View source for 2 Kings 22

{{Short description|2 Kings, chapter 22}}
{{Bible chapter|letname= 2 Kings 22 |previouslink= 2 Kings 21 |previousletter= chapter 21 |nextlink= 2 Kings 23 |nextletter=chapter 23|book=[[Books of Kings|Second Book of Kings]] |biblepart=[[Old Testament]] | booknum= 12 |hbiblepart= [[Nevi'im]] | hbooknum = 4 |category= [[Nevi'im#Former Prophets|Former Prophets]] | filename=Leningrad-codex-09-kings.pdf | size=250px |caption=<div style="width: 250px; text-align: center; line-height:  order">The pages containing the [[Books of Kings]] (1 & 2 Kings) [[Leningrad Codex]] (1008 CE).</div>}}

'''2 Kings 22''' is the twenty-second [[Chapters and verses of the Bible|chapter]] of the second part of the  [[Books of Kings]] in the [[Hebrew Bible]] or the Second Book of Kings in the [[Old Testament]] of the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[Bible]].{{sfn|Halley|1965|p=211}}{{sfn|Collins|2014|p=288}} The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE.{{sfn|McKane|1993|p=324}} This chapter records the events during the reign of [[Josiah]], [[Kingdom of Judah|the king of Judah]], especially the discovery of the Book of the Law ([[Torah]]) during the renovation of the [[Solomon's Temple|Temple]] in [[Jerusalem]].{{sfn|Sweeney|2007|pp=434–450}}

==Text==
This chapter was originally written in the [[Biblical Hebrew|Hebrew language]]. [[Chapters and verses of the Bible|It is divided into]] 20 verses.

===Textual witnesses===
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in [[Biblical Hebrew]] are of the [[Masoretic Text]] tradition, which includes the [[Aleppo Codex]] (10th century), [[Leningrad Codex|Codex Leningradensis]] (1008), and the [[Codex Cairensis]] (11th century).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=35-37}}

There is also a translation into [[Koine Greek]] known as the [[Septuagint]], made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include [[Codex Vaticanus]] ('''B'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>B</sup>; 4th century) and [[Codex Alexandrinus]] ('''A'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>A</sup>; 5th century).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=73-74}}{{efn|The whole book of 2 Kings is missing from the extant [[Codex Sinaiticus]].<ref>{{Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle=Codex Sinaiticus}}</ref>}}

===Old Testament references===
*{{bibleverse|2 Kings|22:1–2|9}}: {{bibleverse|2 Chronicles|34:1–2|9}}<ref name=bsb>2 Kings 22, Berean Study Bible</ref>
*{{bibleverse|2 Kings|22:3–7|9}}: {{bibleverse|2 Chronicles|34:8–13|9}}<ref name=bsb/>
*{{bibleverse|2 Kings|22:8–13|9}}: {{bibleverse|2 Chronicles|34:14–21|9}}<ref name=bsb/>
*{{bibleverse|2 Kings|22:14–20|9}}: {{bibleverse|2 Chronicles|34:22–28|9}}<ref name=bsb/>

==Analysis==
A parallel pattern of sequence is observed in the final sections of 2 Kings between 2 Kings 11–20 and 2 Kings 21–25, as follows:{{sfn|Leithart|2006|p=266}}

:A. Athaliah, daughter of Ahab, kills royal seed ([[2 Kings 11:1]])
::B. Joash reigns ([[2 Kings 11]]–[[2 Kings 12|12]])
:::C. Quick sequence of kings of Israel and Judah ([[2 Kings 13]]–[[2 Kings 16|16]])
::::D. Fall of Samaria ([[2 Kings 17]])
:::::E. Revival of Judah under Hezekiah ([[2 Kings 18]]–[[2 Kings 20|20]])
:A'. Manasseh, a king like Ahab, promotes idolatry and kills the innocence ([[2 Kings 21]])
::B'. Josiah reigns (2 Kings 22–[[2 Kings 23|23]])
:::C'. Quick succession of kings of Judah ([[2 Kings 24]])
::::D'. Fall of Jerusalem ([[2 Kings 25]])
:::::E'. Elevation of Jehoiachin ([[2 Kings 25#Verses 27–30|2 Kings 25:27–30]]){{sfn|Leithart|2006|p=266}}

2 Kings 22–23:30 mainly contains the story of Josiah's actions of his eighteenth year (22:3; 23:23) and the discovery of the book of the law (22:8-10; 23:24) as grouped based on five royal initiatives (using distinct verbs "send" and "command"):{{sfn|Nelson|1987|p=254}}

# Discovery of the book (22:3–11; "sent," 22:3)
# Inquiry about the book (22:12–20; "commanded," 22:12)
# Covenant and the book (23:1–3; "sent," 23:1)
# Reforms from the book (23:4–20; "commanded," 23:4)
# Passover from the book (23:21–24; "commanded," 23:21){{sfn|Nelson|1987|p=254}}

=={{Anchor|Verses 1–7}}Josiah king of Judah (22:1–7)==

The account of Josiah ben Amon as the king of Judah is bracketed by the introductory regnal form in 2 Kings 22:1–2 and the concluding regnal form in 2 Kings 23:28–30, as the body in 2 Kings 22:3–23:27 highlights the religious reform and national restoration.{{sfn|Sweeney|2007|p=438}}<ref>Lohfink, Contra Norbert. “The Cult Reform of Josiah of Judah: 2 Kings 22-23 as a Source for the History of Israelite Religion,” in Ancient Israelite Religion (ed. P. D. Miller et aL; Philadelphia: Fortress. 1987). 459-75.</ref> The life of Josiah shows some similarities to the life of Joash, king of Judah, in that:{{sfn|Leithart|2006|p=266}}
*both ascended the throne at a very young age (Josiah was 8 years old, 2 Kings 22:1; cf. Joash/Jehoash was 7 years old, [[2 Kings 11:21]])
*at the age of 18, both repaired the Temple, reversing the acts of the last ruler before them (Joash replaced Athaliah; Josiah succeeded Manasseh).
*the key event in Josiah's reign was the discovery of the book of law (Hebrew: "book of the Torah") in the temple by Hilkiah the priest (2 Kings 22:8-13), a person with similar stature as Jehoiada, the priest in Joash's reign.{{sfn|Leithart|2006|p=266}}

In 625 BCE Babylon achieved independence under Nabopolassar and in 612 BCE took the Assyrian capital [[Nineveh]]. This situation enables the kingdom of Judah, not under the threat of the Assyrians anymore, could make internal changes, including religious reforms.{{sfn|Dietrich|2007|p=263}}

{{bibleverse|2 Kings|22:3–7|9|Verses 3–7}} records the instruction of Josiah, through the scribe Shaphan ben Azaliah ben Meshullam, to the high priest Hilkiah to lead the renovation of the Temple in Jerusalem.{{sfn|Sweeney|2007|p=438}}

===Verse 3===
:'' And it came to pass in the eighteenth year of king Josiah, that the king sent Shaphan the son of Azaliah, the son of Meshullam, the scribe, to the house of the {{Lord}}, saying,''<ref>{{bibleref2|2 Kings|22:3|KJV}} [[King James Version|KJV]]</ref>
* "[[Shaphan]]" ({{langx|he|שפן}}, which means "[[hyrax]], [[Rock hyrax|rock badger]], [[hyrax|coney]]"<ref name="Mckenzie1995">{{cite book|author=John L. Mckenzie|title=The Dictionary Of The Bible|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aE7EyQ_HQAMC&pg=PA795|date=1 October 1995|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-684-81913-6|page=795}}</ref>), son of Azaliah, a scribe or secretary of Josiah's court who was mentioned several times in the [[Hebrew Bible]] ([[2 Kings]] {{bibleverse-nb|2 Kings|22:3-14|9}}, {{bibleverse-nb|2 Kings|25:22|9}}; parallels in [[2 Chronicles]] {{bibleverse-nb|2 Chronicles|34:8-20|9}}; [[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]] [[Jeremiah 26:24|26:24]]; {{bibleverse-nb|Jeremiah|36:10-12|9}}; [[Jeremiah 39:14|39:14]]; {{bibleverse-nb|Jeremiah|40:5|9}}ff; and [[Jeremiah 43:6|43:6]]). He had at least sons named in the [[Hebrew Bible]]: [[Ahikam]] ([[Jeremiah 26:24]]; {{bibleverse-nb|Jeremiah|40:5|9}}; {{bibleverse|2 Kings|25:22|9}}), [[Elasah (son of Shaphan)|Elasah]] ([[Jeremiah 29:3]]), [[Gemariah (son of Shaphan)|Gemariah]] ({{bibleverse|Jeremiah|36:10-12|9}}) and [[Jaazaniah]], who was among the idol worshippers seen in vision of Ezekiel ([[Ezekiel 8:11]]). His grandson were Micaiah, the son of Gemariah ({{bibleverse|Jeremiah|36:10–12|9}}) and  [[Gedaliah]], the son of Ahikam, the short-lived governor of Judah appointed by [[Nebuchadnezzar]] after the destruction of [[Jerusalem]] in [[586 BCE]] ([[Jeremiah 39:14|39:14]]; {{bibleverse-nb|Jeremiah|40:5|9}} and [[Jeremiah 43:6|43:6]]). The name "Shaphan" is attested in a [[bulla (seal)|bullae]] discovered during the excavations at the [[City of David (Silwan)|City of David]] headed by [[Israel]]i [[archaeology|archeologist]] Yigal Shiloh in the layer of destruction by the Babylonians in ca. 586 BCE, with the inscription ''belonging to Gemaryahu ben Shaphan'', identified with "Gemariah the son of Shaphan the scribe" ([[Jeremiah 36:10]]), although it is equally possible that there is no connection between the names found on the bullae and the person mentioned in the Bible.<ref>Yair Shoham, "Hebrew Bullae" in City of David Excavations: Final Report VI, Qedem 41 (Jerusalem: [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]], 2000), 33</ref>
*"Azaliah, the son of Meshullam" (cf. [[2 Chronicles 34:8]]) may be attested by a [[bulla (seal)|bulla]] with the inscription "belonging to Azaliahu son of Meshullam" according to archaeologist [[Nahman Avigad]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Avigad |first= Nahman | title= Corpus of West Semitic Stamp Seals | year = 1997| publisher= Institute of Archaeology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem | edition= 2 | page= 237|isbn=978-9652081384}}; WSS 90, published by the Israel Academy of Sciences & Humanities</ref>

=={{Anchor|Verses 8–13}}The Book of the Law was discovered (22:8–13)==
Hilkiah reported to Shaphan about the discovery of a book of Torah in the temple during the renovations.([[#Verse 8|verse 8]]; cf. [[2 Kings 12]]).{{sfn|Dietrich|2007|p=263}} Critical studies suggest that the discovered book was Deuteronomy or its core (Deuteronomy 6ab–28), which contains the speech made by Moses shortly before his death and might include some older materials as well. The closing admonitions ([[Deuteronomy 28]]), the strict demand for the exclusive worship of YHWH ({{bibleverse|Deuteronomy|6:5|9}}) and the cultic veneration of YHWH alone in the central holy site of Jerusalem ({{bibleverse|Deuteronomy|12|9}}) would impress Josiah, and rules such as the social laws of Deuteronomy (e.g. {{bibleverse|Deuteronomy|15: 24|9}}) would become state law during his reign.{{sfn|Dietrich|2007|p=263}} Shaphan's report to King Josiah concerning the discovery of the Torah scroll and read the document ({{bibleverse|2 Kings|22:9–10|9|verses 9–10}}), causing Josiah's distress on hearing the words and his command to a delegation including Hilkiah the priest, Shaphan the scribe, and others to make an inquiry of YHWH  to determine the significance of this discovery ({{bibleverse|2 Kings|22:11–13|9|verses 11–13}}), which led them to the home of the prophetess, [[Huldah]], wife of Shallum ben Harhas, the keeper of garments.{{sfn|Sweeney|2007|pp=438–439}}

===Verse 8===
:''And Hilkiah the high priest said unto Shaphan the scribe, I have found the book of the law in the house of the Lord. And Hilkiah gave the book to Shaphan, and he read it.''<ref>{{bibleverse|2 Kings|22:8|KJV}} KJV</ref>
* "[[Hilkiah]]" ({{Langx|he|חִלְקִיָּה}} ''Ḥilqīyyāhū'', "my portion is [[Yahweh]]"): Hilkiah's preaching may have encouraged Josiah to restore the worship of Yahweh as God of the Israelites in the kingdom of Judah.<ref>Bible Dictionary (an appendix to the edition of the King James Bible published by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Salt Lake City, UT, U.S.A.), p. 718, article titled "Josiah".</ref> The name is attested in extra-biblical sources by at least two [[artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]]: (1) a clay [[bulla (seal)|bulla]] found in 1980 inscribed with the text "(Belonging) to Hanan, son (of) Hilkiah the priest" in reversed [[Paleo-Hebrew alphabet|paleo-Hebrew letters]] so the letters would read properly when impressed in a lump of clay;<ref>Josette Elayi, Name of Deuteronomy’s Author Found on Seal Ring, Biblical Archaeology Review, September/October 1987, 54-56.</ref> (2) a bulla found in the eastern slope of Jerusalem during excavations in 1982 (among fifty-one bullae dated between Josiah's rule and the destruction of the city by the Babylonian king [[Nebuchadnezzar II]] in 586 BCE) with the inscription: "(Belonging) to Azaryah, son (of) Hilkiah".<ref>Yigal Shiloh and David Tarler, Bullae from the City of David, Biblical Archaeologist 49/4, 1986, 196-209.</ref><ref>Yigal Shiloh, A Group of Hebrew Bullae from the City of David, Israel Exploration Journal, 36, 1988, 16-38; Tsvi Schneider, Azaryahu Son of Hilqiyahu (Priest?) on a City of David Bulla, Israel Exploration Journal, 38, 1988, 139-141.</ref> Both seals seem to be engraved by the same master engraver. Both owners likely held a [[sacerdotal]] function in the Temple of Jerusalem, with Azaryah (identified as "Azaryah IV" by archaeologists) becoming the successor of Hilkiah as high priest ({{bibleverse|1 Chronicles|5:39|9}}; {{bibleverse-nb|1 Chronicles|9:11|9}}).<ref>Josette Elayi, "New Light on the Identification of the Seal of Priest Hanan, Son of Hilqiyahu" (2 Kings 22), ''Bibliotheca Orientalis'', 5/6, September–November 1992, 680–685.</ref> Hilkiah may also be the father of prophet [[Jeremiah]] or (could be another) Jeremiah of Libnah, and would have lived in [[Anathoth]] in the land of [[Benjamin]].<ref>It is unsure whether the Hilkiah that is the father of Jeremiah, is the same Hilkiah that is the Father of Eliakim (see {{bibleverse|2 Kings|18:18|9}}, {{bibleverse-nb|2|Kings|18:26|9}}, {{bibleverse-nb|2 Kings|18:37|9}}; {{bibleverse|Isaiah|22:20|9}}, {{bibleverse-nb|Isaiah|36:3|9}}, {{bibleverse|Isaiah|36:22|9}})</ref>

===Verse 12===
:''And the king commanded Hilkiah the priest, and Ahikam the son of Shaphan, and Achbor the son of Michaiah, and Shaphan the scribe, and Asahiah a servant of the king's, saying,''<ref>{{bibleverse|2 Kings|22:12|KJV}} KJV</ref>
* Cross reference: [[2 Chronicles 34:20]]
*"Achbor the son of Michaiah": written as "Abdon the son of Micah" in [[2 Chronicles 34:20]].<ref>Note on 2 Kings 22:12 in NKJV.</ref>
*"[[Asaiah]], a servant of king's" may be attested by a seal with the inscription ''Asayahu servant of the king'' from the period of Josiah's reign.<ref>Heltzer, Michael, ''THE SEAL OF ˓AŚAYĀHŪ''. In [[#CITEREFHallo|Hallo, 2000]], Vol. II p. 204</ref>

=={{Anchor|Verses 14–20}}Huldah's prophecy (22:14–20)==
The prophetess Huldah pointed out the inevitability that the kingdom of Judah would suffer destruction because of the people's apostasy, although she showed supports for Josiah's reforms and indicated that Josiah's righteousness would earn him a peaceful death before the catastrophe struck.{{sfn|Dietrich|2007|p=263}}{{sfn|Sweeney|2007|p=439}}

===Verse 20===
:''"Surely, therefore, I will gather you to your fathers, and you shall be gathered to your grave in peace; and your eyes shall not see all the calamity which I will bring on this place." So they brought back word to the king.''<ref>{{bibleverse|2 Kings|22:20|NKJV}} [[New King James Version|NKJV]]</ref>
*"Gather you to your fathers" or "Cause you to join your ancestors in death"<ref>Note a on 2 Kings 22:20 in NKJV.</ref>

==Archaeology==
Two ostraca were found in 1997 (''Shlomo Moussaieff'' #1 and #2) that seems to strengthen the evidence for a temple renovation during the reign of Josiah (see Bordreuil, Israel, and Pardee 1996<ref>Bordreuil, P., Israel, F. & Pardee, D. (1996). Deux ostraca paléo-hébreux de la collection Sh. Moussaieff. ''Semitica'' 46.49-76.</ref> and 1998<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.2307/3210672?mobileUi=0&#|doi = 10.2307/3210672|jstor = 3210672|title = King's Command and Widow's Plea: Two New Hebrew Ostraca of the Biblical Period|year = 1998|last1 = Bordreuil|first1 = P.|last2 = Israel|first2 = F.|last3 = Pardee|first3 = D.|journal = Near Eastern Archaeology|volume = 61|issue = 1|pages = 2–13|s2cid = 163195433}}</ref>),{{sfn|Dietrich|2007|p=263}}<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2211-436X_cos_aCOSB_3_44|doi = 10.1163/2211-436X_cos_aCOSB_3_44|title = The Widow's Plea}}</ref> but these [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]] did not come from regular excavations, so there is a suspicion of modern forgery.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=27927087| issn= 0021-2059| url = http://www.jstor.org/stable/27927087 |first1 = Yuval|last1= Goren|first2= Miryam | last2=Bar-Matthews | first3= Avner | last3=Ayalon | first4= Bettina | last4= Schilman | journal = Israel Exploration Journal | issue = 1 |  pages = 21–34 | publisher = Israel Exploration Society | title = Authenticity Examination of Two Iron Age Ostraca from the Moussaieff Collection | volume = 55| year = 2005 }}</ref> The first ostracon has a five-line inscription that records a royal contribution of three shekel of silver by a king ʾAshyahu to the temple of Yahweh to be made through a royal functionary named Zakaryahu, dated by palaeography to the time of Josiah.<ref>Younger, K. Lawson, Jr. (2002) The Temple Of The Lord Ostracon, Moussaïeff No. 1, ''Context of Scripture'', The Widow’s Plea COS 3.44, p. 86.</ref> The name "Ashyahu" is determined as a short form of ''Yo’shiyahu'' ("Josiah").<ref>Stieglitz, Robert (2003) "Ashyahu: He’s Josiah", ''BAR'' 29:03</ref><ref>Hess, R. S. (2005) ''Taxes, Taxation''. Dictionary of the Old Testament: historical books,  p. 953.</ref> The second ostracon contains a widow's plea about an inheritance which mentions Josiah's name and a short quote from {{bibleverse|Psalm|22:11|9}}.<ref>The Inscription on pottery shard reads: “May Yahweh bless you with peace [Psalm 22:11]. And now, may my lord, the prince, hear your maidservant. My husband has died without children. May your hand be with me, and that you might give into the hand of your maidservant the inheritance concerning which you spoke to Josiah. As for the field of wheat which is in Naamah, you gave to his brother.” Rudd, Steve [https://www.bible.ca/ostraca/Ostraca-king-Josiah-Letters-widows-plea-Temple-of-YHWH-Three-Shekels-Shlomo-Moussaieff-610BC.htm Ostraca, Tablets and Inscriptions of the Bible]: King Josiah Letters Ostraca collection (640 - 609 BC) - Shlomo Moussaieff #1 and #2. Accessed on September 28, 2020.</ref>

==Illustration==
<gallery>
File: Second Book of Kings Chapter 22-1 (Bible Illustrations by Sweet Media).jpg|People of Judah worshipped idols
File:Second Book of Kings Chapter 22-2 (Bible Illustrations by Sweet Media).jpg|King Josiah ordered Shaphan the scribe to go to the high priest Hilkiah
File:Second Book of Kings Chapter 22-3 (Bible Illustrations by Sweet Media).jpg|Hilkiah reported to Shaphan about the discovery of the Book of the Law
File:Second Book of Kings Chapter 22-4 (Bible Illustrations by Sweet Media).jpg|Josiah tore his clothes when Shaphan read the Book of the Law to him.
</gallery>

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Book of Deuteronomy]]
*[[Moses]]
*[[Torah]]
}}
* Related [[Bible]] parts: [[Deuteronomy 31]], [[2 Kings 23]], [[2 Chronicles 34]], [[Isaiah 40]]

==Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book | last1= Cogan | first1= Mordechai |last2= Tadmor | first2= Hayim| title=II Kings: A New Translation | series= Anchor Yale Bible Commentaries |volume= 11  | publisher= Doubleday | year= 1988 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GbHYAAAAMAAJ | isbn= 9780385023887 }} 
*{{Cite book |last = Collins |first = John J. |title = Introduction to the Hebrew Scriptures |chapter = Chapter 14: 1 Kings 12 – 2 Kings 25 |pages = 277–296 |publisher = Fortress Press|year = 2014 |url  = https://books.google.com/books?id=fbsoBAAAQBAJ |isbn = 9781451469233}}
*{{cite book|last= Coogan|first = Michael David| authorlink= Michael D. Coogan |title = The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48 |editor-last1=Coogan |editor-first1=Michael David |editor-first2=Marc Zvi |editor-last2= Brettler |editor-first3=Carol Ann |editor-last3= Newsom |editor-first4= Pheme |editor-last4= Perkins |edition= Augmented 3rd |publisher = Oxford University Press |year =2007 |isbn = 9780195288810 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HmpMPgAACAAJ}}
*{{cite book|last= Dietrich | first= Walter | chapter = 13. 1 and 2 Kings | title=The Oxford Bible Commentary | editor-first1=John | editor-last1=Barton |editor1-link = John Barton (theologian) | editor-first2=John| editor-last2= Muddiman |editor2-link = John Muddiman | publisher = Oxford University Press |edition= first (paperback) | year = 2007 | pages = 232–266 | isbn = 978-0199277186 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ| access-date=February 6, 2019}}
* {{cite book|last=Fretheim|first=Terence E|title=First and Second Kings|publisher= Westminster John Knox Press | year=1997|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7ODLAo9QouEC |isbn=978-0-664-25565-7}}
*{{cite book|last= Halley| first= Henry H.| authorlink= Henry Hampton Halley| title= Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary |edition=24th (revised)|publisher= Zondervan Publishing House |date= 1965 |url= https://archive.org/details/halleysbiblehand00henr |url-access= registration| isbn= 0-310-25720-4}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Hallo|editor-first1=William W.|editor-link1=William W. Hallo| title=The Context of Scripture |date=1997–2002|publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004131057 |ref=CITEREFHallo|oclc=902087326}} (3 Volumes)
* {{cite book | last = Huey | first = F. B. | title = The New American Commentary - Jeremiah, Lamentations: An Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scripture, NIV Text | publisher = B&H Publishing Group | year = 1993 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HBguYZCdAM4C | isbn = 9780805401165 }}
*{{cite book |last= Leithart | first= Peter J. |title=1 & 2 Kings |series= Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible |publisher= Brazos Press |year= 2006 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_gvin9G7LgC |isbn= 978-1587431258}}
*{{citation | url = http://www.btinternet.com/~lmf12/TransGuide.pdf | first = Leslie | last = McFall | title = Translation Guide to the Chronological Data in Kings and Chronicles |journal = Bibliotheca Sacra |volume= 148 |year = 1991| pages = 3–45 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100827065339/http://www.btinternet.com/%7Elmf12/TransGuide.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = August 27, 2010}}
*{{Cite book |last= McKane |first= William | chapter= Kings, Book of |editor1-last = Metzger | editor1-first = Bruce M |editor1-link = Bruce M. Metzger |editor2-last = Coogan |editor2-first = Michael D |title = The Oxford Companion to the Bible |url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458 |url-access= registration |publisher = Oxford University Press |year = 1993 | pages= [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458/page/409 409]–413 |isbn = 978-0195046458}}
* {{cite book|last=Nelson|first=Richard Donald|author-link=Richard D. Nelson|title=First and Second Kings|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1987|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RCgUvQOIvD0C |isbn= 978-0-664-22084-6}}
*{{cite book| last= Pritchard |first= James B |year=1969|author-link= James B. Pritchard | title= Ancient Near Eastern texts relating to the Old Testament | publisher=  Princeton University Press | edition = 3 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=v1VrngEACAAJ | isbn= 9780691035031}}
* {{cite book|last=Sweeney|first=Marvin|title=I & II Kings: A Commentary|publisher= Westminster John Knox Press|year=2007|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=d4jn8uj49RIC |isbn= 978-0-664-22084-6}}
*{{cite book|last= Thiele | first= Edwin R. | authorlink= Edwin R. Thiele| title= The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings: A Reconstruction of the Chronology of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah | year = 1951 | publisher = University of Chicago Press | location= Chicago}}
*{{cite book | last = Würthwein | first = Ernst | authorlink = Ernst Würthwein | title = The Text of the Old Testament | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans |location = Grand Rapids, MI | year=  1995 | translator-first1 = Erroll F.| translator-last1 = Rhodes |isbn = 0-8028-0788-7 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC | access-date= January 26, 2019}}

==External links==
* [[Judaism|Jewish]] translations:
** [https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/15928 Melachim II - II Kings - Chapter 22 (Judaica Press)]. Hebrew text and English translation [with [[Rashi]]'s commentary] at Chabad.org
* [[Christianity|Christian]] translations:
** [http://www.gospelhall.org/bible/bible.php?passage=2+Kings+22 ''Online Bible'' at GospelHall.org] (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
** [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=12&chapter=22&version=9 2 Kings chapter 22. Bible Gateway]

{{Second Book of Kings}}

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[[Category:Second Book of Kings chapters|22]]