View source for Circumflex in French

{{Short description|Diacritic used in French orthography}}
{{Infobox diacritic|char=◌̂|name=Circumflex|unicode={{unichar|0302|COMBINING CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT|nlink=Circumflex}}}}
{{French language}}
The [[circumflex]] (ˆ) is one of the five [[diacritic]]s used in [[French orthography]]. It may appear on the vowels [[a]], [[e]], [[i]], [[o]], and [[u]], for example â in ''pâté''.

The circumflex, called ''accent circonflexe'', has three primary functions in French:

* It affects the pronunciation of ''a'', ''e'', and ''o.'' Although it is used on i and u as well, it does not affect their pronunciation.
* It often indicates the historical presence of a letter, commonly ''s,'' that has become silent and fallen away in [[orthography]] over the course of linguistic evolution.
* It is used, less frequently, to distinguish between two [[homophone]]s. For example, ''sur'' ('on/about')  versus ''sûr'' '(sure/safe'), and ''du'' ('of the') versus ''dû'' ('due')

And in certain words, it is simply an orthographic convention.

== First usages ==
The circumflex first appeared in written French in the 16th century. It was borrowed from [[Ancient Greek]], and combines the [[acute accent]] and the [[grave accent]]. Grammarian [[Jacques Dubois]] (known as Sylvius) is the first writer known to have used the Greek symbol in his writing (although he wrote in [[Latin]]).

Several grammarians of the French [[Renaissance]] attempted to prescribe a precise usage for the diacritic in their treatises on language.  The modern usage of the circumflex accent became standardized in the 18th or 19th century.

=== Jacques Dubois (Sylvius) ===
{{citation needed section|date=December 2020}}
[[Image:Circonflexes de Sylvius.png|left]]

Sylvius used the circumflex to indicate so-called "false [[diphthongs]]".  Early modern French as spoken in Sylvius' time had [[coalescence (linguistics)|coalesced]] all its true diphthongs into phonetic [[monophthongs]]; that is, a pure vowel sound, one whose articulation at both beginning and end is relatively fixed, and which does not glide up or down towards a new position of articulation.  He justifies its usage in his work ''Iacobii Sylvii Ambiani In Linguam Gallicam Isagoge una, cum eiusdem Grammatica Latinogallica ex Hebraeis Graecis et Latinus authoribus'' (''An Introduction to the Gallic (French) Language, And Its Grammar With Regard to Hebrew, Latin and Greek Authors'') published by [[Robert Estienne]] in 1531. A kind of grammatical survey of French written in Latin, the book relies heavily on the comparison of ancient languages to his contemporary French and explained the specifics of his language.  At that time, all [[linguistics|linguistic]] treatises used classical Latin and Greek as their models.  Sylvius presents the circumflex in his list of typographic conventions, stating:<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dubois|first1=Jacques|title=In linguam Gallicam isagoge...|date=1531|url=https://archive.org/details/fre_b1888673}}</ref>

{{blockquote|<math alt="aî">\hat{a\imath}</math>, <math alt="eî">\hat{e\imath}</math>, <math alt="oî">\hat{o\imath}</math>, <math alt="oŷ">\hat{oy}</math>, <math alt="aû">\hat{au}</math>, <math alt="eû">\hat{eu}</math>, <math alt="oû">\hat{ou}</math>, diphthongorum notae, ut <math alt="maî">m\hat{a\imath}</math>, <math alt="pleîn">pl\hat{e\imath}n</math>, <math alt="moî">m\hat{o\imath}</math>, <math alt="moŷ">m\hat{oy}</math>, <math alt="caûse">c\hat{au}se</math>, <math alt="fleûr">fl\hat{eu}r</math>, <math alt="poûr">p\hat{ou}r</math>, id est ''maius'', ''plenus'', ''mihi'', ''mei'', ''causa'', ''flos'', ''pro''.}}

{{blockquote|'''Translation''': <math alt="aî">\hat{a\imath}</math>, <math alt="eî">\hat{e\imath}</math>, <math alt="oî">\hat{o\imath}</math>, <math alt="oŷ">\hat{oy}</math>, <math alt="aû">\hat{au}</math>, <math alt="eû">\hat{eu}</math>, <math alt="oû">\hat{ou}</math>, are representations of diphthongs, such as <math alt="maî">m\hat{a\imath}</math>, <math alt="pleîn">pl\hat{e\imath}n</math>, <math alt="moî">m\hat{o\imath}</math>, <math alt="moŷ">m\hat{oy}</math>, <math alt="caûse">c\hat{au}se</math>, <math alt="fleûr">fl\hat{eu}r</math>, <math alt="poûr">p\hat{ou}r</math>, or, in Latin, ''maius'', ''plenus'', ''mihi'', ''mei'', ''causa'', ''flos'', ''pro''.}}

Sylvius was quite aware that the circumflex was purely a graphical convention.  He showed that these diphthongs, even at that time, had been reduced to monophthongs, and used the circumflex to "join" the two letters that had historically been diphthongs into one [[phoneme]].  When two adjacent vowels were to be pronounced independently, Sylvius proposed using the [[Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]], called the ''tréma'' in French.  Sylvius gives the example <math alt="traî">tr\hat{a\imath}</math> ({{IPA|fr|tʁɛ}} for ''je trais'') as opposed to <math alt="traï">tr\ddot{a\imath}</math> ({{IPA|fr|tʁa.i|}} for ''je trahis''). Even these groups, however, did not represent true diphthongs (such as the English ''try'' {{IPAc-en|t|r|aɪ}}), but rather adjacent vowels pronounced separately without an intervening [[consonant]].  As French no longer had any true diphthongs, the diaeresis alone would have sufficed to distinguish between ambiguous vowel pairs. His circumflex was entirely unnecessary.  As such the ''tréma'' became standardized in French orthography, and Sylvius' circumflex usage never caught on.  But the grammarian had pointed out an important orthographical problem of the time.

At that time, the combination ''eu'' indicated two different pronunciations: 
* {{IPA|/y/}} as in ''sûr'' and ''mûr'', written ''seur'', ''meur''  (or as <math alt="seûr">s\hat{eu}r</math> and <math alt="meûr">m\hat{eu}r</math> in Sylvius' work), or
* {{IPA|/œ/}} as in ''cœur'' and ''sœur'', written by Sylvius not only with a circumflex, but a circumflex topped with a [[Macron (diacritic)|macron]]: <math alt="cheû̄r">\overset{~_h}{c}\bar{\hat{eu}}r</math> and <math alt="seû̄r">s\bar{\hat{eu}}r</math> (Sylvius used ''{{overset|h|c}}'' to denote a hard ''c'' before ''e'' and ''i'').

Sylvius' proposals were never adopted ''per se'', but he opened the door for discussion among French grammarians to improve and disambiguate French orthography.

=== Étienne Dolet ===
[[Étienne Dolet]], in his ''Maniere de bien traduire d'une langue en aultre : d'aduantage de la punctuation de la langue Francoyse, plus des accents d'ycelle'' (1540),<ref>Dolet borrows heavily from an anonymous pamphlet published in 1533 entitled ''[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b86095781/ Briefue doctrine pour deuement escripre selon la proprieté du langaige Françoys]'' (Hausmann 1980, p. 80).</ref> uses the circumflex (this time as a punctuation mark written between two letters) to show three [[metaplasm]]s: 
* 1. '''[[Syncope (phonetics)|Syncope]]''', or the disappearance of an interior syllable, shown by Dolet as: ''laiˆrra'', ''paiˆra'', ''uraiˆment'' (''vraiˆment''), ''donˆra'' for ''laiſſera'' (''laissera''), ''paiera'', ''uraiemẽt'' (''vraiment''), ''donnera''.  Before the 14th century, the so-called "mute ''e''" was always pronounced in French as a [[schwa]] ({{IPA|/ə/}}), regardless of position. For example, ''paiera'' was pronounced {{IPA|[pɛəra]}} instead of the modern {{IPA|[pɛra]}}. In the 14th century, however, this unaccented ''e'' began to disappear in [[hiatus (linguistics)|hiatus]] and lose its phonemic status, although it remained in orthography. Some of the syncopes Dolet cites, however, had the mute ''e'' reintroduced later: his ''laiˆrra'' {{IPA|/lɛra/}} is now {{IPA|/lɛsəra/}} or {{IPA|/lɛsra/}}, and ''donˆra'' {{IPA|/dɔ̃ra/}} is today {{IPA|/dɔnəra/}} or {{IPA|/dɔnra/}}.
* 2. '''[[Haplology]]''' (the reduction of sequences of identical or similar phonemes): Dolet cites forms which no longer exist:  ''auˆous'' (''avˆous''), ''nˆauous'' (''nˆavous'') for ''auez uous'' (''avez-vous'') and ''n'auez uous'' (''n'avez-vous'').
* 3. '''[[Contraction (linguistics)|Contraction]]''' of an ''é'' followed by a mute ''e'' in the feminine plural (pronounced as two syllables in poetry), realized as a long close mid-vowel {{IPA|/eː/}}.  It is important to remember that mute "e" at the end of a word was pronounced as a schwa until the 17th century.  Thus ''penseˆes'' {{IPA|[pɑ̃seː]}}, ''ſuborneˆes'' (''suborneˆes'') for ''pensées'' {{IPA|[pɑ̃seə]}}, ''subornées''.  Dolet specifies that the acute accent should be written in noting the contraction.  This contraction of two like vowels into one long vowel is also seen in other words, such as ''aˆage'' {{IPA|[aːʒə]}} for ''aage'' {{IPA|[aaʒə]}} (''âge'').

Thus Dolet uses the circumflex to indicate lost or silent phonemes, one of the uses for which the diacritic is still used today. Although not all his suggested usages were adopted, his work has allowed insight into the historical [[phonetics]] of French. Dolet summarized his own contributions with these words: ''"Ce ſont les preceptions" ''{{IPA|[préceptes]}}'', "que tu garderas quant aux accents de la langue Francoyse. Leſquels auſsi obſerueront tous diligents Imprimeurs : car telles choſes enrichiſſent fort l'impreſsion, & demõſtrent" ''{{IPA|[démontrent]}}'', "que ne faiſons rien par ignorance.''" Translation: ''"It is these precepts that you should follow concerning the accents of the French language. All diligent printers should also observe these rules, because such things greatly enrich printing and demonstrate that nothing is left to chance."''

== Indication of a lost phoneme ==
In many cases, the circumflex indicates the historical presence of a phoneme which over the course of linguistic evolution became silent, and then disappeared altogether from the orthography.

=== Disappearance of "s" ===
{{citation needed section|date=December 2020}}
The most common phenomenon involving the circumflex relates to {{IPA|/s/}} before a consonant.  Around the time of the [[Battle of Hastings]] in 1066, such post-vocalic {{IPA|/s/}} sounds had begun to disappear before hard consonants in many words, being replaced by a compensatory elongation of the preceding vowel, which was maintained into the 18th century.

The silent {{IPA|/s/}} remained orthographically for some time, and various attempts were made to distinguish the historical presence graphically, but without much success.  Notably, 17th century playwright [[Pierre Corneille]], in printed editions of his plays, used the "[[long s]]" (ſ) to indicate silent "s" and the traditional form for the {{IPA|/s/}} sound when pronounced (''tempeſte'', ''haſte'', ''teſte'' vs. ''peste'', ''funeste'', ''chaste'').

The circumflex was officially introduced into the 1740 edition of the dictionary of the [[Académie Française]]. In more recently introduced [[neologism]]s, however, the French [[lexicon]] was enriched with Latin-based words which retained their {{IPA|/s/}} both in pronunciation and orthography, although the historically evolved word may have let the {{IPA|/s/}} drop in favor of a circumflex.  Thus, many learned words, or words added to the French vocabulary since then often keep both the pronunciation and the presence of the {{IPA|/s/}} from Latin.  For example:

* ''feste'' (first appearing in 1080) → ''fête'', but:
** ''festin'': borrowed in the 16th century from the Italian ''festino'',
** ''festivité'': borrowed from the Latin ''festivitas'' in the 19th century, and 
** ''festival'': borrowed from the English ''festival'' in the 19th century have all retained their {{IPA|/s/}}, both written and pronounced.  Likewise the related pairs ''tête''/''test'', ''fenêtre''/''défenestrer'', ''bête''/''bestiaire'', etc.
More examples of a disappearing 's' that has been marked with an accent circumflex can be seen in the words below:
* ''ancêtre'' "[[ancestor]]"
* ''hôpital'' "[[hospital]]"
* ''[[hôtel]]'' "[[hostel]]"
* ''forêt'' "[[forest]]"
* coût "cost"
* ''rôtir'' "to roast"
* ''tâche'' "task"
* ''côte'' "[[coast]]"
* ''[[pâté]]'' "paste"
* ''août'' "[[August]]"
* ''[[château]]'' "[[castle]]"
* ''dégoûtant'' "disgusting"
* ''fantôme'' "[[ghost]], phantom" (from Latin ''phantasma''){{efn|The circumflex may come from the ancient ''s'', or perhaps from the ''au'' of the older form ''fantauma'', ''[[Trésor de la langue française informatisé]]'', [https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/fantome ''s.v.'']}}
* ''île'' "[[island|isle]]"
* ''conquête'' "[[conquest]]"
* ''tempête'' "[[Storm|tempest]]"
* ''bâtard'' "bastard"
* ''bête'' "beast"
* ''Pâques'' "[[Easter|Pascha]]" (old name for Easter, from Latin ''pasca'')
* ''Pentecôte'' "[[Pentecost]]"
Here are some instances where French has lost an S but other Romance Languages have not:

* être – to be (Estar in Spanish)
* connaître – to know (Conoscere in Italian)
* tempête – storm (Tempesta in Italian)
* tête – head (Testa in Italian)
* goût – taste (Gustus in Latin)
* naître – to be born (Nascer in Portuguese)

=== Disappearance of other letters ===
The circumflex also serves as a vestige of other lost letters, particularly letters in [[hiatus (linguistics)|hiatus]] where two vowels have contracted into one phoneme, such as ''aage'' → ''âge''; ''baailler'' → ''bâiller'', etc.

Likewise, the former medieval diphthong "eu" when pronounced {{IPA|/y/}} would often, in the 18th century, take a circumflex in order to distinguish [[homophones]], such as  ''deu'' → ''dû'' (from ''devoir'' vs. ''du'' = ''de'' + ''le''); ''creu'' → ''crû'' (from ''croître'' vs. ''cru'' from ''croire'') ;  ''seur'' → ''sûr'' (the adjective vs. the preposition ''sur''), etc.
* ''cruement'' → ''crûment'';
* ''meur''  → ''mûr''.

== Indication of Greek omega ==

In words derived from [[Ancient Greek]], the circumflex over ''o'' often indicates the presence of the Greek letter omega (ω) when the word is pronounced with the sound {{IPA|/o/}}: ''diplôme'' (δίπλωμα), ''cône'' (κῶνος).  Where Greek omega does not correspond to {{IPA|/o/}} in French, the circumflex is not used: ''comédie'' {{IPA|/kɔmedi/}} (κωμῳδία).

This rule is sporadic, because many such words are written without the circumflex; for instance, ''axiome'' and ''zone'' have unaccented vowels despite their etymology (Greek ἀξίωμα and ζώνη) and pronunciation ({{IPA|/aksjom/}}, {{IPA|/zon/}}). On the other hand, many learned words ending in ''-ole'', ''-ome'', and ''-one'' (but not tracing back to a Greek omega) acquired a circumflex accent and the closed {{IPA|/o/}} pronunciation by analogy with words like ''cône'' and ''diplôme'': ''trône'' (θρόνος), ''pôle'' (πόλος), ''binôme'' (from Latin ''binomium'').

The circumflex accent was also used to indicate French vowels deriving from Greek eta (η), but this practice has not always survived in modern orthography. For example, the spelling ''théorême'' (θεώρημα) was later replaced by ''théorème'',<ref>Catach (1995, §51)</ref> while the Greek letter is still spelled ''bêta''.

== Analogical and idiopathic cases ==

Some circumflexes appear for no known reason.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} It is thought to give words an air of prestige, like a crown (thus ''suprême'' and ''voûte'').

Linguistic interference sometimes accounts for the presence of a circumflex. This is the case in the [[grammatical person|first person]] [[plural]] of the [[preterite]] indicative (or ''passé simple''), which adds a circumflex by association with the [[grammatical person|second person]] plural, thus:

* Latin ''cantāvistis'' → ''cantāstis'' → [[Old French|OF]] ''chantastes'' → ''chantâtes'' (after the muting of the interposing {{IPA|/s/}})
* Latin ''cantāvimus'' → ''cantāmus'' → OF ''chantames'' → ''chantâmes'' (by interference with ''chantâtes'').

All instances of the first and second persons plural of the preterite take the circumflex in the [[Grammatical conjugation|conjugation]] ending except the verb ''haïr'', due to its necessary dieresis (''nous haïmes'', ''vous haïtes'').

== Vowel length and quality ==

In general, vowels bearing the circumflex accent were historically long (for example, through [[compensatory lengthening]] associated with the consonant loss described above). Vowel length is no longer distinctive in most varieties of modern French, but some of the older length distinctions now correspond to differences in vowel quality, and the circumflex can be used to indicate these differences orthographically.<ref>Catach (1995)</ref>

* ''â'' → {{IPA|/ɑ/}} ("velar" or [[back vowel|back]] ''a'') — ''pâte'' vs. ''patte'', ''tâche'' vs. ''tache'' 
* ''ê'' → {{IPA|/ɛ/}} (open ''e''; equivalent of ''è'' or ''e'' followed by two consonants) — ''prêt'' vs. ''pré''
* ''ô'' → {{IPA|/o/}} (equivalent to ''au'' or ''o'' at the end of a syllable) — ''hôte'' vs. ''hotte'', ''côte'' vs. ''cote''

The circumflex does not affect the pronunciation of the letters "i" or "u" (except in the combination "eû": ''jeûne'' {{IPA|[ʒøn]}} vs. ''jeune'' {{IPA|[ʒœn]}}).

The diacritic disappears in related words if the pronunciation changes (particularly when the vowel in question is no longer in the stressed final syllable). For example:
* ''infâme'' {{IPA|/ɛ̃fɑm/}}, but ''infamie'' {{IPA|/ɛ̃fami/}}, 
* ''grâce'' {{IPA|/ɡʁɑs/}}, but ''gracieux'' {{IPA|/ɡʁasjø/}}, 
* ''fantôme'' {{IPA|/fɑ̃tom/}}, but ''fantomatique'' {{IPA|/fɑ̃tɔmatik/}}.
In other cases, the presence or absence of the circumflex in derived words is not correlated with pronunciation, for example with the vowel "u":
* ''fût'' {{IPA|[fy]}} vs. ''futaille'' {{IPA|[fytaj]}}
* ''bûche'' {{IPA|[byʃ]}} vs. ''bûchette'' {{IPA|[byʃɛt]}}
* ''sûr'' {{IPA|[syʁ]}} and ''sûrement'' {{IPA|[syʁmɑ̃]}}, but ''assurer'' {{IPA|[asyʁe]}}.

There are nonetheless notable exceptions to the pronunciation rules given here. For instance, in non-final syllables, "ê" can be realized as a closed {{IPA|/e/}} as a result of [[vowel harmony]]: compare ''bête'' {{IPA|/bɛt/}} and ''bêta'' {{IPA|/bɛta/}} with ''bêtise'' {{IPA|/betiz/}} and ''abêtir'' {{IPA|[abetiʁ]}}, or ''tête'' {{IPA|/tɛt/}} and ''têtard'' {{IPA|/tɛtaʁ/}} vs. ''têtu'' {{IPA|/tety/}}.<ref>Casagrande (1984, pp. 89–90), Catach (1995, §52)</ref>

In varieties of French where open/closed syllable adjustment (''loi de position'') applies, the presence of a circumflex accent is not taken into account in the mid vowel alternations {{IPA|/e/}}~{{IPA|/ɛ/}} and {{IPA|/o/}}~{{IPA|/ɔ/}}. This is the case in southern Metropolitan French, where for example ''dôme'' is pronounced {{IPA|/dɔm/}} as opposed to {{IPA|/dom/}} (as indicated by the orthography, and as pronounced in northern Metropolitan varieties).<ref>Tranel (1987, p. 58), Casagrande (1984, pp. 185–188)</ref>

The merger of {{IPA|/ɑ/}} and {{IPA|/a/}} is widespread in Parisian and Belgian French, resulting for example in the realization of the word ''âme'' as {{IPA|/am/}} instead of {{IPA|/ɑm/}}.<ref>Fagyal et al. (2006, p. 31)</ref>

== Distinguishing homographs ==

Although normally the [[grave accent]] serves the purpose of differentiating homographs in French (''là ~ la, où ~ ou, çà ~ ça, à ~ a, etc.''), the circumflex, for historical reasons, has come to serve a similar role. In fact, almost all the cases where the circumflex is used to distinguish homographs can be explained by the reasons above: it would therefore be false to declare that it is in certain words a sign placed solely to distinguish homographs, as with the grave accent. However, it does allow one to remove certain ambiguities. For example, in words that underwent the change of "eu" to "û", the circumflex avoids possible homography with other words containing "u":
* ''sur'' ~ ''sûr(e)(s)'' (from ''seür'' → ''sëur''): The homography with the adjective ''sur(e)'', "sour", justifies maintaining the accent in the feminine and plural. The accent is also maintained in derived words such as ''sûreté''.
* ''du'' ~ ''dû'' (from ''deü''): As the homography disappears in the [[Inflection|inflected]] forms of the [[past participle]], we have ''dû'' but ''dus'' / ''due(s)''.
* ''mur'' ~ ''mûr(e)(s)'' (from ''meür''): The accent is maintained in all forms as well as in derived words (''mûrir'', ''mûrissement'').

== Orthographic reform ==
[[Francophone]] experts, aware of the difficulties and inconsistencies of the circumflex, proposed in 1990 a simplified orthography abolishing the circumflex over the letters ''u'' and ''i'' except in cases where its absence would create ambiguities and homographs.  These recommendations, although published in the ''[[Journal officiel de la République française]]'', were immediately and widely criticized, and were adopted only slowly. Nevertheless, they were upheld by the [[Académie française]],<ref>[http://www.orthographe-recommandee.info/ Site d'information sur la nouvelle orthographe française]</ref> which upgraded them from optional to standard and for use in schoolbooks in 2016.<ref name="End of the circumflex? Changes in French spelling cause uproar">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-35496893 | title=End of the circumflex? Changes in French spelling cause uproar | publisher=BBC | date=4 February 2016 | accessdate=4 February 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Diacritic]]
* [[Latin alphabet]]
* [[Reforms of French orthography]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
:''This article draws heavily on the [[:fr:Accent circonflexe|Accent circonflexe]] article in the French-language Wikipedia (access date 18 February 2006).

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |title=Dictionnaire historique de l'orthographe française |editor=Nina Catach |publisher=Larousse | location=Paris |year=1995}}
* {{cite book
|title=The Sound System of French
|isbn=0-87840-085-0
|first=Jean
|last=Casagrande
|location=Washington, DC
|publisher=Georgetown University Press
|year=1984
|url-access=registration
|url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_l3e7
}}
* {{cite book |last=Cerquiglini |first=Bernard |authorlink=Bernard Cerquiglini |title=L'Accent du souvenir |publisher=Éditions de Minuit |location=Paris |year=1995 |isbn=2-7073-1536-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Fagyal |first=Zsuzsanna |author2=Douglas Kibbee |author3=Fred Jenkins  |title=French: A Linguistic Introduction |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=2006 |isbn=0-521-52896-8}}
* {{cite book
|title=Louis Meigret, humaniste et linguiste
|isbn=3-87808-406-4
|first=Franz Josef
|last= Hausmann
|location=Tübingen
|publisher=Gunter Narr
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rzTytrsL678C
|year=1980}}
* {{cite book
|title=The Sounds of French: An Introduction
|isbn=0-521-31510-7
|first=Bernard
|last=Tranel
|location=Cambridge, New York
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|year=1987
|url-access=registration
|url=https://archive.org/details/soundsoffrenchin0000tran
}}

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