:理科年表
|periodical=Chronological Scientific Tables
|publisher=Tokyo Imperial University
|edition=35 (S37(1962))
|ref={{harvid|RCST1962|1962a}}
|quote=Numbers on this table represents the lithosphere, 10 miles thick from sea level, based mainly on Mason(1958). Weight percentage of elements in lithosphere+hydrosphere+atmosphere are called clarke numbers.
}}
* {{harvtxt|Mason|1958}} based. Table's column title is "clarke number", which conflicts with the definition on the same page (see quote). Lists 85 elements which is more than Mason(1958). Same data on edition 1961–1966.
</ref>
<ref name="RCST1963" group="R">{{cite encyclopedia
|editor=Tokyo Astronomical Observatory <!-- editor=東京天文台 -->

|date=1962-12-25
|trans-title=Abundance ratio of elements in Earth's crust
|script-title=ja:地殻をなす元素の割合
|language=ja
|script-periodical=ja:理科年表
|periodical=Chronological Scientific Tables
|publisher=Tokyo Imperial University
|edition=36 (S38(1963))
|ref={{harvid|RCST1963|1962b}}
|quote=Numbers on this table represents the lithosphere, 10 miles thick from sea level, based mainly on Mason(1958). Weight percentage of elements in lithosphere+hydrosphere+atmosphere are called clarke numbers.
}}
* {{harvtxt|Mason|1958}} based. Table's column title changed to "weight percent ratio". Lists 85 elements which is more than Mason(1958). Same data on edition 1961–1966.
</ref>
</references>
* I: {{nihongo|Iwanami Dictionary of Physics and Chemistry|岩波理化学辞典|Iwanami rikagaku jiten}}: Revised roughly by each decade. First edition 1935CE.
<references group="I">
<ref name="IDPC1939" group="I">{{cite encyclopedia
|script-title=ja:クラーク数
|trans-title=clarke number
|page=appendix VI
|encyclopedia=Rikagaku jiten
|trans-work=Dictionary of Physics and Chemistry
|script-work=ja:理化学辞典
|language=ja
|edition=1st Ed., Rev.2
|date=1939-12-10
|publisher=Iwanami Shoten, Publishers
|location=Tokyo
|id={{JPNO|49012036}}
|doi=10.11501/1161076 <!-- doi-access=restricted -->
|ref={{harvid|IDPC|1939}}
|author1=石原, 純, 1881-1947
}}
* First revision of IDPC where term "clarke number" and data table appeared. Unsourced. Data identical to {{harvtxt|Kimura|1938}}.
* Translation of quote from dictionary entry "clarke number": "F.W. Clarke assumed that rocks downto 10 miles (approx 16&nbsp;km) below sea level should be quite similar to rocks on the surface of Earth. He determined a portion consisting of this, the hydrosphere and atmosphere as the outer part of the earth which is directly accessible to our observation, that is in weight percentage ratio of 93.06% lithosphere, 0.91% hydrosphere and 0.03% atmosphere. This portion is about 0.3% of the whole Earth. He calculated the weight percentage of elements in this portion. Thus, in accordance to A.Fersmann[sic]'s proposal, the abundance of elements in this range, denoted in weight percentage, are called ''clarke number''s." This differs from {{harvtxt|Fersman1934|group="F"|p=141}}'s "clarke", is rather similar to his "clarke of Earth's crust", but further binding to just one of Clarke's variants through a vague phrase "''in this range''".
</ref>
<ref name="IDPC1953" group="I">{{cite encyclopedia
|script-title=ja:クラーク数
|trans-title=clarke number
|page=appendix XI
|encyclopedia=Iwanami rikagaku jiten
|trans-work=Iwanami Dictionary of Physics and Chemistry
|script-work=ja:岩波理化学辞典
|language=ja
|edition=2nd
|date=1953
|publisher=Iwanami Shoten, Publishers
|location=Tokyo
|id={{JPNO|54000017}}
|doi=10.11501/2421663 <!-- doi-access=restricted -->
|ref={{harvid|IDPC|1953}}
|author1=井上, 敏, 1894-1967
}}
* p365 dictionary entry "clarke number": Author of this entry is not mentioned. Text identical with {{harvtxt|IDPC|1939}} except spelling "A.Fersmann"(sic) changed to "A.Fersman".
* p1379 Appendix XI clarke number data table: Unsourced. Data almost identical to {{harvtxt|IDPC|1939}}, except masurium been removed, and footnotes added: "Recently, following updates are reported: Zn:8x10-3, Cu:7x10-3, Nb:2.4x10-3, Co:2.3x10-3, Tl:3x10-4, Ta:2.1x10-4, Cd:1.5x10-5 ... [[neptunium|93 Np]]: 1x10-18 (abundance rank 89&nbsp;90), [[plutonium|94 Pu]]: 1x10-18 (abundance rank 89&nbsp;90)". Data in these footnotes are not incorporated into the main table. Identical table is in "Kyoritsu Great Dictionary of Chemistry" (Concise edition {{harvtxt|KGDC|1963|p=v3 p67}}).
* From 2nd edition, "Iwanami" was added to the title of the book.
</ref>
<ref name="IDPC1971" group="I">{{cite encyclopedia
|script-title=ja:クラーク数
|trans-title=clarke number
|encyclopedia=Iwanami rikagaku jiten
|trans-work=Iwanami Dictionary of Physics and Chemistry
|script-work=ja:岩波理化学辞典
|language=ja
|edition=3rd
|date=1971
|publisher=Iwanami Shoten, Publishers
|location=Tokyo
|id={{JPNO|69004765}}
}}
* Have no data table titled "clarke number". The table titled "abundance of elements" was credited "based mostly on Taylor(1964) and Mason(1966)".
</ref>
<ref name="IDPC1981" group="I">{{cite encyclopedia
|script-title=ja:クラーク数
|trans-title=clarke number
|page=355
|encyclopedia=Iwanami rikagaku jiten
|trans-work=Iwanami Dictionary of Physics and Chemistry
|script-work=ja:岩波理化学辞典
|language=ja
|edition=3rd ed.,amended
|orig-year=1981 <!-- 1st print of 3rd ed.,amended -->
|date=1982
|publisher=Iwanami Shoten, Publishers
|location=Tokyo
|id={{JPNO|81020460}} <!-- doi-access=restricted -->
|ref={{harvid|IDPC|1982}}
}}
* Have no data table titled "clarke number".
</ref>
</references>
*D: Kyoritsu Great Dictionary of Chemistry
<references group="D">
<ref name="KGDC1963" group="D">{{Cite encyclopedia
|last=Sugawara
|first=Ken <!-- |editors=ja:化学大辞典編集委員会 -->
|trans-title=clarke number
|script-title=ja:クラーク数
|volume=3
|page=67
|encyclopedia=Kyoritsu Great Dictionary of Chemistry, Concise Edition
|script-work=ja:化学大辞典 縮刷版
|language=ja
|edition=Concise rev.32
|orig-year=1963-09-15
|date=1982-08-15
|publisher=Kyoritsu Shuppan
|location=Tokyo
|isbn=4-320-04017-1
|ref={{harvid|KGDC|1963}}
}}
* Publication date of 1st non-concise edition is 1960
* Entry's author is Ken Sugawara. Cited source is {{cite book|last=Miyake|first=Yasuo|author-link=:ja:三宅泰雄|language=ja|trans-title=Geochemistry|script-title=ja:地球化学|date=1954}}. Table content identical to {{harvtxt|IDPC|1953|loc=a.XI}}, with the same footnotes.
* Extra quotes: "In addition to the typical mass/mass% table, Miyake recently proposed a novel table re-written in mol/kg (Miyake,1954)"
</ref>
</references>
*X: Other usage examples
<references group="x">
<ref name="GSEN_Clarke" group="x">{{GSEn|061730|Кларки|clarke}}
* Example data given (A.P.Vinogradov(1962), K.H.Wedepohl(1967)) are of igneous rocks in Earth's crust, excluding both hydrosphere and atmosphere.
* Mistaken [[:de:Karl Hans Wedepohl]]'s first name with "Clarke".
</ref>
<ref name="Econ.Geol.USSR1963" group="x">{{cite book
|translator=Pergamon Institute
|title=Economic Geology U.S.S.R
|volume=1
|language=en
|publisher=Pergamon Press
|oclc=5304168
|issn=0424-2777
|ref={{harvid|Econ.Geol.USSR|1963}}
}} (translation of several Russian academic papers to English)
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=n-cbAQAAIAAJ&q=%22clarke+value%22 occurrence of "clarke value"]
</ref>
<ref name="Lee.PRC1970" group="x">{{cite journal
|last1=Lee
|first1=Tan
|last2=Yao
|first2=Chi-lung
|title=Abundance of chemical elements in the earth's crust and its major tectonic units
|orig-year=1965
|date=1970
|journal=International Geology Review
|volume=12
|issue=7
|pages=778–786
|doi=10.1080/00206817009475289
|bibcode=1970IGRv...12..778T
|ref={{harvid|Lee.PRC|1970}}
}} (reprint from [http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxbcn/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=19650107&flag=1 ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA 1965, v.45 no.1 p.82-91. (PRC)])
* "Clarke values" in introduction. Chinese abstract {{lang-zh|c=克拉克值|l=clarke value}}</ref>
<ref name="Holland2005" group="x">{{Cite book
|editor-last1=Holland
|editor-first1=Heinrich D.
|editor-link1=Heinrich Holland
|editor-last2=Rudnick
|editor-first2=R.L.
|editor-link2=Roberta Rudnick
|editor-last3=Turekian
|editor-first3=Karl K.
|editor-link3=Karl Turekian
|title=Treatise on Geochemistry: The Crust
|volume=3
|edition=4
|date=2005
|page=412
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QT52UZxDFwgC&pg=PR3
|section=Ores in the Earth's Crust
|section-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QT52UZxDFwgC&q=clarke%20concentration
|publisher=Elsevier
|isbn=0-08-044847-X
}}</ref>
<ref name="Laznicka2010" group="x">{{Cite book
|last=Laznicka
|first=Peter
|title=Giant metallic deposits. Future sources of industrial metals
|edition=2
|orig-year=2006
|date=2010 <!-- |url=http://www.geokniga.org/books/4669 -->
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1tWllDxMkEYC&q=%22clarke+of+concentration%22
|publisher=Springer
|location=Berlin
|isbn=978-3-642-12404-4
|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-12405-1
}}
* p43 says the originator of term "clarke of concentration" is Fersman(1933) but reference in p774 actually refers to {{harvtxt|Fersman|1955}}</ref>
<!-- Examples of unsourced or mis-sourced usage -->
<ref name="Miyake1939" group="x">{{cite journal
|last=Miyake
|first=Yasuo
|author-link=:ja:三宅泰雄
|title=Chemical Studies of the Western Pacific Ocean. II. The Chemical Composition of the Oceanic Salt. Part 2
|language=en
|journal= Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan
|date=1939
|volume=14
|issue=3
|pages=55–58
|publisher=[[The Chemical Society of Japan]]
|doi=10.1246/bcsj.14.55
|doi-access=free
}}
* Presenting only the ratio of Clarke numbers between strontium and calcium as 0.0059, without showing individual numbers nor source. "Clarke" is capitalized.
</ref>
<ref name="Ito1942" group="x">{{cite journal
|last=Ito <!-- |author=伊藤 尚 -->
|trans-title=Lecture: Recent trends regarding rare metals (I)
|script-title=ja:稀有金屬の現况 (I)
|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jinstmet1937/6/12/6_12_A443/_article/-char/ja
|language=ja
|format=PDF
|journal=Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals
|script-journal=ja:日本金屬學會誌
|publisher=The Japan Institute of Metals
|date=1942
|volume=6
|issue=12
|edition=12
|pages=A443–A446
|doi=10.2320/jinstmet1937.6.12_A443
|access-date=2020-03-21
|doi-access=free
}}
* quote table with numbers identical to {{harvtxt|Kimura|1938}} without mentioning source
</ref>
<ref name="TakadaNakanishi2017" group="x">{{Cite journal
|last1=Takada
|first1=Jun
|last2=Nakanishi
|first2=Makoto
|year=2017
|title=Development of Novel Reddish Iron Oxide Based on Traditional Pigment "Bengala"
|script-title=ja:伝統の"ベンガラ"から新規な赤色酸化鉄への研究展開 ―備中吹屋ベンガラの復元から微生物由来酸化鉄ベンガラへの飛躍―
|language=ja
|journal=Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan
|script-journal=ja:材料
|volume=66
|issue=11
|pages=799–803
|publisher=The Society of Materials Science, Japan
|doi=10.2472/jsms.66.799
|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsms/66/11/66_799/_article/-char/ja
|format=PDF
|quote=the clarke number of iron is 4.70
|doi-access=free
}}
* Using clarke numbers without citation
</ref>
</references>

== See also ==
* [[Abundance of elements in Earth's crust]], modern data

[[Category:Structure of the Earth]]
[[Category:Geochemistry]]
[[Category:Earth sciences]]