View source for BD+60 1417b

{{Short description|Exoplanet}}
{{Infobox planet
| name = BD+60 1417 b
| image = Exoplanet BD+60 1417b.jpg
| mass = {{val|13.47|5.67|ul=Jupiter mass}}<ref name="Phillips2024"/>
| surface_grav = {{val|4.26|0.20}}<ref name="Phillips2024"/>
| single_temperature = {{val|1240|81|ul=K}}<ref name="Phillips2024"/>
| spectral_type = L8γ
| magnitude = PanSTARRS y {{val|20.481|0.178}}
| extrasolarplanet = yes
| semimajor = {{val|2094|ul=AU}} (inclination correction of 1.26) <ref name="Faherty2021"/>
| discovered = 2021
| discovery_method = [[imaging method]]
| alt_names = W1243, CWISER J124332.12+600126.2
| caption = 90Prime and DECam image of BD+60 1417 and the planet (red dot marked with a white arrow)
| mean_radius = {{val|1.29|0.06|ul=Jupiter radius}}<ref name="Phillips2024"/>
}}

'''BD+60 1417b''' is a confirmed [[exoplanet]] discovered in the year 2021 using the [[Methods of detecting exoplanets|imaging method]]. BD+60 1417b is the only known [[exoplanet]] in the system BD+60 1417, around 45 [[parsec]]s from [[Earth]].<ref name="EE BD+60 1417"/> BD+60 1417 is a young [[Stellar classification|K0 star]], while BD+60 1417 b has a [[L dwarf|late-L]] spectral type.<ref name="Faherty2021"/><ref name="spaceref dot com"/> The planet might be the first discovery of a directly imaged exoplanet found by a [[Amateur astronomy|citizen scientist]]. Discovery of exoplanets involving amateurs are usually [[Methods of detecting exoplanets#Transit photometry|transiting exoplanets]] and are rarely discovered with other methods. Another example of a non-transiting exoplanet discovery by an amateur is the [[Gravitational microlensing#Detection of extrasolar planets|microlensing exoplanet]] [[Kojima-1Lb]].<ref name="Fukui2019"/>

== Discovery ==
Previous direct imaging planet-searching surveys with [[Gemini Observatory|Gemini]], [[W. M. Keck Observatory|Keck]] and [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] failed to detect an exoplanet around BD+60 1417. A co-moving source around the star was first spotted with the WiseView Tool by the [[Backyard Worlds]] citizen scientist Jörg Schümann. WiseView uses data from the [[Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer|Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer]] (WISE). Additional observations with optical spectroscopy of the star at the [[Lick Observatory]] and infrared spectroscopy at [[NASA Infrared Telescope Facility|NASA IRTF]] confirmed the presence of a young star with a planetary-mass companion around BD+60 1417.<ref name="Faherty2021" />

BD+60 1417b is the second directly imaged exoplanet the WISE-telescope was able to discover, after [[COCONUTS-2b]].

== Host Star ==
The host star BD+60 1417 is a young K0 star with a mass of 1 {{Solar mass|link=true}} and a radius of 0.797 ±0.051 {{Solar radius|link=true}}.<ref name="Faherty2021" /> It has a brightness of 9.37 magnitude.<ref name="SIMBAD"/> The star shows typical signs of youth, such as [[x-ray]] detection with [[ROSAT]]<ref name="Voges2000"/> and [[lithium]] absorption lines. Its age is estimated at 50-150 Million years.<ref name="Wichmann2003"/> The star rotates with a period of 7.50 ± 0.86 days, which is seen due to evolving [[Sunspot|starspots]] in the [[Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite|TESS]] light curve.<ref name="Faherty2021" /> The host star was observed with the [[Large Binocular Telescope]] PEPSI instrument in 2023. This constrained several chemical abundances of the star, such as [Fe/H] = 0.27 ± 0.03 dex, C/O = 0.23 ± 0.12 and  Mg/Si = 1.41 ± 0.19.<ref name="Phillips2024"/>

BD+60 1417 is the only [[main sequence]] star with about one solar mass that is orbited by a planetary-mass object at a separation larger than 1000 astronomical units. All other systems with a separation >1000 au have a primary with <0.5 solar masses or are the stellar remnant [[WD 0806−661|WD0806]].<ref name="Faherty2021" />

==Physical properties ==
The infrared spectrum of the planet shows a red L8γ-type object with [[water vapor]], [[carbon monoxide]], [[iron(I) hydride]] and [[potassium iodide]] in its atmosphere. In the near-infrared it is one of the reddest [[Substellar object|substellar objects]] discovered to date with <math>J-Ks = 2.72</math> mag. The spectrum of the exoplanet closely resembles objects with a suspected low surface gravity. A low surface gravity is a sign of youth for substellar objects. The researchers also found similarities with an archived [[Very Large Telescope#Instruments|SINFONI]] spectrum of the exoplanet [[2M1207b]] and spectra of the [[HR 8799]] exoplanets.<ref name="Faherty2021" /> The object was studied in 2024 and the team concluded that the model strongly favours a cloudy model over a cloudless model. Clouds of [[forsterite]] and [[enstatite]] should form on BD+60 1417b, if it has similar chemical abundances when compared to the host star. [[Quartz]] clouds should not form on this object. The researchers find that BD+60 1417b is spectroscopically very similar to [[WISEP J004701.06+680352.1]], to the point that they call them spectroscopic twins.<ref name="Phillips2024"/>

==Orbit==
The planet has an orbital period of about 95,000 years.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Díez |first1=Álvaro |last2=Panfil |first2=Miłosz |last3=Czernia |first3=Dominik |title=Orbital Period Calculator {{!}} Binary System |url=https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/orbital-period |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=www.omnicalculator.com |language=en |quote=Used inclination correction (1.26x1662 au)}}</ref> BD+60 1417b has a large separation of 1662 [[Astronomical unit|astronomical units]] from its host star. If this exoplanet has formed in this wide orbit, it is likely to have formed similar to isolated [[Brown dwarf|brown dwarfs]]. It could also have formed in a closer orbit around the star via [[Nebular hypothesis#Giant planets|core accretion or disk instability]] and was later dynamically disturbed into a higher orbit, for example by a [[Flyby (spaceflight)#Natural flyby|planet-planet fly-by]].<ref name="Faherty2021" />

== Status as an exoplanet ==
According to the [[NASA Exoplanet Archive]] BD+60 1417b is an exoplanet<ref name="NASA exoplanet archive BD"/> and it falls within their definition: An object with a minimum mass lower than 30 [[Jupiter mass|Jupiter masses]] and a not free-floating object with sufficient follow-up.<ref name="NASA exoplanets"/> The official working definition by the [[International Astronomical Union]] allows only exoplanets with a maximum mass of 13 Jupiter masses<ref name="IAU definition"/> and according to current knowledge BD+60 1417b could be more massive than this limit. 

== See also ==

* [[Backyard Worlds]]
* [[Planet Hunters]]
* [[HD 106906 b]], another directly imaged planet that might have been scattered by a fly-by

== References ==

{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Faherty2021">{{cite journal|arxiv=2112.04678|doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ac2499|title=A Wide Planetary Mass Companion Discovered through the Citizen Science Project Backyard Worlds: Planet 9|year=2021|last1=Faherty|first1=Jacqueline K.|author1-link=Jackie Faherty|last2=Gagné|first2=Jonathan|last3=Popinchalk|first3=Mark|last4=Vos|first4=Johanna M.|last5=Burgasser|first5=Adam J.|last6=Schümann|first6=Jörg|last7=Schneider|first7=Adam C.|last8=Kirkpatrick|first8=J. Davy|last9=Meisner|first9=Aaron M.|last10=Kuchner|first10=Marc J.|last11=Bardalez Gagliuffi|first11=Daniella C.|last12=Marocco|first12=Federico|last13=Caselden|first13=Dan|last14=Gonzales|first14=Eileen C.|last15=Rothermich|first15=Austin|last16=Casewell|first16=Sarah L.|last17=Debes|first17=John H.|last18=Aganze|first18=Christian|last19=Ayala|first19=Andrew|last20=Hsu|first20=Chih-Chun|last21=Cooper|first21=William J.|last22=Smart|first22=R. L.|last23=Gerasimov|first23=Roman|last24=Theissen|first24=Christopher A.|author25=The Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 Collaboration|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=923|issue=1|page=48|bibcode=2021ApJ...923...48F|s2cid=245005964 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Phillips2024">{{Cite arXiv |eprint=2407.01694 |last1=Phillips |first1=Caprice L. |title=Retrieving Young Cloudy L-Dwarfs: A Nearby Planetary-Mass Companion BD+60 1417B and Its Isolated Red Twin W0047 |date=2024-07-01 |last2=Faherty |first2=Jacqueline K. |last3=Burningham |first3=Ben |last4=Vos |first4=Johanna M. |last5=Gonzales |first5=Eileen |last6=Griffith |first6=Emily J. |last7=Merchan |first7=Sherelyn Alejandro |last8=Calamari |first8=Emily |last9=Visscher |first9=Channon|class=astro-ph.SR }}</ref> 

<ref name="EE BD+60 1417">{{Cite encyclopedia|title=The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia — BD+60 1417 b|url=https://exoplanet.eu/catalog/bd_60_1417_b--8031/|access-date=2021-12-13|encyclopedia=[[Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia]]|date=1995 }}</ref>

<ref name="spaceref dot com">{{Cite web|title=A Wide Planetary Mass Companion Discovered Through the Citizen Science Project Backyard Worlds: Planet 9|url=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=55476|access-date=2021-12-13|website=www.spaceref.com}}</ref>

<ref name="Fukui2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Fukui |first1=A. |last2=Suzuki |first2=D. |last3=Koshimoto |first3=N. |last4=Bachelet |first4=E. |last5=Vanmunster |first5=T. |last6=Storey |first6=D. |last7=Maehara |first7=H. |last8=Yanagisawa |first8=K. |last9=Yamada |first9=T. |last10=Yonehara |first10=A. |last11=Hirano |first11=T. |date=2019-11-01 |title=Kojima-1Lb Is a Mildly Cold Neptune around the Brightest Microlensing Host Star |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=158 |issue=5 |pages=206 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/ab487f |arxiv=1909.11802 |bibcode=2019AJ....158..206F |s2cid=202888719 |issn=0004-6256 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="SIMBAD">{{Cite web |title=SIMBAD basic query result |url=http://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=BD+60+1417&submit=SIMBAD+search |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=simbad.cds.unistra.fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Voges2000">{{Cite journal |last1=Voges |first1=W. |last2=Aschenbach |first2=B. |last3=Boller |first3=T. |last4=Brauninger |first4=H. |last5=Briel |first5=U. |last6=Burkert |first6=W. |last7=Dennerl |first7=K. |last8=Englhauser |first8=J. |last9=Gruber |first9=R. |last10=Haberl |first10=F. |last11=Hartner |first11=G. |date=2000-05-01 |title=Rosat All-Sky Survey Faint Source Catalogue |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000IAUC.7432....3V |journal=International Astronomical Union Circular |issue=7432 |pages=3 |bibcode=2000IAUC.7432....3V |issn=0081-0304}}</ref>

<ref name="Wichmann2003">{{Cite journal |last1=Wichmann |first1=R. |last2=Schmitt |first2=J. H. M. M. |last3=Hubrig |first3=S. |date=2003-03-01 |title=Nearby young stars |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=399 |issue=3 |pages=983–994 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20021867 |bibcode=2003A&A...399..983W |s2cid=122229912 |issn=0004-6361|doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="NASA exoplanets">{{Cite web |title=Exoplanet Criteria for Inclusion in the Exoplanet Archive |url=https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/exoplanet_criteria.html |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu}}</ref>

<ref name="NASA exoplanet archive BD">{{Cite web |title=BD+60 1417 {{!}} NASA Exoplanet Archive |url=https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/BD+60%201417%20b#planet_BD-60-1417-b_collapsible |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu}}</ref>

<ref name="IAU definition">{{Cite web |title=International Astronomical Union {{!}} IAU |url=https://www.iau.org/science/scientific_bodies/commissions/F2/info/documents/ |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=www.iau.org}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.amnh.org/about/press-center/citizen-scientists-jupiter-like-object Citizen Scientists Find Young Jupiter-Like Object Missed by Previous Searches], press-release by [[American Museum of Natural History|AMNH]]
* [https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/8360/bd60-1417-b/ Visualisation of the BD+60 1417 system] at the NASA exoplanet website
* [https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/BD+60%201417%20b BD+60 1417b] in the NASA Exoplanet Archive
* [https://exoplanet.eu/catalog/bd_60_1417_b--8031/ BD+60 1417b] in the [[Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia|Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia]]

[[Category:Exoplanets detected by direct imaging]]
[[Category:Exoplanets discovered in 2021]]