View source for Chess960

{{Short description|Chess variant with randomized starting position}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox game
 |italic title = no
 |title = Chess960
 |image_link = Chess960 example init position.png
 |image_size = 260px
 |image_caption = One of 960 possible starting setups. [[White and Black in chess|Black]]'s setup always mirrors White's.
 |years = Since June 19, 1996
 |genre = {{ubl|[[Board game]]|[[Chess variant]]}}
 |players = 2
 |setup_time = ≈1&nbsp;min + 1&nbsp;min to determine starting position
 |playing_time = Casual games: 10–60&nbsp;min<br />Tournament games: from 10&nbsp;min ([[fast chess]]) to 6&nbsp;hours
 |random_chance = Pieces are randomized
 |skills = [[Chess strategy|Strategy]], [[Chess tactics|tactics]]
 |AKA = Fischer Random Chess
}}
{{AN chess|pos=right}}
'''Chess960''', also known as '''Fischer Random Chess'''<!-- Please do not add trademarks and brand names that are meet [[WP:COMMONNAME]] here, they are listed below. -->, is a [[chess variant]] that randomizes the starting position of the pieces on the back rank. It was introduced by former world chess champion [[Bobby Fischer]] in 1996 to reduce the emphasis on [[Chess opening|opening]] preparation and to encourage creativity in play. Chess960 uses the same [[chessboard|board]] and [[Chess piece|pieces]] as classical [[chess]], but the starting position ("SP") of the pieces on the players' {{chessgloss|back rank|home ranks}} is randomized, following certain rules. The random setup makes gaining an advantage through the memorization of openings unfeasible. Players instead must rely on their skill and creativity.

Randomizing the main pieces had long been known as ''shuffle chess'', but Fischer introduced new rules for the initial random setup, "preserving the dynamic nature of the game by retaining {{chessgloss|bishops of opposite colors}} for each player and the right to [[castling|castle]] for both sides".<ref>Gligorić (2002), p. 40.</ref> The result is 960 unique possible starting positions.

In 2008, [[FIDE]] added Chess960 to an appendix of the Laws of Chess.{{refn|In 2008 FIDE added Chess960 rules to an appendix of the Handbook.<ref name="FideLawsOfChess2009">From [http://aekphotography.co.uk/CAA/html/laws_historic.html laws history page of the CCA] {{Cite web|title=FIDE Laws of Chess - coming into force on 1 July 2009|url=http://aekphotography.co.uk/CAA/Laws_of_Chess_2009.pdf|access-date=5 July 2020|website=CCA – Chess Arbiters' Association}}</ref> This section is now classified under "Guidelines",<ref name="FideLawsOfChess"/> indicating that the rules presented do not have the weight of FIDE law.}} The first world championship officially sanctioned by FIDE, the [[FIDE World Fischer Random Chess Championship 2019]], brought additional prominence to the variant. It was won by [[Wesley So]].<ref>{{cite web|title=FIDE officially recognizes the World Fischer Random Chess Championship|url=https://fide.com/news/149|website=[[FIDE]]|access-date=2019-10-28}}</ref> In [[FIDE World Fischer Random Chess Championship 2022|2022]], [[Hikaru Nakamura]] became the new champion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodgers (JackRodgers) |first=Jack |title=Hikaru Nakamura Wins Fischer Random World Championship: Flash Report |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/wins-fischer-random-world-championship-final-hikaru-nakamura |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=Chess.com |date=October 30, 2022 }}</ref>

==Setup==
Before the game, a starting position is randomly determined and set up, subject to certain requirements. White's pieces (not pawns) are placed randomly on the first {{chessgloss|rank}}, following two rules:
# The bishops must be placed on opposite-color squares.
# The king must be placed on a square between the rooks.

[[White and Black in chess|Black]]'s pieces are placed equal-and-opposite to White's pieces. (For example, if the white king is randomly determined to start on f1, then the black king is placed on f8.) Pawns are placed on the players' second ranks as in classical chess.

After setup, the game is played the same as [[Rules of chess|classical chess]] in all respects, with the exception of castling from the different possible starting positions for king and rooks.

==Creating starting positions==
There are <math>4 \times 4 \times 6 \times 10 \times 1 = 4 \times 4 \times 15 \times 4 \times 1 = 960</math>
legal starting positions:
* 4 light squares for one bishop;
* 4 dark squares for the other bishop;
* 6 remaining squares for the queen and <math display="inline">\frac {5!}{3! \times 2!} = 5! \times \frac {4}{2}=10</math> ways to place the two (identical) knights on the remaining 5 squares,
** or, equivalently, <math>\tfrac {6!}{4!\times 2!} = 6 \times \tfrac {5}{2}=15</math> ways to place the two (identical) knights on the remaining 6 squares and 4 remaining squares for the queen;
* 1 way to place the two rooks and king on the remaining 3 squares, since the king must be between the rooks.

Usually, the players accept the conditions of the organizer to generate the starting position with software, or if playing online, software can select a random starting position automatically.

If starting position software is unavailable or isn't used, there are many other ways to generate a random starting position with equal probability for each position.<ref name="world">{{cite book |last1=Cazaux |first1=Jean-Louis |last2=Knowlton |first2=Rick |title=A World of Chess: Its Development and Variations through Centuries and Civilizations |publisher=McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4766-2901-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1u02DwAAQBAJ |access-date=2024-12-14 |page=322}}</ref> In 1998, [[Ingo Althöfer]] proposed a method that requires only a standard six-sided [[Dice|die]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Althöfer |first=Ingo |title=LIST-3-HIRN vs. Grandmaster Yusupov |journal=[[ICGA Journal|International Computer Chess Association (ICCA)]] |date=March 1998 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=52–60 |publisher=Universiteit Maastricht |editor1-last=van den Herik |editor1-first=Jaap |editor1-link=Jaap van den Herik|issn=0920-234X }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessvariants.org/diffsetup.dir/fischer-random-setup.html |title=Fischer Random Chess: Manual Procedure for Generating Piece Placements |author=Hans Bodlaender |author-link=Hans Bodlaender |publisher=[[The Chess Variant Pages]] |date=2002-05-10 |accessdate=2013-01-26}}</ref> Which goes as follows, first decide which tile the light square bishop will go to using only the four pips on the six sided dice because there are only four light squares available on the first rank, if the dice rolls 5 or 6, try again. Then do the same for the dark square bishop. Now we have six vacant squares left. The key idea is that there is no need to roll the dice for the King and the Rook pair, since when we have only three vacant squares left after the Queen and the Knight pair, the King and the Rook pair will take those squares no matter which square, in the order of “Rook King Rook” because the King has to be in between the Rooks. Now in any order, roll the dice and place the Queen and the Knight pair using from all six pips to five pips and then four pips. The squares for the King and the Rook pair will be decided in parallel. 

It's also possible to select a starting position using [[dice#Polyhedral dice|polyhedral dice]], coins, or cards, but with the prevalence of personal computers and similar devices, these methods have become outdated.<ref name="FideLawsOfChess2009"/><ref name="world"/> A random number between 0 and 959 inclusive can also be used as an index to the [[Fischer random chess numbering scheme]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

==Naming==
[[File:Schmitt,Hans-Walter 2011 Frankfurt.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Hans-Walter Schmitt, Frankfurt 2011]]
The variant has held a number of different names. It was originally known as "Fischerandom" or "Fischerandom chess", the name given by Fischer. "Chess960" is used by [[FIDE]] in its ''Laws of Chess''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/E012023 | title=FIDE Laws of chess | at=Guidelines II | website=[[FIDE]] | year=2023 | access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref>

Hans-Walter Schmitt, chairman of the Frankfurt Chess Tigers e.V. and an advocate of the variant, started a brainstorming
process for creating a new name, which had to meet the requirements of leading [[Grandmaster (chess)|grandmaster]]s; specifically, the new name and its parts:
* should not contain part of the name of any grandmaster;
* should not include negatively biased or "spongy" elements (such as "random" or "freestyle"); and
* should be universally understood.
The name "Chess960" (pronounced "Chess nine-sixty") was chosen to reflect the 960 possible starting positions in the game.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chess960 & Fischer Random Chess Variant |url=https://www.chess.com/terms/chess960 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Chess.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

In conversations with [[Helgi Ólafsson]], Bobby Fischer discussed the initiative that renamed the variant "Chess960" and remarked, "They believe my image is so bad that they have given it another name." Fischer later expressed that he liked the name "Chess960" and sometimes used the name.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ólafsson |first=Helgi |author-link=Helgi Ólafsson |title=Bobby Fischer Comes Home: The Final Years in Iceland, a Saga of Friendship and Lost Illusions |publisher=Continental Sales, Incorporated |year=2014 |isbn=978-90-5691-436-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RCBBCwAAQBAJ |access-date=2024-12-14 |pages=82,110}}</ref>

Chess960 tournaments hosted by the [[Saint Louis Chess Club]] since 2019 are branded as "Chess 9LX", where the name is a combination of the [[Arabic numerals|Arabic numeral]] 9 and the [[Roman numerals]] LX (60).<ref>{{cite web |title=Chess960 in St. Louis: Caruana, Svidler, So and Nakamura win |website=Chess News |date=2019-09-05 |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/champions-showdown-2019-chess960 |access-date=2024-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=(PeterDoggers) |first=Peter Doggers |title=Kasparov Rusty On 1st Day Champions Showdown Chess9LX |website=Chess.com |date=2019-09-03 |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/champions-showdown-chess9lx-day-1-kasparov |access-date=2024-10-28}}</ref> The name "Freestyle chess" has also been used by the [[Freestyle Chess G.O.A.T. Challenge]] and the [[Freestyle Chess Grand Slam Tour]] promoted by Magnus Carlsen and [[Jan Henric Buettner]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Chess |last=Striegel |first=Lawrence |newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]]|via=Newspapers.com |date=2024-03-31 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-baltimore-sun/159511086/ |access-date=2024-12-13}}</ref>

==Castling rules==
As in classical chess, each player may [[castling|castle]] once per game, moving both the king and a rook in a single move; however, the castling rules were reinterpreted in Chess960 to support the different possible initial positions of king and rook. After castling, the final positions of king and rook are the same as in classical chess, namely:

{| align="right" 
|-valign="top" 
|+ Examples of castling
|
{{col-begin|width=auto; float:right; clear:right}}
{{col-break}}
{{Chess diagram small
 |tright
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 |rd|kd|  |  |rd|  |  | 
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
 |  |  |  |pl|pl|  |  | 
 |rl|kl|  |  |rl|  |  | 
 |An example initial position of kings and rooks
}}
{{col-break}}
{{Chess diagram small
 |tright
 |
 |rd|  |  |  |  |rd|kd| 
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
 |  |  |  |pl|pl|  |  | 
 |  |  |kl|rl|rl|  |  | 
 |White has castled a-side (0-0-0) and Black has castled h-side (0-0).
}}
{{col-end}}
|}

* After ''a-side'' castling ({{chessgloss|queenside}}/long castling in classical chess), the king finishes on the c-{{chessgloss|file}} and the a-side rook finishes on the d-file. The move is notated 0-0-0 as in classical chess.
* After ''h-side'' castling ({{chessgloss|kingside}}/short castling in classical chess), the king finishes on the g-file and the h-side rook finishes on the f-file. The move is notated 0-0 as in classical chess.

Castling prerequisites are the same as in classical chess, namely:
* The king and the castling rook must not have previously moved. Note that if the king did not move while castling on a previous move (i.e. the king is on c1 or c8 already while castling a-side or on g1 or g8 already while castling h-side), it may be possible for this condition to still hold for castling on the other side. However, the FIDE rules explicitly state that castling may be done only once per game per player.
* No square from the king's initial square to its final square may be under attack by an enemy piece, even if the king is already on its final square.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://chess24.com/en/read/news/fischer-random-2-wesley-so-tries-to-castle-illegally |title=Fischer Random 2: Wesley So tries to castle illegally |website=[[chess24]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027163457/https://chess24.com/en/read/news/fischer-random-2-wesley-so-tries-to-castle-illegally |date=October 27, 2022 |archive-date=2022-10-27}}</ref>
* All the squares between the king's initial and final squares (including the final square), and all the squares between the castling rook's initial and final squares (including the final square), must be vacant except for the king and castling rook.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dwheeler.com/essays/Fischer_Random_Chess.html |title=Fischer Random Chess (Chess960) |website=www.dwheeler.com}}</ref>

FIDE's recommended procedure for castling unambiguously is first to move the king outside the playing area next to its final square, then to move the rook to its final square, then to move the king to its final square. Another recommendation is to verbally announce the intent to castle before doing so.<ref name="FideLawsOfChess">{{cite web |title=Fide Laws of Chess taking effect from 1 January 2018 |url=https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/E012018 |publisher=[[FIDE]]}}</ref>

===Observations===
* In some starting positions, squares can remain occupied during castling that would be required to be vacant under standard rules. Castling a-side (0-0-0) could still be possible despite the home rank a-, b-, or e-file squares being occupied, and similarly for the e- and h-files for h-side castling (0-0). In other positions, it can happen that one of the king or rook does not move during the castling maneuver since it already occupies its destination square – e.g., an h-side rook that starts on the f-file; in this case, only the king moves. No initial position allows a castling where neither piece moves, as the king must start between the rooks.
* Another unusual possibility is for castling to be available as the first move of the game, as happened in the 11th game of the tournament match between [[Hikaru Nakamura]] and [[Magnus Carlsen]], Fischer Random Blitz 2018. The starting position had kings at f1/f8 and h-side rooks at g1/g8. Both players took the opportunity to castle on the first move (1.0-0 0-0).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/chess960-day-5 |title=Carlsen adds a new title: Chess960 champion |publisher=[[ChessBase]] |date=February 14, 2018 }}</ref>
* In standard chess, a rook can castle out of and through a threatened square but cannot castle into a threatened square because that would mean its king passes through check since, when castling, a king always passes its castling rook's destination square. In Chess960, however, a rook can castle into a threatened square. This is discussed by [[Levon Aronian]] and [[Yasser Seirawan]] in Round 3 of St Louis' 2022 Chess 9LX tournament for move 18 of Aronian's game against [[Leinier Domínguez Pérez]] which had starting position RKBBNQNR.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p2CjJa78c24 |title=Aronian: Beating Kasparov Day 1 |website=[[YouTube]] |date=September 14, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LIwinEQ9KFQ |title=Levon mansplains 9LX castling to Yasser. (2022Sep) |website=[[YouTube]] |date=November 11, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://lichess.org/broadcast/2022-champions-showdown-chess-9lx/round-3/RKKa66zy/L8FqHntz#35 |title=2022 Champions Showdown: Chess 9LX Round 3: Aronian, Levon - Dominguez, Leinier |website=[[Lichess]] |date=September 14, 2022 }}</ref>
* There are exactly 90 starting positions where, unlike in standard chess, players have to give up castling rights on one side in order to castle on the other side. This is seen by calculating that this happens 18 times in each of five possible groups of starting positions namely RKRXXXXX, RKXRXXXX, XRKRXXXX, XXXXXRKR and RXKRXXXX. In only these positions, a rook has to be moved (or captured) on one side in order to castle on the other side.<ref name="chess.stackexchange.com">{{Cite web|url=https://chess.stackexchange.com/questions/37082/how-many-chess960-positions-exist-in-which-castling-on-one-side-does-not-require|title = Chess Stackexchange – How many Chess960 positions exist in which castling on one side does not require moving the rook on the other side?}}</ref> For example, in the starting position RKRBBNNQ, which is in the first group RKRXXXXX, a player intending to castle a-side must first move the c-file rook (or let it be captured).
** The Sesse evaluations<ref name="Sesse 1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.chess.com/article/view/whats-the-most-unbalanced-chess960-position|title=What's The Most Unbalanced Chess960 Position?|first=Mike|last=Klein (MikeKlein)|website=Chess.com|date=March 14, 2018 }}</ref><ref name="Sesse 2">{{Cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1JVT6_ROOlCTtMmazzBe0lhcGv54rB6JCq67QOhaRp6U/edit#gid=0|title = Fischer Random – 960 startposisjoner}}</ref> (which used [[Stockfish (chess)|Stockfish 9]]) show that White has about, on average, a 7% increased advantage in these 90 positions (Evaluation is 0.1913) compared to the remaining 870 positions (Evaluation is 0.1790).<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=https://chess.stackexchange.com/questions/38722/what-is-whites-increased-advantage-in-chess90-as-compared-to-chess870-chess96|title = Chess Stackexchange – What is white's increased advantage in chess90 as compared to chess870? (Chess960 can be split into 2 subsets, chess90 and chess870)}}</ref>

==Theory==
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2015}}
{{Chess diagram small
 |tright
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 |nd|nd|rd|kd|bd|rd|qd|bd
 |pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
 |pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl
 |nl|nl|rl|kl|bl|rl|ql|bl
 |In this starting position, the players' a- and b-pawns are unguarded and subject to immediate attack if either player moves their f- or g-pawns.
}}

The study of openings in Chess960 is in its infancy,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://chess960jungle.blogspot.com/search/label/opening%20theory |title=Chess960 Jungle – opening theory}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://chess960jungle.blogspot.com/search/label/SP%20analysis |title=Chess960 Jungle – SP analysis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://lichess.org/@/visualdennis/blog/my-ultimate-guide-to-chess960/de25UOqM |title=Lichess – My Ultimate Guide to Chess960 – NM visualdennis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.chessable.com/the-ascent-wesley-sos-fischer-random-strategies-and-tactics/course/31697/ |title=Chessable – The Ascent – Wesley So's Fischer Random Strategies and Tactics}}</ref> but fundamental [[Chess opening#Aims of the opening|opening principles]] still apply, including: protect the king, control the central squares (directly or indirectly), and develop rapidly, starting with the less valuable pieces.

Unprotected pawns may also need to be dealt with quickly. Many starting positions have unprotected pawns, and some starting positions have up to two that can be attacked on the first move. For example, in some Chess960 starting positions (see diagram), White can attack an unprotected black pawn on the first move, whereas in classical chess it takes two moves for White to attack, and there are no unprotected pawns.

===White's advantage===
It has been argued that two games should be played from each starting position, with players alternating colors, since [[First-move advantage in chess|the advantage offered to White]] in some initial positions may be greater than in classical chess.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/the-problem-with-chess960 |title=The problem with Chess960 |last=Friedel |first=Frederic |date=2018-02-28 |work=Chess News|access-date=2018-03-02 }}</ref>

However, Sesse<ref name="Sesse 1"/><ref name="Sesse 2"/> (which used [[Stockfish (chess)|Stockfish 9]]) evaluated the starting positions to be between 0.00 and 0.57, with an average of 0.18 advantage for White. BBNNRKRQ (SP 80) was the least balanced position with 0.57 advantage for White, while 27 different starting positions evaluate as equal, or 0.00 advantage for White or Black, ex. BBRNNQKR (SP 432). The standard chess starting position RNBQKBNR (SP 518) was evaluated at 0.22 advantage for White. Hence, on average, a Chess960 starting position is actually 18.2% more balanced than the standard starting position. 

==History==
{{see|Displacement chess}}

===Van Zuylen van Nijevelt's early contributions===
The concept of random chess, also known as shuffle chess, was first proposed by the Dutch chess enthusiast [[Philip Julius van Zuylen van Nijevelt]] (1743-1826). In his renowned treatise on chess, ''La Supériorité aux Échecs'', published in 1792, Van Zuylen van Nijevelt articulated his disdain for the repetitive patterns often found in standard chess openings. He proposed the idea of randomizing the starting positions of the main pieces to create a vast array of unique situations, eliminating the possibility of pre-game memorization or extensive opening theory. Van Zuylen van Nijevelt's book, with its full title ''La Supériorité aux Échecs mise à la portée de tout le monde, et particulièrement des dames qui aiment cet amusement'' ("Superiority in Chess brought into the reach of all, and particularly of ladies who love that amusement"), gained significant popularity and was reprinted several times. Its influence extended beyond the Dutch-speaking world, as it was subsequently translated into multiple languages, spreading the idea of randomizing the initial positions of chess pieces to a wider audience. This early conception of random chess by Van Zuylen van Nijevelt laid the foundation for Chess960.

Van Zuylen van Nijevelt's innovative approach to chess not only offered a solution to the repetitive nature of traditional openings but also paved the way for the exploration of chess variants that deviate from the conventional starting position. His quote within ''La Supériorité aux Échecs'' emphasizes the core principle behind random chess, stating, "This produces a huge number of different situations, so that no one can study them beforehand," reflecting his desire to introduce an element of unpredictability and originality into the game of chess. The legacy of Van Zuylen van Nijevelt's contributions to the evolution of chess remains significant, with his early insights serving as a cornerstone for the development of various randomized chess variants, including Chess960.<ref>Gligorić (2002), p. 36.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.xs4all.nl/~timkr/chess2/diary_7.htm |title=Open chess diary 121-140 |work=xs4all.nl}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=UBRBAAAAYAAJ&q=La+r%C3%A9gence La Régence: journal des échecs, Volume 3, La partie aux pièces déplacées] (year 1851 page 299-301)</ref>

===Development and further evolution===
The pioneering work of Van Zuylen van Nijevelt found continued development through the efforts of his nephew, the [[Jonkheer]] Elias van der Hoeven (1778-1854), a [[Dutch people|Dutch]] diplomat. Van der Hoeven took the concept of shuffle chess further, potentially sharing his insights with [[Aaron Alexandre]], evident from Alexandre's incorporation of the theory into his Encyclopédie des échecs in 1837.

The earliest documented games of shuffle chess were played between Van der Hoeven and Alexandre in Mannheim in 1842, with Alexandre emerging as the victor with a score of 3-0. One of these games is preserved in Sissa, the Netherlands' first long-standing chess journal, demonstrating an initial position with two advanced pawns on each side. A later game played by Van der Hoeven was against Baron von der Lasa (1818-1899), adhering more closely to the contemporary rules of random chess, except for the monochromatic bishop pairs.

In 1851, Van der Hoeven visited Willem Verbeek, the editor-in-chief of Sissa. Verbeek and Hancock, Verbeek's chess companion in Amsterdam during the 1850s, delved into shuffle chess, with their initial findings documented in the pages of the Sissa journal.

Van der Hoeven's modifications to the original concept of random chess were published in Alexandre's Encyclopédie in 1837 and later republished in Sissa by an individual known as T. Scheidius. This variant began to be referred to as "schaakspel, naar de wijze van jhr. Van der Hoeven" or "schaakspel à la Van der Hoeven." 

Following Van der Hoeven's visit, the Sissa Chess Society received an invitation from the Philidor Chess Society in Amsterdam, in collaboration with Van der Hoeven, to organize a shuffle chess tournament. The aim was to promote the dissemination and popularity of the chess variant attributed to Van der Hoeven. Originally intended as a tournament among the eight prize winners of the 1851 Philidor-organized event, logistical challenges led to invitations being extended to other chess societies. Ultimately, a tournament with seven players from Amsterdam, along with the 74-year-old Van der Hoeven, was organized. Notable participants included [[Maarten van 't Kruijs]] (Philidor), J. Seligmann (Philidor), H. Kloos (La Bourdonnais), M.M. Coopman, and F.G. Hijmans / S. Heijmans, supplemented by Mohr and J. van Praag. Van ’t Kruijs emerged as the winner of the tournament, reinforcing the growing sentiment that the removal of opening theory allows true chess talent to shine.

===Fischer's influence and popularization===
Fischer's modification "imposes certain restrictions, arguably an improvement on the anarchy of the fully randomized game in which one player is almost certain to start at an advantage".<ref>Pritchard (2000), p. 18.</ref> Fischer started to develop his new version of chess after the [[Fischer–Spassky (1992 match)|1992 return match with Boris Spassky]]. The result was the formulation of the rules of Fischer Random Chess in September 1993, introduced formally to the public on June 19, 1996, in Buenos Aires, Argentina.<ref>"It was the world chess champion Robert James Fischer who, in 1996, formulated precise rules for randomized chess ... . Though still not so well-known, this invention of Bobby Fischer is already raising reasonable hopes among experts that chess will remain a mass game for the foreseeable future." {{harvcol|Gligorić|2002|p=5}}. "Despite his extremely long absence from competition, he [Fischer] won it [the 1992 return match with Spassky] with a good score of 10–5 in decisive games. It was then that Fischer began to think of reforming the game. The result of his hard work over several years is Fischerandom Chess—and plans for exhibition matches of a new kind..." {{harvcol|Gligorić|2002|p=8}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessvariants.com/diffsetup.dir/fischerh.html |title=The birth of Fischer Random Chess |author=Eric van Reem |publisher=[[The Chess Variant Pages]] |access-date=January 4, 2016}}</ref><ref>Gligorić (2002), p. 9.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tasc.nl/frandom/fischermove.html |title=Bobby Fischer makes his move in Argentina |access-date=September 1, 2020 |archive-date=January 23, 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040123191115/http://www.tasc.nl/frandom/fischermove.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rules of FischerRandom Chess|url=http://home.att.ne.jp/moon/fischer/list/p_20/20_0.htm|website=www.home.att.ne.jp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021022031446/http://home.att.ne.jp/moon/fischer/list/p_20/20_0.htm |archive-date=October 22, 2002 |language=en}}</ref>

Fischer's goal was to eliminate what he considered the complete dominance of openings preparation in classical chess, replacing it with creativity and talent. In a situation where the starting position was random it would be impossible to fix every move of the game. Since the "opening book" for 960 possible opening systems would be too difficult to devote to memory, the players must create every move originally. From the first move, both players must devise original strategies and cannot use well-established patterns.<ref>"In Fischerandom Chess the normal patterns that a grandmaster has been trained to recognise are missing." —Matthias Wuellenweber {{harvcol|Gligorić|2002|p=96}}; "I cannot use my vast experience to reach middlegame positions where I already know the typical plans." —{{hair space}}[[Artur Yusupov (chess player)|Artur Yusupov]] {{harvcol|Gligorić|2002|p=97}}.</ref><ref>"Preparation is practically impossible and players will give it up as a bad job. Devotees of fianchettoes will seldom obtain their favourite opening position. A competitor's preference for the king or queen's pawn opening has to be put aside and he must, like a born again chessplayer, orient himself without established opening knowledge." —{{hair space}}Gligorić {{harvcol|Gligorić|2002|p=94}}</ref> Fischer believed that eliminating memorized book moves would level the playing field.

During summer 1993, Bobby Fischer visited [[László Polgár]] and his family in Hungary. All of the Polgar sisters ([[Judit Polgár]], [[Susan Polgar]], and [[Sofia Polgar]]) played many games of Fischer Random Chess with Fischer. At one point Sofia beat Fischer three games in a row.  Fischer was not pleased when the father, László, showed Fischer an old chess book that described what appeared to be a forerunner of Fischer Random Chess.  The book was written by [[Izidor Gross]] and published in 1910. Fischer then changed the rules of his variation in order to make it different.<ref>Brady, Frank.''Endgame: Bobby Fischer's Remarkable Rise and Fall—from America's Brightest Prodigy to the Edge of Madness''. Broadway Paperbacks, 2012. pp. 260–262. {{ISBN|978-0307463913}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2002/12/bobby-fischer-s-pathetic-endgame/302634/ |last=Chun |first=Rene |title=Bobby Fischer's Pathetic Endgame |work=The Atlantic |date=December 12, 2002 }}</ref> There are games of shuffle chess recorded as early as 1852 but Fischer is generally credited with fixing the colors of bishops alongside king placement between the rooks and defining the castling process.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.chess.com/blog/introuble2/la-superiorite-aux-echecs-the-first-chess-book-of-endgame-theory-by-van-zuylen-van-nyevelt |title=The first chess book of endgame theory by van Zuylen van Nyevelt|website=www.chess.com|date=June 24, 2018 }}</ref> In a later radio interview, Fischer explained his reasoning for proposing a revision of shuffle chess, rather than a game with new pieces (and a larger board), as the “new chess“:
{{Blockquote|text=I love chess, and I didn't invent Fischerandom chess to destroy chess. I invented Fischerandom chess to keep chess going. Because I consider the old chess is dying, it really is dead. A lot of people come up with other rules of chess-type games, [[Capablanca chess|with 10×8 boards, new pieces]], and all kinds of things. I'm really not interested in that. I want to keep the old chess flavor. I want to keep the old chess game. But just making a change so the starting positions are mixed, so it's not degenerated down to memorization and prearrangement like it is today.<ref>{{citation |title= 9LX creator Bobby Fischer says 'I want to keep the old chess flavor.'|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DUsGwPv-L4U |website=[[YouTube]]| date=May 10, 2022 }}</ref>|source=Radio Interview, June 27, 1999 (see 2:18–3:03) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110606190445/http://www.geocities.jp/bobbby_b/mp3/F_08_3.MP3] (also see here 39:04–39:49) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=2344&v=eMTbSfBvC7c]}}

==Tournaments==
{{see|World Chess960 Championship}}
===First tournaments===
* 1996 – The first Fischer Random Chess tournament was held in [[Vojvodina]], Yugoslavia, in the spring of 1996, and was won by [[Peter Leko]] with 9½/11, ahead of Stanimir Nikolić with 9/11.<ref>Gligorić (2002), pp. 42–69.</ref>
* 2006–present – The first Fischer Random Championships of the Netherlands was held by Fischer Z chess club and has since been held annually. [[Dimitri Reinderman]] has won this title for five years, champion in 2010, 2014, 2015, 2023 en 2024. Two grandmasters have won the title twice, [[Yasser Seirawan]] and [[Dennis de Vreugt]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fischerz.nl/nkstats.pdf |title=Results |work=msoworld.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fischerz.nl/ |title=Reykjavik online |website=www.fischerz.nl |language=nl |access-date=2018-03-11}}</ref>
* 2010 – In 2010 the [[US Chess Federation]] sponsored its first Chess960 tournament, at the Jerry Hanken Memorial US Open tournament in Irvine, California. This one-day event, directed by Damian Nash, saw a first-place tie between [[Larry Kaufman]] and Mark Duckworth,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alchess.com/chess/10/usopen/?page=STANDINGS&xsection=fischer |title=10 U.S. Open |work=alchess.com}}</ref> which Kaufman won on tiebreaks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uschess.org/results/2010/usopen/?page=STANDINGS&xsection=fischer |title=2010 US Open Championship |work=uschess.org}}</ref>
* 2012 – The British Chess960 Championship was held at the [[Mind Sports Olympiad]], won by Ankush Khandelwal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msoworld.com/2012-results/ |title=2012 Results |work=msoworld.com}}</ref>
* 2018 – The first edition of the European Fischer Random Cup was held in [[Reykjavík]] on March 9, 2018, on Fischer's 75th birthday. It was won by [[Aleksandr Lenderman]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.reykjavikopen.com/events/european-fischer-random-cup-2018/ |title=European Fischer Random Cup 2018 (Free day) – GAMMA Reykjavík Open 2018 – Bobby Fischer Memorial |website=www.reykjavikopen.com |date=October 3, 2017 |access-date=2018-03-11}}</ref>
* 2019 – The Icelandic Chess Federation organized the European Fischer Random Championship on the rest day of 34th edition of The GAMMA [[Reykjavik Open]] on April 12, 2019. The tournament was won by the then 15-year-old Iranian prodigy [[Alireza Firouzja]], a full point ahead of US's [[Andrew Tang]], who was second on tiebreaks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/reykjavik-open-2019-round-5 |title=Reykjavik Open: Firouzja shines |date=April 13, 2019 |publisher=[[ChessBase]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.frchess.com/news/firouzja-wins-invite |title=Firouzja Wins Invite |date=May 8, 2019 |website=www.frchess.com }}</ref>
* 2024 – The [[European Chess Union]] organized the European Blitz, Rapid and Random (Chess960) Championships in [[Skopje]], [[North Macedonia]]. The Chess960 championship, held on December 10, was won by [[Vladimir Fedoseev]], who also won the Rapid championship.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-12 |title=Fedoseev and Van Foreest win European Rapid and Blitz Championships |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/fedoseev-and-van-foreest-win-european-rapid-and-blitz-championships |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=[[ChessBase]] |language=en}}</ref>

===Mainz Championships===
''Note: None of the [[Mainz]] championships were recognized by [[FIDE]]. Furthermore, they were all played with rapid time controls.''
* 2001 – [[Peter Leko]] defeated [[Michael Adams (chess player)|Michael Adams]] 4½ to 3½ in an eight-game Fischer Random Chess match at the [[Mainz Chess Classic]], in what was regarded as one of the earliest serious tests of the chess variant.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chess |last=Speelman |first=Jon |newspaper=[[The Observer]] |via=Newspapers.com |date=2001-07-08 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-observer-chess/160547965/ |access-date=2024-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chess |newspaper=[[The Los Angeles Times]] |last=Peters |first=Jack |via=Newspapers.com |date=2001-07-06 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-chess/160548167/ |access-date=2024-12-08}}</ref>
* 2002 – In 2002 at Mainz, an open tournament was held which was attended by 131 players, with Peter Svidler taking first place. Fischer Random Chess was selected as the April 2002 "Recognized Variant of the Month" by ''[[The Chess Variant Pages]]'' (ChessVariants.org). The book ''Shall We Play Fischerandom Chess?'' was published in 2002, authored by Yugoslavian grandmaster [[Svetozar Gligorić]].
* 2003 – At the 2003 Mainz Chess Classic, Svidler beat Lékó in an eight-game match for the World Championship title by a score of 4½–3½. The Chess960 open tournament drew 179 players, including 50 grandmasters.  It was won by [[Levon Aronian]], the 2002 World Junior Champion. Svidler is the official first World New Chess Association (WNCA) world champion inaugurated on August 14, 2003, with Jens Beutel, Mayor of Mainz as the President and Hans-Walter Schmitt, Chess Classic organizer as Secretary.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tssonnet.com/tss2636/stories/20030906005106900.htm |title=Another new world body |last=Aaron |first=Arvind |work=tssonnet.com |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050210234930/http://www.tssonnet.com/tss2636/stories/20030906005106900.htm |archive-date=2005-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=1130 |title=Anand pulls off hat-trick win at Mainz Chess Classic |work=Chess News|date=August 18, 2003}}</ref> The WNCA maintains an own dedicated Chess960 rating list.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ratings.schach-chroniken.net/ips/wnca/topranking.html |title=W-NC-A – Rating Library |author=Hans D. Post |date=January 25, 2009 |work=schach-chroniken.net}}</ref>
* 2004 – Aronian played Svidler for the title at the 2004 Mainz Chess Classic, losing 4½–3½. At the same tournament in 2004, Aronian played two Chess960 games against the Dutch computer chess program The Baron, developed by Richard Pijl. Both games ended in a draw. It was the first ever man against machine match in Chess960. [[Zoltán Almási]] won the Chess960 open tournament in 2004.

[[File:Computer-WM 2009-07-29.jpg|thumb|300px|The four programs [[Sjeng (chess)|Deep Sjeng]], [[Shredder (chess)|Shredder]], [[Rybka]], and [[Ikarus (chess)|Ikarus]] (with the programmers) at the 5th Livingston Chess960 Computer World Championship, Mainz 2009]]
* 2005 – Almási and Svidler played an eight-game match at the 2005 Mainz Chess Classic. Once again, Svidler defended his title, winning 5–3. Levon Aronian won the Chess960 open tournament in 2005. During the Chess Classic 2005 in Mainz, initiated by Mark Vogelgesang and Eric van Reem, the first-ever Chess960 computer chess world championship was played.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chesstigers.de/ccm5_index.php?lang=1 |title=Chess Tigers Homepage |author=Thilo Gubler |work=chesstigers.de |access-date=October 6, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218225131/http://www.chesstigers.de/ccm5_index.php?lang=1 |archive-date=February 18, 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nineteen programs, including the powerful [[Shredder (chess)|Shredder]], played in this tournament. As a result of this tournament, [[Spike (chess)|Spike]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.chessprogramming.org/Spike | title=Spike – Chessprogramming wiki }}</ref> became the first Chess960 computer world champion.
* 2006 – The 2006 Mainz Chess Classic saw Svidler defending his championship in a rematch against Levon Aronian. This time, Aronian won the match 5–3 to become the third ever Fischer Random Chess world champion. [[Étienne Bacrot]] won the Chess960 open tournament, earning him a title match against Aronian in 2007. Three new Chess960 world championship matches were held, in the women, junior and senior categories. In the women category, [[Alexandra Kosteniuk]] became the first Chess960 Women World Champion by beating [[Elisabeth Pähtz]] 5½ to 2½. The 2006 Senior Chess960 World Champion was [[Vlastimil Hort]], and the 2006 Junior Chess960 World Champion was [[Pentala Harikrishna]]. Shredder won the computer championship, making it [https://www.chessprogramming.org/Chess960CWC_2006 Chess960 computer world champion 2006].
* 2007 – In 2007 Mainz Chess Classic Aronian successfully defended his title of Chess960 World Champion over [[Viswanathan Anand]], while [[Victor Bologan]] won the Chess960 open tournament. [[Rybka]] won the 2007 computer championship.
* 2008 – [[Hikaru Nakamura]] won the 2008 Finet Chess960 Open (Mainz).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/10/crosswords/chess/10chess.html |title=New Twists From the Start in a Variation on the Game |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 9, 2008 |last1=McClain |first1=Dylan Loeb }}</ref> 
* 2009 – The last Mainz tournament was held in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chesstigers.de/ccm10_index_news.php?id=2288&rubrik=6&lang=1&kat=0&PHPSESSID=63648af9cf84c035fca281d309c168eb |title=Chess Classic Mainz 2010 (CCM10) 2010-08-06 - 2010-08-08 |work=chesstigers.de |access-date=December 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506182158/http://www.chesstigers.de/ccm10_index_news.php?id=2288&rubrik=6&lang=1&kat=0&PHPSESSID=63648af9cf84c035fca281d309c168eb |archive-date=May 6, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hikaru Nakamura won the Chess960 World Championship against Aronian,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/09/crosswords/chess/09chess.html |title=A Game With 960 Possible Openings, but an American Champ Is Unfazed |last=McClain |first=Dylan Loeb |date=2009-08-08 |work=The New York Times }}</ref> while [[Alexander Grischuk]] won the Chess960 open tournament.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Summary of Mainz Winners<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chesstigers.de/bilder/rosa/ChessClassicWinners-EN.pdf |title=winners PDF |access-date=December 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813095438/http://www.chesstigers.de/bilder/rosa/ChessClassicWinners-EN.pdf |archive-date=August 13, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! Year
! Championship
! Open
! Women's Championship
! Computer Championship
|-
| 2001 || [[Péter Lékó]] (4½–3½ vs. [[Michael Adams (chess player)|Michael Adams]])||  ||  ||
|-
| 2002 ||  || [[Peter Svidler]] ||  ||
|-
| 2003 || [[Peter Svidler]] (4½–3½ vs. Péter Lékó) || [[Levon Aronian]] ||  ||
|-
| 2004 || [[Peter Svidler]] (4½–3½ vs. Levon Aronian) || [[Zoltán Almási]] ||  ||
|-
| 2005 || [[Peter Svidler]] (5–3 vs. Zoltán Almási) || [[Levon Aronian]] ||  || [[Spike (chess)|Spike]]
|-
| 2006 || [[Levon Aronian]] (5–3 vs. Peter Svidler) || [[Étienne Bacrot]] || [[Alexandra Kosteniuk]] (5½–2½ vs. [[Elisabeth Pähtz]]) || [[Shredder (chess)|Shredder]]
|-
| 2007 || [[Levon Aronian]] (2–2, 1½–½ vs. [[Viswanathan Anand]]) || [[Victor Bologan]] ||  || [[Rybka]]
|-
| 2008 ||  || [[Hikaru Nakamura]] || [[Alexandra Kosteniuk]] (2½–1½ vs. [[Kateryna Lahno]]) || [[Rybka]]
|-
| 2009 || [[Hikaru Nakamura]] (3½–½ vs. Levon Aronian) || [[Alexander Grischuk]] ||  || [[Rybka]]
|}

===Computers===
In 2005, chess program [[The Baron (chess program)|The Baron]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.chessprogramming.org/The_Baron | title=The Baron – Chessprogramming wiki }}</ref> played two Fischer Random Chess games against Chess960 World Champion [[Peter Svidler]], who won 1½–½. The chess program [[Shredder (chess)|Shredder]], developed by Stefan Meyer-Kahlen of Germany, played two games against [[Zoltán Almási]] from Hungary, where Shredder won 2–0.

TCEC has held [[Top Chess Engine Championship#TCEC FRC (Fischer Random Chess)|TCEC FRC]] since 2019 where [[Stockfish (chess)|Stockfish]] has won every edition except the 2021 edition which was won by [[Komodo (chess)|Komodo]].<ref>{{cite web|title=TCEC FRC 4|url=https://tcec-chess.com/#div=frc4fl&game=48&season=21}}</ref> Since 2022, they have also held tournaments for an additional variant called DFRC (Double Fischer Random Chess) or FRD (Fischer Random Double), which arrange the starting positions for White and Black separately instead of requiring them to be mirrored.<ref>{{cite web|title=TCEC FRD|url=https://wiki.chessdom.org/TCEC_FRD_rules}}</ref> There are thus 960 × 960 = 921,600 possible starting positions, and more potential for the positions to be unbalanced. These events have all been won by Stockfish.

===Miscellaneous matches===
From February 9 to 13, 2018, a Chess960 match between former classical World Chess Champion [[Magnus Carlsen]] and the unofficial Fischer Random Chess world champion [[Hikaru Nakamura]] was held in [[Høvikodden]], Norway. The match consisted of 8 rapid and 8 blitz games, with the rapid games counting double. Each position was used in two games, with colors reversed. Carlsen prevailed with a score of 14–10.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/carlsen-nakamura-in-high-stakes-chess960-match |title=Carlsen, Nakamura in high-stakes Chess960 match |date=2018-02-09 |work=Chess News |access-date=2018-03-02 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/chess960-day-5|title=Carlsen adds a new title: Chess960 champion |date=2018-02-14 |work=Chess News |access-date=2018-03-02 }}</ref>

===Saint Louis Chess Club's Champions Showdown: Chess 9LX===
2018 – From September 11 to 14, 2018, the [[Saint Louis Chess Club]] held a Chess960 event,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.uschesschamps.com/2018-champions-showdown/2018-champions-showdown-chess-960 |title=Champions Showdown Chess 960 |access-date=18 September 2018 }}</ref> but they did not yet call their event 'Chess 9LX'. (They started next year.) The playing format consisted of individual matches, each pair of players facing the same five different starting positions, with 6 rapid games (counting 2 points each) and 14 blitz games (counting 1 point each). ''Players and scores:''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.uschesschamps.com/2018-champions-showdown/results |title=2018 Champions Showdown Results |access-date=18 September 2018}}</ref>

# [[Veselin Topalov]] (14½–11½) defeated [[Garry Kasparov]].
# [[Hikaru Nakamura]] (14–12) defeated [[Peter Svidler]].
# [[Wesley So]] (14½–11½) defeated [[Anish Giri]].
# [[Maxime Vachier-Lagrave]] (17½–8½) defeated [[Sam Shankland]].
# [[Levon Aronian]] (17½–8½) defeated [[Leinier Domínguez]].

2019 – The playing format once again consisted of individual matches. ''Players and scores:''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://uschesschamps.com/2019-champions-showdown-chess-9LX/overview |title=2019 Champions Showdown Results |access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>

# [[Fabiano Caruana]] (19–7) defeated [[Garry Kasparov]].
# [[Wesley So]] (18–8) defeated [[Veselin Topalov]].
# [[Peter Svidler]] (15½–10½) defeated [[Leinier Domínguez Pérez]].
# [[Hikaru Nakamura]] (14½–11½) defeated [[Levon Aronian]].

2020 – The playing format changed to a round robin. The event was won by both (There was no tiebreaker) former world (standard) chess champion [[Magnus Carlsen]] and [[Hikaru Nakamura]]. Magnus Carlsen and Hikaru Nakamura got 6/9. Fabiano Caruana and Levon Aronian got 5½/9. Wesley So scored 5/9, Maxime Vachier-Lagrave and Leinier Dominguez Perez got 4/9. Garry Kasparov scored 3½/9, Peter Svidler 3/9 and  Alireza Firouzja 2½/9.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://uschesschamps.com/2020-champions-showdown-chess-9LX/overview |title=2020 Champions Showdown Results |access-date=24 September 2022 }}</ref>

2021 – The playing format was a round robin with 10 players. The event was won by [[Leinier Domínguez Pérez]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.uschesschamps.com/2021-champions-showdown-chess-9lx/pairings-regulations |title=2021 Champions Showdown Pairings & Results |access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>

2022 – The playing format was a round robin with 10 players. The event was won by [[Fabiano Caruana]] who defeated [[Alireza Firouzja]] in armageddon.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://uschesschamps.com/2022-champions-showdown-chess-9lx/pairings-results |title=2022 Champions Showdown Pairings & Results |access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>

2023 – The playing format was a round robin with 10 players. Sam Sevian won with 7/9. Wesley So, Levon Aronian and Sam Shankland got 6/9. Fabiano Caruana scored 5½/9, Hikaru Nakamura 4/9, Jeffrey Xiong 3½/9, Garry Kasparov 3/9, Leinier Dominguez 2½/9 and Ray Robson 1½/9.<ref>[https://uschesschamps.com/2023-champions-showdown-chess-9lx/pairings-results uschesschamps.com 2023 Champions Showdown chess results]</ref>

2024 – The playing format was a round robin with 10 players. The event was won by Fabiano Caruana.<ref>{{Cite web  |url=https://uschesschamps.com/pgn/2024Chess9LX/SMWSite/index.html |title=2024 Champions Showdown Pairings & Results |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref>

===FIDE World Championships 2019 and 2022===
{{main|FIDE World Fischer Random Chess Championship 2019}}
{{main|FIDE World Fischer Random Chess Championship 2022}}

On April 20, 2019, the first world championship in Fischer Random Chess officially recognized by FIDE was announced. It ended on November 2, 2019. In the finals, [[Wesley So]] defeated the former and four-time world chess champion [[Magnus Carlsen]] 13½–2½ (4 wins, 0 losses, 2 draws) to become the inaugural world Fischer Random Chess champion.

In the announcement, FIDE president [[Arkady Dvorkovich]] commented:<ref name="FIDE2">{{cite news|url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/chess-com-announces-fide-world-fischer-random-chess-championship|title=Chess.com Announces FIDE World Fischer Random Chess Championship|date=April 20, 2019|work=[[Chess.com]]}}</ref> <blockquote>It is an unprecedented move that the International Chess Federation recognizes a new variety of chess, so this was a decision that required to be carefully thought out. But we believe that Fischer Random is a positive innovation: It injects new energies and enthusiasm into our game, but at the same time it doesn't mean a rupture with our classical chess and its tradition. It is probably for this reason that Fischer Random chess has won the favor of the chess community, including the top players and the world champion himself. FIDE couldn't be oblivious to that: It was time to embrace and incorporate this modality of chess.</blockquote>

On August 19, 2022, the second world championship was announced for later in 2022, in Iceland. This is exactly half a century after the [[World Chess Championship 1972]] held in Iceland between Fischer and [[Boris Spassky]]. On October 30, [[Hikaru Nakamura]] played the finals against [[Ian Nepomniachtchi]], who had earlier knocked out [[Magnus Carlsen]]. Nakamura won in the [[armageddon (chess)|armageddon]] after drawing the match 2–2.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.frchess.com/news/hikaru-nakamura-is-the-2022-fide-world-fischer-random-champion|title=Hikaru Nakamura is the 2022 FIDE World Fischer Random Champion |last=Tisdall|first=Jonathan}}</ref>

===Freestyle Chess===
{{For|the computer-aided variant|Advanced chess}}{{Main|Freestyle Chess G.O.A.T. Challenge|Freestyle Chess Grand Slam Tour}}

The eight-player Freestyle Chess G.O.A.T. Challenge was the first major Chess960 tournament that used classical chess time controls. It took place in Germany from February 9–16, 2024. Fischer Random world champion Nakamura was reportedly invited, but did not play in the event. Magnus Carlsen won the tournament by defeating Fabiano Caruana in the finals.

Following the success of the first tournament, organizers Carlsen and [[Jan Henric Buettner]] launched the Freestyle Chess Grand Slam Tour in 2025, comprising five "Grand Slam" tournaments. The winner of the tour will be awarded the title of Freestyle Chess Champion.

==Coding games and positions==
{{main|Fischer random chess numbering scheme}}
Recorded games must convey the Fischer Random Chess starting position.  Games recorded using the [[Portable Game Notation]] (PGN) can record the initial position using [[Forsyth–Edwards Notation]] (FEN), as the value of the "FEN" tag.  Castling is notated the same as in classical chess (except PGN requires letter ''O'', not number ''0''). Note that not all chess programs can handle castling correctly in Fischer Random Chess games. To correctly record a Fischer Random Chess game in PGN, an additional "Variant" tag (not "Variation" tag, which has a different meaning) must be used to identify the rules; the rule named "Fischerandom" is accepted by many chess programs as identifying Fischer Random Chess, though "Chess960" should be accepted as well. This means that in a PGN-recorded game, one of the PGN tags (after the initial seven tags) would look like this: [Variant "Fischerandom"].

FEN is capable of expressing all possible starting positions of Fischer Random Chess; however, unmodified FEN cannot express all possible positions of a Chess960 game.  In a game, a rook may move into the back row on the same side of the king as the other rook, or pawn(s) may be underpromoted into rook(s) and moved into the back row.  If a rook is unmoved and can still castle, yet there is more than one rook on that side, FEN notation as traditionally interpreted is ambiguous.  This is because FEN records that castling is possible on that side, but not ''which'' rook is still allowed to castle.

A modification of FEN, [[X-FEN]], has been devised by Reinhard Scharnagl to remove this ambiguity. In X-FEN, the castling markings "KQkq" have their expected meanings: "Q" and "q" mean a-side castling is still legal (for White and Black respectively), and "K" and "k" mean h-side castling is still legal (for White and Black respectively).  However, if there is more than one rook on the baseline on the same side of the king, and the rook that can castle is not the outermost rook on that side, then the file letter (uppercase for White) of the rook that can castle is used instead of "K", "k", "Q", or "q"; in X-FEN notation, castling potentials belong to the outermost rooks by default. The maximum length of the castling value is still four characters.  X-FEN is upwardly compatible with FEN, that is, a program supporting X-FEN will automatically use the normal FEN codes for a traditional chess starting position without requiring any special programming. As a benefit, all 18 pseudo FRC positions (positions with traditional placements of rooks and king) still remain uniquely encoded.

The solution implemented by chess engines like [[Shredder (chess)|Shredder]] and [[Fritz (chess)|Fritz]] is to use the letters of the columns on which the rooks began the game.  This scheme is sometimes called Shredder-FEN. For the traditional setup, Shredder-FEN would use HAha instead of KQkq.

==Similar variants==
There are several variants based on randomization of the initial setup. "Randomized Chess, in one or other of its many reincarnations, continues to attract support even, or perhaps especially, that of top players."<ref>Pritchard (2000), p. 17.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Summary
|-
! Variant !! Under condition<br/>(and all of the above) !! Positions<br/>with symmetry<br/>a1 to h1 = a8 to h8 !! Positions<br/>with symmetry<br/>a=h, b=g, c=f, d=e<br/>(king=queen)
|-
| '''Shuffle chess''' || Random || 5040 || 48
|-
| '''Chess2880''' || Bishops opposite color || 2880 || 48
|-
| '''Chess960''' || King between rooks || {{0|0}}960 || 16
|}

'''Remarks'''

Any variant with N starting positions can exist with mirroring (or rotating) white and black otherwise it means another (double) variant with N<sup>2</sup> starting positions. In any variant the castling is not possible in any case or is possible only when king and rook are on their traditional starting squares, or as follows:

After castling with the nearest rook to the column:

* "h", the king will be in column "g" and the rook will be in column "f".
* "a", the king will be in column "c" and the rook will be in column "d".

The double chess2880 without castling is known as [[Transcendental chess]] (or TC).

'''Chess18''' is the subset of Chess960 in which the kings and rooks are fixed, so that castling is always orthodox, preserving more of the feel of ordinary chess. This allows some opening knowledge to still have practical relevance – one could practically learn a few short lines for each of the eighteen starting positions – though it does not reach the extent of orthodox chess, in which one has to memorize many long computer lines. Moreover, this excludes all starting positions where White has a large advantage, and makes early blunders less common by making it impossible for a bishop to attack an undefended pawn after White's first move.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Kaufman |first=Larry |date=August 2023 |title=Chess18 |url=https://pubs.royle.com/publication/?m=40761&i=797200&p=26&ver=html5 |magazine=Chess Life |location= |publisher=US Chess Federation |pages=24–26 |access-date=11 January 2024}}</ref><ref>Weeks, Mark. [http://chessforallages.blogspot.com/2022/09/chess324-is-thing.html "Chess324 Is a Thing"], 2022-09-05.</ref><ref>Kaufman, Larry. [https://talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=80482&sid=6aafd4012be37101dcfe60786a173cb5 "Chess324"], 2022-08-12.</ref><ref>[https://www.sp-cc.de/anti-draw-openings.htm Stefan Pohl, Anti Draw Openings]</ref> However, due to having fewer starting positions and the requirement that the king and rooks must start on traditional starting squares, Chess18 has much less positional diversity than is offered by Chess960. Additionally, while memorizing openings is more difficult in Chess18 than in traditional chess, opening preparation has the potential to be a much more significant aspect of the game than in Chess960, especially for grandmasters and top players. Chess18 positions are more likely than Chess960 positions to resemble structures found in traditional chess due to the limited starting positions in Chess18 in comparison to the diversity of starting positions found in Chess960.
{{Chess diagram small
 |tright
 |Lékó vs. Adams, 2001
 |rd|kd|bd|rd|nd|bd|qd|nd
 |pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
 |pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl
 |rl|kl|bl|rl|nl|bl|ql|nl
 |Starting position, game 4 ("Both players have bad positions." —{{hair space}}[[Helmut Pfleger]]<ref>Gligorić (2002), p. 115.</ref>)
}}

As discussed above in 'Castling rules', '''Chess870''' and '''Chess90''' are the partitioning subsets of Chess960 in which a player, respectively, never needs or may need to give up castling rights on one side to castle on the other side.<ref name="chess.stackexchange.com"/><ref name="Sesse 1" /><ref name="Sesse 2" /><ref name="ReferenceA"/>

'''Chess480'''<!-- A page will be created for this variation when it is more widely accepted.
We don't need to note 'future work' in the printed version of the article. -->

In "Castling in Chess960: An appeal for simplicity", John Kipling Lewis proposes alternative castling rules which Lewis has named "Orthodoxed Castling".<ref>Lewis, John K. [http://www.chessvariants.org/diffsetup.dir/castling_960.html "Castling in Chess960: An appeal for simplicity"], 2005-09-18.</ref>

The preconditions for castling are the same as in Chess960, but when castling,
<blockquote>... the king is transferred from its original square two squares towards (or over) the rook, then that rook is transferred to the square the king has just crossed (if it is not already there). If the king and rook are adjacent in a corner and the king cannot move two spaces over the rook, then the king and rook exchange squares.</blockquote>

{| align="right" 
|-valign="top" 
|+ Examples of Chess480 castling
|
{{col-begin|width=auto; float:right; clear:right}}
{{col-break}}
{{Chess diagram small
 |tright
 |
 |  |  |rd|  |  |kd|  |rd
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |pl
 |  |  |rl|  |  |kl|  |rl
 |An initial position of kings and rooks
}}
{{col-break}}
{{Chess diagram small
 |tright
 |
 |  |  |  |kd|rd|  |  |rd
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |pl
 |  |  |rl|  |  |  |rl|kl
 |White has castled h-side (0-0) and Black has castled a-side (0-0-0).
}}
{{col-end}}
|}

Unlike Chess960, the final position after castling in Chess480 will usually ''not'' be the same as the final position of a castling move in traditional chess.  Lewis argues that this alternative better conforms to how the castling move was historically developed.

Lewis has named this chess variation "Chess480"; it follows the rules of Chess960 with the exception of the castling rules. Although a Chess480 game can start with any of 960 starting positions, the castling rules are symmetrical (whereas the Chess960 castling rules are not), so that mirror-image positions have identical strategies; thus there are only 480 ''effectively'' different positions. The number of starting positions could be reduced to 480 without losing any possibilities, for example by requiring the white king to start on a light (or dark) square.

There are other claims to the nomenclature "Chess480"; Reinhard Scharnagl defines it as the white queen is always to the left of the white king.

David O'Shaughnessy argues in "Castling in Chess480: An appeal for sanity"<ref>O'Shaughnessy, David. [http://chess960.net/castling-in-chess480 "Castling in Chess480: An appeal for sanity"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321024225/http://chess960.net/castling-in-chess480 |date=March 21, 2012 }}, 2008-11-22.</ref> that the Chess480 rules are often not useful from a gameplay perspective. In about 66% of starting positions, players have the options of castling deeper into the wing the king started on, or castling into the center of the board (when the king starts on the b-, c-, f-, or g-files). An example of poor castling options is a position where the kings start on g1 and g8 respectively. There will be no possibility of "opposite-side castling" where each player's pawns are free to be used in [[pawn storm]]s, as the kings' scope for movement is very restricted (it can only move to the h- or e-file). These "problem positions" play well with Chess960 castling rules.

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

'''Bibliography'''
* {{cite book
 |last=Gligorić
 |first=Svetozar
 |author-link=Svetozar Gligorić
 |title=Shall We Play Fischerandom Chess?
 |publisher=[[Anova Books|B.T. Batsford Ltd]]
 |year=2002
 |isbn=0-7134-8764-X
 }}
* {{cite book
 |last=Pritchard
 |first=D. B.
 |author-link=David Pritchard (chess player)
 |title=Popular Chess Variants
 |publisher=[[Anova Books|B.T. Batsford Ltd]]
 |year=2000
 |isbn=0-7134-8578-7}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Pritchard
 |first=D. B.
 |author-link=David Pritchard (chess player)
 |editor-last=Beasley
 |editor-first=John
 |title=The Classified Encyclopedia of Chess Variants
 |publisher=John Beasley
 |year=2007
 |isbn=978-0-9555168-0-1}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
 |last=Briffoz
 |first=Eric
 |title=Adventures in Chess960
 |publisher=Createspace.com
 |year=2018
 }}
* {{cite book
 |last=Milener
 |first=Gene
 |title=Play Stronger Chess by Examining Chess960
 |publisher=Castle Long Publications
 |year=2006
 |isbn=978-09774521-01
 |url-access=registration
 |url=https://archive.org/details/playstrongerches00gene
 }}
* {{cite book
 |last=Scharnagl
 |first=Reinhard
 |title=Fischer-Random-Schach (FRC/Chess960)
 |publisher=Books on Demand GmbH
 |year=2004
 |language=de
 |isbn=978-3833413223}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://www.chessvariants.com/diffsetup.dir/fischerh.html The birth of Fischer Random Chess] by Eric van Reem, ''[[The Chess Variant Pages]]''
* [http://www.computerchess.org.uk/ccrl/404FRC/ CCRL 404FRC] [[CCRL|Computer Chess Rating List]] for FRC 40/4 time control
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060221225608/http://www.castlelong.com/book/pscbyec960/welcome.shtml Chess Book from Castle Long] publisher information on book by Gene Milener
* [http://www.chess960.net/ Chess960.net] Chess960 information: Why, how, what, where
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051122180126/http://www.bobby-fischer.net/bobby_fischer_sound_12.htm Fischer Describes his Fischer Random Chess Rules] '''audio clip''' of Bobby Fischer
* [http://www.chessvariants.org/diffsetup.dir/fischer.html Fischer Random Chess] various authors, ''[[The Chess Variant Pages]]''
* [http://lichess.org/ Lichess] free online Chess960 play against an engine or human
* [https://greenchess.net/rules.php?v=1sfisch Chess 960] playable online at Green Chess
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090325092718/http://www.lokonmotion.nl/chess960generator.swf Chess960 generator]
* [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/fischerandom chessgames.com's Fischerandom chess generator]
* [http://www.mark-weeks.com/cfaa/chess960/c960strt.htm Chess960 Start Positions]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwQ3bpEhW6I Fischer describes the rules here.]

{{Bobby Fischer}}
{{Chess variants|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Fischer random chess]]
[[Category:Bobby Fischer]]
[[Category:Chess variants]]
[[Category:1996 in chess]]
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