View source for AIR synthetase (FGAM cyclase)

{{infobox enzyme
| Name       = Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine cyclo-ligase
| EC_number  = 6.3.3.1
| CAS_number = 9023-53-4
| GO_code    = 0004641
| image      =
| width      = 
| caption    =  
}}

'''Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine cyclo-ligase''' ('''AIR synthetase''') is the fifth [[enzyme]] ({{EnzExplorer|6.3.3.1}}) in the ''de novo'' synthesis of [[purine]] [[nucleotides]]. It catalyzes the reaction to form [[5-aminoimidazole ribotide]] (AIR) from [[formylglycinamidine-ribonucleotide]] FGAM. This reaction closes the ring and produces a 5-membered imidazole ring of the purine nucleus (AIR):

[[File:AIR Synthetase.svg|480px]]

<div align=center><small>ATP + 2-(formamido)-N1-(5-phospho-β-D-ribosyl)acetamidine <math>\rightleftharpoons</math> ADP + 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-β-D-ribosyl)imidazole + phosphate + {{chem|H|+}}</small></div>

AIR synthetase catalyzes the transfer of the oxygen of the formyl group to phosphate. It is a sequential mechanism in which ATP binds first to the enzyme and ADP is released last. This enzyme hydrolyzes ATP to activate the oxygen of the amide in order to carry out a nucleophilic attack by nitrogen. In humans and many other animals, this enzyme is contained within the [[trifunctional purine biosynthetic protein adenosine-3]] polypeptide.

== Nomenclature ==
The [[List of enzymes|systematic name]] of this enzyme class is 2-(formamido)-N1-(5-phosphoribosyl)acetamidine cyclo-ligase (ADP-forming). Other names in common use include:
* AIR synthetase,
* 5'-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase,
* 2-(formamido)-1-N-(5-phosphoribosyl)acetamidine cyclo-ligase (ADP-forming),
* phosphoribosylaminoimidazole synthetase, and
* phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine cyclo-ligase.

== Purine synthesis ==
{{main article|Purine biosynthesis}}
Purines are one of the two types of nitrogenous heterocyclic bases, which are one of the three components of the nucleotides that make up nucleic acids. Synthesis can be de novo or salvage — AIR synthetase is a component of the ''de novo'' pathway. The first committed step of the de novo pathway begins with phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) and the end product is inosine monophosphate (IMP). IMP is eventually converted to either AMP or GMP purines. The purine ring structure is composed by the attachment of 1 or 2 atoms at a time to the ribose sugar. The ''de novo'' pathway tends to be conserved across most organisms.

== Cowpea AIR synthetase ==
AIR synthetase is found in both [[mitochondria]] and [[plastid]]s; the mitochondrial form has 5 more amino acids than the plastid form.<ref name="pmid12644656">{{cite journal | vauthors = Goggin DE, Lipscombe R, Fedorova E, Millar AH, Mann A, Atkins CA, Smith PM | title = Dual Intracellular Localization and Targeting of Aminoimidazole Ribonucleotide Synthetase in Cowpea | journal = Plant Physiol. | volume = 131 | issue = 3 | pages = 1033–41 |date=March 2003 | pmid = 12644656 | pmc = 166869 | doi = 10.1104/pp.102.015081 }}</ref> The enzyme is encoded by a single gene in cowpeas despite the fact that it exists in different forms in plastids and mitochondria. This suggests that the different versions may be derived from a single transcript. One study proposes that there is tight transcriptional control of pur5, the gene encoding AIR synthetase.<ref name="pmid9520274">{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith PM, Mann AJ, Goggin DE, Atkins CA | title = AIR synthetase in cowpea nodules: a single gene product targeted to two organelles? | journal = Plant Mol. Biol. | volume = 36 | issue = 6 | pages = 811–20 |date=April 1998 | pmid = 9520274 | doi = 10.1023/A:1005969830314}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Levenberg B, Buchanan JM | year = 1957 | title = Biosynthesis of the purines.  XII.  Structure, enzymatic synthesis, and metabolism of 5-amino-imidazole ribotide | journal = J. Biol. Chem.  | volume = 224 | pages = 1005&ndash;18  | pmid = 13405929 | issue = 2 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Levenberg B, Buchanan JM | year = 1957 | title = Biosynthesis of the purines.  XIII.  Structure, enzymatic synthesis, and metabolism of (alpha-N-formyl)-glycinamidine ribotide | journal = J. Biol. Chem.  | volume = 224 | pages = 1019&ndash;27  | pmid = 13405930 | issue = 2 }}
* {{cite journal |vauthors =Li C, Kappock TJ, Stubbe J, Weaver TM, Ealick SE |title=X-ray crystal structure of aminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase (PurM), from the Escherichia coli purine biosynthetic pathway at 2.5 A resolution |journal=Structure |volume=7 |issue=9 |pages=1155–66 |year=1999 |pmid=10508786 |doi=10.1016/S0969-2126(99)80182-8|doi-access=free }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{MeshName|AIR+synthetase}}

{{Nucleotide metabolism enzymes}}
{{Ligases CO CS and CN}}
{{Enzymes}}
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[[Category:EC 6.3.3]]