View source for California Air Resources Board

{{short description|Clean air agency in California, United States}}
{{Redirect|CARB}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox Government agency
| agency_name     = California Air Resources Board
| nativename      = 
| nativename_a    = 
| nativename_r    = 
| logo            = CARB logo.svg
| logo_width      = 312px
| logo_caption    = Logo of the California Air Resources Board
| seal            = 
| seal_width      = 
| seal_caption    = 
| formed          = 1967
| preceding1      = Bureau of Air Sanitation
| preceding2      = Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Board
| dissolved       = 
| superseding     = 
| jurisdiction    = California
| headquarters    = [[Cal/EPA Building|1001 I Street]], [[Sacramento, CA|Sacramento]], [[California]]
| employees       = 1,994 (2024)<ref name="2024-25_enacted_budget">{{cite web|url=https://ebudget.ca.gov/budget/2024-25EN/#/Department/3900|title=2024-25 State Budget|access-date=November 19, 2024}}</ref>
| budget          = [[United States dollar|US$]]1.005 billion (2024-25)<ref name="2024-25_enacted_budget" />
| chief1_name     = [[Liane M. Randolph]]
| chief1_position = Chair
| chief2_name     = 
| chief2_position = 
| parent_agency   = [[California Environmental Protection Agency]]
| child1_agency   = 
| child2_agency   = 
| website         = https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/
| footnotes       = 
}}

The '''California Air Resources Board''' ('''CARB''' or '''ARB''') is an agency of the [[government of California]] that aims to reduce [[air pollution]]. Established in 1967 when then-governor [[Ronald Reagan]] signed the Mulford-Carrell Act, combining the Bureau of Air Sanitation and the Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Board, CARB is a department within the [[cabinet (government)|cabinet]]-level [[California Environmental Protection Agency]].

The stated goals of CARB include attaining and maintaining healthy [[air quality]]; protecting the public from exposure to toxic air contaminants; and providing innovative approaches for complying with air pollution rules and regulations. CARB has also been instrumental in driving innovation throughout the global automotive industry through programs such as its [[ZEV mandate]].

One of CARB's responsibilities is to define [[United States emission standards|vehicle emissions standards]]. California is the only state permitted to issue emissions standards under the federal [[Clean Air Act (United States)|Clean Air Act]], subject to a waiver from the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]. Other states may choose to follow CARB or the [[United States vehicle emission standards|federal vehicle emission standards]], but may not set their own.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vehicle Emissions California Waivers and Authorizations|publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency|date=August 2, 2016|access-date=November 25, 2016|url=https://www.epa.gov/state-and-local-transportation/vehicle-emissions-california-waivers-and-authorizations}}</ref>

==Governance==
{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible floatright" style="width:35em;text-align:left;font-size:85%;"
|+California Air Resources Board leadership<ref name=Leadership />
|-
! data-sort-type="text" | Name !! data-sort-type="text" | Affiliation !! data-sort-type="isoDate" | Appointed !! data-sort-type="isoDate" | Term ends
|-
! data-sort-value="Randolph, Liane M." | Liane M. Randolph
| Chair
| data-sort-value="2020-12" | {{dts|2020|12}} || data-sort-value="2026-12-31" | {{dts|2026|12|31}}
|-
! data-sort-value="Rechtschaffen, Cliff" | Cliff Rechtschaffen
| Public Member
| data-sort-value="2023-09" | {{dts|2023|09}} || data-sort-value="2024-12-31" | {{dts|2024|12|31}}
|-
! data-sort-value="Balmes, John R." | John R. Balmes, MD
| Physician
| data-sort-value="2007-12" | {{dts|2007|12}} || data-sort-value="2027-12-31" | {{dts|2027|12|31}}
|-
! data-sort-value="De La Torre, Hector" | [[Hector De La Torre]]
| [[California State Assembly|Assembly]]
| data-sort-value="2018-06" | {{dts|2018|06}} || data-sort-value="2025-01-01" | {{dts|2025|01|01}}
|-
! data-sort-value="Eisenhut, John" | John Eisenhut
| Agriculture
| data-sort-value="2013-08" | {{dts|2013|08}} || data-sort-value="2029-12-31" | {{dts|2029|12|31}}
|-
! data-sort-value="Vargas, Nora" | [[Nora Vargas]]
| San Diego APCD
| data-sort-value="2022-02" | {{dts|2022|02}} || data-sort-value="2024-12-31" | {{dts|2024|12|31}}
|-
! data-sort-value="Florez, Dean" | [[Dean Florez]]
| [[California State Senate|Senate]]
| data-sort-value="2016-02" | {{dts|2016|02}} || data-sort-value="2024-12-31" | {{dts|2024|12|31}}
|-
! data-sort-value="Garcia, Eduardo" | [[Eduardo Garcia (politician)|Eduardo Garcia]]
| Ex Officio ([[California State Assembly|Assembly]])
| data-sort-value="2017-02" | {{dts|2017|02}} || 
|-
! data-sort-value="Hurt, Davina" | Davina Hurt
| [[Bay Area Air Quality Management District|Bay Area AQMD]]
| data-sort-value="2020-12" | {{dts|2020|12}} || data-sort-value="2026-12-31" | {{dts|2026|12|31}}
|-
! data-sort-value="Kracov, Gideon" | Gideon Kracov
| [[South Coast Air Quality Management District|South Coast AQMD]]
| data-sort-value="2020-12" | {{dts|2020|12}} || data-sort-value="2026-12-31" | {{dts|2026|12|31}}
|-
! data-sort-value="Stern, Henry" | [[Henry Stern (California politician)|Henry Stern]]
| Ex Officio ([[California State Senate|Senate]])
| data-sort-value="2023-01" | {{dts|2023|01}} ||
|-
! data-sort-value="Pacheco-Werner, Tania" | Tania Pacheco-Werner, PhD
| San Joaquin Valley APCD
| data-sort-value="2020-12" | {{dts|2020|12}} || data-sort-value="2026-12-31" | {{dts|2026|12|31}}
|-
! data-sort-value="Guerra, Eric" | Eric Guerra
| Sacramento Region Air Districts Member
| data-sort-value="2023-01" | {{dts|2023|01}} || data-sort-value="2028-12-31" | {{dts|2028|12|31}}
|-
! data-sort-value="Shaheen, Susan" | Susan Shaheen
| Automotive Member
| data-sort-value="2023-01" | {{dts|2023|01}} || data-sort-value="2028-12-31" | {{dts|2028|12|31}}
|-
! data-sort-value="Perez, V. Manuel" | [[V. Manuel Perez]]
| Air District Member
| data-sort-value="2023-01" | {{dts|2023|01}} || data-sort-value="2028-12-31" | {{dts|2028|12|31}}
|-
! data-sort-value="Tavorkian, Diane" | Diane Tavorkian
| Public
| data-sort-value="2018-08-31" | {{dts|2018|08|31}} || data-sort-value="2029-12-31" | {{dts|2029|12|31}}
|}
CARB's governing board is made up of 16 members, with two non-voting members appointed for legislative oversight, one each by the [[California State Assembly]] and [[California State Senate|Senate]]. 12 of the 14 voting members are appointed by the [[Governor of California|governor]] and subject to confirmation by the Senate: five from local air districts, four air pollution subject-matter experts, two members of the public, and the Chair. The other two voting members are appointed from [[environmental justice]] committees by the Assembly and Senate.<ref name=Leadership />

Five of the governor-appointed board members are chosen from regional [[List of California air districts|air pollution control or air quality management district]]s, including one each from:<ref name=Leadership>{{cite web|url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/about/leadership |title=Leadership - California Air Resources Board|website=California Air Resources Board |access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref>

* [[Bay Area Air Quality Management District|Bay Area AQMD]] (San Francisco Bay Area), currently John Gioia
* [[San Diego County, California|San Diego County]] APCD, currently [[Nathan Fletcher]]
* [[San Joaquin Valley]] APCD, currently Alexander Sherriffs, M.D. 
* [[South Coast Air Quality Management District|South Coast AQMD]], currently Judy Mitchell 
* A [[Sacramento metropolitan area|Sacramento-area]] district: Sacramento Metropolitan AQMD, Yolo-Solano AQMD, Placer County APCD, Feather River AQMD, or El Dorado County AQMD, currently Phil Serna
Four governor-appointed board members are subject matter experts in specific fields: [[automotive engineering]], currently [[Daniel Sperling|Dan Sperling]]; science, agriculture, or law, currently John Eisenhut; medicine, currently John R. Balmes, M.D.; and air pollution control. The governor is also responsible for two appointees from members of the public, and the final governor appointee is the Board's Chair. The first Chair of CARB was Dr. [[Arie Jan Haagen-Smit]], who was previously a professor at the [[California Institute of Technology]] and started research into air pollution in 1948. Dr. Haagen-Smit is credited with discovering the source of smog in California, which led to the development of air pollution controls and standards.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/about/leadership/dr-arie-haagen-smit |title=Dr. Arie Haagen-Smit: Founding Chairman |website=California Air Resources Board |access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref> In honor of his legacy, CARB started the Haagen-Smit Clean Air Awards program in 2001 to recognize individuals who have had significant accomplishments in the field of air quality and climate change.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/haagen-smit-clean-air-awards |title=Haagen-Smit Clean Air Awards |website=California Air Resources Board |access-date=26 November 2023}}</ref>

The two legislature-appointed board members work directly with communities affected by air pollution. They are currently Diane Takvorian and Dean Florez, appointed by the Assembly and Senate respectively.

==Organizational structure==
CARB is a part of the [[California Environmental Protection Agency]], an organization which reports directly to the Governor's Office in the Executive Branch of California State Government.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Organization of the California Air Resources Board {{!}} California Air Resources Board|url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/about/organization-california-air-resources-board|access-date=2021-10-23|website=ww2.arb.ca.gov}}</ref>

CARB has 15 divisions and offices:<ref>{{cite web|title=Organization of the California Air Resources Board|url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/about/organization-california-air-resources-board|url-status=live|website=www.arb.ca.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420104309/https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/about/organization-california-air-resources-board |archive-date=2020-04-20 }}</ref>

*Office of the Chair
*Executive Office
*Office of Community Air Protection
*Air Quality Planning and Science Division
*Emission Certification and Compliance Division
*Enforcement Division
*Industrial Strategies Division
*[[Air pollution dispersion terminology|Mobile Source]] Control Division
*Mobile Source Laboratory Division
*Research Division
*Sustainable Transportation and Communities Division
*Transportation and Toxics Division
*Office of Information Services
*Administrative Services Division

===Air Quality Planning and Science Division===
[[File:THE LOS ANGELES REACTIVE POLLUTANT PROGRAM (LARPP), IS A UNIQUE, MULTI-AGENCY AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH STUDY SPONSORED... - NARA - 552386.jpg|thumb|250px|right|California Air Resources Board Laboratory, Los Angeles, in 1973]]
The division assesses the extent of California's air quality problems and the progress being made to abate them, coordinates statewide development of clean air plans and maintains databases pertinent to air quality and emissions. The division's technical support work provides a basis for clean air plans and CARB's regulatory programs. This support includes management and interpretation of emission inventories, air quality data, [[meteorological]] data and of [[air quality modeling]].<ref name=PTSD>[http://www.arb.ca.gov/html/org/orgptsd.htm ARB's Planning and Technical Support Division] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923013415/http://www.arb.ca.gov/html/org/orgptsd.htm |date=2006-09-23 }}, arb.ca.gov; accessed February 28, 2015.</ref><ref name="org">{{Cite web|title=Organization – Air Quality Planning and Science Division {{!}} California Air Resources Board|url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/organization-air-quality-planning-and-science-division|access-date=2021-10-23|website=ww2.arb.ca.gov}}</ref>

The Air Quality Planning and Science Division has five branches:<ref name="org"/>

*Special Assessment Branch
*[[Emission inventory|Emission Inventory]] and Economic Analysis Branch
*[[Atmospheric dispersion modeling|Modeling]] & [[Meteorology]] Branch
*[[Air quality|Air Quality]] Planning Branch
*[[Air pollution dispersion terminology|Mobile Source]] Analysis Branch
*Consumer Products and Air Quality Assessment Branch

[[File:SCIENTISTS WITH PHOTOCHEMICAL TUBE REACTOR MANUFACTURE SMOG AT THE STATEWIDE AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH CENTER - NARA - 549627.jpg|thumb|upright|Researchers at the Statewide Air Pollution Research Center manufacture smog using a [[Photochemistry|photochemical]] tube reactor (May 1972).]]
====Atmospheric Modeling & Support Section====
The Atmospheric Modeling & Support Section is one of three sections within the Modeling & Meteorology Branch. The other two sections are the Regional Air Quality Modeling Section and the Meteorology Section.<ref name="PTSD"/>

The air quality and [[Atmospheric dispersion modeling|atmospheric pollution dispersion models]]<ref>{{Cite book|author=Turner, D.B.|title=Workbook of atmospheric dispersion estimates: an introduction to dispersion modeling|edition=2nd|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|year=1994|isbn=978-1-56670-023-8|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/workbookofatmosp0000turn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Beychok, Milton R.|title=Fundamentals of Stack Gas Dispersion|edition=4th|publisher=author-published|year=2005|isbn=978-0-9644588-0-2|title-link=Fundamentals of Stack Gas Dispersion}}</ref> routinely used by this Section include a number of the models recommended by the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA). The section uses models which were either developed by CARB or whose development was funded by CARB, such as:

* [[CALPUFF]]{{spaced ndash}}Originally developed by the Sigma Research Company (SRC) under contract to CARB. Currently maintained by the TRC Solution Company under contract to the U.S. EPA.
* CALGRID{{spaced ndash}}Developed by CARB and currently maintained by CARB.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.arb.ca.gov/eos/soft.htm |title=CALGRID Model |access-date= 2006-08-26 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060923011240/http://www.arb.ca.gov/eos/soft.htm#calgrid |archive-date=2006-09-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* SARMAP{{spaced ndash}}Developed by CARB and currently maintained by CARB.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arb.ca.gov/ei/sarmap.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923011218/http://www.arb.ca.gov/ei/sarmap.htm|url-status=dead|title=CARB's SARMAP Model|archivedate=September 23, 2006}}</ref>

==Role in reducing greenhouse gases==
{{See Also|Climate change in California}}
The California Air Resources Board is charged with implementing California's comprehensive suite of policies to reduce emissions of [[greenhouse gas]]es. In part due to CARB, California has successfully decoupled greenhouse gas emissions from economic growth, and achieved its goal of reducing emissions to 1990 levels four years earlier than the target date of 2020.<ref name="CARBrelease">{{cite web |title=Climate Pollutants Fall Below 1990 Levels for First Time |url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/news/climate-pollutants-fall-below-1990-levels-first-time |website=California Air Resources Board |access-date=27 July 2018}}</ref>

===Alternative Fuel Vehicle Incentive Program===
Alternative Fuel Vehicle Incentive Program (also known as Fueling Alternatives) is funded by the California Air Resources Board (CARB), offered throughout the State of California and administered by the California Center for Sustainable Energy (CCSE).<ref name=CARBFuelAlt>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arb.ca.gov/fuels/altfuels/incentives/incentives.htm| title=Incentive Program for Alternative Fuels and Vehicles|date=2010-09-30|publisher=California Air Resources Board|access-date=2011-11-07}}</ref>

===Low-Emission Vehicle Program===
The CARB first adopted the Low-Emission Vehicle (LEV) Program standards in 1990 to address smog-forming pollutants,<ref name=TwoBillion/><ref name=LEV-I /> which covered automobiles sold in California from 1994 through 2003. An amendment to the LEV Program, known as LEV&nbsp;II, was adopted in 1999, and covered vehicles for the 2004 through 2014 model years.<ref name=LEV-II/> Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission regulations were adopted in 2004 starting for the 2009 model year, and are named the "Pavley" standards after Assemblymember [[Fran Pavley]], who had written Assembly Bill 1493 in 2002 to establish them.<ref name=Pavley>{{cite web |url=https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ccms/ccms.htm |title=Clean Car Standards - Pavley, Assembly Bill 1493 |date=January 11, 2017 |publisher=California Air Resources Board |access-date=7 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite California statute |year=2002 |chapter=200 |page=864 |title=An act to amend Section 42823 of, and to add Section 43018.5 to, the Health and Safety Code, relating to air quality.}}&nbsp;[https://clerk.assembly.ca.gov/sites/clerk.assembly.ca.gov/files/archive/Statutes/2002/2002_Statutes_1667_Vol_1.pdf#page=1288 direct URL]</ref> A second amendment, LEV&nbsp;III, was adopted in 2012, and covers vehicles sold from 2015 onward for both smog (superseding LEV&nbsp;II) and GHG (superseding Pavley) emissions.<ref name=LEV-III/><ref name=CARB-LEV>{{cite web |url=https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/levprog/levprog.htm |title=Low-Emission Vehicle Program |date=January 25, 2017 |publisher=California Air Resources Board |access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref> The rules created under the LEV Program have been codified as specific sections in Title 13 of the [[California Code of Regulations]];<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/levprog/test_proc.htm |title=Low-Emission Vehicle Regulations and Test Procedures |date=October 18, 2017 |publisher=California Air Resources Board |access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref> in general, LEV&nbsp;I is §&nbsp;1960.1; LEV&nbsp;II is §&nbsp;1961; Pavley is §&nbsp;1961.1; LEV&nbsp;III is §&nbsp;1961.2 (smog-forming pollutants) and 1961.3 (GHG). The ZEV regulations, which were initially part of LEV&nbsp;I, have been broken out separately into §&nbsp;1962.<ref name=CA-LEV-Regs>{{cite web |url=https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/levprog/cleandoc/cleancomplete_lev-ghg_regs_10-17.pdf |title=The California Low-Emission Vehicle Regulations (With Amendments Effective October 16, 2017) |date=October 16, 2017 |publisher=California Air Resources Board |access-date=6 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220025732/https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/levprog/cleandoc/cleancomplete_lev-ghg_regs_10-17.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

For comparison, the average new car sold in 1965 would produce approximately {{convert|2000|lb|abbr=on}} of hydrocarbons over {{convert|100000|mi|abbr=on}} of driving; under the LEV&nbsp;I standards, the average new car sold in 1998 was projected to produce hydrocarbon emissions of {{convert|50|lb|abbr=on}} over the same distance, and under LEV&nbsp;II, the average new car in 2010 would further reduce hydrocarbon emissions to {{convert|10|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/levprog/levii/factsht.pdf |title=Fact Sheet: LEV&nbsp;II - Amendments to California's Low-Emission Vehicle regulations |date=February 1999 |publisher=California Air Resources Board |access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref>

====Required labeling====
{|class="wikitable collapsible floatright" style="width:45em;text-align:center;font-size:85%;"
|+Global warming and smog scores
|-
! rowspan=2 | Global<br/>warming<br/>score
! rowspan=2 | {{chem|link=Carbon dioxide|C|O|2}}<br/>(g/mi)
! rowspan=2 | Smog<br/>score
! colspan=3 | MY (2009) 2013–2017{{efn|Based on the scoring for the "Environmental Performance Label", applied to new vehicles model years 2009–2012 in California. The California label was aligned with Federal standards in 2013.}}<ref name=Chiladakis>{{cite web |url=https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/levprog/leviii/meetings/030210/ep_label_slides_march_2010_workshop_rev1.pdf |title=Environmental Performance Label |author=Chiladakis, Lisa |date=March 2010 |publisher=California Air Resources Board |access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref>
! colspan=3 | MY 2018+{{efn|Scoring realigned with LEV&nbsp;III/Tier&nbsp;3 scores starting in model year 2018. Note the change in standards; for example, a LEV under LEV&nbsp;II (160 mg/mi) which was rated with a smog score of 4 under the old label would now be rated with as LEV160 under LEV&nbsp;III and would receive a smog score of 1.}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.driveclean.ca.gov/Know_the_Rating/Understand_the_Smog_Rating.php |title=Understand the Smog Rating |website=DriveClean |access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
! CA<br/>LEV&nbsp;II !! [[United States emission standards#Phase 2: 2004-2009|EPA<br/>Tier&nbsp;2]] !! NMOG+{{chem|link=NOx|N|O|x}}<br/>(g/mi) !! CA<br/>LEV&nbsp;III !! [[United States emission standards#Phase 3A: 2010-2016|EPA<br/>Tier&nbsp;3]] !! NMOG+{{chem|link=NOx|N|O|x}}<br/>(g/mi)
|-
! style="font-size:125%;" | 10
| <200
! style="font-size:125%;" | 10
| ZEV || Bin 1 || 0.000
| ZEV || Bin 0 || 0.000
|-
! style="font-size:125%;" | 9
| 200–239
! style="font-size:125%;" | 9
| AT PZEV, PZEV || — || 0.030
| — || — || 
|-
! style="font-size:125%;" | 8
| 240–279
! style="font-size:125%;" | 8
| SULEV || Bin 2 || 0.030
| SULEV20 || Bin 20 || 0.020
|-
! style="font-size:125%;" | 7
| 280–319
! style="font-size:125%;" | 7
| — || Bin 3 || 0.085
| SULEV30 || Bin 30 || 0.030
|-
! style="font-size:125%;" | 6
| 320–359
! style="font-size:125%;" | 6
| — || Bin 4 || 0.110
| ULEV50 || Bin 50 || 0.050
|-
! style="font-size:125%;" | 5
| 360–399
! style="font-size:125%;" | 5
| ULEV || — || 0.125
| ULEV70 || Bin 70 || 0.070
|-
! style="font-size:125%;" | 4
| 400–439
! style="font-size:125%;" | 4
| LEV || Bin 5 || 0.160
| — || — || 
|-
! style="font-size:125%;" | 3
| 440–479
! style="font-size:125%;" | 3
| — || Bin 6 || 0.190 – 0.200
| ULEV125 || Bin 125 || 0.125
|-
! style="font-size:125%;" | 2
| 480–519
! style="font-size:125%;" | 2
| — || Bin 7 || 0.240
| — || — || 
|-
! style="font-size:125%;" | 1
| ≥520
! style="font-size:125%;" | 1
| —{{efn|ULEV under California LEV&nbsp;I standard.}} || Bin 8a || 0.325
| LEV160 || Bin 160 || 0.160
|-
| colspan=9 | '''Notes'''<br/>{{notelist|20em}}
|}
In 2005, the California State Assembly passed AB 1229, which required all new vehicles manufactured after January 1, 2009 to bear an Environmental Performance Label, which scored the emissions performance of the vehicle on two scales ranging between 1 (worst) and 10 (best): one for global warming (emissions of GHG such as {{chem|link=Nitrous oxide|N|2|O}}, {{chem|link=Methane|C|H|4}}, [[Hydrofluorocarbons|air conditioning refrigerants]], and {{chem|link=Carbon dioxide|C|O|2}}) and one for smog-forming compounds (non-methane organic gases (NMOG), {{chem|link=NOx|N|O|x}}, and {{chem|link=Hydrocarbon|H|C}}).<ref name="Chiladakis"/><ref>{{cite California statute |year=2005 |chapter=575 |page=4355 |title=An act to amend Section 43200 of, and to add Section 43200.1 to, the Health and Safety Code, relating to air pollution. |author=}}&nbsp;[https://clerk.assembly.ca.gov/sites/clerk.assembly.ca.gov/files/archive/Statutes/2005/1752_2005_Statutes_Vol3.pdf#page=821 direct URL]</ref> The Federal Government followed suit and required a similar "smog score" on new vehicles sold starting in 2013; the standards were realigned for labels applied to 2018 model year vehicles.

====Vehicle categories====
The LEV program has established several categories of reduced emissions vehicles. LEV&nbsp;I defined LEV and ULEV vehicles, and added TLEV and Tier 1 temporary classifications that would not be sold after 2003. LEV&nbsp;II added SULEV and PZEV vehicles, and LEV&nbsp;III tightened emission standards. The actual emission levels depend on the standards in use.
* [[Low Emission Vehicle|LEV (Low Emission Vehicle)]]: The least stringent emission standard for all new cars sold in California beyond 2004.
* [[Ultra Low Emission Vehicle|ULEV (Ultra Low Emission Vehicle)]]: 50% cleaner than the average new 2003 model year vehicle.
* [[Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle|SULEV (Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle)]]: These vehicles emit substantially lower levels of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, [[Nitrogen oxide|oxides of nitrogen]] and particulate matter than conventional vehicles. They are 90% cleaner than the average new 2003 model year vehicle.

LEV&nbsp;I defined emission limits for several different classes of vehicle, including passenger cars (PC), light-duty trucks (LDT), and medium-duty vehicles (MDV). Heavy-duty vehicles were specifically excluded from LEV&nbsp;I. LEV&nbsp;I also defined a loaded vehicle weight (LVW) as the vehicle's [[Curb weight]] plus an allowance of {{convert|300|lb|abbr=on}}. In general, the most stringent standards were applied to passenger cars and light-duty trucks with a LVW up to {{convert|3750|lb|abbr=on}} (these "light" LDTs were later denoted LDT1 under LEV&nbsp;II).<ref name=LEV-I/> LEV&nbsp;II increased the scope of vehicles classed as light-duty trucks to encompass a higher GVWR up to {{convert|8500|lb|abbr=on}}, compared to the LEV&nbsp;I standard of {{convert|6000|lb|abbr=on}}. In addition, LEV&nbsp;I had defined less stringent limits for heavier LDTs (denoted LDT2 with a LVW {{convert|3751|–|5750|lb|abbr=on}}); LEV&nbsp;II closed that discrepancy and defined a single emissions standard for all PCs and LDTs.<ref name=LEV-II/> Under LEV&nbsp;III, medium-duty passenger vehicles (MDPV) were brought under the most stringent standards alongside PCs and LDTs.<ref name=LEV-III/>

{{clear}}
{|class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="font-size:100%;text-align:right;"
|+Vehicle classes under the LEV regulations<ref name=LEV-I/><ref name=LEV-II/><ref name=LEV-III/>
|-
! Class !! Abbr. !! [[Gross Vehicle Weight Rating|GVWR]] !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
! Passenger car !! PC
| — || style="text-align:left;font-size:90%;" | Designed primarily for transportation of persons with a design capacity of ≤12 people.
|-
! rowspan=2 | Light-duty truck !! rowspan=2 | LDT
| ≤{{convert|6000|lb|abbr=on|disp=br}}{{efn|For model years before 2000}} || rowspan=2 style="text-align:left;font-size:90%;" | Designed primarily for transportation of property, derivatives of those, or available with special features for off-street use. LDT1 was defined as those with LVW up to {{convert|3750|lb|abbr=on}}, and LDT2 was defined as those with LVW from {{convert|3751|to|5750|lb|abbr=on}}.
|-
| ≤{{convert|8500|lb|abbr=on|disp=br}}{{efn|For model years 2000 and subsequent}}
|-
! rowspan=2 | Medium-duty vehicle !! rowspan=2 | MDV
| ≤{{convert|8500|lb|abbr=on|disp=br}}{{efn|For model years before 1995}} || rowspan=2 style="text-align:left;font-size:90%;" | Any non-passenger vehicle with a GVWR >{{convert|6000|lb|abbr=on}} and less than the limits shown here.
|-
| ≤{{convert|14000|lb|abbr=on|disp=br}}{{efn|For model years 1995 and subsequent, or model years 1992 and subsequent LEV, ULEV, SULEV, or ZEV.}}
|-
| colspan=4 | '''Notes'''<br/>{{notelist}}
|}

====Smog-forming compound emissions limits====
Rather than providing a single standard for vehicles based on age, purpose, and weight, the LEV&nbsp;I standards introduced different tiers of limits for [[smog]]-forming compound emissions starting in the 1995 model year. After 2003, LEV was the minimum standard to be met.<ref name=LEV-I />

{|class="wikitable collapsible" style="text-align:right;font-size:95%;"
|+California Emissions Standards{{efn|Values are in grams per mile for all passenger cars and those light-duty trucks with a loaded vehicle weight (total of [[kerb weight]] plus {{convert|300|lb|abbr=on}} driver) less than {{convert|3750|lb|abbr=on}}, tested under the [[FTP-75]] protocol.}}{{efn|name=L2L3-weight|Under LEV&nbsp;II and LEV&nbsp;III, the definition of light duty trucks was expanded to encompass all vehicles with a [[gross vehicle weight rating]] of {{convert|8500|lb|abbr=on}} or less.}}{{efn|Under LEV&nbsp;III, this category also now includes all medium-duty passenger vehicles with a GVWR of {{convert|10000|lb|abbr=on}} or less.}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dieselnet.com/standards/us/ld_ca.php |title=Emission Standards: United States: Cars and Light-Duty Trucks: California |publisher=DieselNet |access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Category
! colspan=3 | NMOG{{efn|Non-methane organic gases}}+{{chem|link=NOx|N|O|x}}{{efn|NMOG and {{chem|N|O|x}} were reported separately under LEV&nbsp;I and LEV&nbsp;II}}
! colspan=3 | {{chem|link=Carbon monoxide|C|O}}
! colspan=3 | PM{{efn|Particulate Matter}}
! colspan=3 | {{chem|link=Formaldehyde|H|C|H|O}}
|-
! LEV&nbsp;I{{efn|name=L1-age|LEV&nbsp;I standards are given for emissions at the {{convert|100000|mi|abbr=on}} / 10 year age}}<ref name=LEV-I>{{cite web |url=https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/levprog/ldvtps.pdf#page=24 |title=California exhaust emission standards and test procedures for 1988 and subsequent model passenger cars, light-duty trucks, and medium-duty vehicles |date=June 24, 1996 |publisher=California Environmental Protection Agency: Air Resources Board |access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref>
! LEV&nbsp;II{{efn|name=L2-age|LEV&nbsp;II standards are given for emissions at the {{convert|120000|mi|abbr=on}} / 11 year age}}<ref name=LEV-II>{{cite web |url=https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/levprog/leviii/attacha2.pdf#page=13 |title=Attachment A-2: California 2001 through 2014 model criteria pollutant exhaust emission standards and test procedures and 2009 through 2016 greenhouse gas exhaust emission standards and test procedures for passenger cars, light-duty trucks, and medium-duty vehicles |date=March 22, 2012 |publisher=California Environmental Protection Agency: Air Resources Board |access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref>
! LEV&nbsp;III{{efn|name=L3-age|LEV&nbsp;III standards are given for emissions at the {{convert|150000|mi|abbr=on}} age}}<ref name=LEV-III>{{cite web |url=https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/levprog/leviii/attacha3.pdf#page=31 |title=Attachment A-3: California 2015 and subsequent model criteria pollutant exhaust emission standards and test procedures and 2017 and subsequent greenhouse gas exhaust emission standards and test procedures for passenger cars, light-duty trucks, and medium-duty vehicles |date=March 22, 2012 |publisher=California Environmental Protection Agency: Air Resources Board |access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref>
! LEV&nbsp;I{{efn|name=L1-age}}
! LEV&nbsp;II{{efn|name=L2-age}}
! LEV&nbsp;III{{efn|name=L3-age}}
! LEV&nbsp;I{{efn|name=L1-age}}
! LEV&nbsp;II{{efn|name=L2-age}}
! LEV&nbsp;III{{efn|name=L3-age}}
! LEV&nbsp;I{{efn|name=L1-age}}
! LEV&nbsp;II{{efn|name=L2-age}}
! LEV&nbsp;III{{efn|name=L3-age}}
|-
! colspan=2 | Tier 1{{efn|name=L1only|Tier 1 and transitional LEV (TLEV) vehicles were not sold after 2003.}}
| <!--NMOG+NOx, L1-->0.91{{efn|LEV&nbsp;I: 0.31 g/mi NMOG + 0.6 g/mi {{chem|N|O|x}}.}}{{efn|LEV&nbsp;I: 0.31 g/mi NMOG + 1.0 g/mi {{chem|N|O|x}} for diesel-powered vehicles.}}{{efn|For comparison, the values for 1988–94 model year passenger cars, light-duty trucks, and medium-duty trucks (<3,750 LVW) were 0.39–0.46 g/mi NMOG and 0.4-1.0 g/mi {{chem|N|O|x}}.}}
| <!--NMOG+NOx, L2-->—
| <!--NMOG+NOx, L3-->—
| <!--CO, L1-->4.2{{efn|For comparison, the values for 1988–94 model year passenger cars were 7.0-8.3 g/mi {{chem|C|O}}, and for light-duty trucks and medium-duty trucks (<3,750 LVW), 9.0-10.6 g/mi {{chem|C|O}}.}}
| <!--CO, L2-->—
| <!--CO, L3-->—
| <!--PM, L1-->—
| <!--PM, L2-->—
| <!--PM, L3-->—
| <!--HCHO, L1-->—{{efn|Formaldehyde standards provided for 1993 and newer model year vehicles fueled by methanol and ethanol: for passenger cars, light-duty trucks and medium-duty trucks (<3,750 LVW), 0.023 g/mi {{chem|H|C|H|O}} for 1993–95 and 0.015 g/mi {{chem|H|C|H|O}} for 1996+}}
| <!--HCHO, L2-->—
| <!--HCHO, L3-->—
|-
! colspan=2 | TLEV{{efn|name=L1only}}
| <!--NMOG+NOx, L1-->0.756{{efn|LEV&nbsp;I: 0.156 g/mi NMOG + 0.6 g/mi {{chem|N|O|x}}}}
| <!--NMOG+NOx, L2-->—
| <!--NMOG+NOx, L3-->—
| <!--CO, L1-->4.2
| <!--CO, L2-->—
| <!--CO, L3-->—
| <!--PM, L1-->0.08
| <!--PM, L2-->—
| <!--PM, L3-->—
| <!--HCHO, L1-->0.018
| <!--HCHO, L2-->—
| <!--HCHO, L3-->—
|-
! [[Low Emission Vehicle|LEV]]
| LEV160
| <!--NMOG+NOx, L1-->0.390{{efn|LEV&nbsp;I: 0.090 g/mi NMOG + 0.3 g/mi {{chem|N|O|x}}}}
| <!--NMOG+NOx, L2-->0.160{{efn|LEV&nbsp;II: 0.090 g/mi NMOG + 0.07 g/mi {{chem|N|O|x}}}}
| <!--NMOG+NOx, L3-->0.160
| <!--CO, L1-->4.2
| <!--CO, L2-->4.2
| <!--CO, L3-->4.2
| <!--PM, L1-->0.08
| <!--PM, L2-->0.01
| <!--PM, L3-->0.01
| <!--HCHO, L1-->0.018
| <!--HCHO, L2-->0.018
| <!--HCHO, L3-->0.004
|-
! rowspan=3 | [[Ultra Low Emission Vehicle|ULEV]]
| ULEV125
| rowspan=3 | <!--NMOG+NOx, L1-->0.355{{efn|LEV&nbsp;I: 0.055 g/mi NMOG + 0.3 g/mi {{chem|N|O|x}}}}
| rowspan=3 | <!--NMOG+NOx, L2-->0.125{{efn|LEV&nbsp;II: 0.055 g/mi NMOG + 0.07 g/mi {{chem|N|O|x}}}}
| <!--NMOG+NOx, L3-->0.125
| rowspan=3 | <!--CO, L1-->2.1
| rowspan=3 | <!--CO, L2-->2.1
| <!--CO, L3-->2.1
| rowspan=3 | <!--PM, L1-->0.04
| rowspan=3 | <!--PM, L2-->0.01
| rowspan=3 | <!--PM, L3-->0.01
| rowspan=3 | <!--HCHO, L1-->0.011
| rowspan=3 | <!--HCHO, L2-->0.011
| rowspan=3 | <!--HCHO, L3-->0.004
|-
| ULEV70
| <!--NMOG+NOx-->0.070
| rowspan=2 | <!--CO-->1.7
|-
| ULEV50
| <!--NMOG+NOx-->0.050
|-
! rowspan=2 | [[Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle|SULEV]]{{efn|SULEV for passenger cars and light-duty trucks was not defined until LEV&nbsp;II.}}
| SULEV30
| rowspan=2 | <!--NMOG+NOx, L1-->—
| rowspan=2 | <!--NMOG+NOx, L2-->0.030{{efn|LEV&nbsp;II: 0.010 g/mi NMOG + 0.02 g/mi {{chem|N|O|x}}}}
| <!--NMOG+NOx, L3-->0.030
| rowspan=2 | <!--CO, L1-->—
| rowspan=2 | <!--CO, L2-->1.0
| rowspan=2 | <!--CO, L3-->1.0
| rowspan=2 | <!--PM, L1-->—
| rowspan=2 | <!--PM, L2-->0.01
| rowspan=2 | <!--PM, L3-->0.01
| rowspan=2 | <!--HCHO, L1-->—
| rowspan=2 | <!--HCHO, L2-->0.004
| rowspan=2 | <!--HCHO, L3-->0.004
|-
| SULEV20
| <!--NMOG+NOx-->0.020
|-
| colspan=14 | '''Notes'''<br/>{{notelist}}
|}

====Greenhouse gas emissions limits====
[[File:TRANSMISSION LINES AND RAILROAD NEAR SALTON SEA. DISTRICT OF LOS ANGELES SMOG OBSCURES THE SUN - NARA - 547711.jpg|thumb|right|Sunlight filtered through smog near [[Blythe, California|Blythe]], May 1972]]
CARB adopted regulations for limits on greenhouse gas emissions in 2004 starting with the 2009 model year to support the direction provided by AB 1493.<ref name="Pavley"/> In June 2005, Governor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] signed [[California Climate Executive Orders|Executive Order S-03-05]], which required a reduction in California GHG emissions, targeting an 80% reduction compared to 1990 levels by 2050.<ref>{{cite web |title=California Executive Order S-3-05 |date=June 1, 2005 |url=http://gov.ca.gov/index.php?/executive-order/1861/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060922231000/http://gov.ca.gov/index.php?%2Fexecutive-order%2F1861%2F |archive-date=22 September 2006 |url-status=dead |publisher=State of California, Office of the Governor |access-date=6 December 2018 }}</ref> Assembly Bill 32, better known as the California [[Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006]], codified these requirements.<ref>{{cite California statute |year=2006 |title=An act to add Division 25.5 (commencing with Section 38500) to the Health and Safety Code, relating to air pollution |date=September 27, 2006 |chapter=488 |page=3419}}&nbsp;[https://clerk.assembly.ca.gov/sites/clerk.assembly.ca.gov/files/archive/Statutes/2006/1755_2006_Volume3.pdf#page=647 direct URL]</ref>

CARB filed a waiver request with the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) under Section 209(b) of the Clean Air Act in December 2005 to permit it to establish limits on greenhouse gas emissions; although the waiver request was initially denied in March 2008, it was later approved on June 30, 2009 after President [[Barack Obama]] signed a Presidential Memorandum directing the EPA to reconsider the waiver.<ref name="Pavley"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.epa.gov/regulations-emissions-vehicles-and-engines/california-greenhouse-gas-waiver-request |date=June 30, 2009 |title=California Greenhouse Gas Waiver Request |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency |access-date=7 December 2018}}</ref> In the initial denial, EPA Administrator [[Stephen L. Johnson (politician, born 1951)|Stephen L. Johnson]] stated the Clean Air Act was not "intended to allow California to promulgate state standards for emissions from new motor vehicles designed to address global climate change problems" and further, that he did not believe "the effects of climate change in California are compelling and extraordinary compared to the effects in the rest of the country."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=EPA-HQ-OAR-2006-0173-6797 |title=California State Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Standards; Notice of Decision Denying a Waiver of Clean Air Act Preemption for Californias 2009 and Subsequent Model Year Greenhouse Gas Emission Standards for New Motor Vehicles |author=Johnson, Stephen L. |date=March 6, 2008 |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency |access-date=7 December 2018}}</ref> Johnson's successor, [[Lisa P. Jackson]], signed the waiver overturning Johnson's denial, writing that "EPA must grant California a waiver if California determines that its standards are, in the aggregate, at least as protective of the public health and welfare as applicable Federal standards." Jackson also noted that in the history of the waiver process, over 50 waivers had been granted and only one had been fully denied, namely the March 2008 denial of the GHG emissions regulation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=EPA-HQ-OAR-2006-0173-6797 |title=California State Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Standards; Notice of Decision Denying a Waiver of Clean Air Act Preemption for Californias 2009 and Subsequent Model Year Greenhouse Gas Emission Standards for New Motor Vehicles |author=Jackson, Lisa P. |date=June 30, 2009 |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency |access-date=7 December 2018}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible floatright" style="width:15em;font-size:85%;text-align:right;"
|+Greenhouse gas fleet average emissions targets<ref name=Pavley-05 />
|-
! rowspan=2 | Model<br/>Year !! colspan=2 | (g/mi {{chem|link=Carbon dioxide||C|O|2}}-equivalent)
|-
! PCs & LDT1s !! LDT2s & MDPVs
|-
! 2009
| 323 || 439
|-
! 2010
| 301 || 420
|-
! 2011
| 267 || 390
|-
! 2012
| 233 || 361
|-
! 2013
| 227 || 355
|-
! 2014
| 222 || 350
|-
! 2015
| 213 || 341
|-
! 2016+
| 205 || 332
|}
CARB decided to adopt regulation of GHG emissions under Executive Order G-05-061, which provided phase-in targets for fleet average GHG emissions in {{chem|link=Carbon dioxide|C|O|2}}-equivalent grams per mile starting with the 2009 model year.<ref name=Pavley-05>{{cite web |url=https://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/grnhsgas/revfro.pdf |title=Final Regulation Order: Amendments to Sections 1900 and 1961, and Adoption of new Section 1961.1, Title 13, California Code of Regulations |date=September 15, 2005 |publisher=California Air Resources Board |access-date=7 December 2018}}</ref> The calculation of {{chem|C|O|2}}-equivalent emissions was based on contributions from four different chemicals: {{chem|link=Carbon dioxide|C|O|2}}, {{chem|link=Nitrous oxide|N|2|O}}, {{chem|link=Methane|C|H|4}}, and [[Hydrofluorocarbons|air conditioning refrigerants]].

The emissions in g/mi {{chem|C|O|2}}-equivalent are calculated according to the formula <math>CO_2^\mathrm{equivalent} = CO_2 + 296\times N_2O + 23\times CH_4 - AC^\mathrm{direct} - AC^\mathrm{indirect}</math>, which has two terms for direct and indirect emissions allowances of air conditioning refrigerants, depending on the refrigerant used, such as [[HFC134a]], and the system design. Vehicles powered by alternative fuels use a slightly modified formula, <math>CO_2^\mathrm{equivalent} = (CO_2 + AC^\mathrm{indirect})\times F + 296\times N_2O + 23\times CH_4 + AC^\mathrm{direct}</math>, where <math>F</math> is a fuel adjustment factor depending on the alternative fuel used (1.03 for [[natural gas]], 0.89 for [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]], and 0.74 for [[E85]]). ZEVs are also required to calculate GHG as the processes to generate the energy (or fuel) used also produce GHG. For ZEVs, <math>CO_2^\mathrm{equivalent} = U + AC^\mathrm{direct}</math>, where <math>U</math> is the upstream emissions factor (130 g/mi for battery electric vehicles, 210 for hydrogen/fuel cell, and 290 for hydrogen/internal combustion).<ref name=Pavley-05 /> Direct {{chem|C|O|2}} emissions could be calculated in a relatively straightforward fashion based on fuel consumption.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ecoscore.be/en/info/ecoscore/co2 |title=How to calculate the CO2 emission from the fuel consumption? |publisher=ecoscore |access-date=7 December 2018}}</ref> Manufacturers that do not wish to measure {{chem|N|2|O}} emissions may assume a value of 0.006 g/mi.<ref name=Pavley-05 /> An update was issued in 2010 which allowed manufacturers to calculate GHG emissions using [[Corporate average fuel economy|CAFE]] data; for conventionally powered vehicles, the contribution from the nitrous oxide and methane terms could be assumed to be 1.9 g/mi.<ref name=Pavley-10>{{cite web |url=https://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/2010/ghgpv10/oalfro.pdf |title=Final Regulation Order |date=April 1, 2010 |publisher=California Air Resources Board |access-date=7 December 2018}}</ref>

CARB voted unanimously in March 2017 to require automakers to average {{convert|54.5|mpgus}} for new cars in 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.arb.ca.gov/lispub/rss/displaypost.php?pno=10172|title=What's New List Serve Post Display|website=www.arb.ca.gov}}</ref>

====Section 177 states====
[[File:Section 177 states (2019).svg|thumb|left|Section 177 states:<br/>{{pad|0.3em}}•&nbsp;{{colorbox|#8383f3}}&nbsp;blue=LEV only<br/>{{pad|0.3em}}•&nbsp;{{colorbox|#83f383}}&nbsp;green=LEV+ZEV<br/>{{pad|0.3em}}•&nbsp;{{colorbox|#f38383}}&nbsp;red=LEV repealed]]
{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible floatright" style="width:15em;font-size:85%;text-align:center;"
|+"California emissions" states<ref name=CARB-sec177>{{cite web |url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/documents/states-have-adopted-californias-vehicle-standards-under-section-177-federal |title=States that have Adopted California's Vehicle Standards under Section 177 of the Federal Clean Air Act |date=March 27, 2019 |publisher=California Air Resources Board |access-date=18 October 2019}}</ref><ref name=LEV-ZEV-factsheet /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://mde.maryland.gov/programs/air/mobilesources/pages/states.aspx |title=States Adopting California's Clean Cars Standards |publisher=Maryland Department of the Environment |access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
! State !! LEV !! ZEV !! MY
|-
! [[California|CA]]
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || 2005
|-
! [[Colorado|CO]]
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || 2022
|-
! [[Connecticut|CT]]
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || 2008
|-
! [[Washington, D.C.|DC]]
| {{yes}} || {{no}} || 2012
|-
! [[Delaware|DE]]
| {{yes}} || {{no}} || 2014
|-
! [[Massachusetts|MA]]
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || 2009
|-
! [[Maryland|MD]]
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || 2011
|-
! [[Maine|ME]]
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || 2009
|-
! [[Minnesota|MN]]
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || 2025 (anticipated)
|-
! [[New Jersey|NJ]]
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || 2009
|-
! [[New Mexico|NM]]
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || 2026
|-
! [[Nevada|NV]]
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || 2025
|-
! [[New York (state)|NY]]
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || 2009
|-
! [[Oregon|OR]]
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || 2009
|-
! [[Pennsylvania|PA]]
| {{yes}} || {{no}} || 2008
|-
! [[Rhode Island|RI]]
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || 2009
|-
! [[Virginia|VA]]
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || 2025
|-
! [[Vermont|VT]]
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || 2009
|-
! [[Washington (state)|WA]]
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || 2009 (ZEV: 2025)
|}
Because California had emissions regulations prior to the 1977 [[Clean Air Act (United States)|Clean Air Act]], under Section 177 of that bill,<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|42|7507}}</ref> other states may adopt the more stringent California emissions regulations as an alternative to federal standards. Thirteen other states and the District of Columbia have chosen to do so, and ten of those have additionally adopted the California Zero-Emission Vehicle regulations.<ref name="CARB-sec177"/><ref name=LEV-ZEV-factsheet>{{cite web |url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2019-06/zev_regulation_factsheet_082418_0.pdf |title=Fact Sheet: The Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Regulation |publisher=California Air Resources Board |access-date=19 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/cdphe/LEV-standards |title=Air Quality Control Commission approves low emission vehicle standards |author=Neustifter, Jeremy |date=November 16, 2018 |publisher=State of Colorado, Department of Public Health & Environment |access-date=28 January 2019}}</ref> In December 2020, Minnesota announced its intention to adopt California LEV and ZEV rules;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pca.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/aq-rule4-10o.pdf |title=Notice of intent to adopt rules with a hearing: Proposed Rules Adopting Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards—Clean Cars Minnesota |date=December 14, 2020 |publisher=Minnesota Pollution Control Agency |access-date=2 December 2021}}</ref> following a hearing before an [[administrative law judge]] in February 2021, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency adopted the California regulations.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.pca.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/aq-rule4-10ah.pdf |title=In the Matter of Clean Cars Minnesota Rulemaking OAH 71-9003-36416; Revisor R-4626 |date=May 7, 2021 |last=Palmer-Denig |first=Judge Jessica A. |publisher=Minnesota Pollution Control Agency |access-date=2 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pca.state.mn.us/air/clean-cars-mn-rulemaking |title=Rulemaking: Clean Cars Minnesota |date=2021 |publisher=Minnesota Pollution Control Agency |access-date=2 December 2021}}</ref> In August 2022, Virginia, citing to a 2021 law, announced it would follow California regulations for ZEV registrations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Budryk |first=Zack |date=2022-08-29 |title=Virginia AG says state bound by California rule phasing out new gas-powered cars |url=https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/3619975-virginia-ag-says-state-bound-by-california-rule-phasing-out-new-gas-powered-cars/ |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=The Hill |language=en-US}}</ref>

Arizona and New Mexico had previously adopted California LEV regulations under Section 177, but later repealed those states' clean car standards in 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cleancarscampaign.org/web-content/stateaction/docs/111110NFRMW_Rule_2.pdf |title=Notice of final rulemaking |publisher=Arizona Department of Environmental Quality |date=November 2011 |access-date=28 January 2019}}</ref> and 2013,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.env.nm.gov/aqb/documents/PETITION_TO_REPEAL_AUTO_EMISSION_STDS_000.pdf |title=Petition to repeal regulations |publisher=State of New Mexico, Environmental Improvement Board |date=June 2013 |access-date=28 January 2019}}</ref> respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cleancarscampaign.org/web-content/stateaction/stateaction.html |title=State Action |publisher=Clean Cars Campaign |access-date=28 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129010441/http://www.cleancarscampaign.org/web-content/stateaction/stateaction.html |archive-date=29 January 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In Canada, the province of Quebec adopted CARB standards effective in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-adopts-california-car-emissions-standards-1.837227 |title=Quebec adopts California car emissions standards |date=December 29, 2009 |work=CBC |access-date=28 January 2019}}</ref> CARB and the Government of Canada entered into a Memorandum of Understanding in June 2019 to cooperate on greenhouse gas emissions mitigation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.climatechange.ca.gov/climate_action_team/intergovernmental/ECCC-CARB-MOU-June-26.pdf |title=Memorandum of Understanding between the California Air Resourcese Board, of the State of California, and Environment and Climate Change Canada, of the Government of Canada to Enhance Cooperation on Measures that Mitigate Greenhouse Gas Emissions |date=26 June 2019 |publisher=Environment and Climate Change Canada |access-date=18 October 2019}}</ref>

===Zero-Emission Vehicle Program===
The CARB [[Zero-emissions vehicle|Zero-Emission Vehicle]] (ZEV) program was enacted by the California government starting in 1990 to promote the use of zero emission vehicles.<ref name="Union of Concerned Scientists">{{Cite web|url= http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_vehicles/solutions/advanced_vehicles_and_fuels/californias-zero-emission-2.html |title=California's Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Program|publisher=[[Union of Concerned Scientists]]|date=2009-01-30|access-date=2009-04-21}}</ref> The program goal is to reduce the pervasive air pollution affecting the main metropolitan areas in the state, particularly in [[Los Angeles]], where prolonged pollution episodes are frequent. The California ZEV rule was first adopted by CARB as part of the 1990 Low-Emission Vehicle (LEV&nbsp;I) Program.<ref name=TwoBillion>{{Cite book |last1=Sperling |first1=Daniel |first2=Deborah |last2=Gordon |title=Two billion cars: driving toward sustainability |year=2009 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/twobillioncarsdr00sper_0/page/24 24, 189–191] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-537664-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/twobillioncarsdr00sper_0/page/24 |access-date=6 December 2018 }}</ref> The focus of the 1990 rules (ZEV-90) was to meet air quality standards for [[ozone]] rather than the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.<ref name=Staff-2009>{{cite report |url=https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/2009zevreview/zevwhitepaper.pdf |title=Summary of Staff's Preliminary Assessment of the Need for Revisions to the Zero Emission Vehicle Regulation |date=November 25, 2009 |publisher=California Air Resources Board |access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref>{{rp|5}}

Under LEV&nbsp;II in 1999, the ZEV regulations were moved to a separate section (13 CCR §&nbsp;1962) and the requirements for ZEVs as a percentage of fleet sales was made more formal. Executive Order S-03-05 (2005) and Assembly Bills 1493 (2002) and 32 (2006) prompted CARB to reevaluate the ZEV program as last amended in 1996, which had been primarily concerned with reducing emissions of smog-forming pollutants.<ref name="Staff-2009"/> By the time AB 32 passed in 2006, vehicles complying with PZEV and AT PZEV standards had become commercially successful, and the ZEV program could then shift towards reducing both smog-forming compounds and greenhouse gases.<ref name="Staff-2009"/>

The next set of ZEV regulations were adopted in 2012 with LEV&nbsp;III. CARB put both LEV and ZEV rules together as the Advanced Clean Cars Program (ACC), adopted in 2012, which included regulations for cars sold through the 2025 model year. The regulations include updates to regulations for LEV&nbsp;III (for smog-forming emissions), LEV&nbsp;III&nbsp;GHG (for greenhouse gas emissions), and ZEV.<ref name=LEV3-2012>{{cite web |url=https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/regact/2012/leviiighg2012/leviiighg2012.htm |title=Low-Emission Vehicles (LEV) & GHG 2012 |date=January 26, 2012 |publisher=California Air Resources Board |access-date=2 December 2021}}</ref><ref name=ZEV-2012>{{cite web |url=https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/regact/2012/zev2012/zev2012.htm |title=Zero Emission Vehicles 2012 |date=January 26, 2012 |publisher=California Air Resources Board |access-date=2 December 2021}}</ref><ref name=LEVZEV-2012>{{cite web |url=https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/regact/2012/leviiidtc12/leviiidtc12.htm |title=LEV III GHG and ZEV Regulation Amendments for Federal Compliance option |date=November 15, 2012 |publisher=California Air Resources Board |access-date=2 December 2021}}</ref> Since then, in September 2020 Governor [[Gavin Newsom]] signed an executive order directing that by 2035, all new cars and passenger trucks sold in California will be zero-emission vehicles.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.gov.ca.gov/2020/09/23/governor-newsom-announces-california-will-phase-out-gasoline-powered-cars-drastically-reduce-demand-for-fossil-fuel-in-californias-fight-against-climate-change/ |title=Governor Newsom Announces California Will Phase Out Gasoline-Powered Cars & Drastically Reduce Demand for Fossil Fuel in California's Fight Against Climate Change |date=September 23, 2020 |publisher=State of California, Office of Governor Gavin Newsom |access-date=2 December 2021}}</ref> Executive Order N-79-20 directs CARB to develop regulations to require that ZEVs be an increasing share of new vehicles sold in the state, with light-duty cars and trucks and off-road vehicles and equipment meeting the 100% ZEV goal by 2035 and medium and heavy-duty trucks and buses meeting the same 100% ZEV goal by 2045. The order also directs [[California Department of Transportation|Caltrans]] to develop near-term actions to encourage "an integrated, statewide rail and transit network" and infrastructure to support bicycles and pedestrians.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/9.23.20-EO-N-79-20-Climate.pdf |title=Executive Order N-79-20 |author=Newsom, Gavin |date=September 23, 2020 |publisher=State of California, Office of Governor Gavin Newsom |access-date=2 December 2021}}</ref> In response, CARB began development of the Advanced Clean Cars II (ACC II) Program, focusing on emissions of vehicles sold after 2025. ACC II reiterated the aim to have all new passenger cars, trucks and SUVs sold in the state to be zero emissions vehicles by 2035,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Advanced Clean Cars II {{!}} California Air Resources Board |url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/advanced-clean-cars-program/advanced-clean-cars-ii |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=ww2.arb.ca.gov}}</ref> and was scheduled for consideration before CARB in June 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/fact-sheets/governor-newsoms-zero-emission-2035-executive-order-n-79-20 |title=Governor Newsom's Zero-Emission by 2035 Executive Order (N-79-20) |date=January 19, 2021 |publisher=California Air Resources Board |access-date=2 December 2021}}</ref> The regulations of ACC II were adopted by California in August 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Advanced Clean Cars II: The next phase of California's Zero-Emission Vehicle and Low-Emission Vehicle regulations |url=https://theicct.org/publication/accii-zev-lez-reg-update-nov22/ |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=International Council on Clean Transportation |language=en-US}}</ref>

====Vehicle definitions====
LEV&nbsp;I defined a ZEV as one that produces "zero emissions of any criteria pollutants under any and all possible operational modes and conditions." A vehicle could still qualify as a ZEV with a fuel-fired heater, as long as the heater was unable to be operated at ambient temperatures above {{convert|40|°F}} and did not have any evaporative emissions.<ref name=LEV-I/>{{rp|2-6;2-7}} Under LEV&nbsp;II (ZEV-99), the ZEV definition was updated to include precursor pollutants, but did not consider upstream emissions from power plants.<ref name=ZEV-99>{{cite web |url=https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/levprog/cleandoc/clean_2005-2008_my_hev_tps_12-09.pdf |title=California exhaust emission standards and test procedures for 2005 through 2008 model zero-emission vehicles, and 2001 through 2008 model hybrid electric vehicles, in the passenger car, light-duty truck and medium-duty vehicle classes |date=December 2, 2009 |publisher=California Air Resources Board |access-date=10 December 2018}}</ref>{{rp|C-1}}

The ZEV regulation has evolved and been modified several times since 1990, and several new partial or low-emission categories were created and defined,<ref name=CARB2/><ref name=CARB3>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/factsheets/calemissions.pdf|title=Fact Sheet: California Vehicle Emissions|date=2004-04-08|publisher=California Air Resources Board|access-date=2009-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411065615/http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/factsheets/calemissions.pdf|archive-date=2009-04-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Boschert">{{Cite book|last=Sherry Boschert|title=Plug-in Hybrids: The Cars that will Recharge America|year=2006|pages=[https://archive.org/details/pluginhybridscar00bosc/page/n24 15]–28|publisher=New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, Canada|isbn=978-0-86571-571-4|url=https://archive.org/details/pluginhybridscar00bosc|url-access=registration}} ''See the box "Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Mandate Timeline", pp. 23-28''</ref><ref name=AboutZEV>{{Cite web|url=http://alternativefuels.about.com/od/glossary/g/ZEV.htm|title=What is a ZEV - Zero Emissions Vehicle?|author=Christine & Scott Gable|publisher=About.com: Hybrid Cars & Alt Fuels|access-date=2008-04-21|archive-date=2011-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025073309/http://alternativefuels.about.com/od/glossary/g/ZEV.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> including the introduction of PZEV and AT PZEV categories in ZEV-99.<ref name="ZEV-99"/>{{rp|B-1;B-2}}

* [[Partial zero-emissions vehicle|PZEV (Partial Zero Emission Vehicle)]]: Meets SULEV tailpipe standards, has a 15-year / 150,000 mile warranty, and zero evaporative emissions. These vehicles are 80% cleaner than the average 2002 model year car.
* [[PZEV|AT PZEV (Advanced Technology PZEV)]]: These are advanced technology vehicles that meet PZEV standards and include ZEV enabling technology, typically hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). They are 80% cleaner than the average 2002 model year car.
* [[Zero emission vehicle|ZEV (Zero Emission Vehicle)]]: Zero tailpipe emissions, and 98% cleaner than the average new 2003 model year vehicle.

====Manufacturer sales volume====
Under ZEV-90, CARB classified manufacturers according to the average sales per year between 1989 and 1993; small volume manufacturers were those that sold 3,000 or fewer new vehicles per year; intermediate volume manufacturers sold between 3,001 and 35,000; and large volume manufacturers sold more than 35,000 per year.<ref name=LEV-I/>{{rp|2-3}} For large volume manufacturers, CARB required that 2% of 1998 to 2000 model year vehicles sold were ZEVs, ramping up to 5% ZEVs by 2001 and 10% ZEVs in 2003 and beyond. Intermediate volume manufacturers were not required to meet the goals until 2003, and small volume manufacturers were exempted. These percentages were calculated based on total production of passenger cars and light-duty trucks with a loaded vehicle weight (LVW) less than {{convert|3750|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=LEV-I />{{rp|3-22 to 3-24}}<ref>According to the LEV&nbsp;I regulations, the LVW is defined as the sum of the vehicle's [[kerb weight]] and a {{convert|300|lb|abbr=on|adj=on}} allowance for the driver and fuel.</ref>

====ZEV credit system====
{|class="wikitable floatright collapsible" style="font-size:85%;text-align:center;width=10em;"
|+ZEV-96 credits<ref name=ZEV-96 />
|-
! rowspan=2 | Model<br/>Year !! colspan=2 | 2 ZEV Count !! colspan=2 | 3 ZEV Count
|-
! Range<br/>(mi) !! Specific Energy<br/>(Wh/kg) !!  Range<br/>(mi) !! Specific Energy<br/>(Wh/kg)
|-
! 1996–97
| any || rowspan=2 | any
| ≥70 || rowspan=2 | ≥40
|-
! 1998
| rowspan=2 | ≥100
| rowspan=2 | ≥130
|-
! 1999
| rowspan=2 | ≥50
| rowspan=2 | ≥60
|-
! 2000
| rowspan=2 | ≥140
| rowspan=2 | ≥175
|-
! 2001–02
| ≥60
| ≥90
|}
The LEV&nbsp;I rules also introduced the concept of emission credits. Under LEV&nbsp;I, the vehicle fleet average emissions rate of non-methane organic gases (NMOG) produced by a manufacturer was required to meet increasingly stringent requirements starting in 1994.<ref name=LEV-I/>{{rp|3-18}} The calculation of fleet average NMOG emissions was based on a weighted sum of vehicle NMOG emissions, based on the number sold and type of certification (i.e., TLEV, LEV, ULEV, etc.), divided by the total number of vehicles produced, including ZEVs.<ref name=LEV-I/>{{rp|3-20}} Manufacturers whose fleet average NMOG emissions met or exceeded the NMOG emissions goal would be subjected to civil penalties; those which fell below the goal would receive credits, which could then be marketed to other manufacturers.<ref name=LEV-I/>{{rp|3-24}} 

The 1996 amendments to the ZEV regulations in LEV&nbsp;I (ZEV-96) introduced credits where a ZEV could be counted more than once based on vehicle range or battery [[specific energy]] to encourage deployment of ZEVs prior to 2003.<ref name=ZEV-96/>{{rp|3–4}}

Under LEV&nbsp;II/ZEV-99, the PZEV and AT PZEV categories were introduced, and the percentage of ZEVs sold by a manufacturer could be partially met by the sales of PZEV and AT PZEVs.<ref name="ZEV-99"/>{{rp|C-2}} If a vehicle met PZEV criteria, it qualified for a credit equal to 0.2 of one ZEV for the purposes of calculating that manufacturer's ZEV production.<ref name="ZEV-99"/>{{rp|C-6}} AT PZEVs capable of traveling with zero emissions for a limited range were allowed additional credit if the urban all-electric range was at least ten miles.<ref name="ZEV-99"/>{{rp|C-7}} ZEVs that were introduced prior to 2003 received a multiplier, with a value ranging up to 10× a single ZEV depending on the all-electric range and fast-charging capability.<ref name="ZEV-99"/>{{rp|C-11;C-12}}

====MOA demonstration fleet====
{|class="wikitable collapsible floatright" style="width:25em;font-size:80%;text-align:center;"
|+MOA EVs (1997+)<ref name=98-CARB-ZEV/>
|-
! Mfr !! Model !! Date !! Battery !! Range !! Qty<br/>(Dec. 97)
|-
| Chrysler
! [[Dodge EPIC|EPIC]]
| ?/97 || SLA || {{convert|60|mi|abbr=on|disp=br}} || 17
|-
| Ford
! [[Ford Ranger EV|Ranger EV]]
| ?/97 || SLA || {{convert|60|mi|abbr=on|disp=br}} || 10
|-
| GM
! [[GM EV1|EV1]]
| 12/96 || SLA || {{convert|75|mi|abbr=on|disp=br}} || 265
|-
| rowspan=2 | GM
! rowspan=2 | [[Chevrolet S-10 EV|S-10 EV]]
| rowspan=2 | ?/97 || SLA || {{convert|40|mi|abbr=on|disp=br}} || 354
|-
| NiMH || {{convert|80|mi|abbr=on|disp=br}} || 7
|-
| Honda
! [[Honda EV Plus|EV Plus]]
| 05/97 || NiMH || {{convert|125|mi|abbr=on|disp=br}} || 104
|-
| Nissan
! [[Nissan Altra|Altra]]
| ?/98 || Li-ion || {{convert|120|mi|abbr=on|disp=br}} || —
|-
| Toyota
! [[Toyota RAV4 EV|RAV4 EV]]
| 10/97 || NiMH || {{convert|125|mi|abbr=on|disp=br}} || 69
|}
In March 1996, ZEV-96 eliminated the ZEV ramp-up planned to start in 1998, but the goal of 10% ZEVs by 2003 was retained, with credits granted for sales of partial ZEVs (PZEVs).<ref name=ZEV-96>{{cite web |url=https://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/zev/zevregs.pdf |title=Final Regulation Order: Sections 1900, 1960.1 and 1976, Title 13, CCR |date=March 28, 1996 |publisher=California Air Resources Board |access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="CARB2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/background.htm|title=Zero-Emission Vehicle Legal and Regulatory Activities: The ZEV Program Timeline|date=2011-10-14|publisher=California Air Resources Board|access-date=2014-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006105313/http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/background.htm|archive-date=2014-10-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to comment responses, CARB determined that advanced batteries would not be ready in time to meet the ZEV requirements until at least 2003.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/zev/fsor3.pdf |title=Final Statement of Reasons for Rulemaking Including Summary of Comments and Agency Response |date=March 28, 1996 |publisher=California Air Resources Board |access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref>{{rp|6–7}}

[[File:EV1A014 (1).jpg|thumb|left|GM EV1]]
In conjunction with relaxing the requirements in ZEV-96, CARB signed memoranda of agreement (MOAs) with the seven large scale manufacturers to begin rolling out demonstration fleets of ZEVs with limited public availability in the near term. The [[GM EV1]] was the first battery electric vehicle (BEV) offered to the public, in partial fulfillment of the agreement with CARB. The EV1 was available only through a {{USD|399|1996|round=-1}}/month lease  starting in December 1996; the initial markets were South Coast, San Diego, and Arizona, and expanded to Sacramento and the Bay Area. GM also offered an [[Chevrolet S-10 EV|electric S-10 pickup truck]] to fleet operators.<ref name=98-CARB-ZEV />

In 1997, Honda ([[Honda EV Plus|EV Plus]], May 1997), Toyota ([[Toyota RAV4 EV|RAV4 EV]], October 1997), and Chrysler ([[Dodge EPIC|EPIC]], 1997) followed suit. Ford also introduced the [[Ford Ranger EV|Ranger EV]] for the 1998 model year, and Nissan stated they planned to offer the [[Nissan Altra|Altra]] in the 1998 model year as well to fulfill the MOA. As an acceptable alternative, Mazda stated they would purchase ZEV credits from Ford.<ref name=98-CARB-ZEV>{{cite report |url=https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/98review/staffrpt.pdf |title=1998 Zero-emission vehicle biennial program review |date=July 6, 1998 |publisher=California Air Resources Board |access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref>{{rp|7–10}}

====Advanced Clean Cars====
The Low-Emission Vehicle Program was revised to define modified ZEV regulations for 2015 models.<ref name="CARB2"/><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2008/03/california-air.html| title = California Air Resources Board Votes to Modify ZEV Program in Short-Term; Complete Overhaul to Begin for New ZEV II| date=2008-03-27| publisher = Green Car Congress|access-date=2009-04-21}}</ref><ref name="CARB4">{{Cite web|url =http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/zevprog.htm |title=Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Program|date=2009-02-27 |publisher=California Air Resources Board|access-date=2009-04-21}}</ref> CARB estimates that ACC will result in 10% of all sales to be ZEVs by 2025.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://static.business.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/CARB_ZEV-Action-Plan.pdf |title=California Air Resources Board ZEV Action Plan |date=March 2021 |publisher=Governor's Office of Business and Economic Development |access-date=2 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|5}} The share remained at 3% between 2014 and 2016. Battery vehicles receive 3 or 4 credits, while fuel cell cars receive 9. {{asof|2016}}, a credit has a market value of $3-4,000, and some automakers have more credits than required.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-california-electriccars-insight-idUSKCN1173LK |title=California's zero-emission vehicle program is stuck in neutral |author1=Rory Carroll |author2=Alexandria Sage |date= 2016-09-01 |access-date= 2017-07-26 |newspaper=Reuters |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161012131830/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-california-electriccars-insight-idUSKCN1173LK |archive-date=2016-10-12 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fingfx.thomsonreuters.com/gfx/rngs/CALIFORNIA-ELECTRICCARS/010021FJ3JD/index.html|title=Zero-emission vehicle sales in the U.S|website=Reuters}}</ref>

CARB held a public workshop in September 2020 where several new consumer-friendly regulations for ZEVs were proposed to improve adoption:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2020-09/ACC%20II%20Sept%202020%20Workshop%20Presentation%20%28Updated%29.pdf#page=42 |title=Advanced Clean Cars (ACC) II Workshop |date=September 16, 2020 |publisher=California Air Resources Board |access-date=2 December 2021}}</ref>
* Standardization of a DC Fast Charge inlet (proposing to use [[Combined Charging System|CCS Combo 1]], with adapters provided by the vehicle manufacturer if applicable)
* Standardization of vehicle and battery data (to assist assessment of need for repairs/condition)
* Implement a standardized battery state-of-health (SOH) indicator (using SAE J1634 dynamometer testing to define battery capacity) and define a value of battery SOH that qualifies for warranty repair
* Make ZEV powertrain service and repair information available to independent technicians and repair shops (including standardization of communication protocols for vehicle data)
In May 2021, additional draft requirements were added:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2021-05/acc2_workshop_slides_may062021_ac.pdf#page=79 |title=Advanced Clean Cars (ACC) II Workshop |date=May 6, 2021 |publisher=California Air Resources Board |access-date=2 December 2021}}</ref>
* Durability: BEVs to maintain 80% of certified range for 15 years/150,000 miles
* Durability: FCEVs to maintain 90% of fuel cell system output power after 4,000 hours of operation
* Battery Labelling: standardized content to improve the efficiency of recycling batteries to recover materials or potential repurposing
To improve access to ZEVs, CARB added proposed environmental justice (EJ) credits in August 2021 for manufacturers who improve options for clean transportation to underserved communities, such as by providing a discount on a ZEV that would be used in a community-based clean mobility program. The August workshop also included additional regulations for ZEVs:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2021-08/ACC%20II%20August%202021%20Workshop%20Presentation.pdf#page=15 |title=Advanced Clean Cars (ACC) II Workshop |date=August 11, 2021 |publisher=California Air Resources Board |access-date=2 December 2021}}</ref>
* Range: starting in 2026, minimum (2-cycle) range to be {{cvt|200|mi}}
* On-board charger: minimum 5.76&nbsp;kW for AC (Level 2) charging, sufficient for a BEV to charge overnight (8 hours) from a 30A source
{{Image frame
 | caption=Stringency proposal<br />{{legend|#040|Proposed regulatory requirement}} {{legend|#d00|Minimum vehicle stringency (with EJ credits)}}
 | width=400
 | content = {{Graph:Chart
 | width=300
 | height=150
 | xAxisTitle=Model Years
 | yAxisTitle=ZEV and PHEV % of New Vehicle Sales
 | type=line
 | yAxisMin=0
 | xAxisAngle=0
 | tickmarkPlacement=on
 | x=2026,2027,2028,2029,2030,2031,2032,2033,2034,2035
 | y1=0.30,0.40,0.50,0.60,0.70,0.76,0.82,0.88,0.94,1.00
 | y2=0.24,0.32,0.40,0.48,0.56,0.72,0.82,0.88,0.94,1.00
|xGrid=1
|yGrid=1
 | colors= #040, #d00
}}
}}
The final workshop in October 2021 proposed that ZEVs would be taken out of fleet calculations for vehicle emissions and provided yearly targets for ZEV vehicle sales as a percent of total sales, including potential EJ credits. Additionally, the required warranty period and requirements to take credit for PHEV sales were defined:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2021-10/accII_october_2021_workshop_presentation_ac.pdf |title=Advanced Clean Cars (ACC) II Workshop |date=October 13, 2021 |publisher=California Air Resources Board |access-date=2 December 2021}}</ref>
* Battery to retain ≥ 80% SoH for 8 years/100,000 miles
* PHEVs to meet one of two requirements:
** Transitional PHEVs (2026–28): minimum {{cvt|30|mi}} all-electric range with additional credit if vehicle exceeds {{cvt|10|mi}} on the US06 high speed/acceleration cycle; 8 year/100,000 80%SOH battery warranty, 5.76&nbsp;kW on-board charger
** Full credit PHEVs (2026+): minimum {{cvt|50|mi}} all-electric range, minimum {{cvt|40|mi}} on the [[FTP-75#US06|US06 high speed/acceleration cycle]]; 8 year/100,000 80%SOH battery warranty, 5.76&nbsp;kW on-board charger
* "Small volume" manufacturers (defined as those selling fewer than 4,500 cars per year) are required to comply with the ZEV mandate starting with the 2035 model year

=== OHV Emission Standards ===

The California DMV implements the policy dictates of the California Air Resources Board (CARB) with respect to registration of off-highway motor vehicles (OHVs).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ohv.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=26886|title=OHV Registration|access-date=2023-01-09 |website=ohv.parks.ca.gov}}</ref> Registration consists of ID plates or placards issued by the DMV.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/vehicle-registration/new-registration/register-an-off-highway-vehicle-ohv/|title=Off-highway Vehicle Registration|access-date=2023-01-09 |website=DMV.CA.GOV}}</ref> Operating a motorized vehicle off-highway in California requires either a Green Sticker or a Red Sticker ID. The Green Sticker indicates that the vehicle has passed emission requirements. The Red Sticker (issued through 2021) restricts OHV use due to not meeting emission standards established by the CARB. The red sticker program began in 1994 when CARB adopted standards for emissions from two-stroke engines used primarily on dirt bikes. Between 1998 and 2003, the red sticker program was refined allowing vehicles that did not meet peak ozone season standards to be operated only at specific times of the year. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/highway-recreational-vehicles/ohrv-red-sticker-program|title=OHRV - Red Sticker Program|access-date=2023-01-09 |website=California air resources board}}</ref> As of model year 2022, the CARB no longer authorizes issuing of red stickers. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New California Dirt Bike Laws For 2022 |url=https://www.dirtlegal.com/blog/2021/10/6/new-california-dirt-bike-laws-for-2022 | author = John McCoy|date=14 December 2022|access-date=2023-01-09 |website=Dirt Legal |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Commercial Harbor Craft Regulation ===
The California Air Resources Board's (CARB) Commercial Harbor Craft regulation is a regulatory framework aimed at reducing emissions from commercial vessels operating in California's harbors and ports. The rule primarily targets diesel-powered vessels such as ferries, tugboats, and other workboats that operate in and around California's ports.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHC Fact Sheet: Ferries {{!}} California Air Resources Board |url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/fact-sheets/chc-fact-sheet-ferries |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=ww2.arb.ca.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CHC Fact Sheet: Tugboats (Towing Vessels) {{!}} California Air Resources Board |url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/fact-sheets/chc-fact-sheet-tugboats-towing-vessels |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=ww2.arb.ca.gov}}</ref> Since the original adoption of regulation in 2008, and its amendments in 2010 and 2022, vessel owners in the state have been required to either replace their engines or send their boats out of the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial Harbor Craft {{!}} California Air Resources Board |url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/commercial-harbor-craft |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=ww2.arb.ca.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Industry concerns over CARB amendments spark emission compliance battle |url=https://www.workboat.com/industry-concerns-over-carb-amendments-spark-emission-compliance-battle |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=www.workboat.com |language=en}}</ref> 

===Low-carbon fuel standard===
{{Main|Low-carbon fuel standard}}
The [[Low-carbon fuel standard#California Low-Carbon Fuel Standard|Low-Carbon Fuel Standard]] (LCFS) requires [[oil refinery|oil refineries]] and distributors to ensure that the mix of fuel they sell in the Californian market meets the established declining targets for [[greenhouse gas emissions]] measured in [[CO2-equivalent|CO<sub>2</sub>-equivalent]] [[gram]]s per unit of fuel energy sold for transport purposes. The 2007 Governor's LCFS directive calls for a reduction of at least 10% in the carbon intensity of California's transportation fuels by 2020. These reductions include not only [[tailpipe]] emissions but also all other associated emissions from production, distribution and use of transport fuels within the state. Therefore, California LCFS considers the fuel's [[Life cycle assessment|full life cycle]], also known as the "well to wheels" or "seed to wheels" efficiency of transport fuels.<ref name="TwoBillion"/><ref name="CARB01">{{Cite web|url=http://www.arb.ca.gov/fuels/lcfs/lcfs.htm|title=Low-Carbon Fuel Standard Program|publisher=California Air Resources Board|date=2009-04-14|access-date=2009-04-23}}</ref> The standard is aimed to reduce the state’s dependence on petroleum, create a market for clean transportation technology, and stimulate the production and use of alternative, low-carbon fuels in California.<ref name="ARBproposal">{{Cite web|url=http://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/2009/lcfs09/lcfsisor1.pdf|title=Proposed Regulation to Implement the Low Carbon Fuel Standard. Volume I: Staff Report: Initial Statement of Reasons|publisher=California Air Resources Board|date=2009-03-05|access-date=2009-04-26}}</ref>

On April 23, 2009, CARB approved the specific rules for the LCFS that will go into effect in January 2011.<ref name="SFG042409">{{Cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/04/23/BABA1782HB.DTL&type=green&tsp=1|title=Air Resources Board moves to cut carbon use|publisher=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|author=Wyatt Buchanan|date=2009-04-24|access-date=2009-04-25}}</ref><ref name="NYT042409">{{Cite news|url=https://phys.org/news/2009-04-calif-nation-1st-low-carbon-fuel.html |title=Calif. Approves Nation's 1st Low-Carbon Fuel Rule|work=phys.org |agency=[[The Associated Press]] |author=Young, Samantha |date=2009-04-24 |access-date=2009-04-25}}</ref> The rule proposal prepared by its technical staff was approved by a 9-1 vote, to set the 2020 maximum carbon intensity reference value to 86 [[gram]]s of carbon dioxide released per [[megajoule]] of energy produced.<ref name="ARBproposal"/><ref name="UNICA01">{{Cite news|url=http://world-wire.com/news/0904230003.html|title=Sugarcane Ethanol Passes Critical Test in California|publisher=World-Wire|author=[[UNICA, Brazil|UNICA]] press release|date=2009-04-24|access-date=2009-04-25|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426072816/http://world-wire.com/news/0904230003.html|archive-date=2009-04-26}}</ref>

===PHEV Research Center===
{{Main|PHEV Research Center}}
The [[PHEV Research Center]] was launched with funding from the California Air Resources Board.

===Innovative Clean Transit===
{{Main|Innovative Clean Transit rule}}
Under the Innovative Clean Transit (formerly known as the Advanced Clean Transit) regulation adopted in December 2018, public transportation agencies in California will gradually transition to a zero-emission bus fleet by 2040.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/news/california-transitioning-all-electric-public-bus-fleet-2040 |title=California transitioning to all-electric public bus fleet by 2040 |date=December 14, 2018 |publisher=California Air Resources Board |access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref> Large transit agencies (defined as those operating more than 65 buses in the [[San Joaquin Valley]] Air Basin or [[South Coast Air Quality Management District]], or those operating more than 100 buses elsewhere with populations greater than 200,000) are required to have 25% of new bus purchases as zero-emission buses (ZEBs) starting in 2023, 50% of new purchases as ZEBs starting in 2026, and 100% of new purchases as ZEBs starting in 2029. Small transit agencies are required to make 25% of new purchases as ZEBs in 2026 and 100% of new purchases as ZEBs in 2029+. Per the regulation, ZEBs are defined to include [[battery electric bus]]es and [[fuel cell bus]]es, but do not include electric [[trolleybus]]es which draw power from overhead lines.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/2018/ict2018/res18-60attacha.pdf?_ga=2.151158073.1093310817.1546539379-1501886336.1526664148 |title=Final Regulation Order, Title 13, California Code of Regulations, Section 2023 |date=December 14, 2018 |publisher=California Air Resources Board |access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref> The [[Antelope Valley Transit Authority]] has set a goal to be the first all-electric fleet by the end of 2018, ahead of the tightened regulations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.avta.com/electric-bus-fleet-conversion.php |title=Electric Bus Fleet Conversion |publisher=Antelope Valley Transit Authority |access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref>

== Regulation of ozone produced by air cleaners and ionizers ==

The California Air Resources Board has a page listing [[air cleaners]] (many with [[Air ioniser|ionizers]]) meeting their indoor [[ozone]] limit of 0.050 parts per million.<ref name=CARBlist>[https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/air-cleaners-ozone-products/california-certified-air-cleaning-devices California Certified Air Cleaning Devices]. From California Air Resources Board.</ref> From that article: 

{{quote|All portable indoor air cleaning devices sold in California must be certified by the California Air Resources Board (CARB). To be certified, air cleaners must be tested for electrical safety and ozone emissions, and meet an ozone emission concentration limit of 0.050 parts per million. For more information about the regulation, visit the [https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/air-cleaners-ozone-products/air-cleaner-regulation-ab-2276 air cleaner regulation].}}

== Southern California headquarters, Mary D. Nichols Campus ==
[[File:California Air Resources Board's Southern California Headquarter.jpg|alt=California Air Resources Board's Headquarters in Riverside|thumb|California Air Resources Board's Southern California [[headquarters]] in [[Riverside, California|Riverside]], California]]
On October 27, 2017 CARB broke ground on its new state-of-the-art Southern California [[headquarters]]. CARB chose the site near the [[University of California, Riverside]], in March 2016 and completed environmental studies in June 2017. Construction costs of $419 million, which include $108 million for specialized laboratory and testing equipment, were approved by the Legislature in July. Of those costs, $154 million comes from fines paid by Volkswagen for air quality violations related to the diesel car cheating case. Additional funds will come from the Motor Vehicle Account, the Air Pollution Control Fund and the Vehicle Inspection Repair Fund.<ref>{{Cite web|title=California Air Resources Board breaks ground on world-class lab, headquarters in Riverside {{!}} California Air Resources Board|url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/news/california-air-resources-board-breaks-ground-world-class-lab-headquarters-riverside|access-date=2021-11-19|website=ww2.arb.ca.gov}}</ref>

Over a decade of planning has gone into the development of a replacement for CARB’s aging [[Arie Jan Haagen-Smit|Haagen-Smit]] Laboratory. Opened in 1973 in El Monte, California, the Haagen-Smit Laboratory is the site of many of CARB’s groundbreaking efforts to reduce the emissions of cars and trucks, as well as efforts to introduce zero-emission and plug-in vehicles to California. In 2015, engineers and technicians based at the Haagen-Smit Laboratory were instrumental in discovering the infamous [[Volkswagen emissions scandal|VW diesel “defeat device,”]] leading to the largest emissions control violation settlement in national and California history.

The new campus features an extended range of dedicated test cells, including heavy-duty testing. There is also workspace for accommodating new test methods for future generations of vehicles, and space for developing enhanced on-board diagnostics and portable emissions measurement systems. The facility also includes a separate advanced chemistry laboratory. The Southern California Headquarters’ office and administration space accommodates 460 employees and includes visitor reception and public areas, a press room, flexible conference and workshop space, and a 250-person public auditorium.

Sustainability drove the striking architecture and every detail of the campus. Designed by [[ZGF Architects]] and built by [[Hensel Phelps Construction|Hensel Phelps]], the new headquarters is built for the future. At 402,000 square feet, it is designed to be the largest [[Zero-energy building|Zero Net Energy building]] in the United States, aided by solar arrays throughout the campus that generate 3.5 Megawatts of electricity, and a chilled beam temperature management system that provides increased energy efficiency and occupant comfort. As a result, the facility achieves Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Platinum certification, and [[California Green Building Standards Code]] (CALGreen) Tier 2 standards and is designed to achieve Zero-Net Energy performance .

On November 18, 2021, CARB dedicated the new Southern California headquarters in honor of former Chair [[Mary D. Nichols]] whose career at CARB spanned four decades under three different California governors.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CARB dedicates new Southern California headquarters in Riverside {{!}} California Air Resources Board|url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/news/carb-dedicates-new-southern-california-headquarters-riverside|access-date=2021-11-19|website=ww2.arb.ca.gov}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|California}}
;California Air Resources Board
* [[List of California Air Districts]]
* [[2008 California Statewide Truck and Bus Rule]]
* [[Carl Moyer Memorial Air Quality Standards Attainment Program]]
;Other
{{div col}}
* [[Bioenergy Action Plan]]
* [[California Center for Sustainable Energy]]
* [[California Code of Regulations]]
* [[California Energy Commission]]
* [[California Environmental Protection Agency]]
* [[California Public Utilities Commission]]
* [[Carl Moyer Program]]
* [[Ecology of California]]
* [[Emission standards]]
* [[Emissions trading]]
* [[Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States]]
* [[Million Solar Roofs]] (SB 1)
* [[Plug-in hybrids in California]]
* [[Pollution in California]]
* [[Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative]]
* [[Spare the Air program]]
* [[Texas Low Emission Diesel standards]]
* [[Timeline of major US environmental and occupational health regulation]]
* [[Upstream (petroleum industry)|Upstream]] [[emission factor]]
* [[US Emission standard]]
* [[Vehicle acronyms and abbreviations]]
* [[Who Killed the Electric Car?]]
* [[Zero-emissions vehicle]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{official|http://www.arb.ca.gov/homepage.htm }}
* [https://govt.westlaw.com/calregs/Browse/Home/California/CaliforniaCodeofRegulations?guid=I789FF3B05A1E11EC8227000D3A7C4BC3&originationContext=documenttoc&transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default) Title 13 Motor Vehicles, Division 3] regulations in the [[California Code of Regulations]] (CCR) from [[Westlaw]]
* [https://govt.westlaw.com/calregs/Browse/Home/California/CaliforniaCodeofRegulations?guid=IE41509805A2011EC8227000D3A7C4BC3&originationContext=documenttoc&transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default) Title 17 Public Health, Division 3] regulations in the CCR from Westlaw
* CARB's [http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/levprog/test_proc.htm Low-Emission Vehicle Regulations and Test Procedures]
* [http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/cc.htm CARB web site page on Climate Change]
* [http://www.arb.ca.gov/diesel/verdev/verdev.htm  CARB's Diesel Emission Control Strategies Verification]

;News
* [http://www.arb.ca.gov/newsrel/nr062608.htm California charts course to fight global warming]: California's greenhouse gas emissions by 30 percent over the next 12 years.
* [http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-climate26-2008jun26,0,4180472.story California air board announces plan for carbon-credit trading].

{{California state agencies}}{{Housing in California}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:California Environmental Protection Agency|Air]]
[[Category:Air pollution in California]]
[[Category:Air pollution organizations]]
[[Category:State agencies of California|Air Resources Board]]
[[Category:Environment of California]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in California]]
[[Category:Sustainable transport]]