View source for Ageism


{{Short description|Stereotyping or discrimination due to age}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Verification|date=January 2025}}[[File:Robert N. Butler 2004.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Robert N. Butler]], founding director of the [[National Institute on Aging]] who coined the term "ageism"]]{{Discrimination sidebar}}
'''Ageism'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ageism and Aging |url=https://www.achca.org/index.php?option=com_dailyplanetblog&view=entry&year=2019&month=09&day=04&id=50:ageism-and-aging |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=www.achca.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite periodical |last=Weir |first=Kirsten |title=Ageism is one of the last socially acceptable prejudices. Psychologists are working to change that |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2023/03/cover-new-concept-of-aging |publisher=American Psychological Association |date=March 1, 2023 |periodical= Monitor on Psychology |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128164557/https://www.apa.org/monitor/2023/03/cover-new-concept-of-aging |archive-date= Jan 28, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Riddiough |first=Christine |title=Ageism is real. It's time we fought it. |url=https://www.dsausa.org/democratic-left/ageism-is-real-its-time-we-fought-it/ |date=August 22, 2020 |website=Democratic Socialists of America |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230708192322/https://www.dsausa.org/democratic-left/ageism-is-real-its-time-we-fought-it/ |archive-date= Jul 8, 2023 }}</ref> is a type of [[discrimination]] based on one's age, generally used to refer to age based discrimination against [[Old age|elderly]] people. The term was coined in 1969 by [[Robert Neil Butler]] to describe this discrimination, building on the terminology of [[sexism]] and [[racism]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Butler | first1 = R. N. | s2cid = 42442342 | year = 1969 | title = Age-ism: Another form of bigotry | journal = The Gerontologist | volume = 9 | issue = 4| pages = 243–246 | doi=10.1093/geront/9.4_part_1.243| pmid = 5366225 }}</ref> Butler defined ageism as a combination of three connected elements: negative attitudes towards old age and the [[Ageing|ageing process]], discriminatory practices against older people, and institutional practices and policies that perpetuate [[stereotype]]s about elderly people.<ref>Wilkinson J and Ferraro K, Thirty Years of Ageism Research. In Nelson T (ed). Ageism: Stereotyping and Prejudice Against Older Persons. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002</ref><ref name="Karlsson" />

The term "ageism" is also used to describe the oppression of younger people by older people. An example is a 1976 pamphlet published by [[Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor]], Michigan.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Shelley Ettinger |title=The Bottom Rung |journal=FPS: A Magazine of Young People's Liberation |date=September 1976 |issue=54 (Growing Up Gay) |page=8 |url=http://bcrw.barnard.edu/archive/lesbian/Growing_Up_Gay.pdf |publisher=Youth Liberation Press |location=Ann Arbor, MI |access-date=16 January 2022 |archive-date=16 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816163229/http://bcrw.barnard.edu/archive/lesbian/Growing_Up_Gay.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In the UK, at a meeting of the [[Bracknell Forest Council]] in June 1983, councillor Richard Thomas pointed out that age discrimination works against younger and older people.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Techera |first=Philip |date=13 January 2022 |title=NURS 3325 Module 1 Discussion Ageism |url=https://nursingpaperslayers.com/nurs-3325-module-1-discussion-ageism/ |access-date=29 September 2022 |website=NursingPaperSlayers |language=en-US |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929005424/https://nursingpaperslayers.com/nurs-3325-module-1-discussion-ageism/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> This includes the practice of denying younger people certain rights and privileges usually reserved for adults. These include the right to vote, run for political office, refuse medical treatment, and sign contracts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://freechild.org/discrimination-against-youth-voice/|title=Discrimination Against Youth Voice|date=7 January 2016|website=freechild.org|access-date=1 May 2018|archive-date=26 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626040727/https://freechild.org/discrimination-against-youth-voice/|url-status=dead}}</ref> This definition of ageism can also include ignoring the ideas and contributions of adolescents and children because they are considered "too young" or dismissing their behavior as caused by their age. Ageism against the young also includes penalties, burdens, or requirements imposed exclusively (or to a greater degree) on young people than on older people, such as age-based military conscription.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hasbrouck |first1=Edward |title=Youth Liberation and Military Conscription |journal=Peace Chronicle |date=Summer 2021 |url=https://www.peacejusticestudies.org/chronicle/youth-liberation-and-military-conscription/ |publisher=Peace & Justice Studies Assoc. |access-date=16 January 2022 |archive-date=16 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816163238/https://www.peacejusticestudies.org/chronicle/youth-liberation-and-military-conscription/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In a youth-oriented society, however, older people bear a large proportion of age bias and discrimination. Older people themselves can be ageist, having internalized a lifetime of negative stereotypes about aging.<ref>[http://kingsreview.co.uk/magazine/theblog/2015/09/08/youthful-indiscretions/ "Youthful Indiscretions"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127232145/http://kingsreview.co.uk/magazine/theblog/2015/09/08/youthful-indiscretions/ |date=27 January 2016 }}. kingsreview.co.uk. Retrieved on 11 September 2015.</ref> Ageism is often connected to [[death anxiety|fears of death]] and disability- with avoiding, segregating, and rejecting older people functioning as a coping mechanism to avoid these concepts.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/11/20/why-ageism-never-gets-old|title=Why Ageism Never Gets Old|last=Friend|first=Tad|date=13 November 2017|magazine=The New Yorker|access-date=28 November 2017|issn=0028-792X|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322151442/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/11/20/why-ageism-never-gets-old|url-status=live}}</ref> There is a large overlap between ageism and [[ableism]], discrimination based on disability.

==Classification==
===Distinction from other age-related bias===
<!--[[File:Robert_N._Butler_2004.jpg|thumb|[[Robert N. Butler]] coined the term "ageism" in 1969.|290x290px]]-->
Ageism in common linguistic and age studies usually refers to negative discriminatory practices against old people, people in their middle years, teenagers, and children. There are several forms of age-related bias. [[Adultism]] is a predisposition towards adults, which is seen as bias against children, youth, and all young people who are not addressed or viewed as adults.<ref>Lauter And Howe (1971) ''Conspiracy of the Young.'' Meridian Press.</ref> This includes political candidacies, jobs, and cultural settings where the supposed greater vitality and physical beauty of youth are less appreciated than the supposed greater moral and intellectual rigor of adulthood. [[Adultcentrism]] is the exaggerated [[egocentrism]] of adults.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = De Martelaer | first1 = K. | last2 = De Knop | first2 = P. | last3 = Theeboom | first3 = M. | last4 = Van Heddegem | first4 = L. | year = 2000 | title = The UN Convention as a Basis for Elaborating Rights of Children in Sport | journal = Journal of Leisurability | volume = 27 | issue = 2| pages = 3–10 }}</ref> ''Adultocracy'' is the [[Convention (norm)|social convention]] which defines "maturity" and "immaturity", placing adults in a dominant position over [[youth|young people]], both theoretically and practically.<ref>(n.d.) [http://www.zmag.org/0009.htm Youth Liberation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213202808/http://www.zmag.org/0009.htm |date=13 February 2007 }} ''Z'' magazine.</ref> [[Gerontocracy]] is a form of oligarchical rule in which an entity is ruled by leaders significantly older than most of the adult population.<ref>Maddox, G. L. (1987). The Encyclopedia of Aging (p. 284). New York: Springer Pub. Co.</ref> [[Chronocentrism]] is the belief that a certain state of humanity is superior to all previous and/or future times.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lyon | first1 = P. | last2 = Pollard | first2 = D. | year = 1997 | title = Perceptions of the older employee: is anything really changing? | journal = Personnel Review | volume = 26 | issue = 4| pages = 245–257 [249] | doi=10.1108/00483489710172051}}</ref>

In 2009, Iversen, Larsen, and Solem introduced a new definition of ageism based on a conceptual analysis of the term. This definition serves as a foundation for future research on ageism. It also provides an approach to understanding the complexities of ageism. They define ageism as "negative or positive stereotypes, prejudice, and/or discrimination against (or to the advantage of) elderly people based on their chronological age or the perception of them as being 'old' or 'elderly.' Ageism can be implicit or explicit and may manifest on micro, meso, or macro levels" (Iversen, Larsen, and Solem, 2009).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Iversen | first1 = T.N. | last2 = Larsen | first2 = L. | last3 = Solem | first3 = P.E. | year = 2009 | title = A conceptual analysis of ageism | journal = Nordic Psychology | volume = 61 | issue = 3| pages = 4–22 | doi=10.1027/1901-2276.61.3.4| s2cid = 145529534 }}</ref>

Other conditions of fear or aversion associated with age groups have their own names. [[Fear of children|Paedophobia]] is a fear of infants and children, [[ephebiphobia]] is the fear of youth<ref>Fletcher, A. (2006) ''Washington Youth Voice Handbook.'' CommonAction.</ref> and is also referred to as an irrational fear of adolescents or a prejudice against teenagers,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stop-discrimination.info/6423.0.html?&no_cache=1&mc_glossary%5Bcategories%5D=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017120531/http://stop-discrimination.info/6423.0.html?&no_cache=1&mc_glossary%5Bcategories%5D=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 October 2007 |title=Stop Discrimination's Glossary (European Union) |work=stop-discrimination.info |access-date=17 April 2012 }}</ref> and [[gerontophobia]] is a fear of elderly people.<ref>Branch, L., Harris, D. & Palmore, E.B. (2005) ''Encyclopaedia of Ageism.'' Haworth Press. {{ISBN|0-7890-1890-X}}</ref>

===Implicit ageism===
Implicit ageism refers to thoughts, feelings, and judgments that operate without conscious awareness and are automatically produced in everyday life.<ref name=":8">{{cite book |title=Ageism: Stereotyping and Prejudice against Older Persons |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-262-64057-2 |editor1-last=Nelson |editor1-first=T.D.}}</ref> These may be a mixture of positive and negative thoughts and feelings, but [[Gerontology|gerontologist]] [[Becca Levy]] reports that they "tend to be mostly negative".<ref name="Levy">{{cite journal | last1 = Levy | first1 = B. R. | year = 2001 | title = Eradication of Ageism requires addressing the enemy within | journal = The Gerontologist | volume = 41 | issue = 5| pages = 578–579 | doi=10.1093/geront/41.5.578| pmid = 11574700 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

===Stereotyping===
Stereotyping is a tool of [[cognition]] that involves categorizing into groups and attributing characteristics to these groups. Stereotypes are necessary for processing huge volumes of information, which would otherwise overload a person. They are generally accurate descriptors of group characteristics, though some stereotypes are inaccurate.<ref>{{cite book |title=Stereotype Accuracy: Toward Appreciating Group Differences |publisher=American Psychological Association |year=1995 |isbn=978-1-55798-307-7 |editor=[[Yueh-Ting Lee]] |editor2=Lee J. Jussim |editor3=Clark R. McCauley}}</ref> However, they can cause harm when the content of the stereotype is incorrect concerning most of the group or where a stereotype held too heavily overrides evidence which shows that an individual does not conform to it. For example, age-based stereotypes may cause one to draw very different conclusions when one sees an older and a younger adult with, for example, back pain or a limp.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=roscigno |first=vincent j. |date=2010 |title=ageism in the american workplace |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41960075 |journal=Contexts |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=16–21 |doi=10.1525/ctx.2010.9.1.16 |jstor=41960075 |issn=1536-5042 }}</ref> One might assume that following an accident, the younger person's condition is temporary and treatable, while the older person's condition is chronic and less susceptible to intervention. While this might generally be true, many elderly individuals recover quickly from accidents, and conversely, very young people—such as infants, toddlers, and small children—can become permanently disabled under similar circumstances. This assumption may not matter in casual encounters, like passing someone on the street. However, if held by healthcare professionals or managers responsible for occupational health, it could lead to inappropriate actions and age-related discrimination.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

[[Erdman B. Palmore|Erdman Palmore]] has accused managers of stereotyping older workers as being resistant to change, uncreative, cautious, slow to make judgments, lower in physical capacity, uninterested in technological change, and hard to train.<ref>Palmore, E. B. (1999).  Ageism: negative and positive (2nd ed., p. 108). New York: Springer Pub.</ref> Another example is when people are rude to children because of their high-pitched voices, even if they are kind and courteous. In 2009, the ''[[Journal of Management]]'' published a review of the research literature on age stereotypes in the workplace.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Posthuma | first1 = R. A. | last2 = Campion | first2 = M. A. | s2cid = 145727680 | year = 2009 | title = Age stereotyping in the workplace: Common stereotypes, moderators, and future research directions | journal = Journal of Management | volume = 35 | pages = 158–188 | doi=10.1177/0149206308318617}}</ref>

Contrary to more overt forms of stereotyping, such as racism and sexism, ageism tends to be more resistant to change. For example, if a child holds ageist beliefs about the elderly, they are less likely to be corrected by others. Consequently, individuals may grow up internalizing these ageist ideas, including elderly individuals themselves.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Berger |first=Kathleen Stassen |title=Invitation to the Life Span, Second Edition |publisher=Worth Publishers |year=2014 |location=New York}}</ref>  In this way, ageism can become a self-fulfilling prophecy.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Ageist beliefs against the elderly are commonplace in today's society. For example, an older person who forgets something could be quick to call it a "senior moment", failing to realize the ageism of that statement. People also often utter ageist phrases such as "dirty old man" or "second childhood", and elders sometimes miss the ageist undertones.<ref name=":0" />
 
In North America, the gap in the scores of the young and old with normal hearing was double those of the deaf.  It was five times wider than those of the Chinese participants. The results show that ageism undermines ability through its self-fulfilling nature.<ref name=":0" /> The study was investigating the effect of the [[stereotype threat]], a possible reason for memory deficits,<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/geronb/58.1.P3 |pmid=12496296 |title=The Impact of Stereotype Threat on Age Differences in Memory Performance |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=3–11 |year=2003 |last1=Hess |first1=Thomas M. |last2=Auman |first2=Corinne |last3=Colcombe |first3=Stanley J. |last4=Rahhal |first4=Tamara A. |doi-access=free }}</ref> though the stereotype threat has experienced criticism.<ref name="Ganley2013">{{cite journal |doi=10.1037/a0031412 |pmid=23356523 |title=An examination of stereotype threat effects on girls' mathematics performance |journal=Developmental Psychology |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=1886–1897 |year=2013 |last1=Ganley |first1=Colleen M |last2=Mingle |first2=Leigh A |last3=Ryan |first3=Allison M |last4=Ryan |first4=Katherine |last5=Vasilyeva |first5=Marina |last6=Perry |first6=Michelle }}</ref>

On the other hand, when elders show greater independence and control in their lives, defying ageist presumptions, they are more likely to be healthier mentally and physically than other people of similar age.<ref name=":0" />

Research indicates that older people are stereotyped as scoring lower on impulsivity, activism, antagonism and openness measures, while younger people are stereotyped as scoring higher. Research finds that these stereotypes are universal across cultures and are reasonably accurate (varying depending on the assessment method and the type of stereotype), though differences were consistently exaggerated.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1037/a0029712 |pmid=23088227 |pmc=3514646 |title=Stereotypes of age differences in personality traits: Universal and accurate? |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=103 |issue=6 |pages=1050–1066 |year=2012 |last1=Chan |first1=Wayne |last2=McCrae |first2=Robert R |last3=De Fruyt |first3=Filip |last4=Jussim |first4=Lee |last5=Löckenhoff |first5=Corinna E|author5-link= Corinna Löckenhoff |last6=De Bolle |first6=Marleen |last7=Costa |first7=Paul T |last8=Sutin |first8=Angelina R |last9=Realo |first9=Anu |last10=Allik |first10=Jüri |last11=Nakazato |first11=Katsuharu |last12=Shimonaka |first12=Yoshiko |last13=Hřebíčková |first13=Martina |last14=Graf |first14=Sylvie |last15=Yik |first15=Michelle |last16=Brunner-Sciarra |first16=Marina |last17=De Figueroa |first17=Nora Leibovich |last18=Schmidt |first18=Vanina |last19=Ahn |first19=Chang-kyu |last20=Ahn |first20=Hyun-nie |last21=Aguilar-Vafaie |first21=Maria E |last22=Siuta |first22=Jerzy |last23=Szmigielska |first23=Barbara |last24=Cain |first24=Thomas R |last25=Crawford |first25=Jarret T |last26=Mastor |first26=Khairul Anwar |last27=Rolland |first27=Jean-Pierre |last28=Nansubuga |first28=Florence |last29=Miramontez |first29=Daniel R |last30=Benet-Martínez |first30=Verónica |display-authors=29 }}</ref> 
As of 2020, there is still little research on the social status of elders across cultures.<ref name="Karlsson">{{cite journal |last1=Karlsson |first1=Carl-Johan |title=What Sweden's Covid failure tells us about ageism |journal=Knowable Magazine |date=7 July 2021 |doi-access=free |doi=10.1146/knowable-070621-1 |url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/society/2021/what-swedens-covid-failure-tells-us-about-ageism |access-date=9 December 2021 |archive-date=25 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125154341/https://knowablemagazine.org/article/society/2021/what-swedens-covid-failure-tells-us-about-ageism |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ageism can also manifest itself in perceptions of how dateable one is, which has culminated in terms such as the ''sexpiration date'', which indicates the age after which one is no longer sexually appealing.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Apt | first1 = Carol | last2 = Farley Hurlbert | first2 = David | year = 1994 | title = The sexual attitudes, behavior, and relationships of women with histrionic personality disorder | journal = Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy | volume = 20 | issue = 2| pages = 125–134 | doi=10.1080/00926239408403423| pmid = 8035469 }}</ref>

===Prejudice===
Ageist [[prejudice]] is often linked to the cognitive process of stereotyping. It can involve the expression of derogatory attitudes, which may lead to the use of discriminatory behavior. For example, in contests, when older or younger contestants are rejected on the belief that they are poor performers, it could be the result of stereotyping. However, older people were also voted for in a game where it made sense to target the best performers. This can only be explained by a subconscious emotional reaction to older people. In this case, the prejudice took the form of distaste and a desire to exclude oneself from the company of older people.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195385052.001.0001 |first1=Richard A. |last1=Posthuma |first2=María Fernanda |last2=Wagstaff |first3=Michael A. |last3=Campion |chapter=Age Stereotypes and Workplace Age Discrimination: A Framework for Future Research |pages=298–312 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OSBpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA298 |editor1-first=Walter C. |editor1-last=Borman |editor2-first=Jerry W. |editor2-last=Hedge |title=The Oxford Handbook of Work and Aging |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-19-538505-2 |access-date=29 November 2017 |archive-date=16 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816163231/https://books.google.com/books?id=OSBpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA298#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

Stereotyping and prejudice against different groups in society do not take the same form. Age-based prejudice and stereotyping usually involve older or younger people being pitied, marginalized, or patronized. This is described as [[benevolent prejudice]] because the tendency to pity is linked to seeing older or younger people as friendly but incompetent. In the survey conducted by [[Age Concern]], 48% of participants said that people above 70 years of age were viewed as friendly, compared to 27% who said the same about people under the age of 30. Meanwhile, only 26% believe people older than 70 are viewed as capable (with 41% saying the same about under-30s).<ref name="Loretto">{{cite journal | last1 = Loretto | first1 = W. | last2 = Duncan | first2 = C. | last3 = White | first3 = P.J. | year = 2000 | title = Ageism and employment: Controversies, ambiguities, and younger people's perceptions | journal = Ageing & Society | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 279–302 | doi = 10.1017/s0144686x00007741 | hdl = 20.500.11820/739c5d63-cf2c-4a79-a0c6-ed1664b4689f | s2cid = 54961733 | url = https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/11897989/DUNCAN_C_Ageism_and_Employment.pdf | access-date = 18 August 2019 | archive-date = 16 August 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240816163235/https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/11897989/DUNCAN_C_Ageism_and_Employment.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>

===Digital ageism===
{{See also|Digital literacy}}
Digital ageism refers to the prejudices faced by older adults in the digital world. An example of this could be how generational segregation naturalizes youth as digitally adept and the old as digital [[wikt:dunces|dunces]]. There is no empirical evidence for a digital divide between older and younger people. It is more accurate to say there is a digital spectrum.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Lenhart, A. |author2=Horrigan, J.B.|date=2003|title=Re-visualizing the digital divide as a digital spectrum|journal=IT & Society|volume=1 |issue=5|pages=23–39}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite journal |doi=10.15847/obsOBS612012513 |url=http://obs.obercom.pt/index.php/obs/article/view/513 |first1=Eugène |last1=Loos |title=Senior citizens: Digital immigrants in their own country? |journal=Observatorio |volume=6 |issue=1 |year=2012 |pages=1–23 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |access-date=29 November 2017 |archive-date=16 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816163244/https://obs.obercom.pt/index.php/obs/article/view/513 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Loos, E. F., Haddon, L., & Mante-Meijer, E. A. (Eds.) (2012). ''Generational Use of New Media.'' Farnham: Ashgate.{{page needed|date=November 2017}}</ref> The experiences of older adults are often excluded from research agendas on digital media and ageism is often a factor in areas such as mass communication studies. For example, in a media [[diffusionist]] perspective,<ref>Rogers, E. (1995). Diffusion of Innovations. California: Stanford University Press.</ref> The practices of seniors are depicted as either negligible or lagging, and the equation of diffusion with individual ownership can hide practical 'workarounds' such as cell phone sharing or missed calls used by older couples on fixed incomes.<ref>Sawchuk, K. & Crow, B. (2012). Seniors, Cell Phones, and Tactical Restriction, in Phillip Vannini et al. (eds.), technologies of Mobility in the Americas, (157–174). New York: Peter Lang Publishing.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.21018/rjcpr.2013.3.196 |title=Older People and Mobile Communication in Two European Contexts |journal=Romanian Journal of Communication and Public Relations |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=83–98 |year=2016 |last1=Fernández-Ardèvol |first1=Mireia |last2=Ivan |first2=Loredana |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Ageism in statistics===
Ageism is also inadvertently embedded in the ways statistics are collected. For example, data collected based on large age categories (e.g., "60+") often places anyone over 60 into "the grey zone" which obscures differences.<ref>Sawchuk, K., & Crow, B. (2010). Into the grey zone: Seniors, cell phones and milieus that matter. In B. Poppinga (ed.), Observing the mobile user experience: Proceedings of the 1st international workshop held in conjunction with NordiCHI (pp. 17–20). Oldenburg, Germany: HaptiMap.</ref> The [[dependency ratio]] has been criticized by the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] as being based on the ageist assumption that older people are always dependent on care from younger workers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Measure what you treasure: Ageism in Statistics |url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/OlderPersons/AgeismAgeDiscrimination/Submissions/UNs/UNFPA-2.pdf |website=OHCHR |access-date=5 October 2021 |date=2020 |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005025527/https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/OlderPersons/AgeismAgeDiscrimination/Submissions/UNs/UNFPA-2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Visual ageism ===
The term ''visual ageism'' was coined in 2018 by Loos and Ivan. They define ''visual ageism'' as "the social practice of visually underrepresenting older people or misrepresenting them in a prejudiced way".<ref name=":6">Loos. E. F., & Ivan, L. (2018). Visual Ageism in the Media. In: L. Ayalon & C. Tesch-Roemer (Eds.), ''Contemporary perspectives on ageism'' (pp. 163–176)''.'' Berlin: Springer. [https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-319-73820-8_11.pdf]</ref> This is likely due to the increase in [[Third age (retirement)|third age]] rhetoric in the media, picturing older people as healthy and as potential consumers, enjoying life and living their "golden years". Media representations of older people have moved from misrepresentation (negative images)<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Atkins | first1 = T. | last2 = Jenkins | first2 = M. C. | last3 = Perkins | first3 = M. H. | year = 1990 | title = Portrayal of persons in television commercials age 50 and older | journal = Psychology: A Journal of Human Behaviour | volume = 27 | issue = 4| pages = 30–37 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Roy|first1=Abhik|last2=Harwood|first2=Jake|date=1 February 1997|title=Underrepresented, positively portrayed: Older adults in television commercials |journal=Journal of Applied Communication Research|volume=25|issue=1|pages=39–56|doi=10.1080/00909889709365464|issn=0090-9882}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Simcock|first1=Peter|last2=Lynn|first2=SudburyDr|date=1 January 2006|title=The invisible majority? Older models in UK television advertising |journal=International Journal of Advertising|volume=25|issue=1|pages=87–106|doi=10.1080/02650487.2006.11072953|s2cid=167032348|issn=0265-0487}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = van Selm | first1 = M. | last2 = Westerhof | first2 = G. J. | last3 = de Vos | first3 = B. | year = 2007 | title = Competent en veelzijdig | journal = [[Tijdschrift voor Gerontologie en Geriatrie]] | volume = 38 | issue = 2| pages = 51–58 | doi=10.1007/bf03074828| pmid = 23203008 | s2cid = 73372054 }}</ref> to more positive depictions.<ref>Vickers, K. (2007). Aging and the media: yesterday, today, and tomorrow. ''Californian Journal of Health Promotion'', ''5''(3'')'', 100–105.</ref><ref>Ylänne, V. (2015).  [null Representations of ageing in the media. In] J. Twigg, & W. Martin (Eds.). (2015). ''Routledge Handbook of Cultural Gerontology'' (pp. 369–375). London: Routledge.</ref><ref name=":6" /> Today, visual ageism in the media tends to come wrapped in the guise of the positive attributes of third-age representations of older people, while adults in their fourth-age continue to be underrepresented. One possible explanation for this is that healthy third-agers might prefer not to be associated with fourth-agers, as they remind them of what lies ahead in their own near future. Although this discomfort or even fear about mortality is undeniably common, from a societal point of view this kind of (self)ageism is hurtful to [[Old age|fourth agers]] as a group and in a sense to third agers as well, as they risk becoming fourth agers themselves one day.<ref name=":6" />

==Discrimination==
{{See also|Age discrimination in the United States}}

Age discrimination is the result of actions taken to deny or limit opportunities to people based on age. These are usually actions taken as a result of one's ageist beliefs and attitudes. Age discrimination occurs on both a personal and institutional level.<ref name="Quadagno">Quadagno, J. (2008). The field of social gerontology. In E. Barrosse (Ed.), Aging & the life course: An introduction to social gerontology (pp. 2–23). New York: McGraw-Hill.</ref> On a personal level, an older person may be told that they are too old to engage in certain physical activities, like an informal game of basketball between friends and family. They may also be told (most common in today's Western society) that they are too old to date or to be sexually attractive to much younger people and to have a much younger partners, or encounter prejudices against age-differences in general, whether the relationship is sentimental/sexual or even platonic (this particular form of ageist bigotry and discrimination is even more relevant today or in recent times on [[social media]]).{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prejudice against age-gap couples |url=https://www.wakemag.org/online/2019/12/9/prejudice-against-age-gap-couples |access-date=14 July 2022 |website=The Wake |date=9 December 2019 |language=en-US |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202092154/https://wakemag.org/online/2019/12/9/prejudice-against-age-gap-couples |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bishop |first=Katie |title=Age gaps: The relationship taboo that won't die |url=https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20220317-age-gaps-the-relationship-taboo-that-wont-die |access-date=14 July 2022 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en |archive-date=16 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816163242/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20220317-age-gaps-the-relationship-taboo-that-wont-die |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Why People Still Look Down on Couples with a Major Age Differences {{!}} Psychology Today |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/talking-apes/202101/why-people-still-look-down-couples-major-age-differences |access-date=14 July 2022 |website=www.psychologytoday.com |language=en |archive-date=16 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816163407/https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/talking-apes/202101/why-people-still-look-down-couples-major-age-differences |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sela |first1=Yael |last2=Pham |first2=Michael N. |last3=Mogilski |first3=Justin K. |last4=Lopes |first4=Guilherme S. |last5=Shackelford |first5=Todd K. |last6=Zeigler-Hill |first6=Virgil |date=1 August 2018 |title=Why do people disparage May–December romances? Condemnation of age-discrepant romantic relationships as strategic moralization |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019188691830120X |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |language=en |volume=130 |pages=6–10 |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2018.03.004 |s2cid=53357692 |issn=0191-8869 |access-date=14 July 2022 |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324204519/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019188691830120X |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2019 |title=Harry Styles is helping to debunk stigmas around age gaps in relationships |url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/lifestyle/article/age-gap-relationships |access-date=14 July 2022 |website=British GQ |language=en-GB |archive-date=14 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714045433/https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/lifestyle/article/age-gap-relationships |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2022 |title=Celeb couples with big age gaps |url=https://www.wonderwall.com/celebrity/johnny-depp-and-amber-heard-plus-more-celeb-couples-with-big-age-gaps-32491.gallery |access-date=14 July 2022 |website=Wonderwall.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaworski |first=Michelle |date=2 August 2022 |title='Well I hope longtime isn't any longer than 5 years': Dane Cook engagement renews discourse over age gap |url=https://www.dailydot.com/unclick/dane-cook-kelsi-taylor-engagement-discourse/ |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=The Daily Dot |language=en-US |archive-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924185923/https://www.dailydot.com/unclick/dane-cook-kelsi-taylor-engagement-discourse/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2022 |title=When did Dane Cook and Kelsi Taylor Meet? Internet Slams Couple's Age Gap – NewsTimes.com.ng |url=https://www.newstimes.com.ng/when-did-dane-cook-and-kelsi-taylor-meet-internet-slams-couples-age-gap/ |access-date=24 September 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=3 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803095418/https://www.newstimes.com.ng/when-did-dane-cook-and-kelsi-taylor-meet-internet-slams-couples-age-gap/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=C. B. R. Staff |date=22 December 2017 |title=The 15 Most Uncomfortable Age Gaps In Comic Relationships |url=https://www.cbr.com/most-uncomfortable-comic-relationships/ |access-date=24 November 2022 |website=CBR |language=en-US |archive-date=24 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124082138/https://www.cbr.com/most-uncomfortable-comic-relationships/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elon Musk Reportedly Has a New Girlfriend Who's Several Decades Younger Than Him |url=https://futurism.com/the-byte/elon-musk-new-girlfriend |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=Futurism|date=20 February 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sheknows.com/entertainment/slideshow/2504530/celebrity-men-dating-younger-women/|title=Dane Cook, Leonardo DiCaprio, & More Famous Men Who Routinely Date Women Half Their Age|first1=Delilah Gray, Giovana|last1=Gelhoren|first2=Delilah|last2=Gray|first3=Giovana|last3=Gelhoren|date=11 November 2022|accessdate=11 March 2023|archive-date=11 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311071629/https://www.sheknows.com/entertainment/slideshow/2504530/celebrity-men-dating-younger-women/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Engle |first=Gigi |date=21 May 2021 |title=Why Are We So Obsessed With Age Gaps in Relationships? |url=https://www.thebody.com/article/age-gaps-relationships/ |website=TheBody |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809170023/https://www.thebody.com/article/age-gaps-relationships/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Why People Don't Trust Couples With a Major Age Difference {{!}} Psychology Today |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/meet-catch-and-keep/201806/why-people-dont-trust-couples-major-age-difference |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=www.psychologytoday.com |language=en-US }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Greig |first=James |date=2020-08-19 |title=Moralising about relationships between consenting adults has dangerous precedents |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/aug/19/big-age-gap-relationship-sex-consent-adults |access-date=2023-09-13 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ulatowski |first=Rachel |title=The Problem With Jared Leto: A Timeline |url=https://www.themarysue.com/jared-leto-controversy-explained/ |quote=Even if Sprouse’s post was serious, it doesn’t allege anything illegal. ''Also, unfortunately, Leto would be far from the only middle-aged actor in Hollywood known for dating significantly younger women''.}}</ref>}}

A 2006/2007 survey done by the Children's Rights Alliance for England and the National Children's Bureau asked 4,060 children and young people whether they have ever been treated unfairly based on various criteria (race, age, sex, sexual orientation, etc.). A total of 43% of British youth surveyed reported experiencing discrimination based on their age, far eclipsing other categories of discrimination like sex (27%), race (11%), or sexual orientation (6%).<ref>{{cite web |first1=Carolyne |last1=Willow |first2=Anita |last2=Franklin |first3=Catherine |last3=Shaw |date=April 2007 |title=Meeting the obligations of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in England: children and young people's messages to government |url=http://dera.ioe.ac.uk/id/eprint/10935 |access-date=29 November 2017 |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708170121/https://dera.ioe.ac.uk/id/eprint/10935/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Consistently, a study based on the European Social Survey found that whereas 35% of Europeans reported exposure to ageism, only 25% reported exposure to sexism and as few as 17% reported exposure to racism.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ayalon|first=Liat|title=Perceived Age, Gender, and Racial/Ethnic Discrimination in Europe: Results from the European Social Survey|journal=Educational Gerontology|year=2014|volume=40|issue=7|pages=499–517|doi=10.1080/03601277.2013.845490 |s2cid=143802599}}</ref>

Ageism has significant effects in two particular sectors: employment and health care. Age discrimination has contributed to disparities in health between men and women. Reducing ageism and sexism would promote improved doctor-patient relationships and reduce ageist stereotypes in the healthcare industry.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/josi.12157 |title=Ageism can be Hazardous to Women's Health: Ageism, Sexism, and Stereotypes of Older Women in the Healthcare System |journal=Journal of Social Issues |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=86–104 |year=2016 |last1=Chrisler |first1=Joan C |last2=Barney |first2=Angela |last3=Palatino |first3=Brigida }}</ref>

===Employment===
The concept of ageism was originally developed to refer to prejudice and discrimination against older people and middle-aged people but has expanded to include children and teenagers.<ref name="Loretto"/> Midlife workers, on average, make more than younger workers do in income, which reflects educational achievement and experience. The age-wage peak in the United States, according to Census data, is between 45 and 54 years of age. As people age, seniority is often treated with respect, thereby lessening ageism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ageing: Ageism |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/ageing-ageism |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=www.who.int |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930023809/https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/ageing-ageism |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lockstep compensation|Seniority-based compensation]] can result in [[job lock]] and decreasing job mobility with increasing age.<ref name="k199">{{cite journal | last1=de Hek | first1=Paul | last2=van Vuuren | first2=Daniel | title=Are older workers overpaid? A literature review | journal=International Tax and Public Finance | volume=18 | issue=4 | date=2011 | issn=0927-5940 | doi=10.1007/s10797-011-9162-3 | pages=436–460| url=https://www.cpb.nl/sites/default/files/publicaties/download/disc165.pdf }}</ref>

Historically, younger men discriminated against younger female workers because they expected them, as young women of childbearing years, to permanently or periodically leave the workforce to have children.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Edmund S. |last1=Phelps |date=September 1972 |title=The Statistical Theory of Racism and Sexism |journal=The American Economic Review |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=659–61 |jstor=1806107 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4728049}}</ref> However, midlife female workers may also experience discrimination based on their appearance<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.scaman.2013.07.002 |title=Women managers, careers and gendered ageism |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Management |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=175–85 |year=2014 |last1=Jyrkinen |first1=Marjut |hdl=10138/159757 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> and may feel less visible and undervalued<ref name=":7">{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S0144686X07007003 |title=Visible and invisible ageing: Beauty work as a response to ageism |journal=Ageing and Society |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=653–74 |year=2008 |last1=Clarke |first1=Laura Hurd |last2=Griffin |first2=Meridith |s2cid=145683403 }}</ref> in a culture where the emphasis is on maintaining an approved standard of beauty.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/08952841.2015.1125698 |pmid=27471885 |title=There's a cream for that: A textual analysis of beauty and body-related advertisements aimed at middle-aged women |journal=Journal of Women & Aging |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=185–97 |year=2016 |last1=Del Rosso |first1=Teri |s2cid=32486881}}</ref> However, the same standard could have no effect on male colleagues of the same age.<ref name=":7" />

Older people face workplace discrimination in the form of stereotypes, such as the inability to use technology and lower productivity.<ref name="Inaction">{{Cite journal |last=Raynor |first=Barbara |date=2015 |title=Ageism In Action? Ageism Inaction! |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26556137 |journal=Generations: Journal of the American Society on Aging |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=58–63 |jstor=26556137 |issn=0738-7806}}</ref> When applying for positions that have strong impacts, attributed stereotypes raise criticism toward their ability to function properly and efficiently.<ref name="Inaction" /> This age category of workers is often ignored and considered unable to make contributions; in some cases, they are also given unfavorable tasks that wouldn't be assigned to anyone based on their old age.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=roscigno |first=vincent j. |date=2010 |title=ageism in the american workplace |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41960075 |journal=Contexts |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=16–21 |doi=10.1525/ctx.2010.9.1.16 |jstor=41960075 |issn=1536-5042}}</ref> Faced with discrimination in the workplace, the older generation is led to retirement around the age of 65.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Achenbaum |first=W. Andrew |date=2015 |title=A History of Ageism Since 1969 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26556123 |journal=Generations: Journal of the American Society on Aging |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=10–16 |jstor=26556123 |issn=0738-7806}}</ref>

Many countries have a [[Retirement age#Retirement age by country and region|retirement age]].

The United States federal government restricts age discrimination under the [[Age Discrimination in Employment Act]] of 1967 (ADEA). The law provides certain employment protections to workers who are over the age of 40, who work for an employer who has 20 or more employees. For protected workers, the ADEA prohibits discrimination at all levels of employment, from recruitment and hiring, through the employment relationship, and through decisions for layoffs or termination of the employment relationship. An age limit may only be legally specified for protected workers in the circumstance where age has been shown to be a "[[bona fide occupational qualification]] [BFOQ] reasonably necessary to the normal operation of the particular business" (see {{usc|29|623(f)(1)}}). In practice, BFOQs for age are limited to the obvious (hiring a young actor to play a young character in a movie) or when public safety is at stake (for example, in the case of age limits for pilots and bus drivers). The ADEA does not stop an employer from favoring an older employee over a younger one, even when the younger one is over 40 years old.<ref name="auto2">{{ussc|name=General Dynamics Land Sys., Inc. v. Cline|link=|volume=540|page=581|pin=|year=2004}}</ref>

In the UK, age discrimination against older people has been prohibited in employment since 2006.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2006/1031/contents/made |website=legislation.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=25 April 2020 |archive-date=16 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816163837/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2006/1031/contents/made |url-status=live }}</ref> Further refinements to anti-discrimination laws occurred in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Callahan |first1=Sheila |title=U.K.'s Willingness To Protect Younger Individuals From Age Discrimination Not Likely In U.S. |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/sheilacallaham/2019/12/06/unlike-this-close-allys-willingness-to-protect-younger-workers-from-age-discrimination-us-not-likely-to-follow-suit/#17febb1b451a |access-date=25 April 2020 |agency=Forbes |date=6 December 2019 |archive-date=25 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725005748/https://www.forbes.com/sites/sheilacallaham/2019/12/06/unlike-this-close-allys-willingness-to-protect-younger-workers-from-age-discrimination-us-not-likely-to-follow-suit/#17febb1b451a |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:EEOC Claim Process Infographic.png|thumb|Infographic showing the process of filing an [[Equal Employment Opportunity Commission]] complaint, with age discrimination being possible grounds for EEOC intervention]]
Age discrimination in hiring has been shown to exist in the United States. The [[Equal Employment Opportunity Commission]]'s first complainants were female flight attendants complaining of (among other matters) age discrimination.<ref name="Collins2009">{{cite book|author= Gail Collins|author-link=Gail Collins|title=When Everything Changed: The Amazing Journey of American Women from 1960 to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQ1HhzuaYkEC&pg=PT59|date=14 October 2009|publisher=Little, Brown|isbn=978-0-316-07166-6|pages=59}}</ref> In 1968, the [[EEOC]] declared age restrictions on flight attendants' employment to be illegal sex discrimination under [[Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964]].<ref>{{cite web |author=K Barry |url=http://femininityinflight.com/activism.html |title=Timeline of Discrimination |publisher=Femininity in Flight |access-date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826083225/http://femininityinflight.com/activism.html |archive-date=26 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, Joanna Lahey, professor at [[The Bush School of Government and Public Service]] at [[Texas A&M]], found recently{{when|date=December 2020}} that firms are more than 40% more likely to interview a young adult job applicant than an older job applicant.<ref>Lahey, J. (2005) [https://ideas.repec.org/p/crr/issbrf/ib33.html Do Older Workers Face Discrimination?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414230847/https://ideas.repec.org/p/crr/issbrf/ib33.html |date=14 April 2012 }} Boston College.</ref> To fulfil job postings with youthful staff, companies turn to recruitment companies to meet their needs. Many sources place blame on recruitment practices as it is one way that age discrimination can go incognito at the hands of others. Sofica (2012) states "A study run in Washington in 1999 shows that 84% of the recruitment agencies are discriminating compared to only 29% of the companies that do their own."<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Sofica | first1 = A | year = 2012 | title = The Social Network of Actors Influencing Age Discrimination in the Human Resources Recruiting Process | journal = Eastern Journal of European Studies | volume = 3 | issue = 1| pages = 169–88 }}</ref> Dobson states that according to Weisbeck's (2017) research, "People have a natural bias to hire people like themselves" (p.&nbsp;3).<ref>Dobson, S.. "Older Tech Workers Face Ageism in Hiring." Canadian HR Reporter 30.18 (2017): 3–16. Web.</ref> Lahey (2008) also stated within her research "Since it is more difficult for workers to determine why they failed to receive an interview than it is for workers to determine why they have been fired, firms that wish to retain only a certain type of worker without being sued would prefer to discriminate in the hiring state rather than at any point of the employment process" (p.&nbsp;31).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lahey | first1 = J | year = 2008 | title = Age, Women, and Hiring: An Experimental Study. (Report) | journal = Journal of Human Resources | volume = 43 | issue = 1| pages = 30–56 | doi = 10.3368/jhr.43.1.30 | doi-access = free }}</ref> All states in the US prohibit youth under 14 from working with a handful of exceptions and prohibit youth under 18 from working in hazardous occupations. They are also paid a lower minimum wage and are not allowed to work full-time.{{Cit|date=January 2025}}

In Europe, pervasive levels of age discrimination are found in [[Belgium]], [[England]], [[France]], [[Spain]], and [[Sweden]]. Job candidates revealing older age are found to get 39% (in Belgium) to 72% (in France) less job interview invitations compared to equal candidates revealing a younger age.<ref name="Baert et al 2016">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.joep.2016.10.002 |title=Getting grey hairs in the labour market. An alternative experiment on age discrimination |journal=Journal of Economic Psychology |volume=57 |pages=86–101 |year=2016 |last1=Baert |first1=Stijn |last2=Norga |first2=Jennifer |last3=Thuy |first3=Yannick |last4=Van Hecke |first4=Marieke |hdl=10419/114164 |s2cid=38265879 |url=https://repository.uantwerpen.be/docman/irua/c9497a/139958_2019_12_01.pdf |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>Riach, P. A., Rich, J. (2006) [http://ftp.iza.org/dp2522.pdf An Experimental Investigation of Age Discrimination in the French Labour Market.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816164327/http://ftp.iza.org/dp2522.pdf |date=16 August 2024 }} IZA Discussion Paper Series, 2522.</ref><ref>Riach, P. A., Rich, J. (2010) [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41219164 An Experimental Investigation of Age Discrimination in the English Labor Market.] Annals of Economics and Statistics, 99/100, 169–185. {{JSTOR|41219164}}</ref><ref>Tinsley, M. (2012) [http://www.barrowcadbury.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Policy-Exchange-2012-Too-much-to-lose.pdf Too much to lose: Understanding and supporting Britain's older workers.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127232146/http://www.barrowcadbury.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Policy-Exchange-2012-Too-much-to-lose.pdf |date=27 January 2016 }} London: Policy Exchange.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/09585192.2011.540160 |title=A field experiment to study sex and age discrimination in the Madrid labour market |journal=The International Journal of Human Resource Management |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=351–375 |year=2011 |last1=Albert |first1=Rocío |last2=Escot |first2=Lorenzo |last3=Fernández-Cornejo |first3=José Andrés |s2cid=153806574}}</ref><ref>Riach, P. A., Rich, J. (2007) [http://ftp.iza.org/dp2522.pdf An Experimental Investigation of Age Discrimination in the Spanish Labour Market.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816164327/http://ftp.iza.org/dp2522.pdf |date=16 August 2024 }} IZA Discussion Paper Series, 2654.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/13504851.2011.581199 |title=Does age matter for employability? A field experiment on ageism in the Swedish labour market |journal=Applied Economics Letters |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=403–406 |year=2012 |last1=Ahmed |first1=Ali M |last2=Andersson |first2=Lina |last3=Hammarstedt |first3=Mats |s2cid=154641862}}</ref> In addition to this, in a survey for the [[University of Kent]], England, 29% of respondents stated that they had suffered from age discrimination. This is a higher proportion than for gender or racial discrimination. [[Dominic Abrams]], a [[social psychology]] professor at the university, concluded that ageism is the most pervasive form of prejudice experienced in the UK population.<ref>(2006) [http://www.ageconcern.org.uk/AgeConcern/media/how_ageist_is_britain.pdf How Ageist is Britain?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051027165812/http://www.ageconcern.org.uk/AgeConcern/media/how_ageist_is_britain.pdf |date=27 October 2005}} London: Age Concern.</ref> Discrimination is found to be [[Homogeneity and heterogeneity|heterogeneous]] by the activity older candidates undertook during their additional post-educational years. In Belgium, they are only discriminated if they have more years of inactivity or irrelevant employment.<ref name="Baert et al 2016" />

According to Robert M. McCann, an associate professor of management communication at the [[University of Southern California]]'s [[Marshall School of Business]], denigrating older workers, even if only subtly, can have an outsized negative impact on employee productivity and corporate profits.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=John Yuwana |title=Effects of Discrimination on Employee Performance |url=https://www.academia.edu/40610913 |access-date=30 September 2022 |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708170048/https://www.academia.edu/40610913 |url-status=live }}</ref> For American corporations, age discrimination can lead to significant expenses. In Fiscal Year 2006, the U.S. [[Equal Employment Opportunity Commission]] received nearly 17,000 charges of age discrimination, resolving more than 14,000 and recovering $51.5&nbsp;million in monetary benefits. Costs from lawsuit settlements and judgments can run into the millions, most notably with the $250&nbsp;million paid by the California Public Employees' Retirement System ([[CalPERS]]) under a settlement agreement in 2003.<ref>[http://newswise.com/articles/view/544169/ When Words Get Old: Ageist Language] Newswise, Retrieved on 9 September 2008.</ref><ref>Harris, D. (2003 July–August) [http://www.aarpmagazine.org/lifestyle/a2003-05-21-mag-justice_age.html Simple justice. The story behind a record-setting age discrimination settlement and what it could mean in your workplace.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080627184745/http://www.aarpmagazine.org/lifestyle/a2003-05-21-mag-justice_age.html |date=27 June 2008}} ''AARP The Magazine''.  Retrieved on 25 October 2008.</ref>

===Hollywood===
Ageism in [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]], specifically towards women, is profound, from the way youth is praised to the lack of jobs for older actresses. The way youth is praised reflects directly on the way older women are presented in the media. President and CEO of the [[American Association of Advertising Agencies]], O. Burtch Drake, spoke in terms of older women's representation in the media stating that "older women are not being portrayed at all; there is no imagery to worry about."<ref>Kleyman, Paul. "Images of Aging." ''Encyclopedia of Aging''. Ed. David J. Ekerdt. Vol. 2. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2002. 679–685. ''Gale Virtual Reference Library''.</ref> Women over 50 are often not the center of attention and if an actress is older they are expected to act anything but their age.<ref name=":4" /> The standards set for women in film are fixated upon youth, sexuality, and beauty. Movies that portray older women acting their own age seem exaggerated and unrealistic because it does not fit the norms associated with women in film and media.<ref name=":4" /> As a result, older actresses face weaker employment opportunities.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |title=Being an Older Woman: A Study in the Social Production of Identity|last = Paoletti|first = Isabella|publisher = Lawrence Erlbaum Associates|year = 1998|isbn = 978-0-8058-2120-8|location = New Jersey|pages = [https://archive.org/details/beingolderwomans0000paol/page/47 47]|url = https://archive.org/details/beingolderwomans0000paol/page/47}}</ref>

Because of the limited ages the film industry portrays and the lack of older actresses, society as a whole has a type of illiteracy about sexuality and those of old age. There is an almost inherent bias about what older women are capable of, what they do, and how they feel.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Gender, Social Inequalities, and Aging|last = Calasanti|first = Toni M.|publisher = AltaMira Press|year = 2001|isbn = 978-0-7591-0185-2|location = Walnut Creek|pages = [https://archive.org/details/gendersocialineq0000cala/page/79 79]|url = https://archive.org/details/gendersocialineq0000cala/page/79}}</ref> Amongst all ages of actresses, there is the attempt to look youthful and fit conventional beauty standards by altering themselves physically, many times through plastic surgery.<ref name=":4">{{cite journal |last1=Chivers |first1=Sally | year = 2006 | title = Baby Jane Grew Up: The Dramatic Intersection of Age With Disability |journal=Canadian Review of American Studies | volume = 36 | issue = 2| pages = 211–227 | doi=10.1353/crv.2006.0039| s2cid = 161637817}}</ref> Women become frightful of how they would be seen if they have wrinkles, [[cellulite]], or any other signifier of aging.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal | last1 = Saucier | first1 = Maggi G | s2cid = 53617608 | year = 2004 | title = Midlife And Beyond: Issues For Aging Women | journal = Journal of Counseling & Development | volume = 82 | issue = 4| pages = 420–425 | doi=10.1002/j.1556-6678.2004.tb00329.x}}</ref> As women reach their 40s and 50s, the pressure to adhere to societal beauty norms seen in films and media intensifies in terms of new cosmetic procedures and products that will maintain a "forever youthful" look.<ref name=":2" /> This is evident in the rise of cosmetic [[Botulinum toxin|botox]] treatments, even for individuals otherwise in good health.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botox Nation |url=https://nyupress.org/9781479825264/botox-nation/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=NYU Press |language=en-US}}</ref> In terms of sexuality, older women are often portrayed as unattractive, bitter, unhappy, and unsuccessful in films. With older women not being represented in the media and film industries, specifically in Hollywood, thoughts of underachievement, ugliness, and disgust crowd the thoughts of older women as they fail to meet beauty norms. This can cause depression, anxiety, and self-esteem issues in general.<ref name=":2" /> In one survey, women reported feeling more embarrassed about their age than by their masturbation practices or same-gender sexual encounters.<ref name=":2" />

When a woman is told by others that she is old, she can start to believe that she is. A woman can start acting as if she is older than she believes because she internalizes what other people say and think about her.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Social World of Old Women: Management of Self-Identity|last = Matthews|first = Sarah H.|publisher = Sage Publication|year = 1979|isbn = 978-0-8039-1225-0|location = Beverly Hills, CA|pages = [https://archive.org/details/socialworldofold00matt/page/166 166]|url = https://archive.org/details/socialworldofold00matt/page/166}}</ref>
In film, the female body is depicted in different states of dress and portrayed differently depending on the age of the actress. Their clothing is used as an identity marker of the character. Young women are put into revealing and sexually provocative costumes whereas older women often play the part of a mother or grandmother clad in a bonnet or apron.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title = Aging Bodies:The Aging Female Body|last = Markson|first = Elizabeth|publisher = Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.|year = 2003|isbn = 978-0-7591-0236-1|location = Lanham, Maryland|pages = 78, 79, 80–83}}</ref> Aside from no longer representing the ideal female model, post-menopausal women are stereotyped as mentally unstable. "They become quarrelsome, vexatious and overbearing, petty and stingy; that is to say they exhibit typically sadistic and anal-erotic traits that they did not possess earlier" (Freud 1958,323–24).<ref name=":3" />

===Health care===
There is considerable evidence of discrimination against the elderly in health care.<ref>[http://www.agediscrimination.info/News/Pages/ItemPage.aspx?Item=553 Complaints soar as 'age discrimination within NHS' leaves elderly neglected] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522093326/http://www.agediscrimination.info/News/Pages/ItemPage.aspx?Item=553 |date=22 May 2012 }}. Agediscrimination.info (9 November 2011). Retrieved on 11 April 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.agediscrimination.info/News/Pages/ItemPage.aspx?Item=343 Poor treatment of older people in the NHS is an attitude problem]. Agediscrimination.info (15 February 2011). Retrieved on 11 April 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.agediscrimination.info/News/Pages/ItemPage.aspx?Item=364 The Department of Health says there is no place for age discrimination in the NHS, but a new report shows the middle-aged 'miss out' on life-saving cancer surgery]. Agediscrimination.info (18 March 2011). Retrieved on 11 April 2012.</ref> This is particularly true for aspects of the physician-patient interaction, such as screening procedures, information exchanges, and treatment decisions. In the patient-physician interaction, physicians and other healthcare providers may hold attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that are associated with ageism against older patients. Studies have found that some physicians do not seem to show any care or concern toward treating the medical problems of older people. Then, when interacting with older patients, the doctors sometimes view them with disgust and describe them in negative ways, such as "depressing" or "crazy".<ref name="Nelson">{{cite journal | last1 = Nelson | first1 = T. D. | s2cid = 10632570 | year = 2005 | title = Ageism: Prejudice against our feared future self | journal = Journal of Social Issues | volume = 61 | issue = 2| pages = 207–221 | doi=10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00402.x}}</ref> For screening procedures, elderly people are less likely than younger people to be screened for cancers and, due to the lack of this preventive measure, less likely to be diagnosed at early stages of their conditions.<ref name="Robb">{{cite journal | last1 = Robb | first1 = C. | last2 = Hongbin | first2 = C. | last3 = Haley | first3 = W. E. | year = 2002 | title = Ageism in mental health and health care: A critical review | journal = Journal of Clinical Geropsychology | volume = 8 | issue = 1| pages = 1–12 | doi = 10.1023/A:1013013322947 | s2cid = 71024173 }}</ref>

After being diagnosed with a disease that may be potentially curable, older people are further discriminated against. Though there may be surgeries or operations with high survival rates that might cure their condition, older patients are less likely than younger patients to receive all necessary treatments. For example, health professionals pursue less aggressive treatment options in older patients,<ref>{{Cite book|title = Learning to be old: Gender, culture, and aging |edition=2nd |last = Cruikshank|first = Margaret|publisher = Rowman & Littlefield|year = 2009|location = Lanham, MD}}</ref> and fewer adults are enrolled in tests of new prescription drugs.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Disparate inclusion of older adults in clinical trials: Priorities and opportunities for policy and practice change|last = Herrera|first = Angelica P.|date = 2010|journal = American Journal of Public Health|doi = 10.2105/ajph.2009.162982 |pmid = 20147682|volume=100 | issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S105–S112 |pmc=2837461}}</ref> It has been posited that this is because doctors fear their older patients are not physically strong enough to tolerate the curative treatments and are more likely to have complications during surgery that may end in death.{{Cit|date=January 2025}}

Other research studies have been done with patients with heart disease, and, in these cases, the older patients were still less likely to receive further tests or treatments, independent of the severity of their health problems. Thus, the approach to the treatment of older people is concentrated on managing the disease rather than preventing or curing it. This is based on the stereotype that it is the natural process of aging for the quality of health to decrease, and, therefore, there is no point in attempting to prevent the inevitable decline of old age.<ref name="Nelson" /><ref name="Robb" />

Furthermore, caregivers further undermine the treatment of older patients by over-helping them, which may decrease independence and/or interfere with their autonomy,<ref>{{Cite journal|title = A primer on medication use in older adults for the non-clinician|last1 = Peron|first1 = Emily P.|date = 2011–2012|journal = Generations|last2 = Ruby|first2 = Christine M.}}</ref> and by making a generalized assumption and treating all elderly people as feeble.<ref name=":0" />

Differential medical treatment of elderly people can have significant effects on their health outcomes; a differential outcome which somehow escapes established protections.{{Cit|date=January 2025}}

In 2017, the [[European Court of Human Rights]] ruled in favor of Maria Ivone Carvalho Pinto de Sousa Morais, who had had an operation that was mishandled and rendered her unable to have sex. Portuguese judges had previously reduced damages to her in 2014, ruling then that the operation, which occurred when she was 50, had happened at "an age when sex is not as important as in younger years." The [[European Court of Human Rights]] rejected that decision, with the majority's ruling stating in part, "The question at issue here is not considerations of age or sex as such, but rather the assumption that sexuality is not as important for a 50-year-old woman and mother of two children as for someone of a younger age. That assumption reflects a traditional idea of female sexuality as being essentially linked to childbearing purposes and thus ignores its physical and psychological relevance for the self-fulfillment of women as people."<ref>{{cite web |author=SEWELL CHAN |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/25/world/europe/sex-after-50-portugal-european-court.html |title=Sex for Women After 50 Is Important After All, European Court Rules – The New York Times |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2017 |access-date=26 July 2017 |archive-date=25 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725232300/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/25/world/europe/sex-after-50-portugal-european-court.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==="Half your age plus seven rule"===
Although this relatively recent theory supposedly originated in the [[Western world|West]] is recognized as bigoted and ageist and without actual valid basis,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Greig |first=James |date=2020-08-19 |title=Moralising about relationships between consenting adults has dangerous precedents |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/aug/19/big-age-gap-relationship-sex-consent-adults |access-date=2024-01-17 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-26 |title=Harry Styles is helping to debunk stigmas around age gaps in relationships |url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/lifestyle/article/age-gap-relationships |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=British GQ |language=en-GB |archive-date=14 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714045435/https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/lifestyle/article/age-gap-relationships |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Why People Still Look Down on Couples with a Major Age Differences {{!}} Psychology Today |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/talking-apes/202101/why-people-still-look-down-couples-major-age-differences |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=www.psychologytoday.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Smisek |first=Emma |title=Prejudice against age-gap couples - THE LAST TYPE OF RELATIONSHIP WE'RE ALLOWED TO RIDICULE |url=https://www.wakemag.org/online/2019/12/9/prejudice-against-age-gap-couples |website=wakemag.org|date=9 December 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sela |first1=Yael |last2=Pham |first2=Michael N. |last3=Mogilski |first3=Justin K. |last4=Lopes |first4=Guilherme S. |last5=Shackelford |first5=Todd K. |last6=Zeigler-Hill |first6=Virgil |date=2018-08-01 |title=Why do people disparage May–December romances? Condemnation of age-discrepant romantic relationships as strategic moralization |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019188691830120X |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=130 |pages=6–10 |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2018.03.004 |issn=0191-8869 |access-date=14 July 2022 |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324204519/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019188691830120X |url-status=live }}</ref> one "[[rule of thumb]]" to determine whether an age difference is "socially acceptable" holds that a person should never date someone whose age is less than half their own plus seven years.<ref name=didonato/><ref name="Rodale">{{cite journal|author=Rodale, Inc.|title=Best Life|journal=Best Life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78YDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA21|date=April 2007|publisher=Rodale, Inc.|page=21|issn=1548-212X|access-date=8 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108130613/https://books.google.com/books?id=78YDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA21|archive-date=8 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Hans Erikson|title=The Rhythm of the Shoe|page=87|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PwgRAQAAIAAJ|year=1964|publisher=Jacaranda Press|access-date=8 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108155243/https://books.google.com/books?id=PwgRAQAAIAAJ|archive-date=8 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=[[Belisa Vranich]] & Laura Grashow|title=Dating the Older Man|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yet9gb-Na4gC|publisher=Adams Media|year=2008|page=16|isbn=9781440515958|access-date=24 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405112434/https://books.google.com/books?id=Yet9gb-Na4gC|archive-date=5 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> According to this "rule", a 28-year-old should date no one younger than 21 (half of 28, plus 7) and a 50-year-old should date no one younger than 32 (half of 50, plus 7).
 
Although the provenance of the rule is unclear, it is sometimes said to have originated in France.<ref name="Rodale" /> The rule appears in [[John Fox Jr.]]'s 1903 novel ''[[The Little Shepherd of Kingdom Come (novel)|The Little Shepherd of Kingdom Come]]'',<ref name="Fox1903">{{cite book|author=John Fox|url=https://archive.org/details/littleshepherdk00yohngoog|title=The little shepherd of Kingdom Come|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|year=1903|page=[https://archive.org/details/littleshepherdk00yohngoog/page/n241 222]|access-date=8 May 2017}}</ref> in American newspapers in 1931 attributed to [[Maurice Chevalier]],<ref>"Maurice Chevalier says....plus seven years". ''Detroit News'' item reprinted in ''Oakland'' (CA) ''News'', 27 August 1931.</ref> and in ''[[The Autobiography of Malcolm X]],'' attributed to [[Elijah Muhammad]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Malcolm X & Alex Haley|url=https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofm00xmal|title=The Autobiography of Malcolm X|publisher=New York, Grove Press|year=1965|page=[https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofm00xmal/page/229 229]|url-access=registration}}</ref>

The idea of the rule as a lower-bound limit reflects some contemporary redefinition. In most sources prior to the very modern era, it was not only largely heterosexual-specific and gender-specific but was presented as a formula to calculate the ''ideal'' age of a female partner at the beginning of a relationship, instead of a ''lower limit''. [[Frederick Locker-Lampson]]'s ''Patchwork'' from 1879 states the opinion "A wife should be half the age of her husband with seven years added."<ref>{{cite book |author=Frederick Locker-Lampson |title=Patchwork |page=88}}</ref> [[Max O'Rell]]'s ''Her Royal Highness Woman'' from 1901 gives the rule in the format "A man should marry a woman half his age, plus seven."<ref>{{cite book |author=Max O'Rell |chapter-url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/33285 |title=Her Royal Highness Woman |chapter=Chapter IV: Advice to the Man Who Wants to Marry |access-date=18 January 2015 |archive-date=29 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329211304/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/33285 |url-status=live }}</ref> A similar interpretation is also present in the 1951 play ''The Moon Is Blue'' by [[F. Hugh Herbert]]: "Haven't you ever heard that the girl is supposed to be half the man's age, plus seven?"<ref>[https://archive.org/details/moonisblueapla00herb Moon Is blue.: &#91;A play&#93;: Herbert, Frederick Hugh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325160305/https://archive.org/details/moonisblueapla00herb |date=25 March 2016 }} at Internet Archive</ref>

A 2000 study found that the rule was fairly accurate at predicting the minimum age of a woman that a man would marry or date. However, the rule was not found to be predictive of the minimum age of a man that a woman would marry or date, nor (by reversing the formula) of the maximum age that either sex would marry or date.<ref name=didonato>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/meet-catch-and-keep/201405/the-half-your-age-plus-seven-rule-does-it-really-work|title=The Half-Your-Age-Plus-Seven Rule: Does It Really Work? |magazine= Psychology Today|date=2014 |access-date=5 July 2014}}</ref>

This rule is equivalent to the assertion that both individuals should be at least 14 years older than their age difference.<ref><math>B \geq \frac{A}{2}+7 \equiv B \geq (A-B)+14</math></ref>

==Effects of and major court cases/laws/regulations regarding ageism==
{{Verification|section|date=January 2025}}

Ageism has significant effects on the elderly and young people. These effects might be seen within different levels: person, selected company, whole economy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prokurat|first=Sergiusz|date=2012|title=Age Management as a Tool for the Demographic Decline in the 21st Century: An Overview of its Characteristics|url=http://www.jemi.edu.pl/vol-8-issue-4-2012/age-management-as-a-tool-for-the-demographic-decline-in-the-21st-century-an-overview-of-its-characteristics|journal=Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation|volume=8/2012|pages=83–96}}</ref> The stereotypes and infantilization of older and younger people by patronizing language affects older and younger people's self-esteem and behaviors. After repeatedly hearing a stereotype that older or younger people are useless, older and younger people may begin to feel like dependent, non-contributing members of society. They may start to perceive themselves in terms of the [[looking-glass self]]—that is, in the same ways that others in society see them. Studies have also specifically shown that when older and younger people hear these stereotypes about their supposed incompetence and uselessness, they perform worse on measures of competence and memory.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Levy | first1 = B | s2cid = 14442482 | year = 1996 | title = Improving memory in old age by implicit self-stereotyping | journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | volume = 71 | issue = 6| pages = 1092–1107 | doi=10.1037/0022-3514.71.6.1092| pmid = 8979380 }}</ref> These stereotypes then become [[self-fulfilling prophecies]]. According to [[Becca Levy]]'s [[Stereotype embodiment theory]], older and younger people might also engage in self-stereotypes, taking their culture's age stereotypes—to which they have been exposed over the life course—and directing them inward toward themselves. Then this behavior reinforces the present stereotypes and treatment of the elderly.<ref name="Levy" /><ref name="Nelson" />

Many overcome these stereotypes and live as they choose, but it can be difficult to avoid deeply ingrained prejudice, especially if one has been exposed to ageist views in childhood or adolescence.{{Cit|date=January 2025}}

===Catholic Church===
{{see also|Papal resignation|label 1=Voluntary papal resignation}}
There is no mandatory retirement age for [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]]s nor for the [[pope]], as [[Life tenure|they hold these positions for life]], but cardinals aged 80 or over are prohibited from participating in the [[papal conclave]] as of 1970 because of the ''[[Ingravescentem aetatem]]''. The Code of Canon Law specifies in Canon 401 that ordinary bishops, nuncios, and bishops with Curial appointments (but not auxiliary bishops) must present their resignation to the Pope when they turn 75, but he need not accept it right away or at all. Canon 538 makes a similar stipulation of diocesan priests who are requested, but not obliged, to offer to resign from their appointments at 75. In either case, resigning from the active exercise of the office means giving up the daily responsibilities of the offices, not ordination itself. Once a man is ordained a priest or a bishop, he retains that character until his death, whether he is still working or has since retired.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

===COVID-19 pandemic===
Ageism during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], in early 2020, was primarily caused by the surfacing of data pointing the elderly as vulnerable groups.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Lichtenstein |first=Bronwen |date=14 March 2021 |title=From "Coffin Dodger" to "Boomer Remover": Outbreaks of Ageism in Three Countries With Divergent Approaches to Coronavirus Control |pmc=7454844 |journal=[[The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences]] |volume=76 |issue=4 |pages=e206–e212 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbaa102 |pmid=32719851}}</ref><ref name="Boomer remover">{{Cite journal |last=Elliott |first=Rebecca |date=4 September 2021 |title=The 'Boomer remover': Intergenerational discounting, the coronavirus and climate change |journal=[[The Sociological Review]] |language=en |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=74–91 |doi=10.1177/00380261211049023 |s2cid=244213799 |issn=0038-0261|doi-access=free}}</ref> A 2020 study published in ''[[The Journals of Gerontology]]'' found that the vulnerability of older adults was seen as a problem to be solved through forced and indefinite [[Age segregation|segregation]] or [[Social isolation|isolation]], and such measures were widely seen as acceptable by society. Older adults were often blamed for the ensuing [[COVID-19 lockdowns|lockdowns]] and restrictions.<ref name=":9" /> A 2021 study published in ''[[The Sociological Review]]'' characterized the treatment of elders amid the pandemic as "intergenerational discounting": "breakdown in reciprocal obligations of care, giving rise to accusations of hypocrisy, expressions of resentment and rage, and the description of the virus as the '[[Baby boomers|Boomer]] remover'." In particular, the study found that younger generations perceived the pandemic as comparable to [[climate change]] as a crisis and saw the disproportionate effect of COVID-19 on older generations as "[[Karma|karmic]]" due to the latter's supposed failure in [[Climate change mitigation|mitigating climate change]].<ref name="Boomer remover" /> The term "Boomer remover" trended on Twitter as a nickname for the disease, appearing in over 65,000 tweets by March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Whalen |first=Andrew |date=13 March 2020 |title=What is 'Boomer Remover' and why is it making people so angry? |url=https://www.newsweek.com/boomer-remover-meme-trends-virus-coronavirus-social-media-covid-19-baby-boomers-1492190 |access-date=7 July 2022 |website=[[Newsweek]] |language=en |archive-date=16 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816170010/https://www.newsweek.com/boomer-remover-meme-trends-virus-coronavirus-social-media-covid-19-baby-boomers-1492190 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Africa===

====Central African Republic====
Article 36 of the 2016 [[Constitution of the Central African Republic]] requires that candidates for [[President of the Central African Republic|President]] must "be aged thirty-five (35) years at least [on] the day of the deposit of the dossier of the candidature".<ref name="CARConstitution">[https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Central_African_Republic_2016.pdf?lang=en Central African Republic's Constitution of 2016], William S. Hein & Co., English translation, translated by Maria del Carmen Gress, 2017.</ref>

====Nigeria====
In November 2011, the [[House of Representatives (Nigeria)|Nigerian House of Representatives]] considered a bill that would outlaw age discrimination in employment.<ref>{{cite news|date=24 February 2012|title=Minister shelve ban on age discrimination|url=http://www.agediscrimination.info/News/Pages/ItemPage.aspx?Item=549|access-date=24 July 2012|archive-date=5 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605101909/http://www.agediscrimination.info/News/Pages/ItemPage.aspx?Item=549|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2022, UN appointed independent human rights expert [[Claudia Mahler]] said that "as well as ageism and age-discrimination, even among Government officials, violence against older persons is an unspoken reality."<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2022 |title=Nigeria: UN expert calls for more advances in protecting older persons |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/09/1126341 |access-date=15 October 2022 |website=United Nations}}</ref>

In Nigeria, a person must be at least 35 years of age to be elected [[President of Nigeria|President]] or [[Vice President of Nigeria|Vice President]], 35 to be a senator, 30 to be a State Governor, and 25 to be a Representative in parliament or Member of the States' House of Assembly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/nigeria-election-law/index.php|title=Nigeria: Election Laws {{!}} Law Library of Congress|last=Goitom|first=Hanibal|date=2012|website=www.loc.gov|access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref>

====South Africa====
Section 47, Clause 1 of the 1996 Constitution of South Africa states that "Every citizen who is qualified to vote for the National Assembly is eligible to be a member of the Assembly", defaulting to Section 46 which "provides for a minimum voting age of 18 years" in National Assembly elections; Sections 106 and 105 provide the same for provincial legislatures.{{Cit|date=January 2025}}

====Uganda====
The [[Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2023]] prescribes [[life imprisonment]] for sex between two people of the same biological sex and the [[Capital punishment in Uganda|death penalty]] for "aggravated homosexuality". The latter offense includes sex with persons older than seventy-five, as well as "serial offenders", same-sex rape, sex in a position of authority or procured by intimidation, sex with the disabled and mentally ill, and homosexual acts committed by a person with a previous conviction of homosexuality.<ref>https://www.parliament.go.ug/sites/default/files/The%20Anti-Homosexuality%20Act%2C%202023.pdf</ref>

===Americas===

====Belize====
According to the [[Constitution of Belize]], a person must be at least 18 years old to be elected as a member of the [[House of Representatives (Belize)|House of Representatives]] and must be at least 30 to be Speaker of the House. A person must be at least 18 years old to be appointed to the [[Senate (Belize)|Senate]] and must be at least 30 to be president or vice-president of the Senate. As only members of the House of Representatives are eligible to be appointed prime minister, the [[List of Prime Ministers of Belize|Prime Minister]] must be at least 18 years old. A person must also be at least 18 years old to be elected to a village council.<ref name=":Belize1">[http://www.belizelaw.org/web/lawadmin/ Laws of Belize], Volume II, Title VIII, Chapter 88, Part III. "Any person shall be eligible to be elected as a member of a council who: is a citizen of Belize; and has ordinarily resided in the village for at least one year immediately preceding the election; and is at least eighteen years old."</ref>

====Brazil====
The [[Constitution of Brazil]] says in Article 40, Paragraph 1, Item II, that all [[public servant]]s in the Union, States, Cities and the [[Federal District (Brazil)|Federal District]] shall mandatorily retire at the age of 75.<ref name="CF-BR">{{Cite web |title=Constituition of Brazil (in Portuguese) |url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/constituicao.htm |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=www.planalto.gov.br}}</ref> This regulation encompasses servants from the [[Executive (government)|executive]], [[legislative]] and [[judicial]] branches. It also applies to the [[Supreme Federal Court]] Justices, as per Article 93, Item VI, of the Constitution,<ref name="CF-BR" /> and the [[Tribunal de Contas da União|Court of Accounts of the Union]] Judges, as stated in Article 73, Paragraph 3 of the Constitution (disposition added after the 20th Amendment).<ref name="CF-BR" />

Along with this, the [[Constitution of Brazil]] (Article 14, Section 3 (VI)) defines 35 years as the minimum age for someone to be elected president, vice-president or Senator; 30 years for state Governor or Vice-Governor; 21 for Federal or State Deputy, Mayor or Vice-Mayor; and 18 for city Council member.<ref name=":Brazil2">[http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/constituicao.htm Brazilian Constitution (in Portuguese)]</ref>

====Canada====
Section 15 (1) of the [[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]] states that "every individual is equal before and under the law and has the right to equal protection and equal benefit of the law without discrimination and, in particular, without discrimination based on{{Nbsp}}... age" (as well as other protected classes).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/Const/page-15.html|title=Consolidated federal laws of canada, Access to Information Act|first=Legislative Services|last=Branch|date=30 July 2015|website=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca|access-date=30 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110221331/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/Const/page-15.html|archive-date=10 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In Canada, Article 718.2, clause (a)(i), of the [[Criminal Code]] defines as aggravating circumstances, among other situations, "evidence that the offense was motivated by{{Nbsp}}... age".<ref>[http://www.laws.justice.gc.ca/en/showdoc/cs/C-46/bo-ga:l_XXIII-gb:s_718//en#anchorbo-ga:l_XXIII-gb:s_718 Canadian Criminal Code] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706181639/http://www.laws.justice.gc.ca/en/showdoc/cs/C-46/bo-ga%3Al_XXIII-gb%3As_718//en |date=6 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.agediscrimination.info/international/Pages/Canada.aspx Canada] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716080129/http://www.agediscrimination.info/international/Pages/Canada.aspx |date=16 July 2012 }}. Agediscrimination.info (12 December 2006). Retrieved on 11 April 2012.</ref>

''[[Ontario (Human Rights Commission) v Etobicoke (Borough of)]]'', [1982] 1 S.C.R. 202, is a [[Supreme Court of Canada]] decision on age discrimination. Harold Hall and Vincent Gray were firemen in the borough of [[Etobicoke]], Ontario. As part of the collective agreement between the borough and the union, all firefighters were required to retire at the age of 60. When Hall and Grey were forced to retire, they brought a complaint for age discrimination under section 4(1) of the ''Ontario Human Rights Code'' which prohibited discrimination in recruitment or dismissal based on age among other grounds. The Court found that the employer did not sufficiently justify the policy as a [[bona fide occupational requirement|''bona fide'' occupational requirement]].

''[[McKinney v University of Guelph]]'' [1990] 3 SCR 229 is the [[Supreme Court of Canada]] case that decided that, for the purpose of determining the application of the ''[[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]]'', universities were not part of government. Therefore, the mandatory retirement age for university teachers did not violate equality rights under [[Section Fifteen of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms|section 15]] of the ''Charter''. In reaching this holding, the Court refined the scope of the ''Charter'' as it applies to government bodies as well as the definition of "law" within the ambit of the ''Charter''.

''[[Douglas/Kwantlen Faculty Assn v Douglas College]]'', [1990] 3 S.C.R. 570 is a [[Supreme Court of Canada]] decision regarding the jurisdiction of an administrative tribunal. [[Douglas College]]'s collective agreement included a provision for mandatory retirement at age 65. Two professors challenged this provision before the labour arbitration tribunal, claiming it violated the equality rights guarantee under [[Section Fifteen of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms|section 15(1)]] of the ''[[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]]''. The professors argued that the college constituted a public institution and therefore was subject to the ''Charter'', and that the collective agreement constituted "law" within meaning of the ''Charter''. The arbitrator agreed and found that the law violated section 15(1) of the ''Charter''. The school appealed the decision on the grounds that the tribunal did not have jurisdiction to determine the constitutional issue. The [[British Columbia Court of Appeal]] found that the tribunal had jurisdiction and upheld the decision of the tribunal. The school appealed the decision in the Supreme Court of Canada. Justice La Forest, writing for the majority, dismissed the appeal by the college. The majority held that although a tribunal has the power to treat any invalid law that it may be asked to apply as having no force or effect, it may not necessarily be able to apply the ''Charter'' or grant a remedy under section 24(1) of the ''Charter''. A tribunal only has power to the extent that it has been conferred to it by law.

Mandatory retirement was largely ended in Canada in December 2011,<ref>[http://www.agediscrimination.info/News/Pages/ItemPage.aspx?Item=568 "Tories in Canada end forced retirement, decades of 'age discrimination{{'"}}] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718004027/http://www.agediscrimination.info/News/Pages/ItemPage.aspx?Item=568 |date=18 July 2012 }}. Agediscrimination.info. Retrieved on 11 April 2012.</ref> but as of 2012 74% of Canadians still considered age discrimination to be a problem.<ref>[http://www.agediscrimination.info/News/Pages/ItemPage.aspx?Item=657 Canadians believe employers discriminate against older applicants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508042918/http://www.agediscrimination.info/News/Pages/ItemPage.aspx?Item=657 |date=8 May 2014 }}. Agediscrimination.info (23 July 2012). Retrieved on 24 July 2012.</ref> Retirement age for Canadian airline pilots is provided by each airline with some set to age 60, but changes to the [[Canadian Human Rights Act]] have restricted the retirement age set by the airlines.<ref>{{cite web|author=Vanessa Lu|url=https://www.thestar.com/business/2013/01/24/air_canada_pilots_can_continue_flying_past_age_60_under_new_rules.html|title=Air Canada pilots can continue flying past age 60 under new rules|newspaper=Toronto Star|date=24 January 2013|access-date=5 November 2013|archive-date=3 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403020225/http://www.thestar.com/business/2013/01/24/air_canada_pilots_can_continue_flying_past_age_60_under_new_rules.html|url-status=live}}</ref> All judges in Canada are subject to mandatory retirement, at 70 or 75 depending on the court.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scc-csc.gc.ca/court-cour/sys/index-eng.asp |title=Supreme Court of Canada - Canadian Judicial System |publisher=Scc-csc.gc.ca |date=2012-04-07 |access-date=2012-10-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402202906/http://www.scc-csc.gc.ca/court-cour/sys/index-eng.asp |archive-date=2 April 2010}}</ref> Federal [[Senate of Canada|senators]] cease to hold their seats at 75.

In Canada, to be eligible to run for elected office (municipal, provincial, federal) one must be a minimum of 18 years or older on the day of the election.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=pol&dir=can/bck&document=index&lang=e|title=How to Become a Candidate|website=www.elections.ca|date=21 September 2021}}</ref> Prior to 1970, the age requirement was 21 along with the voting age. However, to be appointed to the [[Senate of Canada|Senate]] (Upper House), one must be at least 30 years of age, must possess land worth at least $4,000 in the province for which they are appointed, and must own real and personal property worth at least $4,000, above their debts and liabilities.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Office|first=Privy Council|date=7 July 2016|title=Assessment Criteria|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/campaign/independent-advisory-board-for-senate-appointments/assessment-criteria.html|access-date=25 June 2020|website=aem}}</ref>

====Chile====
In [[Chile]] the minimum age required to be elected [[President of Chile|President of the Republic]] is 35 years on the day of the election. Before the 2005 reforms the requirement was 40 years, and from 1925 to 1981 it was 30 years. For [[Senate of Chile|senators]] it is 35 years (between 1981 and 2005 it was 40 years) and for [[Chamber of Deputies of Chile|deputies]] it is 21 years (between 1925 and 1970 it was 35 years).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leychile.cl/ |title=Ley Chile - Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional |publisher=leychile.cl |access-date=14 January 2013}}</ref>

====Colombia====
Measures taken to prevent the spread of [[COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia|COVID-19]] were especially strict on older people in [[Colombia]]. The government prohibited anyone over 70 years of age from leaving their house.<ref>{{Cite book | last1=Galeano | first1=E | last2=Zuluaga | first2=M | last3=Saldarriaga-Ruiz | first3=G | chapter=Envejecimiento y Covid-19: los debates que impone el confinamiento de los mayores a un mundo envejeciente | url=http://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstream/10495/17635/4/UribeAlejandro_2020_PolifoniaPensarPandemia.pdf | title=Polifonía para pensar una pandemia | publisher=Universidad de Antioquia, Fondo Editorial FCSH de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas | year=2020 | isbn=978-958-5157-17-0 | location= | pages=145–166 | access-date=9 December 2020 | archive-date=9 December 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209174236/http://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstream/10495/17635/4/UribeAlejandro_2020_PolifoniaPensarPandemia.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> Amid public backlash, the restriction was taken to court and overturned.{{Cit|date=January 2025}}

====Mexico====
In [[Mexico]], a person must be at least 35 to be president, 25 to be a senator, or 21 to be a Congressional Deputy, as specified in the [[1917 Constitution of Mexico]].{{Cit|date=January 2025}}

====United States====
{{main|Age discrimination in the United States}}
In the United States, each [[List of states and territories of the United States|state]] has its own laws regarding age discrimination, and there are also federal laws.<ref>[http://www.agediscrimination.info/international/Pages/USA.aspx USA]. Agediscrimination.info. Retrieved on 11 April 2012.</ref> In California, the [[California Fair Employment and Housing Act of 1959|Fair Employment and Housing Act]] forbids unlawful discrimination against persons aged 40 and older. The FEHA is the principal California statute prohibiting employment discrimination, covering employers, labor organizations, employment agencies, apprenticeship programs and/or any person or entity who aids, abets, incites, compels, or coerces the doing of a discriminatory act. In addition to age, it prohibits employment discrimination based on race or color; religion; national origin or ancestry, [[disability]], mental type or medical condition; marital status; sex or sexual orientation; and pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions.<ref>[http://finduslaw.com/california_fair_employment_and_housing_act_feha_government_code_12900_12996 California Fair Employment and Housing Act] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070114000317/http://finduslaw.com/california_fair_employment_and_housing_act_feha_government_code_12900_12996 |date=14 January 2007 }} FindLaw.</ref> Although there are many protections for age-based discrimination against older workers (as shown above), there are less protections for younger workers.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

The [[District of Columbia]] and twelve states (California, Florida, [[Iowa]], Hawaii, [[Kansas]], [[Louisiana]], [[Maine]], [[Minnesota]], [[Nebraska]], [[New Mexico]], New York, and [[Vermont]]) define age as a specific motivation for hate crimes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anti-Defamation League State Hate Crime Statutory Provisions (2005)|url=http://www.adl.org/learn/hate_crimes_laws/State_Hate_Crime_Statutory_Provisions_chart.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629085842/http://www.adl.org/learn/hate_crimes_laws/State_Hate_Crime_Statutory_Provisions_chart.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2011|access-date=22 May 2009}}&nbsp;{{small|(23.8&nbsp;KB)}} (See page 1, section "Other", note 2) Retrieved on 21 May 2009</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Everyday Fears – A Survey of Violent Hate Crimes in Europe and North America|url=http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/discrimination/pdf/everyday-fears-080805.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060112034643/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/discrimination/pdf/everyday-fears-080805.pdf|archive-date=12 January 2006|access-date=22 May 2009}}&nbsp;{{small|(1.96&nbsp;MB)}} McClintock, Michael (See pages 84 and 122, Appendix 10, "Others", note 2) Retrieved on 21 May 2009</ref>

The federal government restricts age discrimination under the [[Age Discrimination in Employment Act]] of 1967 (ADEA). That law provides certain employment protections to workers who are over the age of 40, who work for an employer who has twenty or more employees. For protected workers, the ADEA prohibits discrimination at all levels of employment, from recruitment and hiring, through the employment relationship, and through decisions for layoffs or termination of the employment relationship. An age limit may only be legally specified for protected workers in the circumstance where age has been shown to be a "[[bona fide occupational qualification]] [BFOQ] reasonably necessary to the normal operation of the particular business" (see {{usc|29|623(f)(1)}}). In practice, BFOQs for age are limited to the obvious (hiring a young actor to play a young character in a movie) or when public safety is at stake (for example, in the case of age limits for pilots and bus drivers). The ADEA does not stop an employer from favoring an older employee over a younger one, even when the younger one is over 40 years old.<ref name="auto2" />
[[File:Jimmy Carter participates in a bill signing ceremony - NARA - 178763.tif|thumb|President [[Jimmy Carter]] signing legislation against mandatory retirement in 1978]]
[[Mandatory retirement]] due to age is generally unlawful in the United States, except in certain industries and occupations that are regulated by law and are often part of the government (such as military service and federal police agencies, such as the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]). [[Minnesota]] has statutorily established mandatory retirement for all judges at age 70 (more precisely, at the end of the month a judge reaches that age). The [[Minnesota Legislature]] has had the constitutional right to set judicial retirement ages since 1956, but did not do so until 1973, setting the age at 70.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|last=Stassen-Berger|first=Rachel E.|date=7 July 2015|title=Minnesota judges aren't making a fuss about retirement rule|newspaper=[[St. Paul Pioneer Press|Pioneer Press]]|location=[[Saint Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul, MN]]|url=http://www.twincities.com/politics/ci_28448632/rachel-stassen-berger-minnesota-judges-arent-making-fuss|access-date=28 December 2015|archive-date=9 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109015539/http://www.twincities.com/politics/ci_28448632/rachel-stassen-berger-minnesota-judges-arent-making-fuss|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1978 President [[Jimmy Carter]] signed a law banning employers from requiring most employees to retire because of age before age 70 and ending mandatory retirement for most federal employees.<ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/04/07/new-law-sets-70-retirement-age/067d7314-7c60-445c-8cd2-57e59428b20e/</ref> The Federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act, which became law in 1986, ended mandatory age-related retirement at age 70 for many jobs, not including the Minnesota judiciary;<ref name="auto" /> another exception was all postsecondary institutions (colleges, etc.). This exception ended on 31 December 1993.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Weinberg|first1=Sharon L.|last2=Scott|first2=Marc A.|year=2013|title=The Impact of Uncapping of Mandatory Retirement on Postsecondary Institutions|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3102/0013189X13497993|journal=Educational Researcher|volume=42|issue=6|pages=338–348|doi=10.3102/0013189X13497993|s2cid=13265704}}</ref><ref>Sanjek, Roger (2009). Gray Panthers. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 185.</ref> The Fair Treatment for Experienced Pilots Act (Public Law 110–135) went into effect on 13 December 2007, raising the mandatory retirement age for pilots to 65 from the previous 60.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.faa.gov/news/press_releases/news_story.cfm?newsId=10072|title=FAA Statement on Pilot Retirement Age|date=14 December 2007|access-date=21 October 2012|archive-date=25 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025142224/http://www.faa.gov/news/press_releases/news_story.cfm?newsId=10072|url-status=live}}</ref> Air traffic controllers have a mandatory retirement age of 56, with exceptions up to age 61. Most air traffic controllers are hired before the age of 31 (the hiring cutoff age for those with experience is 36).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section8335&num=0&edition=prelim | title=5 USC 8335: Mandatory separation }}</ref> Foreign Service employees at the Department of State have a mandatory retirement age of 65 with very narrow exceptions. Federal law enforcement officers, national park rangers and firefighters have a mandatory retirement age of 57, or later if they have had less than 20 years of service.<ref>[http://www.cpms.osd.mil/ASSETS/3F5D404B9512488C8E4D8DE9213A485D/Special_Retirement_Ref_Guide31Jan2011.pdf SPECIAL RETIREMENT PROVISIONS FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS, FIREFIGHTERS AND AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925042738/http://www.cpms.osd.mil/ASSETS/3F5D404B9512488C8E4D8DE9213A485D/Special_Retirement_Ref_Guide31Jan2011.pdf |date=25 September 2012 }}, Defense Civilian Personnel Management Service, January 2011</ref> For [[Florida Supreme Court]] justices, the Florida Constitution establishes mandatory retirement at age 70. [[Judiciary of Michigan|Michigan judges]] of all levels cannot run for election after passing the age of 70. In the [[New Hampshire Constitution]], Article 78 sets the retirement of all judges and sheriffs at age 70. The [[New Jersey Supreme Court]] has established mandatory retirement at age 70. The [[Maryland Constitution]] establishes a mandatory retirement age of 70 for Circuit and Appellate Court judges. [[Oregon]] has a mandatory judicial retirement age of 75.

{{main|Age of candidacy laws in the United States}}
In the United States, a person must be aged 35 or over to serve as president. To be a senator, a person must be aged 30 or over. To be a Representative, a person must be aged 25 or older. This is specified in the [[Article Two of the United States Constitution#Clause 5: Qualifications for office|U.S. Constitution]]. Most states in the U.S. also have age requirements for the offices of Governor, State Senator, and State Representative.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://definitions.uslegal.com/a/age-of-candidacy/|title=Age of Candidacy Law & Legal Definition|publisher=USLegal.com |access-date=7 November 2012}}</ref> Some states have a minimum age requirement to hold any elected office (usually 21 or 18).

In September 2016, California passed state bill AB-1687, an anti-ageism law taking effect on 1 January 2017, requiring "commercial online entertainment employment" services that allow paid subscribers to submit information and resumes (such as [[IMDbPro]]), to honor requests to have their ages and birthdays removed. The bill was supported by [[SAG-AFTRA]]'s former and current presidents [[Ken Howard]] and [[Gabrielle Carteris]], who felt that the law would help to reduce ageism in the entertainment industry.<ref name="thr-imdblaw">{{cite web|title=California Enacts Law Requiring IMDb to Remove Actor Ages on Request|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/california-enacts-law-requiring-imdb-932330|access-date=15 November 2016|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=24 September 2016|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128211852/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/california-enacts-law-requiring-imdb-932330|url-status=live}}</ref> On 23 February 2017, U.S. District Judge [[Vince Chhabria|Vince Girdhari Chhabria]] issued a stay on the bill pending a further trial, claiming that it was "difficult to imagine how AB 1687 could not violate the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]]" because it inhibited the public consumption of factual information.<ref name="thr-lawstruck">{{cite web|title=Judge Pauses Enforcement of IMDb Age Censorship Law|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/judge-pauses-enforcement-imdb-age-censorship-law-978797|access-date=23 February 2017|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=22 February 2017|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020222/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/judge-pauses-enforcement-imdb-age-censorship-law-978797|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2018, Girdhari ruled that the law was unconstitutional, arguing that the state of California "[had] not shown that partially eliminating one source of age-related information will appreciably diminish the amount of age discrimination occurring in the entertainment industry." The ruling was criticized by SAG-AFTRA, alleging that the court "incorrectly concluded there were no material disputed factual issues, while precluding the parties from acquiring additional evidence or permitting the case to go to trial". The ruling was eventually appealed, but the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld it in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pedersen|first=Erik|date=20 February 2018|title=California's IMDb Age Law Violates First Amendment, Federal Court Rules; SAG-AFTRA "Extremely Disappointed" – Update|language=en-US|work=Deadline|url=https://deadline.com/2020/06/imdb-age-law-violates-first-amendment-california-1202296413/|access-date=21 February 2018}}</ref>

====Venezuela====
In [[Venezuela]], a person must be at least 30 to be [[President of Venezuela|President]] or [[Vice President of Venezuela|Vice President]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.psuv.org.ve/constitucion/titulo5-capitulo2/|title=Capítulo II &#124; PSUV}}</ref> 21 to be a deputy for the [[National Assembly of Venezuela|National Assembly]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.psuv.org.ve/constitucion/titulo5-capitulo1/|title=Capítulo I &#124; PSUV}}</ref> and 25 to be the Governor of a [[States of Venezuela|state]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.psuv.org.ve/constitucion/titulo4-capitulo3/|title=Capítulo III &#124; PSUV}}</ref>

===Asia and Oceania===
====Australia====
In regard to employment, discrimination on the basis of age is illegal in each of the states and territories of Australia. At the national level, Australia is party to a number of international treaties and conventions that impose obligations to eliminate age discrimination.<ref name="bfr1">{{cite book |last1=Bittman |first1=Michael |url=http://www.jamesmahmudrice.info/SPRCR601.pdf |title=The Recruitment of Older Australian Workers: A Survey of Employers in a High Growth Industry |last2=Flick |first2=Mardi |last3=Rice |first3=James |publisher=Social Policy Research Centre, [[University of New South Wales]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7334-1908-9 |location=Sydney, NSW |pages=14–15 |access-date=30 June 2013 |archive-date=9 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409063552/http://www.jamesmahmudrice.info/SPRCR601.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986 established the [[Australian Human Rights Commission]] and bestows on this Commission functions in relation to a number of international treaties and conventions that cover age discrimination.<ref name="bfr1" /><ref name="ahrc">{{cite web |title = Legislation &#124; Australian Human Rights Commission |url = https://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/legal/legislation |access-date = 27 April 2013 |publisher = [[Australian Human Rights Commission]] |archive-date = 26 April 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130426002407/http://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/legal/legislation |url-status = live }}</ref> During 1998–1999, 15% of complaints received by the Commission under the Act were about discrimination on the basis of age.<ref name="bfr1" />

Age discrimination laws at the national level were strengthened by the [[Age Discrimination Act 2004]], which helps to ensure that people are not subjected to age discrimination in various areas of public life, including employment, the provision of goods and services, education, and the administration of Australian government laws and programs. The Act, however, does provide for exemptions in some areas, as well as providing for positive discrimination, that is, actions which assist people of a particular age who experience a disadvantage because of their age.<ref name="ahrc" /> In 2011, the position of Age Discrimination Commissioner was created within the Australian Human Rights Commission. The Commissioner's responsibilities include raising awareness among employers about the beneficial contributions that senior Australians as well as younger employees can make in the workforce.<ref>[http://www.agediscrimination.info/News/Pages/ItemPage.aspx?Item=431 In Australia, new age discrimination laws have been passed by the Federal Parliament; a position of Age Discrimination Commissioner has been created in the Australian Human Rights Commission for the first time] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916060514/http://www.agediscrimination.info/News/Pages/ItemPage.aspx?Item=431 |date=16 September 2011 }}. Agediscrimination.info (26 May 2011). Retrieved on 11 April 2012.</ref> Every state in Australia has a probationary plate system for driver which is a known exemption to the Age Discrimination Act which allows different treatment in certain circumstances.<ref>[https://www.humanrights.gov.au/know-your-rights-age-discrimination When is age discrimination not against the law?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307123650/https://www.humanrights.gov.au/know-your-rights-age-discrimination |date=7 March 2017 }} humanrights.gov.au Retrieved 7 March 2017</ref> Another exception is running for office; in [[Australia]] a person must be aged 18 or over to stand for election to public office at federal, state or local government level. The [[Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918|Electoral Act 1918]] was amended (in 1973) to reduce the [[age of candidacy]] for the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] from 21 to 18.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1314/43rdParl|title=The 43rd Parliament: traits and trends|last=Lumb|first=Martin|date=2 October 2013 |website=Parliament of Australia |language=en-AU|access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref>

Compulsory retirement is generally unlawful throughout the various State and Territory jurisdictions in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Age discrimination |url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/employers/age-discrimination |website=Australian Human Rights Commission |access-date=26 April 2020 |date=18 February 2015}}</ref> Among exceptions to the general rule, permanent members of the [[Australian Defence Force]] must retire at the age of 60 and reservists at 65.<ref name="ALRC">{{cite web|last1=Australian Law Reform Commission|title=Recruitment and Employment Law|url=http://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/2-recruitment-and-employment-law/compulsory-retirement|website=Grey Areas—Age Barriers to Work in Commonwealth Laws (DP 78)|publisher=Australian Law Reform Commission|access-date=31 December 2016|date=2012|archive-date=31 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231170721/http://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/2-recruitment-and-employment-law/compulsory-retirement|url-status=dead}}</ref> As well, since the passage of [[Australian referendum, 1977 (Retirement of Judges)|a constitutional amendment]] in 1977, judges on [[Australian court hierarchy|federal courts]] are required to retire at the age of 70.<ref name="ALRC" />

The [[Australian Human Rights Commission]] has conducted a number of research projects on ageism including ''What's Age Got to do with it'' in 2021, ''Employing and retaining older workers'' in 2021 and the ''Willing to Work: Healthy Ageing Paper'' in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Publications |url=https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/age-discrimination/publications |website=Australian Human Rights Commission |access-date=14 July 2024 |archive-date=10 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410123620/https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/age-discrimination/publications |url-status=live }}</ref> Other active organizations include EveryAge Counts and the [[Council on the Ageing]].

====China====
In [[China]] the minimum age to be elected as president or vice-president is 45.<ref>[http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/constitution/constitution.html Constitution of the People's Republic of China], Section 2, Article 79.</ref> Only citizens who have reached the age of 18 have the right to vote and stand for election.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/27743.htm|title=National People's Congress|website=www.china.org.cn}}</ref>

=====Hong Kong=====
In [[Hong Kong]] a person must be at least 21 to be candidate in a district council or Legislative Council election.<ref>{{Cite Hong Kong ordinance|name=Legislative Council Ordinance|542|37|1|a}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Hong Kong ordinance|name=District Councils Ordinance|547|20|1|a}}</ref> A person must be at least 40 to be a candidate in the [[Chief Executive (Hong Kong)|Chief Executive]] election, and also at least 40 to be a candidate in the election for the [[President of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong|President of the Legislative Council]] from among the members of the Legislative Council.<ref>Articles 44 and 71(2) of The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China</ref>

====Cyprus====
In [[Cyprus]] the minimum age to be elected president is 35 years. The minimum age to run for the [[House of Representatives (Cyprus)|House of Representatives]] was 25 years until the [[Constitution of Cyprus|Constitution]] was amended in 2019 to lower the limit to 21.<ref>{{cite news |title=Μειώθηκε το όριο ηλικίας για το αξίωμα του βουλευτή |url=https://www.philenews.com/eidiseis/politiki/article/833346/meiothike-to-orio-ilikias-ga-to-axioma-toy-boylefti |access-date=25 May 2020 |work=Philenews |date=6 December 2019 |language=el}}</ref>

====India====
In [[India]] a person must be at least:
*35 to be the [[President of India|President]] or [[Vice President of India|Vice President]], [[Governor (India)|Governor]], and Lieutenant Governor of the [[States and union territories of India|states and union territories]] as specified in the [[Constitution of India]]
*30 to be a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|member]] of [[Rajya Sabha]] (the upper house of [[Parliament of India]]) and of a [[State legislative councils of India|State Legislative Council]] (the upper house of a [[State legislature (India)|State Legislature]], in those states where the legislature is bicameral).
*25 to be the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha Speaker]], [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Minister]], [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]], [[Speaker (India)|Assembly Speaker]], and State Minister in the [[state governments of India|state governments]]. Additionally, to be a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|member]] of the [[Lok Sabha]] (the lower house of [[Parliament of India]]) and a [[State legislative assemblies of India|State Legislative Assembly]] (the lower house or only house of a State Legislature in the states of India.)
*21 to be the [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]], chairperson, Head and a Member (Members are variously called Corporators/Councillors/Ward Members according to the type of their respective local bodies) of a [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]], [[Municipal council (India)|Municipal Council]], [[Nagar Panchayat]], [[District council (India)|District Council]], [[Panchayat Samiti|Block Panchayat]], and [[Gram Panchayat]] respectively.

Criticism has been on the rise to decrease the age of candidacy in India. The Young India Foundation has been working on a campaign to decrease the age of candidacy in India for [[Member of Parliament (India)|MPs]] and [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]] to better reflect the large young demographic of India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ageofcandidacy.in/ |title=Age of Candidacy |access-date=10 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718030912/https://ageofcandidacy.in/ |archive-date=18 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Indonesia====
In [[Indonesia]] a person must be at least:
*40 to be [[President of Indonesia|President]] or [[Vice President of Indonesia|Vice President]] or has or is currently holding a position elected through general elections, including regional head elections as specified in the [[Constitution of Indonesia]]{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}
*30 to be Governor or Lieutenant Governor, as specified in the 2004 Regional Government Act{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}
*25 to be Regent, Vice Regent, Mayor, or Deputy Mayor, as specified in the 2004 Regional Government Act{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}
*21 to be Senator or Representative in both national and local parliament, as specified in the 2008 Election Act{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}

====Japan====
In [[Japan]] a person must be at least:<ref name="Japan:16">{{cite web|url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S25/S25HO100.html|title=公職選挙法|publisher=[[Ministry of Justice (Japan)]]|access-date=26 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729161838/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S25/S25HO100.html|archive-date=29 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Japan 1946 Constitution - Constitute |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Japan_1946 |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=www.constituteproject.org |language=en}}</ref>
*25 to be the [[Member of parliament]] of the [[House of Representatives (Japan)|House of Representatives]] with Japanese nationality, to be the Member of metropolitan, prefecture, city, town, or village with valid vote rights, or to be the [[Mayor#Japan|Mayor]]
*30 to be the [[Governor (Japan)|Governor]], or to be the [[Member of parliament]] of the [[House of Councillors (Japan)|House of Councillors]] with Japanese nationality. See also [[House of Peers (Japan)]].

====Malaysia====
{{see also|Parliament of Malaysia}} In Malaysia a citizen shall be over 18 years of age to become a candidate and be elected to the [[Dewan Rakyat]] and [[Dewan Undangan Negeri]], and a person shall be over 30 to be the [[Dewan Negara|Senator]] by constitution.

====New Zealand====
In New Zealand, there is no mandatory retirement age<ref name="nznowgov">{{cite web | url=https://www.newzealandnow.govt.nz/live-in-new-zealand/money-tax/retirement | title=Retirement Savings New Zealand &#124; Live and Work New Zealand | date=14 July 2022 }}</ref> except if working in a job that clearly specifies a mandatory retirement age.<ref name="govtretirementage-nz">{{cite web | url=https://www.govt.nz/browse/work/retirement/retirement-age/ | title=Retirement age | date=2 October 2020 }}</ref>

However, the minimum age to be [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]] is 18 years old.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

====North Korea====
In [[North Korea]], the age for both voting and candidacy in elections to the [[Supreme People's Assembly]] is 17.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nohlen|first1=Dieter|last2=Grotz|first2=Florian|last3=Hartmann|first3=Christof|year=2001|title=Elections in Asia: A Data Handbook|volume=2|pages=399–400|publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=0-19-924959-8}}</ref>

====Pakistan====
In [[Pakistan]], a person must be at least 45 years old to be [[President of Pakistan|President]]. A person must be at least 25 years old to be a member of the provincial assembly or national assembly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part3.ch2.html|title=Chapter 2: "Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)" of Part III: "The Federation of Pakistan"|website=www.pakistani.org|access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref>

====Philippines====
At least two bills have been filed before the [[16th Congress of the Philippines]] seeking to address age discrimination in employment in the country. The Blas Ople Policy Center, a non-governmental organization, asserts that responsibilities of making a livelihood in a household has shifted to younger members of the family due to bias against hiring people older than 30 years of age. The organization also added that age discrimination contributes to the unemployment rate and acts as a hurdle to [[inclusive growth]] in the country. [[Overseas Filipino Workers]] returning from abroad seeking to find work in the country were tagged as vulnerable to age discrimination.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mateo|first1=Janvic|title=Law vs age discrimination in employment sought|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/06/11/1333431/law-vs-age-discrimination-employment-sought|access-date=15 April 2015|work=The Philippine Star|date=11 June 2014|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924212544/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/06/11/1333431/law-vs-age-discrimination-employment-sought|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Lopez|first1=Ron|title=End age discrimination, Congress urged|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/end-age-discrimination-congress-urged/|access-date=15 April 2015|publisher=Manila Bulletin|date=8 May 2014|archive-date=27 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127232145/http://www.mb.com.ph/end-age-discrimination-congress-urged/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Employees working in the government, who can retire as early as age 60, have a set mandatory retirement age of 65.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cervantes |first1=Filane Mikee |title=House panel okays bill lowering retirement age of gov't workers |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1053970 |access-date=21 October 2019 |work=Philippine News Agency |date=15 November 2018}}</ref> Personnel including officials of the [[Philippine Armed Forces]], the [[Philippine Coast Guard]], the [[Philippine National Police]], the [[Bureau of Fire Protection]], and the [[Bureau of Jail Management and Penology]] are required to retire once they reach age 56.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Arguilas |first1=Carolyn |title=Duterte says 56 is "too young" for military, police to retire; DND proposes "up to 65" |url=https://www.mindanews.com/top-stories/2018/01/duterte-says-56-is-too-young-for-military-police-to-retire-dnd-proposes-up-to-65/ |access-date=21 October 2019 |work=MindaNews |date=23 January 2018}}</ref> Judges are subject to mandatory retirement at 70.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tort |first=Marvin |date=10 October 2018 |title=Retiring by choice, not by age |work=[[BusinessWorld]] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/editors-picks/2018/10/10/192436/retiring-by-choice-not-by-age/}}</ref>

In the private sector, it is illegal for employees and executives in the private sector to be [[Forced resignation|forced to retire]] before age 65 with the exception of underground miners who are required to retire at age 60, and professional racehorse jockeys at age 55.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jimenez |first1=Josephus |title=Supreme Court: Forced retirement before age 65 illegal |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2018/07/21/1835453/supreme-court-forced-retirement-age-65-illegal |access-date=21 October 2019 |work=The Freeman |date=2 July 2018}}</ref>

There are required ages for various political offices, as shown below:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Ages of candidacy in the [[Philippines]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/ |website=Official Gazette |publisher=Republic of the Philippines |access-date=February 16, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Local Government Code of 1991 |url=https://www.dilg.gov.ph/PDF_File/reports_resources/dilg-reports-resources-2016120_fce005a61a.pdf |publisher=Department of the Interior and Local Government |access-date=February 16, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Organic Law for the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2018/07jul/20180727-RA-11054-RRD.pdf |website=Official Gazette |publisher=Republic of the Philippines |access-date=February 16, 2024}}</ref>
!Type of candidate !! Minimum age
|-
|[[President of the Philippines|President]] and [[Vice President of the Philippines|Vice President]] || 40
|-
|[[Senate of the Philippines|Senator]] || 35
|-
|Member of the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]] || 25
|-
|Member of the [[Bangsamoro Parliament]] || 25
|-
|[[Province of the Philippines|Provincial-level]] elected official || 23
|-
|[[City of the Philippines|City-level]] elected official in Highly Urbanized Cities || 23 
|-
|Mayor or Vice Mayor of all other cities or municipalities || 21 
|-
|Member of [[Sangguniang Panlungsod]] or [[Sangguniang Bayan]] in all other cities or municipalities|| 18
|-
|[[Barangay]]-level elected official (except for [[Sangguniang Kabataan]]) || 18
|-
|Member of Sangguniang Kabataan || 15 (Also, the maximum age of candidacy for this position is 21.)
|}

====Singapore====
In [[Singapore]] a person must be at least 45 years old to run for president.<ref>Constitution, Art. 19(2)(b).</ref> 21-year-olds can stand in parliamentary elections.{{Cit|date=January 2025}}

==== South Korea ====
[[No kid zone]]s are areas that prohibit children from being on the premises. No kid zones may be enforced by public venues and private businesses.<ref name="TST">{{cite news |title=South Korean lawmaker's call to abolish 'no-kids zones' sparks controversy |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/south-korean-lawmaker-s-call-to-abolish-no-kids-zones-sparks-controversy |website=The Straits Times |date=5 May 2023 |access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref> Such zones began to proliferate in South Korea in the early 2010s. Around this time, a number of court rulings held businesses at least partially responsible after children were injured on the premises. For example, in 2013, a business was held liable after a 10-year-old child bumped into a store employee carrying hot water, which resulted in the child being burned.<ref name="AKR2023">{{Cite news |last=김 |first=수지 |date=2023-11-16 |title=[팩트체크] '노00존'은 합법? |url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20231113122900505 |access-date=2024-07-13 |work=[[Yonhap News Agency]] |language=ko |archive-date=13 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713085939/https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20231113122900505 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the Jeju Research Institute, there are 542 no kid zones.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mesmer |first1=Phillip |title=South Korea's 'no-kids zones' flourish in cafés and restaurants |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/02/19/south-korea-s-no-kids-zones-reflect-a-society-where-people-have-given-up-on-trying-to-accommodate-each-other_6540962_4.html |website=[[Le Monde]] |date=19 February 2024 |access-date=12 July 2024 |archive-date=12 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712194757/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/02/19/south-korea-s-no-kids-zones-reflect-a-society-where-people-have-given-up-on-trying-to-accommodate-each-other_6540962_4.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Other businesses may restrict customers of other ages such as teenagers or seniors.<ref name="CNN">{{cite web |last1=Lau |first1=Chris |last2=Kwon |first2=Jake |last3=Kim |first3=Nayoon |title=In country with world's lowest fertility rate, doubts creep in about wisdom of 'no-kids zones' |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/24/asia/south-korea-no-kids-zone-intl-hnk-dst |access-date=12 July 2024 |website=CNN |date=25 June 2023 |archive-date=16 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816171647/https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/24/asia/south-korea-no-kids-zone-intl-hnk-dst |url-status=live }}</ref> No kid zones are controversial in South Korea.<ref>{{Cite web |last=김 |first=은진 |title="아이는 못 들어옵니다" 말뿐인 아동친화도시… 노키즈존 '나몰라라 [현장, 그곳&] |url=https://www.kyeonggi.com/article/20240401580293 |access-date=2024-07-13 |website={{ill|Kyeonggi Ilbo|ko|경기일보}} |language=ko |archive-date=13 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713085230/https://www.kyeonggi.com/article/20240401580293 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="AKR2023" /> Some view the zones as discriminatory and inconvenient towards women and children while others argue they are within the rights of business owners to enact.<ref name="AKR2023" />

South Korea enforces compulsory retirement before age 60 at the latest to all private companies, and 65 for public sectors. However, it is custom for most companies to lay off their employees between the ages of 50 to 55.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

There are required ages for various political offices in South Korea, as shown below:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Ages of candidacy in [[South Korea]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20211231000351 | title=Assembly passes bill on lowering age of candidacy for parliament to 18 | date=31 December 2021 }}</ref>
!Type of candidate
!Minimum age
|-
|[[President of South Korea|President]]
|40
|-
|[[National Assembly (South Korea)|Member of Parliament]], [[Member of Legislative Assembly]], [[Councillor]]
|18
|-
|[[Mayor]]
|18
|-
|[[Governor]]
|18
|}<ref name="SKorea:17">{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.go.kr/LSW/lsSc.do?nwYn=1&tabNo=&p1=&menuId=0&query=%EA%B3%B5%EC%A7%81%EC%84%A0%EA%B1%B0%EB%B2%95&subMenu=1&section=|title=국가법령정보센터|website=www.law.go.kr}}</ref>

====Taiwan====
In the [[Republic of China]] (commonly known as Taiwan), the minimum age of candidacy is 23, unless otherwise specified in the Constitution or any relevant laws.<ref>{{cite constitution |article=XII |clause=130 |polity=the Republic of China |ratified=1947}}</ref> The Civil Servants Election and Recall Act specifies that candidates for township, city, and indigenous district chiefs must be at least 26, and candidates for municipality, county, and city governors must be at least 30.<ref>{{cite act |date=15 December 2021 |article=24 |legislature=Ministry of the Interior |title=Civil Servants Election and Recall Act |url=https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0020010}}</ref> The minimum age to be elected as president or vice-president is 40.<ref>{{cite constitution |article=IV |clause=45 |polity=the Republic of China |ratified=1947}}</ref>

====Tibet====
The [[14th Dalai Lama]] was enthroned at the age of 4, and none of [[Dalai Lama|his predecessors]] have been enthroned before age 4. The coming of age for the Dalai Lama is 18, when responsibilities are assumed.{{Cit|date=January 2025}}

===Europe===
====European Union====
[[European Union|European]] citizenship provides the right to protection from discrimination on the grounds of age. According to Article 21–1 of the [[Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union|Charter of Fundamental Rights]] of the [[European Union]] [[s:Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union#CHAPTER III. EQUALITY|Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union#III. EQUALITY]], "any discrimination based on any ground such as{{Nbsp}}… age, shall be prohibited".<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf |title= Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (official text) |access-date= 9 May 2009 |archive-date= 29 May 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100529042731/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf |url-status= live }}&nbsp;{{small|(80.6&nbsp;KB)}}</ref>

Additional protection against age discrimination comes from the Framework Directive 2000/78/EC. It prohibits discrimination on grounds of age in the field of employment.<ref>[http://www.agediscrimination.info/legislation/Pages/ECLegislation.aspx EC Legislation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721184455/http://www.agediscrimination.info/legislation/Pages/ECLegislation.aspx |date=21 July 2011 }}. Agediscrimination.info. Retrieved on 11 April 2012.</ref>

''[[Mangold v Helm]]'' (2005) [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:62004CJ0144&from=EN C-144/04] was a case before the [[European Court of Justice]] (ECJ) about age discrimination in employment.<ref name="auto4">E McGaughey, ''A Casebook on Labour Law'' (Hart 2019) ch 15, 657</ref> Werner Mangold was a 56-year-old German man employed on a fixed term contract in a permanent [[full-time job]]. The German government introduced the so-called Employment Promotion Act 1996 ({{langx|de|Beschäftigungsförderungsgesetz}}) which allowed fixed term contracts for a two-year maximum and otherwise were unlawful unless they could be objectively justified. This protection was removed (apparently to "promote employment") if the employee was over 60. Further amendments then changed the age to 52. Mr. Mangold claimed that the lack of protection, over age 52, was unjustified age discrimination. The ECJ held in its judgment the German law contravened the [[Employment Equality Framework Directive]], even though it did not have to be implemented until the end of 2006. It said that, in general terms, legislation that lets employers treat people differently because of their age "offends the principle" in international law of eliminating discrimination on the basis of age. {{Citation needed|reason=Every citation must be justified by a verified source|date=March 2024}} The ECJ ruled that national courts must set aside any provision of national law which conflicts with the directive even before the period for implementation has expired.

''[[Kücükdeveci v Swedex GmbH & Co KG]]'' (2010) {{CELEX|62007J0555|text=C-555/07}} is a leading [[EU labour law]] case, which held that there is a [[General principles of European Union law|general principle of law]] in all European Union member states, against discrimination, and in favour of equal treatment.<ref name="auto1">E McGaughey, ''A Casebook on Labour Law'' (Hart 2019) ch 12, 534</ref> The case concerned Seda Kücükdeveci, who argued that the German service related statutory minimum notice period, because it disregarded employment before the age of 25, was unjustifiably discriminatory against young people. The European Court of Justice (Grand Chamber) held that the legislation was contrary to the [[Employment Equality Framework Directive]] 2000/78/EC but also following ''[[Mangold v Helm]]'' a general principle of equality which permeates all of EU law, to which the Directive merely gave expression. This is more so because the Charter of Fundamental Rights article 21(1) says the same and that has the same legal value as the treaties under TEU art 6(1). Accordingly, in paragraphs [23]-[31], it was held that the legislation in BGB §622 was discriminatory. There was not a sufficient objective justification for the measure, because although the German government's professed aim of wishing to bolster youth employment was legitimate, its measure was disproportionate. In paragraphs [44]-[56] the ECJ further held that national courts have a duty to disapply any provision of national legislation contrary to the principle of equal treatment. They should not be compelled to make a reference to the ECJ first. The EU law can only be applied when there is a cross-border issue.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |title=Case C-555/07 |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:62007CJ0555&from=GA }}</ref>

====Austria====
In [[Austria]], a person must be 18 years of age or older to stand in elections to the [[European Parliament]] or [[National Council of Austria|National Council]].<ref name=":Austria0">[https://archive.today/20070929125342/http://www.parlinkom.gv.at/pls/portal/docs/page/PG/DE/XXIII/I/I_00129/FNAMEORIG_079516.HTML 31/BNR (XXIII. GP) Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz], ss. 2 and 6, Republik Österreich Parlament (German).  Retrieved on 1 July 2007.</ref>  The Diets of regional [[States of Austria|''Länder'']] are able to set a minimum age lower than 18 for to be in the polls in elections to the Diet itself as well as to municipal councils in the Land.<ref>[http://www.ris.bka.gv.at/erv/erv_1930_1.pdf Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz - Federal Constitutional Law 1920, 1929 version] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213071748/http://www.ris.bka.gv.at/erv/erv_1930_1.pdf |date=13 February 2007 }}. Retrieved on 3 February 2007.</ref> In presidential elections the candidacy age is 35.

====Belgium====
In Belgium, the Law of 25 February 2003 "tending to fight discrimination" punishes Ageism when "a difference of treatment that lacks objective and reasonable justification is directly based on{{Nbsp}}... age". Discrimination is forbidden when it refers to providing or offering a good or service, to conditions linked to work or employment, to the appointment or promotion of an employee, and yet to the access or participation in "an economic, social, cultural or political activity accessible to the public" (Article 2nd, § 4). Incitement to discrimination, to hatred or to violence against a person or a group on the grounds of{{Nbsp}}... age (Article 6) is punished with [[incarceration|imprisonment]] and/or a fine.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.stop-discrimination.info/fileadmin/pdfs/Nationale_Inhalte/Belgium/Gesetz/25.02.2003.pdf |title= Belgium Law of 25 Feb 2003 against discrimination |language= fr |access-date= 9 May 2009 |archive-date= 21 November 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081121224824/http://www.stop-discrimination.info/fileadmin/pdfs/Nationale_Inhalte/Belgium/Gesetz/25.02.2003.pdf |url-status= dead }}&nbsp;{{small|(76.5&nbsp;KB)}}</ref><ref>[http://www.agediscrimination.info/international/Pages/Belgium.aspx Belgium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816171653/http://www.agediscrimination.info/international-age-discrimination/belgium |date=16 August 2024 }}. Agediscrimination.info. Retrieved on 11 April 2012.</ref>
Nevertheless, employment opportunities are worsening for people in their middle years in many of these countries, according to Martin Kohli ''et al.'' in ''Time for Retirement'' (1991).{{Cit|date=January 2025}}

Only a Belgian who has reached the age of 18 years can stand for election for the [[Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)|Chamber of Representatives]], can become a member of the [[Senate (Belgium)|Senate]], or can be elected in one of the regional parliaments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/files/33279516/02_c2.pdf|title=Individualism, nationalism, ethnocentrism, and authoritarianism: Evidence from Flanders by means of structural equation modeling.|last=Toharudin|first=Toni|date=2010|website=University of Groningen/UMCG research database|access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref> This is regulated in the [[Constitution of Belgium|Constitution]] (Art. 64) and in the Special Law on the Reform of the Institutions.

====Czech Republic====
In the [[Czech Republic]], a person must be at least 18 years old to be elected in local elections. A person must be at least 21 years old to be elected to the [[Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic|lower house]] of the [[Parliament of the Czech Republic|Czech Parliament]] or to the [[European Parliament]] and 40 years old to be a member of the upper house ([[Senate of the Czech Republic|Senate]]) of the Parliament<ref name=":Czech5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.psp.cz/docs/guide/|title=Průvodce Poslaneckou sněmovnou|website=www.psp.cz}}</ref> or the [[President of the Czech Republic]].

====Denmark====
In [[Denmark]], only an adult 18 years of age or older can become a candidate and be elected in any public election.{{Cit|date=January 2025}}

====Estonia====
In [[Estonia]], only a citizen 18 years of age or older can be elected in local elections, and one must be 21 years or older for [[Riigikogu|parliamentary elections]]. The minimum age for the [[President of Estonia]] is 40.<ref name=":Estonia6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.president.ee/en/estonia/constitution.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413062925/http://www.president.ee/en/estonia/constitution.php|title=Constitution of the Republic of Estonia|archive-date=13 April 2009}}</ref>

====France====
In France, Articles 225–1 through 225–4 of the [[penal code]] detail the [[criminalization|penalization]] of ageism, when it comes to an age discrimination related to the consumption of goods and services, to the exercise of an economic activity, to the [[labour economics|labor market]] or an [[intern]]ship, except in the cases foreseen in Article 225–3.<ref>[http://195.83.177.9/code/liste.phtml?lang=uk&c=33&r=3716 French Penal Code (Legifrance)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817181231/http://195.83.177.9/code/liste.phtml?lang=uk&c=33&r=3716 |date=17 August 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/id/LEGISCTA000006165298/2009-03-17/|title=Section 1 : Des discriminations (Articles 225–1 à 225–4) – Légifrance|website=www.legifrance.gouv.fr|access-date=7 December 2020|archive-date=16 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816171654/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/id/LEGISCTA000006165298/2009-03-17/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.agediscrimination.info/international/Pages/France.aspx France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816225736/http://www.agediscrimination.info/international/Pages/France.aspx |date=16 August 2011 }}. Agediscrimination.info. Retrieved on 11 April 2012.</ref>

In France, only a citizen 18 years of age or older can be elected to the [[National Assembly (France)|lower house of Parliament]], and 24 years or older is required for the [[Senate (France)|Senate]]. The minimum age for the [[President of France]] is 18.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

====Germany====
On 18 August 2006, the General Equal Treatment Act (Allgemeines Gleichbehandlungsgesetz, AGG) came into force. The aim of the AGG is to prevent and abolish discrimination on various grounds including age.<ref>[http://www.agediscrimination.info/international/Pages/Germany.aspx Germany]. Agediscrimination.info. Retrieved on 11 April 2012.</ref>

''[[Mangold v Helm]]'' (2005) [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:62004CJ0144&from=EN C-144/04] was a case before the [[European Court of Justice]] (ECJ) about age discrimination in employment.<ref name="auto4"/> Werner Mangold was a 56-year-old German man employed on a fixed term contract in a permanent [[full-time job]]. The German government introduced the so-called Employment Promotion Act 1996 ({{langx|de|Beschäftigungsförderungsgesetz}}) which allowed fixed term contracts for a two-year maximum, and otherwise were unlawful unless they could be objectively justified. But even this protection was removed (apparently to "promote employment") if the employee was over 60. Further amendments then changed the age to 52. Mr. Mangold claimed that the lack of protection, over age 52, was unjustified age discrimination. The ECJ held in its judgment the German law contravened the [[Employment Equality Framework Directive]], even though it did not have to be implemented until the end of 2006. It said that, in general terms, legislation that lets employers treat people differently because of their age "offends the principle" in international law of eliminating discrimination on the basis of age. {{Citation needed|reason=Every citation must be justified by a verified source|date=March 2024}} The ECJ ruled that national courts must set aside any provision of national law which conflicts with the directive even before the period for implementation has expired.

''[[Kücükdeveci v Swedex GmbH & Co KG]]'' (2010) {{CELEX|62007J0555|text=C-555/07}} is a leading [[EU labour law]] case, which held that there is a [[General principles of European Union law|general principle of law]] in all European Union member states, against discrimination, and in favour of equal treatment.<ref name="auto1"/> The case concerned Seda Kücükdeveci, who argued that the German service related statutory minimum notice period, because it disregarded employment before the age of 25, was unjustifiably discriminatory against young people. The European Court of Justice (Grand Chamber) held that the legislation was contrary to the [[Employment Equality Framework Directive]] 2000/78/EC, but also following ''[[Mangold v Helm]]'' a general principle of equality which permeates all of EU law, to which the Directive merely gave expression. This is more so because the Charter of Fundamental Rights article 21(1) says the same and that has the same legal value as the treaties under TEU art 6(1). Accordingly, in paragraphs [23]-[31], it was held that the legislation in BGB §622 was discriminatory. There was not a sufficient objective justification for the measure, because although the German government's professed aim of wishing to bolster youth employment was legitimate, its measure was disproportionate. In paragraphs [44]-[56] the ECJ further held that national courts have a duty to disapply any provision of national legislation contrary to the principle of equal treatment. They should not be compelled to make a reference to the ECJ first. The EU law can only be applied when there is a cross-border issue.<ref name="auto3"/>

In Germany, a citizen must be 18 or over [[Elections in Germany|to be elected]] at the national level, like the [[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]], and this age to be elected at the regional or local level. A person must be 40 or over to be [[President of Germany|President]].{{Cit|date=January 2025}}

A recent{{when|date=January 2012}} study suggested that youths in Germany feel the brunt of age discrimination.<ref>[https://www.thelocal.de/20120123/40287] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206112218/https://www.thelocal.de/20120123/40287|date=6 February 2024}}. Agediscrimination.info (23 January 2012). Retrieved on 6 February 2024.</ref>

====Greece====
In [[Greece]], only those aged 25 years old and over who hold Greek [[citizenship]] are eligible to stand and be elected to the [[Hellenic Parliament]].<ref name="archive.ipu.org">[http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2125_B.htm GREECE Vouli Ton Ellinon (Hellenic Parliament)]. ''INTER-PARLIAMENTARY UNION''. Retrieved 6 January 2019.</ref> Only those over 40 years old are eligible to stand for [[President of Greece]].{{Cit|date=January 2025}}

====Iceland====
For the office of [[President of Iceland]], only an Icelandic citizen who has reached the age of 35 and fulfills the requirement necessary to vote in elections to the [[Althing]] is eligible to be elected president.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.government.is/publications/legislation/lex/?newsid=89fc6038-fd28-11e7-9423-005056bc4d74|title=Constitution of the Republic of Iceland|website=www.government.is|language=en-US|access-date=19 June 2019}}</ref>

====Ireland====
The 1937 [[Constitution of Ireland]] requires the [[President of Ireland|President]] to be at least 35 and members of the [[Oireachtas]] (legislature) to be 21.<ref name=":Ireland12">Constitution of Ireland [http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/en/constitution/index.html#article12_4_1 Article 12.4.1°] (President) [http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/en/constitution/index.html#article16_1_1 Article 16.1.1°] ([[Dáil Éireann]]), [http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/en/constitution/index.html#article18_2 Article 18.2] ([[Seanad Éireann]])</ref><ref name="citizensinformationie">{{cite web|url=http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/birth_family_relationships/children_s_rights_and_policy/children_and_rights_in_ireland.html|title=Children and rights in Ireland|page=Elections|access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref> [[Member of the European Parliament|Members of the European Parliament]] for Ireland must also be 21.<ref name="citizensinformationie" /><ref name=":13">{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1997/en/act/pub/0002/sec0011.html|title=European Parliament Elections Act, 1997, Section 11|work=[[Irish Statute Book]]|access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref> Members of [[Local government in the Republic of Ireland|local authorities]] must be 18, reduced from 21 in 1973.<ref name="citizensinformationie" /><ref name=":14">{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1973/en/act/pub/0003/sec0004.html|title=Electoral (Amendment) Act, 1973, Section 4|work=[[Irish Statute Book]]|access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref> The 1922–1937 [[Constitution of the Irish Free State]] required [[Teachta Dála|TDs]] (members of the [[Dáil Éireann (Irish Free State)|Dáil]], lower house) to be 21,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1922/en/act/pub/0001/sched1.html|title=Constitution of the Irish Free State (Saorstát Eireann) Act, 1922, Schedule 1|work=[[Irish Statute Book]]|pages=Article 14|access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref> whereas [[Seanad Éireann (Irish Free State)|Senators]] had to be 35 (reduced to 30 in 1928).<ref name=":15">Constitution of the Irish Free State, Article 31; {{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1928/en/act/pub/0027/sec0001.html|title=Constitution (Amendment No. 8) Act, 1928, Section 1|work=[[Irish Statute Book]]|access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref> At the [[1987 Irish general election|1987 general election]], the [[High Court (Ireland)|High Court]] ruled that a candidate ([[Cork East (Dáil constituency)#1987 general election|Hugh Hall]]) was eligible who reached the minimum age after the date of nomination but before the date of election.<ref>{{cite news |title=Candidate ruled eligible |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/1987/0205/Pg011.html#Ar01102 |url-access=subscription |access-date=7 August 2024 |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=5 February 1987 |page=11}}</ref> The [[Thirty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 2015]] proposed to lower the presidential age limit to 21.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://referendum.ie/statement-age.php|title=Referendum 2015: Home|year=2015|publisher=[[Referendum Commission]]|access-date=8 May 2015|location=Dublin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508093655/http://referendum.ie/statement-age.php|archive-date=8 May 2015}}</ref> However, this proposal was rejected by 73% of the voters.{{Cit|date=January 2025}}

====Italy====
In [[Italy]], a person must be at least 50 to be President of the Republic, 40 to be a [[Italian Senate|Senator]], and 25 to be a [[Italian Chamber of Deputies|Deputy]], as specified in the 1947 [[Constitution of Italy]]. To be elected member of the Council of Regions, Provinces, and Municipalities (Communes), a candidate must be of at least 18 years of age.{{Cit|date=January 2025}}

In Rome, the first known example of a law enforcing [[age of candidacy]] was the ''[[Lex Villia Annalis]]'', a Roman law enacted in 180 BCE which set the minimum age for senatorial [[Roman Magistrates|magistrates]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Broughton |first=Thomas |title=The Magistrates of the Roman Republic |author2=Marcia Patterson |publisher=American Philological Association |year=1951 |page=388}}</ref>

====Lithuania====
In [[Lithuania]] a person must be at least:
*21 to be the [[Member of parliament]] of the [[Seimas]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}
*40 to be the [[President of Lithuania]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}

====Luxembourg====
In [[Luxembourg]] a person must be at least 18 years old to stand as a candidate to be a member of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)|Chamber of Deputies]], the country's [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] national legislature.<ref name="Luxembourg">{{cite web |url= http://www.youthpolicy.org/factsheets/country/luxembourg/ |title= Luxembourg |website= Youthpolicy.org |access-date= 5 April 2019}}</ref>

====Malta====
In [[Malta]], the voting age was lowered to 16 in 2018 to vote in national and European Parliament elections.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2018 |title=16-year-olds granted the vote in national elections |url=https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20180305/local/16-year-olds-granted-the-vote-in-national-elections.672453 |access-date=2019-01-14 |website=Times of Malta |language=en-GB}}</ref>

====Netherlands====
In the [[Netherlands]], only an adult 18 years of age or older can become elected in any public election. To be a candidate the person has to reach this age during the time for which the elections are held.{{Cit|date=January 2025}}

====Norway====
In [[Norway]], any adult, aged 18 or over within the calendar year, can become a candidate and be elected in any public election.{{Cit|date=January 2025}}

====Poland====
There are required ages for various political offices in Poland, as shown below:{{Cit|date=January 2025}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Ages of candidacy in [[Poland]]
! Type of candidate !! Minimum age
|-
|[[President of Poland|President]] || 35
|-
|[[Senate of Poland|Senator]] || 30
|-
|[[Mayor]]/[[Wójt]] || 25
|-
|[[Sejm|Member of the Parliament/Poseł]] || 21
|-
|[[Member of the European Parliament]] || 21
|-
|[[Councillor]] || 18
|}

====Portugal====
There are required ages for various political offices in Portugal, as shown below:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Ages of candidacy in [[Portugal]]
!Type of candidate
!Minimum age
!class="unsortable"|References
|-
|[[President of Portugal|President]]
|35
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/pais/o-que-e-preciso-para-ser-candidato-a-presidente-da-republica_n21988 |title=O que é preciso para ser candidato a Presidente da República|date=11 December 2005 | access-date=31 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
|[[Parliament of Portugal|Parliament]]
|18
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cne.pt/faq2/96/3 |title=Perguntas Frequentes: Candidatura |author=Comissão Nacional de Eleições (Portugal) |access-date=31 January 2018}}</ref>
|}

====Russia====
In Russia a person must be at least 35 to run for president.<ref name="ReferenceA">The Constitution of the Russian Federation: A Contextual Analysis, Henderson, Jane</ref>

====Spain====
[[Spain]] has two legislative chambers of Parliament, a lower house and an upper house. These are the [[Congress of Deputies]] (lower house) and the [[Senate of Spain]] (upper house) respectively. The minimum age requirement to stand and to be elected to either house is 18 years of age.<ref name="Spain">[http://www.youthpolicy.org/factsheets/country/spain/ Spain]. ''Youthpolicy.org''. Retrieved 6 January 2019.</ref>

====Sweden====
The Swedish Discrimination Act (2008:567) was enacted in 2008 and states that: "the purpose of the Act is to combat discrimination and in other ways promote equal rights and opportunities regardless of sex{{Nbsp}}... or age."<ref>{{cite web |title=Official translation of the Swedish Discrimination Act |url=https://www.government.se/4a788f/contentassets/6732121a2cb54ee3b21da9c628b6bdc7/oversattning-diskrimineringslagen_eng.pdf |website=Government Offices of Sweden |access-date=14 October 2020 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801115200/https://www.government.se/4a788f/contentassets/6732121a2cb54ee3b21da9c628b6bdc7/oversattning-diskrimineringslagen_eng.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

However, only a citizen at least 18 years old, who resides, or who has resided in the realm can be elected to parliament.<ref>Instrument of Government, section 3, 4 §.</ref> Citizens of Sweden, the European Union, Norway or Iceland aged 18 and over may be elected to county or municipal council. Citizens of other countries may also be elected to council, provided they have resided in the realm for at least three years.<ref>SFS (2017:725)</ref>

====Switzerland====
In [[Switzerland]], only a citizen aged 18 or over can become a candidate and be elected in any federal election.{{Cit|date=January 2025}}

====Turkey====
The [[Ottoman constitution of 1876|1876 constitution]] set the age for parliamentary elections as 30. This remained unchanged until 13 October 2006, when it was lowered to 25 through a constitutional amendment. In 2017, it was further lowered to 18, the same as the voting age.<ref>{{cite web|title=18 maddelik anayasa değişikliği teklifinin tam metni|url=https://www.evrensel.net/haber/303483/18-maddelik-anayasa-degisikligi-teklifinin-tam-metni|website=Evrensel.net|language=tr-TR|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> In presidential elections the candidacy age is 40.{{Cit|date=January 2025}}

====United Kingdom====
[[File:Barbara Robb c.1941.jpg|thumb|[[Barbara Robb]], founder of the [[Aid for the Elderly in Government Institutions]] pressure group]]
[[Barbara Robb]], founder of the British pressure group, [[Aid for the Elderly in Government Institutions]] (AEGIS), compiled ''Sans Everything: A Case to Answer'', a controversial book detailing the inadequacies of care provided for older people, which prompted a nationwide scandal in the UK in 1976. Although initially official inquiries into these allegations reported that they were "totally unfounded or grossly exaggerated",<ref>'Sans Everything (Reports of Inquiries)' ''Hansard'' HC Deb 9 July 1968 vol 768 cc213–6, 214</ref> her campaigns led to revealing of other instances of ill treatment which were accepted and prompted the government to implement NHS policy changes.<ref name="Anon 1974">Anon, 'Disturbing report on a hospital: health authorities to be asked to review standards of care' ''Times'', 16 May 1974, 16</ref>

Councillor Richard Thomas brought up the issue of age discrimination at an early stage at a meeting of Bracknell Forest Council in March 1983. He pointed out it is a double side process, with discrimination working against both older and younger citizens.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022|reason=needs a reliable source for attributing quote to a named individual [[WP:VER]] [[WP:BLP]]}}

The [[Judicial Pensions and Retirement Act 1993]] establishes mandatory retirement for judges at the age of 75.<ref name="1993c8s26">{{cite legislation UK |type=act |act=Judicial Pensions and Retirement Act 1993 |year=1993 |chapter=8 |section=26}}</ref> This was increased from 70 in 2022.<!--See note F1: Public Service Pensions and Judicial Offices Act 2022 in force 10 March 2022--><ref name="1993c8s26"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/judicial-retirement-age-to-rise-to-75#:~:text=Judges%2C%20magistrates%2C%20and%20coroners%20will,increase%20their%20mandatory%20retirement%20age.&text=The%20move%2C%20which%20will%20raise,these%20rules%20in%2027%20years. | title=Judicial retirement age to rise to 75 |website=GOV.UK |publisher=Ministry of Justice |first=Robert |last=Buckland |author-link=Robert Buckland}}</ref>

A person must be aged 18 or over to stand in [[Elections in the United Kingdom|elections]] to all parliaments, assemblies, and councils within the UK, [[devolution|devolved]], or local level. This age requirement also applies in elections to any individual elective public office; the main example is that of an [[Elected mayors in the United Kingdom|elected mayor]], whether of [[Mayor of London|London]] or a [[Local government in the United Kingdom|local authority]]. There are no higher age requirements for particular positions in public office. Candidates are required to be aged 18 on both the day of nomination and the day of the poll. This was reduced from 21 by the [[Electoral Administration Act 2006]].{{Cit|date=January 2025}}

In the UK, age discrimination laws were first brought into force in October 2006<ref>[http://www.agediscrimination.info/legislation/Pages/IntheUK.aspx In the UK] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326041717/http://www.agediscrimination.info/legislation/Pages/IntheUK.aspx |date=26 March 2011 }}. Agediscrimination.info. Retrieved on 11 April 2012.</ref> and can be found in the [[Equality Act 2010]], which implements the Equal Treatment Framework Directive [[2000/78/EC]] and protects employees against direct discrimination, [[indirect discrimination]], [[harassment]] and [[victimisation]]. Pursuant to the [[Equality Act 2010]] it is generally unlawful to discriminate based upon age in the provision of goods and services.<ref>{{cite web |title=Age discrimination – when discrimination is allowed in the provision of goods or services |url=https://www.citizensadvice.org.uk/consumer/discrimination-in-the-provision-of-goods-and-services/discrimination-in-the-provision-of-goods-and-services1/goods-and-services-what-are-the-different-types-of-discrimination/what-doesn-t-count-as-unlawful-discrimination-in-goods-and-services/age-discrimination-when-discrimination-is-allowed-in-the-provision-of-goods-or-services/ |website=Citizens Advice |access-date=27 April 2020}}</ref>

In October 2006 with the [[Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006]], the UK Labour Government introduced a Default Retirement Age, whereby employers were able to terminate or deny employment to people over 65 without a reason. A legal challenge to this failed in September 2009, although a review of the legislation was expected in 2010 by the new Conservative/Liberal Democrat coalition government.<ref name="BBCChallengeFails">{{cite news
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8274328.stm
|title=UK retirement age challenge fails
|work=BBC News
|date=2009-09-25
|access-date=2009-09-25
}}</ref><ref name="BBCQnA">{{cite news
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8273789.stm
|title=Q&A: Retirement ruling
|publisher=BBC News
|date=2009-09-25
|access-date=2009-09-25
}}</ref> This review took place and on 17 February 2011 [[Department for Business, Innovation and Skills|BIS]] published the draft Regulations abolishing the Default Retirement Age.<ref>{{cite web |title=Phasing out the Default Retirement Age: Consultation Document |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/31485/10-1047-default-retirement-age-consultation.pdf |website=GOV.UK |publisher=Department for Business, Innovation and Skills |access-date=26 April 2020 |date=July 2010}}</ref> Revised regulations were later implemented and, as of 6 April 2011, employers can no longer give employees notice of retirement under Default Retirement Age provisions and will need to objectively justify any compulsory retirement age still in place to avoid age discrimination claims.<ref>{{cite web |title=Default Retirement Age to end this year |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/default-retirement-age-to-end-this-year |website=GOV.UK |publisher=Department for Business, Innovation & Skills |access-date=26 April 2020 |date=13 January 2011}}</ref>

There have been many notable cases and official statistics show a 37% increase in claims in 2009/10<ref>[http://www.agediscrimination.info/News/Pages/ItemPage.aspx?Item=218 37% rise in age discrimination claims] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414085441/http://www.agediscrimination.info/News/Pages/ItemPage.aspx?Item=218 |date=14 April 2011 }}. Agediscrimination.info (8 July 2010). Retrieved on 11 April 2012.</ref> and a further 31% increase in 2010/11.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-04 |title=Age discrimination news — age discrimination |url=http://www.agediscrimination.info/news |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=agediscrimination.info |language=en-US}}</ref> Examples include a case involving Rolls-Royce,<ref>{{Cite web |title=ItemPage |url=http://www.agediscrimination.info/cases/Pages/ItemPage.aspx?Item=93 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160605113948/http://www.agediscrimination.info/cases/Pages/ItemPage.aspx?Item=93 |archive-date=2016-06-05 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=www.agediscrimination.info}}</ref> the "Heyday" case brought by [[Age UK]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=ItemPage |url=http://www.agediscrimination.info/cases/Pages/ItemPage.aspx?Item=114 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160605124928/http://www.agediscrimination.info/cases/Pages/ItemPage.aspx?Item=114 |archive-date=2016-06-05 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=www.agediscrimination.info}}</ref> and the [[Miriam O'Reilly]] case against the [[BBC]] (2011).<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2011 |title=O'Reilly v BBC (Employment Tribunal decision) |url=http://www.agediscrimination.info/cases/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817013151/http://www.agediscrimination.info/cases/Pages/ItemPage.aspx?Item=412 |archive-date=17 August 2011 |access-date=11 April 2012 }}</ref>

The European Social Study survey in 2011 revealed that nearly two out of five people claim to have been shown a lack of respect because of their age. The survey suggested that the UK is riven by intergenerational splits, with half of the people admitting they do not have a single friend over 70; this compares with only a third of Portuguese, Swiss and Germans who say that they do not have a friend of that age or older.<ref>[http://www.agediscrimination.info/News/Pages/ItemPage.aspx?Item=546 UK among Europe's worst countries for Ageism and age discrimination]. Agediscrimination.info (30 October 2011). Retrieved on 11 April 2012.</ref> A Demos study in 2012 showed that three-quarters of people in the UK believed there to be not enough opportunities for older and younger people to meet and work together.<ref>[http://www.agediscrimination.info/News/Pages/ItemPage.aspx?Item=637 Older people in Britain are more concerned about age discrimination than their European neighbours] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127232145/http://www.agediscrimination.info/News/Pages/ItemPage.aspx?Item=637 |date=27 January 2016 }}. Agediscrimination.info (25 May 2012). Retrieved on 30 May 2012.</ref>

The "Grey Pride" campaign has advocated for a Minister for Older People and had some success in 2011 when former Labour Leader [[Ed Miliband]] appointed [[Liz Kendall]] as Shadow Minister for Older People.<ref>[http://www.agediscrimination.info/News/Pages/ItemPage.aspx?Item=555 Shadow minister for older people is a 'thorn in the side' of the coalition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522093317/http://www.agediscrimination.info/News/Pages/ItemPage.aspx?Item=555 |date=22 May 2012 }}. Agediscrimination.info (25 October 2011). Retrieved on 11 April 2012.</ref>

In 2011, the artist Michael Freedman, an outspoken advocate against age discrimination within the art world, said that "I am really pissed off with the organisers of the majority of the competitions that seek artists to enter them. Many restrict entrants to those who are under 35! I have never seen a reason for this" and that "mature students, like me, come to art late in life, so why are we penalised and demotivated? Whatever happened to lifelong learning and the notion of a flexible workforce?"<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.michaelfreedman.co.uk/2011/12/ageism-in-the-art-world/|first = Michael|last = Freedman|title = Ageism in the Art World|date = 29 December 2011|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140508205817/http://www.michaelfreedman.co.uk/2011/12/ageism-in-the-art-world/|archive-date = 8 May 2014|access-date = 15 April 2019|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

===Middle East===

====Iran====
In [[Iran]] a person must be at least 21 years old to run for president.<ref name=":Iran8">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/interactive/2013/06/2013611135620419515.html|title=Infographic: Choosing Iran's next president|last=Piven|first=Ben|author2=Ben Willers|date=11 June 2013|work=Al Jazeera English|access-date=12 June 2013}}</ref>

====Iraq====
The Iraqi constitution states that a person must be at least 40 years old to run for president<ref name="Iraq:9">Constitution of Iraq, Article 68</ref> and 35 years old to be prime minister.<ref name=":Iraq">Constitution of Iraq, Article 77</ref><ref name=":11">Iraqi Election Law 2019, Article 8(1)</ref> Until 2019, the electoral law set the age limit at 30 years old for candidates to run for the Council of Representatives.<ref>Law No. 45 of 2013 on Election of the Council of Representatives, Article 8 (a)</ref> However, the new Iraqi Council of Representatives Election Law (passed in 2019, yet to be enacted) lowered the age limit to 28.<ref>Law No.X of 2019 The Iraqi Council of Representatives Election Law, article 8(1)</ref>

====Israel====
A 2006 decision by Israel's High Court of Justice stated that mandatory retirement at age 67 does not discriminate against the elderly.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=MANDATORY RETIREMENT IS IT LEGAL?|author=Suri Epstein|magazine=[[binah (magazine)|Binah]]|date=5 February 2018|pages=25–26}}</ref>

In Israel one must be at least 21 to become a member of the [[Knesset]] ([[Basic Law: The Knesset]] section 6(a)) or a [[Municipal elections in Israel|municipality]]. When the [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]] was directly elected, one must have been a member of the Knesset who is at least 30 to be a candidate for prime minister. Every Israeli Citizen (including minors) can be appointed as a [[Government of Israel|Government]] Minister or elected as [[President of Israel]], but the latter role is mostly ceremonial and elected by the Parliament.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}

====Palestine====
Palestinian parliamentary candidates must be at least 28 years old, while the presidential candidates must be at least 40 years old.<ref>{{Cite web|title=General Election Laws|url=https://www.elections.ps/tabid/344/language/en-US/Default.aspx|access-date=2021-03-24|website=www.elections.ps}}</ref>

==Advocacy against ageism==
[[File:Child Labor in United States 1910 working night shift.jpg|thumb|A 14-year-old newsboy in New York City, 1910]]
The [[Newsboys Strike of 1899]] fought ageist employment practices targeted against the youth by large newspaper syndicates in the [[Northeastern United States|Northeast]] of America. The strikers demonstrated across the city for several days, effectively stopping circulation of the two papers, along with the news distribution for many [[New England]] cities. The strike lasted two weeks, causing Pulitzer's ''[[New York World]]'' to decrease its circulation from 360,000 papers sold per day to 125,000.<ref>Nasaw, David. (1999) "Ch. 3: Youse an' yer noble scrap: On strike with the Newsboy Legion in 1899." in ''Big Town, Big Time.'' New York: New York Daily News. p. 9.</ref> Although the price of papers was not lowered, the strike was successful in forcing the ''World'' and ''Journal'' to offer full buybacks to their sellers, thus increasing the amount of money that newsies received for their work.<ref>Mott, F.L. (2000) ''American Journalism''. New York: Routledge. p. 598.</ref>

The [[American Youth Congress]], or AYC, was formed in 1935 to advocate for [[youth rights]] in U.S. politics. It ended in 1940.<ref>Black, A., Hopkins, J. ''et al.'' (2003) [http://www.nps.gov/archive/elro/glossary/american-youth-congress.htm "American Youth Congress,"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019032029/http://www.nps.gov/archive/elro/glossary/american-youth-congress.htm |date=19 October 2007 }} ''The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers.'' Teaching Eleanor Roosevelt. Hyde Park, New York: Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site. Retrieved 7/30/07.</ref>
[[File:AARP Pride Booth Boston 2017.png|thumb|[[AARP]] booth at [[Boston]] Pride Festival, 2017]]
[[AARP]] was founded in 1958 by [[Ethel Percy Andrus]] (a retired educator from California) and Leonard Davis (later the founder of the [[Colonial Penn Life Insurance Company|Colonial Penn Group]] of insurance companies).<ref>{{cite news|work=Los Angeles Times|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-jan-23-me-15772-story.html|date=23 January 2001|title=Local: Obituary|access-date=14 August 2024|archive-date=22 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622165919/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-jan-23-me-15772-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.usc.edu/6078/Obituary-AARP-founder-philanthropist-Leonard-Davis-76/|work=USC News|title=AARP Founder: Philanthropist Leonard Davis, 76|access-date=25 April 2020|archive-date=30 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630130656/https://news.usc.edu/6078/Obituary-AARP-founder-philanthropist-Leonard-Davis-76/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its stated mission is "to empower people to choose how they live as they age".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aarp.org/about-aarp/|title=About AARP|access-date=9 November 2018|archive-date=3 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903231207/https://www.aarp.org/about-aarp/|url-status=live}}</ref> It is an influential [[lobbying]] group in the United States focusing largely on issues affecting the elderly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenonprofittimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/8-1-15_Top50PI.pdf|title=The 2015 Power & Influence Top 50|date=31 August 2015|website=The NonProfit Times|access-date=25 April 2020|archive-date=17 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917105905/http://www.thenonprofittimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/8-1-15_Top50PI.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/top-lobbyists/258317-top-lobbyists-2015-grassroots/|title=Top Lobbyists 2015: Grassroots|last=Dickson|first=Rebecca|date=28 October 2015|access-date=26 September 2016}}</ref>

[[Aid for the Elderly in Government Institutions]] (AEGIS) was a British [[pressure group]] that campaigned to improve the care of older people in long-stay wards of [[National Health Service]] [[psychiatric hospitals]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archives.lse.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=AEGIS|title=AEGIS – AEGIS (Aid to the Elderly in Government Institutions)|website=LSE Library Services|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926161816/https://archives.lse.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=AEGIS|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Whitewash">{{Cite news|title=Whitewash in the old folks' wards|last=Robinson|first=Anne|date=5 April 1970|work=Sunday Times}}</ref> The group was founded by [[Barbara Robb]] in 1965,<ref name="Whitewash" /> and was active until her death in 1976.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The patients' campaigner|date=25 June 1976|work=Hampstead and Highgate Express}}</ref>

The [[Gray Panthers]] was formed in 1970 by [[Maggie Kuhn]], with a goal of eliminating [[mandatory retirement]] in the United States; they now work on many [[social justice]] issues including eliminating ageism.<ref>Kuhn, M., Long, C. and Quinn, L. (1991) ''No Stone Unturned: the Life and Times of Maggie Kuhn.'' Ballantine Books.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aarp.org/politics-society/history/champions-of-aging-photos/older-american-maggie-kuhn-gray-panthers.html|title=Maggie Kuhn – Champions of Aging|first=Patrick J.|last=Kiger|website=AARP|access-date=7 December 2020|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121220455/https://www.aarp.org/politics-society/history/champions-of-aging-photos/older-american-maggie-kuhn-gray-panthers.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.graypanthersnyc.org/about_us/ |title=About Us |publisher=Gray Panthers Nyc |date=27 August 2018 |access-date=25 April 2020 |archive-date=21 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221081558/http://www.graypanthersnyc.org/about_us/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor]] was an organization based in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]]. It existed from 1970 to 1979 and is often cited in more recent academic literature as one of the leading forerunners of several [[youth movement]]s in the United States, including the [[youth rights movement]], [[youth voice|youth voice movement]], and the [[youth-led media|youth media movement]].

[[Three O'Clock Lobby]] was formed in 1976 to promote [[youth participation]] throughout traditionally ageist government structures in Michigan.{{Cit|date=January 2025}}

Old Lesbians Organizing for Change was founded in 1987; the mission of the organization is to "eliminate the oppression of ageism and to stand in solidarity against all oppressions" through "[the] cooperative community of Old Lesbian feminist activists from many backgrounds working for justice and the well-being of all old lesbians."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8z89fjx/|title=Finding Aid for the Old Lesbians Organizing for Change records 1986–1992 LSC.2203|website=oac.cdlib.org}}</ref> Their initial meeting was inspired by the publication of the book ''Look Me in the Eye: Old Women, Aging and Ageism'' by [[Barbara Macdonald]] and Cynthia Rich in 1983.<ref name="ref2">{{cite web
 | url=http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/sophiasmith/mnsss547_bioghist.html
 | title=Old Lesbians Organizing for Change Records
 | access-date=27 March 2015
 | archive-date=11 September 2015
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911172316/http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/sophiasmith/mnsss547_bioghist.html
 | url-status=dead
 }}</ref>

Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions was formed in 1996 to "advance the civil and human rights of young people through eliminating ageist laws targeted against young people", and "to help youth counter ageism in America".<ref>{{cite web|work=ASFAR |year=2006 |url=http://www.asfar.org/articles.php |title=Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions Articles of Incorporation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609192032/http://www.asfar.org/articles.php |archive-date=9 June 2007}}</ref>

[[Peacefire]] is a [[United States|U.S.]]-based [[website]], with a registered address in [[Bellevue, Washington]], dedicated to "preserving [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] rights for [[Internet]] users, particularly those younger than 18". It was founded in August 1996 by [[Bennett Haselton]], who still runs it. The site's motto is, "You'll understand when you're younger."{{Cit|date=January 2025}}

[[File:NYRA Berkeley voting age protest.jpg|thumb|[[National Youth Rights Association]] members protesting the [[Voting age#United States|voting age]] in [[Berkeley, California]] (2004)]]
The [[National Youth Rights Association]] started in 1998 to promote awareness of the legal and human rights of young people in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|work=National Youth Rights Association|year=2001|url=http://www.youthrights.org/docs/nyraarticlesofinc.pdf|title=National Youth Rights Association Articles of Incorporation (Partial)|access-date=18 May 2007|archive-date=25 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225142005/http://www.youthrights.org/docs/nyraarticlesofinc.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Freechild Project]] was formed in 2001 in the United States to identify, unify and promote diverse opportunities for youth engagement in social change by fighting ageism.{{Cit|date=January 2025}}

The [[Global Youth Action Network]] (GYAN) is an international network of youth [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]]s spanning 180 countries, and headquartered in New York, near the United Nations. GYAN is a youth-led not for profit organization (registered in 2001, New York [USA], under section 501[c]3) that incubates global partnerships and increases youth participation in decision-making. GYAN has registered chapters in Brazil, Colombia, France, Ghana, Mexico, and South Africa, with teams working out of an additional eight countries.{{Cit|date=January 2025}}

In 2002, [[The Freechild Project]] created an information and training initiative to provide resources to youth organizations and schools focused on youth rights.<ref>(n.d.) [http://www.freechild.org/SNAYR/index.htm Survey of North American Youth Rights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206100316/http://www.freechild.org/SNAYR/index.htm |date=6 February 2007 }} The Freechild Project website.</ref>

[[Votes at 16]], founded in 2003, is a campaign in the [[United Kingdom]] which argues in favour of the reduction of the [[voting age]] to 16 for all public elections. The campaign espouses several principles in favour of lowering the voting age.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://votesat16.org.uk/|title=Votes at Sixteen Campaign|publisher=Votes at 16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030606185814/http://www.votesat16.org.uk/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=June 6, 2003}}</ref>

Director [[Paul Weitz (filmmaker)|Paul Weitz]] reported he wrote the 2004 film, ''[[In Good Company (2004 film)|In Good Company]]'', to reveal how ageism affects youth and adults.<ref>Hellerman, A. (2005) [http://www.wgaeast.org/features/2005/03/18/paul_weitz/index.html Working Solo in Good Company]{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Writers Guild of America, East website.</ref>

In 2006 Lydia Giménez-Llort, an assistant professor of Psychiatry and researcher at the [[Autonomous University of Barcelona]] coined the term "Snow White Syndrome" at the "Congrés de la Gent Gran de Cerdanyola del Vallès" (Congress of the Elderly of Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain) as a metaphor to define ageism in an easier and more friendly way while developing a constructive spirit against it. The metaphor is based on both the auto-ageism and adultocracy exhibited by the [[Queen (Snow White)|evil queen]] of the [[Snow White]] fairy tale as well as the social ageism symbolized by the mirror.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saberenvejecer.es/saberhacer_30.html|language=es|title=Envellir bé · Successful Ageing · Saber Envejecer website – Know-how.|access-date=13 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425094931/http://www.saberenvejecer.es/saberhacer_30.html|archive-date=25 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Since 2008 "The Intergenerational Study" by Lydia Giménez-Llort and Paula Ramírez-Boix from the [[Autonomous University of Barcelona]] aims to find the basis of the link between grandparents and grandsons (positive family relationships) that can minimize the ageism towards the elderly. Students at several Spanish universities enrolled in this study which soon{{When|date=January 2025}} will be also performed in the US, Nigeria, Barbados, Argentina, and Mexico. The preliminary results reveal that "The Intergenerational study questionnaire" induces young people to do a reflexive and autocritic analysis of their intergenerational relationships in contrast to those shown towards other unrelated old people which results very positive to challenge ageism. A [[wikt:Cortometraje|cortometraje]] about "The International Study" has been directed and produced by Tomás Sunyer from [[Los Angeles City College]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saberenvejecer.es/investigar_25.html|language=es|title=Envellir bé : Successful Ageing · Saber envejecer website – Research.|access-date=13 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423185650/http://www.saberenvejecer.es/investigar_25.html|archive-date=23 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[International Youth Rights]] (IYR), (Chinese: 国际青年权利会, Korean: 국제청소년권리협회) is a non-profit, non-political, international organization, founded in 2009 to advance the rights of youth. Its motto is "A united force of the youth, by the youth, for the youth and beyond."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://international-youth-rights.html/|title=International Youth Rights|website=international-youth-rights.html|language=en|access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref>

Queer activists glitter bombed [[Dan Savage]] on January 21, 2012, on the way into his "[[It Gets Better]]" show at the Vogue Theatre in Vancouver. His response was "Oh no! Not again!" The group said the bombing was in response to "ableism, ageism, classism, misogyny, racism, rape-apologism, [[serophobia]], sizism, transphobia and, oh yeah, [[Savage Love|that column]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Oommen |first=Isaac |url=http://vancouver.mediacoop.ca/photo/dan-savage-glitterbombed/9681 |title=Dan Savage Glitterbombed |publisher=Vancouver Media Co-op |date=January 21, 2012 |access-date=January 26, 2012 |archive-date=May 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511055859/http://vancouver.mediacoop.ca/photo/dan-savage-glitterbombed/9681 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Chilean director [[Sebastian Lelio]] created a U.S. version of his acclaimed 2013 film ''[[Gloria (2013 film)|Gloria]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/11/will-a-us-adaptation-ruin-sebastian-lelios-gloria/543951/|title=Will a U.S. Adaptation Ruin Sebastian Lelio's Gloria?|last=Abbady|first=Tal|date=26 November 2017|website=The Atlantic|access-date=28 November 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032323/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/11/will-a-us-adaptation-ruin-sebastian-lelios-gloria/543951/|url-status=live}}</ref> The original film challenges the notion that as women age they become culturally "invisible";<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Isopahkala-Bouret|first=Ulpukka|date=2017|title="It's a great benefit to have gray hair!": The intersection of gender, aging, and visibility in midlife professional women's narratives|journal=Journal of Women & Aging|volume=29|issue=3|pages=267–277|doi=10.1080/08952841.2016.1142773|pmid=27629496|s2cid=33967941}}</ref> they may continue to be powerful, desirable, and sexually active. In the 2018 English [[remake]], titled ''[[Gloria Bell]]'', actress [[Julianne Moore]] portrayed the lead character.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cannes-julianne-moore-star-imagining-sebastian-lelios-gloria-1002948|title=Cannes: Julianne Moore to Star in Re-Imagining of Sebastian Lelio's 'Gloria'|last=Ford|first=Rebecca|date=12 May 2017|website=Hollywood Reporter|access-date=28 November 2017|archive-date=27 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127003900/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cannes-julianne-moore-star-imagining-sebastian-lelios-gloria-1002948|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dargis |first1=Manohla |title='Gloria Bell' Review: Love Is in the Air for a Transcendent Julianne Moore |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/07/movies/gloria-bell-review.html |access-date=29 July 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=7 March 2019}}</ref>

[[Choose Responsibility]] and their successor organization, the [[Amethyst Initiative]], founded by [[John McCardell, Jr.]], exist to promote the discussion of the drinking age, specifically. Choose Responsibility focuses on promoting a legal drinking age of 18, but includes provisions such as education and licensing. The Amethyst Initiative, a collaboration of college presidents and other educators, focuses on discussion and examination of the drinking age, with specific attention paid to the culture of alcohol as it exists on college campuses and the negative impact of the drinking age on alcohol education and responsible drinking.{{Cit|date=January 2025}}

The [http://europa.eu/youth/_en European Youth Portal] is the starting place for the European Union's youth policy, with [[Erasmus+]] as one of its key initiatives.{{Cit|date=January 2025}}

The [http://www.youthforum.org European Youth Forum] (YFJ, from Youth Forum Jeunesse) is the platform of the National Youth Council and International Non-Governmental Youth Organisations in Europe. It strives for youth rights in International Institutions such as the European Union, the Council of Europe and the United Nations.
The European Youth Forum works in the fields of youth policy and youth work development. It focuses its work on European youth policy matters, whilst through engagement on the global level it is enhancing the capacities of its members and promoting global interdependence. In its daily work the European Youth Forum represents the views and opinions of youth organisations in all relevant policy areas and promotes the cross-sectoral nature of youth policy towards a variety of institutional actors. The principles of equality and sustainable development are mainstreamed in the work of the European Youth Forum.
Other International youth rights organizations include [[Article 12 in Scotland]] and K.R.A.T.Z.A. in Germany.{{Cit|date=January 2025}}

[[Young India Foundation]] (YIF) is a youth-led youth rights organization in India, based in Gurgaon with regional chapters across India. Its aim is to make voices of youth be heard across India and seek representation for the 60% of India's demographic that is below the age of 25.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://youngindiafoundation.org|title=Home|website=Young India Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-17}}</ref> YIF is also the organization behind the age of candidacy campaign to bring down the age when a Member of Legislative Assembly or Member of Parliament can contest the elections.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ageofcandidacy.in/|title=Age of Candidacy|website=ageofcandidacy.in|language=en|access-date=2018-07-17|archive-date=2018-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718030912/https://ageofcandidacy.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Accusations of ageism ===
In a 2005 interview, actor [[Pierce Brosnan]] cited ageism as one of the contributing factors as to why he was not asked to continue his role as [[James Bond]] in the Bond film ''[[Casino Royale (2006 film)|Casino Royale]]'', released in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|last = Cox|first = John|date = 5 November 2005|url = http://commanderbond.net/article/2994|title = Brosnan Bares All For Playboy|website = CommanderBond.net|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060702020428/http://commanderbond.net/article/2994|archive-date = 2 July 2006|access-date = 15 April 2019|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

Singer and actress [[Madonna]] spoke out in her 50s about ageism and her fight to defy the norms of society.<ref>{{cite web|date = 18 June 2008|url = http://www.carefair.com/html/Madonna_Not_Giving_In_to_Ageism_5301.html|title = Madonna not giving in to Ageism|publisher = Care Fair|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081013071815/http://www.carefair.com/html/Madonna_Not_Giving_In_to_Ageism_5301.html|archive-date = 13 October 2008|access-date = 17 January 2009|df = dmy-all}}</ref> In 2015, [[Radio 1 Madonna controversy|BBC Radio 1 were accused of ageism]] after the station did not add her new single to their playlist. Similarly, ''[[Sex and the City]]'' star [[Kim Cattrall]] has also raised the issue of ageism.<ref>[http://www.agediscrimination.info/News/Pages/ItemPage.aspx?Item=382 Kim Cattrall's red carpet rant: "down with Ageism and age discrimination"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816172247/http://www.agediscrimination.info/news |date=16 August 2024 }}. Agediscrimination.info (5 April 2011). Retrieved on 11 April 2012.</ref>

[[Margaret Morganroth Gullette]]'s 2017 book, ''Ending Ageism or How Not to Shoot Old People'', provides multiple examples to illustrate the pervasiveness of ageism and delivers a call to action.<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.wbur.org/artery/2017/08/15/ending-ageism |title = Who Are You Calling Old? Brandeis Scholar Argues For An End To Ageism |author = Erin Trahan |date = 15 August 2017 |publisher = The ARTery |access-date = 29 October 2019 |archive-date = 29 October 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191029231217/https://www.wbur.org/artery/2017/08/15/ending-ageism |url-status = live }}</ref>

==See also==
{{cols|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Adultism]]
* [[Age of candidacy]]
* [[Age discrimination in the United States]]
* [[Age stratification]]
* [[Aging brain]]
* [[Aging in the American workforce]] (related: the "[[The Silver Tsunami|silver tsunami]]" metaphor)
* ''[[Codename: Kids Next Door]]''
* [[Elder rights]]
* [[Ephebiphobia]]
* [[Generation]]
* [[Gerontocracy]]
* [[Gerontophobia]]
* [[International Day of Older Persons]]
* [[Lockstep compensation]] or Seniority-Based Compensation
* [[List of age-related terms with negative connotations]]
* [[List of youth organizations]]
* [[Mandatory retirement]]
* [[Memory and aging]]
* [[OK boomer]]
* [[Pedophobia (social phenomena)|Pedophobia]]
* [[Power harassment]]
* [[Prejudice]]
* [[Rankism]]
* [[Retirement age]]
* [[The Silver Tsunami]] (metaphor)
* [[You kids get off my lawn!]]
* [[Youth exclusion]]
* [[Youth rights]]
* [[Youth unemployment]]
{{colend}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|35em}}
* {{cite book
 |last      = Applewhite
 |first     = Ashton
 |title     = This Chair Rocks: A Manifesto Against Ageism
 |url       = http://amzn.com/0996934707
 |year      = 2016
 |publisher = Networked Books
 |isbn      = 978-0996934701
}}
* Ayalon, L., & Tesch-Römer, C. (Eds.). (2018). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783319738192 Contemporary perspectives on ageism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816172315/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-73820-8 |date=16 August 2024 }}''. Springer International Publishing.
* {{cite book
 |last = Barnes
 |first = Patricia G.
 |title = Betrayed: The Legalization of Age Discrimination in the Workplace |year=2014
 |publisher = Patricia G. Barnes
 |isbn=978-0-9898708-1-8
 }}
* {{cite book |last=Bergling |first=Tim |title = Reeling in the Years: Gay Men's Perspectives on Age and Ageism |year=2004 |publisher = Southern Tier Editions, Harrington Park Press |location = New York, NY |isbn=978-1-56023-370-1 |oclc=52166116 }}
* {{cite book |last=Bytheway |first=Bill |title = Ageism |year=1995 |publisher = Open University Press |location = Buckingham; Bristol, PA |isbn=978-0-335-19176-5 |oclc=30733778}}
* {{cite book |last=Calasanti |first=Toni M. and Kathleen F. Slevin |title=Age Matters: Realigning Feminist Thinking |year=2006 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-415-95223-1 |oclc=65400440 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/agemattersrealig0000unse }}
* {{cite journal |last=Copper |first=Barbara |title = Ageism in the Lesbian Community |journal = Journal of Lesbian Studies |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=7–12 |year=1987 |publisher=Crossing Press |location = Freedom, CA |isbn=978-0895942364 |oclc=16331354 |pmid=25575317 |doi = 10.1080/10894160.2015.972303 |s2cid=39302695}}
* {{cite book |last=Cruikshank |first=Margaret |title = Learning to be Old: Gender, Culture, and Aging |year=2003 |publisher = Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |location = Lanham, MD |isbn=978-0-8476-9848-6 |oclc=49566317}}
* {{cite book |last = Eglit |first = Howard C. |title = Elders on Trial: Age and Ageism in the American Legal System |year=2004 |publisher = University Press of Florida |location = Gainesville, FL |isbn=978-0-8130-2765-4 |oclc=56482087}}
* {{cite book |last=Gaster |first=Lucy |title = Past it at 40?: A Grassroots View of Ageism and Discrimination in Employment: A Report |year=2002 |publisher = The Policy Press |location = Bristol, England |isbn=978-1-86134-484-7 |oclc=51802692}}
* {{cite book |last1=Glover |first1 = Ian |last2=Glover |first2 = Mohamed Branine |title = Ageism in Work and Employment |year=2001 |publisher=Ashgate |location = Aldershot, England; Burlington, VT |isbn=978-1-84014-149-8 |oclc=45487982}}
* {{cite book |last=Gravagne |first=Pamela H. |title = The Becoming of Age: Cinematic Visions of Mind, Body and Identity in Later Life |year=2013 |publisher=McFarland |location = Jefferson, NC |isbn=978-0-7864-7260-4}}
* {{cite book |last = Gullette |first = Margaret Morganroth |title = Aged by Culture |year=2004 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location = Chicago, IL |isbn=978-0-226-31062-6 |oclc=52514302 }}
* {{cite book |last = Gullette |first = Margaret Morganroth |title = Agewise: Fighting the New Ageism in America |year=2011 |publisher = University of Chicago Press |location = Chicago, IL |isbn=978-0-226-31073-2 }}
* {{cite book |last = Gullette |first = Margaret Morganroth |title = Declining to Decline: Cultural Combat and the Politics of the Midlife |year=1997 |publisher = University Press of Virginia |location = Charlottesville, VA |isbn=978-0-8139-1721-4 |oclc=35986171 }}
* {{cite journal |last = Kimmel | first = D.C. | year = 1988 | title = Ageism, psychology, and public policy | journal = American Psychologist | volume = 43 | issue = 3 | pages = 175–178 | doi=10.1037/0003-066x.43.3.175| pmid = 3364853 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Kite | first1 = M.E. | last2 = Johnson | first2 = B.T. |year = 1988 | title = Attitudes towards older and younger adults: A meta-analysis | journal = Psychology and Aging | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages = 232–244 | doi = 10.1037/0882-7974.3.3.233 | pmid = 3268264 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Lagacé |first1=Martine |display-authors = etal |title = L'Âgisme: Comprendre et changer le regard social sur le vieillissement |language = fr |year=2010 |publisher = Presses de l'Université Laval (PUL) |location = Quebec City, Quebec |isbn=978-2-7637-8781-7 |oclc=632095367 }}
* {{cite book |editor=[[Robin Morgan]] |title=Sisterhood Is Forever: The Women's Anthology for a New Millennium (specifically the piece "The Politics of Aging" by Barbara Macdonald) |year=2003 |publisher=Washington Square Press |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-7434-6627-1 |oclc=760003303 |url=https://archive.org/details/sisterhoodisfore00morg }}
* {{cite book |editor=[[Robin Morgan]] |title = Sisterhood is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings From The Women's Liberation Movement (specifically the piece "It hurts to be alive and obsolete: the ageing woman" by Zoe Moss) |year=1970 |publisher=Random House |location = New York, NY |isbn=978-0-394-70539-2 |oclc=96157 |title-link = Sisterhood is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings From The Women's Liberation Movement }}
* {{cite book |author1-link = Barbara Macdonald |first1 = Barbara |last1 = Macdonald |first2 = Cynthia |last2 = Rich |title = Look Me in the Eye: Old Women, Aging and Ageism |year = 2001 |publisher = Spinsters Ink Books |location = Tallahassee, FL |isbn = 978-1883523404 |oclc = 198557801 |url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781883523404 }}
* {{cite book |last=Macnicol |first=John |title = Age Discrimination: An Historical and Contemporary Analysis |year=2006 |publisher = Cambridge University |location = Cambridge, England |isbn=978-0-521-84777-3 |oclc=61176543 }}
* {{cite book |last=Nelson |first = Todd D. |title = Ageism: Stereotyping and Prejudice Against Older Persons |year=2002 |publisher=MIT Press |location = Cambridge, MA |isbn=978-0-262-14077-5 |oclc=47863229 }}
* {{cite journal |last = Nelson |first = T. D. |s2cid = 10632570 |year = 2005 |title = Ageism: Prejudice against our feared future self |journal = Journal of Social Issues |volume = 61 |issue = 2 |pages = 207–221 |doi = 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00402.x }}
* Nelson, T. D. (2015). Ageism. In T. D. Nelson (Ed.), Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination (2nd Ed.). New York: Psychology Press. 
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Palmore |editor1-first=Erdman |editor2=Laurence Branch |editor3=Diana Harris |title=Encyclopedia of Ageism |year=2005 |publisher=Haworth Pastoral Press: Haworth Reference Press |location=Binghamton, NY |isbn=978-0-7890-1889-2 |oclc=55801014 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofag0000unse_f4c1 }}
* Prokurat S., Fabisiak J., ''Age Management as a Tool for the Demographic Decline in the 21st Century: An Overview of its Characteristics'', Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation, 8/2012, pp.&nbsp;83–96.
* {{cite book |last=Thompson |first=Neil |title = Anti-Discriminatory Practice |edition= 4th |year=2006 |publisher = Palgrave Macmillan |location = Basingstoke, England; New York, NY |isbn=978-1-4039-2160-4 |oclc=62302620 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|ageism}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181215174553/http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/josi/61/2 2005 issue of the ''Journal of Social Issues''] Thematic journal issue devoted to empirical and theoretical research on Ageism.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091220050523/http://knol.google.com/k/solomon-tse/ageism/38s05w5hp4v3n/2 Ageism – Discrimination Against Age] A Knol examining Ageism and social attitudes against different age groups.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120625182547/http://www.agediscriminationatwork.com/ Age Discrimination at Work: Wellpoint/Blue Cross]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5334972.stm Age discrimination laws by the BBC]
* [http://www.agediscrimination.info/statistics Age discrimination statistics for the UK, Europe and the world]
* [https://osha.europa.eu/en/themes/osh-management-context-ageing-workforce Ageing at work] [[EU-OSHA]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051130221014/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=10385 Ageism: Stereotyping and Prejudice Against Older Persons] Edited scholarly volume of the latest research and theory on Ageism.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180418210246/http://hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca/engramja/projects%26evals/sem2_mag1/chantellemag/chanceessay.htm Everyone deserves to be given a chance] An essay against Ageism towards teenagers, written by a Canadian adolescent.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19980624160419/http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/ageism.html An in-depth look at Ageism by Linda M. Woolfe, PhD, of Webster University]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071016054502/http://www.luhs.org/depts/injprev/Transprt/tran3.htm#Older%20Drivers Article on Older Drivers].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120430000518/http://www.ilcusa.org/prj/ageism.htm Ageism In America] Detailed report on Ageism from the International Longevity Center.
* {{cite journal |last=Ayalon |first=Liat |title = Feelings towards Older vs. Younger Adults: Results from the European Social Survey |journal=Educational Gerontology |volume=39|issue=12|pages=888–901 |doi=10.1080/03601277.2013.767620 |year=2013|s2cid=143103077 }}
* [http://www.overfiftyandoutofwork.com/experts/susan-fiske-mike-north/ Interview] with social psychologists [[Susan Fiske]] and Mike North about common stereotypes of older people. ({{cite journal |last = Ayalon |first = Liat |title = Feelings towards Older vs. Younger Adults: Results from the European Social Survey|journal = Educational Gerontology |year = 2013 |volume = 39 |issue = 12 |pages = 888–901 |doi = 10.1080/03601277.2013.767620 |s2cid = 143103077 }})
* {{cite journal |last1=Ayalon |first1=Liat |author2=Doron, I |author3=Bodner, E |author4=Inbar, N |title = Macro- and micro-level predictors of age categorization: results from the European Social Survey |journal = European Journal of Ageing |year=2014 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=5–18 |doi=10.1007/s10433-013-0282-8|pmid=28804310 |pmc=5549183 }}
* [http://www.oloc.org/ Old Lesbians Organizing for Change]
* {{cite journal |last1=Yechezkel |first1=Rachel |last2=Ayalon |first2 = Liat |title = Social Workers' Attitudes towards Intimate Partner Abuse in Younger vs. Older Women |journal = Journal of Family Violence |year=2013 |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=381–391 |doi = 10.1007/s10896-013-9506-0 |s2cid=21902989 }}
* [https://www.usatoday.com/money/companies/management/2008-08-12-obama-mccain-age-ceos_N.htm USA Today article examining old and young CEOs about the ages of John McCain and Barack Obama]

{{Clear}}
{{Discrimination}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1969 neologisms]]
[[Category:Ageism| ]]
[[Category:Human rights by issue]]
[[Category:Prejudice and discrimination by type]]
[[Category:Youth rights]]